This document summarizes a study on the comparative economics of bean and bottle gourd production in Bangladesh. Key findings include:
1) The production of both crops was profitable. Bottle gourd had higher gross and net returns per hectare than beans.
2) Factors like human labor, animal labor, seeds, fertilizers, and sowing dates significantly influenced vegetable yields.
3) Vegetable farmers faced problems like lack of irrigation, shortage of labor, high input prices, and lack of quality seeds.
Efficiency of paddy farms in india an empirical evidence of tbp area of karna...Alexander Decker
- The study examined the efficiency of paddy farms in the Tungabhadra Project (TBP) area of Karnataka state in India.
- It found that the majority (70%) of farmers operated at a medium efficiency level with respect to nitrogen usage, while 17% and 13% operated at low and high efficiency levels, respectively. A similar trend was observed for plant protection chemical usage.
- Farmers were using nitrogen and plant protection chemicals indiscriminately and in excess of recommended levels, indicating a need for training farmers in integrated nutrient management and integrated pest management practices for paddy cultivation in the TBP area.
Correlation and Path analysis studies among yield and yield related traits in...Premier Publishers
The16 Soybean genotypes were evaluated for Association of characters and path coefficient analysis on eleven important yield and grain yield contributing characters at Bako Tibe during the main cropping season of 2015/16. The experiment was designed as RCBD with three- replication. Generally, the magnitudes of genotypic correlation coefficients for most of the characters were higher than their corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficients that indicate the presence of inherent association among various characters. In this study yield was positively correlated with hundred seed weight, number of seed/pod and number of pod per plant so, increasing these traits ultimately increases in grain yield and days to maturity can be exploited through improvement and selection program. Based on findings it can be concluded that pod length, number of pod /plant, biological yield, grain yield and days to maturity can be exploited through selection and improvement program to develop high yielding soybean genotypes.
Correlation and path analysis for genetic divergence of morphological and fib...Innspub Net
Seventy five genotypes of cultivated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were studied for morphological characteristics i-e plant height, monopodial branches, sympodial branches, boll weight, seed volume, seed density, seed index and fiber characters. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and estimates were made for genetic advance, broad sense heritability and coefficient of variance for the traits. ANOVA revealed highly significant variability among genotypes for all the characteristics studied. The estimates for heritability were
higher for seed index (0.93) and plant height (0.93). The highest value (6.4) for genetic advance was observed for
sympodial branches whereas lowest value was (0.17) for boll weight. Correlation analysis revealed positive and significant for most of the parameters. In path coefficient, the number of sympodial branches, boll weight, lint index and lint weight had maximum direct and positive effect on fiber fineness of seed cotton. Whereas, the number of monopodial branches, plant height, seed index, seed volume, seed density, staple length, fiber strength and ginning out turn (G.O.T%) had direct and negative effects on fiber of seed cotton. The principle component analysis (PCA) revealed significant differences between genotypes and the first four components with Eigen
values greater than 1 contributed 66.68% of the variability among the genotypes. The grouping of genotypes
possessing excelled traits signifies genetic potential of the germplasm for the improvement of seed and fiber characteristics in cotton crop. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
VARIABILITY STUDY IN F2 MATERIALS OF INTERVARIETAL CROSS OF BRINJAL (Solanum ...Moniruzzaman Shohag
This study evaluated variability in F2 populations of brinjal (eggplant) crosses. Significant variation was found among genotypes for traits like plant height, fruit circumference, single fruit weight, days to first harvest, days to last harvest, and yield per plant. The best performing genotype was Line-01× Line-25F2, which had the highest single fruit weight and yield per plant. Several other genotypes, including Line-01× Line-25F1 and Line-23× Line-24F2, also performed well for yield. The genotype Line-23× Line-24F2 was the earliest for days to flowering and first harvest. High heritability was observed for most traits, suggesting additive gene effects
Correlation and path coefficients analysis studies among yield and yield rela...Premier Publishers
The study was carried out to estimate correlation coefficients among grain yield and yield related traits and work out direct and indirect effects of yield-related traits on grain yield using path- coefficient analysis. Sixty-six F1 crosses and two standard checks were evaluated at Mechara, Ethiopia. The analysis of variance revealed that mean squares due to entries and crosses were highly significant (p<0.01)><0.05) for most traits studied, indicating the existence of variability among the materials evaluated, which could be exploited for the improvement of respective traits. Grain yield showed positive and highly significant correlations with most traits at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Ear diameter and number of kernels per row exerted positive direct effect and also had positive association with grain yield. These traits could be used as a reliable indicator in indirect selection for higher grain yield since their direct effect and association with grain yield were positive at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Traits having strong relationship with grain yield can be used for indirect selection to improve grain yield because grain yield can be simultaneously improved along with the traits for which it showed strong relationship.
Variability Study in Inter-varietal Crosses of Aubergine (Solanum melongena L.)Moniruzzaman Shohag
The document summarizes the results of a study assessing genetic variability in 12 eggplant genotypes. The study found significant differences between genotypes for several yield-related traits including number of primary and secondary branches per plant, days to flowering, number of fruits per plant, and fruit length. The genotype Line-23×Line-24F2 performed best for number of primary branches, early flowering, and number of fruits per plant. BARI-2 produced the most secondary branches and longest fruits. The study suggests crossing Line-23×Line-24F2 with BARI-2 to combine their valuable traits.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the association between agronomic traits and grain yield, protein content, and oil content in soybean genotypes. The study analyzed data from 49 soybean genotypes grown in two locations in Ethiopia. It found that seed yield was strongly correlated with seeds per plant, pods per plant, seeds per pod, days to maturity, and grain filling period. Protein content was strongly correlated with plant height, branches per plant, and days to maturity. Oil content was not associated with any traits except protein content, which had a strong negative association. Path analysis revealed that number of seeds per pod was more important than other traits for indirect selection of high-yielding genotypes.
Combining Ability Analysis of Maize (Zea Mays L.) Inbred Lines for Grain Yiel...Premier Publishers
A total of 64 test-crosses generated by crossing 32 elite maize inbred lines with two testers and two standard checks were evaluated for grain yield and yield related traits in 6×11 alpha lattice design replicated twice during 2017 cropping season at Bako National Maize Research Center of Ethiopia with the objective of estimating general and specific combining ability effects of the inbred lines for grain yield and yield related traits. Analysis of variance indicated highly significant mean squares due to genotypes for all the studied traits. Mean squares due to line general combining ability (GCA) were significant for all studied traits whereas, mean square due to tester GCA was significant for all traits, except number of kernels per row and grain yield. Mean squares due to specific combining ability (SCA) effects were significant (P<0.01 or P<0.05) for biomass yield, number of ears per plant and thousand kernel weight. Generally, mean squares due to both lines and testers GCA and SCA of line × tester interactions were significant for grain yield and most yield related traits indicating the importance of both additive and non-additive gene actions in controlling these traits.
Efficiency of paddy farms in india an empirical evidence of tbp area of karna...Alexander Decker
- The study examined the efficiency of paddy farms in the Tungabhadra Project (TBP) area of Karnataka state in India.
- It found that the majority (70%) of farmers operated at a medium efficiency level with respect to nitrogen usage, while 17% and 13% operated at low and high efficiency levels, respectively. A similar trend was observed for plant protection chemical usage.
- Farmers were using nitrogen and plant protection chemicals indiscriminately and in excess of recommended levels, indicating a need for training farmers in integrated nutrient management and integrated pest management practices for paddy cultivation in the TBP area.
Correlation and Path analysis studies among yield and yield related traits in...Premier Publishers
The16 Soybean genotypes were evaluated for Association of characters and path coefficient analysis on eleven important yield and grain yield contributing characters at Bako Tibe during the main cropping season of 2015/16. The experiment was designed as RCBD with three- replication. Generally, the magnitudes of genotypic correlation coefficients for most of the characters were higher than their corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficients that indicate the presence of inherent association among various characters. In this study yield was positively correlated with hundred seed weight, number of seed/pod and number of pod per plant so, increasing these traits ultimately increases in grain yield and days to maturity can be exploited through improvement and selection program. Based on findings it can be concluded that pod length, number of pod /plant, biological yield, grain yield and days to maturity can be exploited through selection and improvement program to develop high yielding soybean genotypes.
Correlation and path analysis for genetic divergence of morphological and fib...Innspub Net
Seventy five genotypes of cultivated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were studied for morphological characteristics i-e plant height, monopodial branches, sympodial branches, boll weight, seed volume, seed density, seed index and fiber characters. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and estimates were made for genetic advance, broad sense heritability and coefficient of variance for the traits. ANOVA revealed highly significant variability among genotypes for all the characteristics studied. The estimates for heritability were
higher for seed index (0.93) and plant height (0.93). The highest value (6.4) for genetic advance was observed for
sympodial branches whereas lowest value was (0.17) for boll weight. Correlation analysis revealed positive and significant for most of the parameters. In path coefficient, the number of sympodial branches, boll weight, lint index and lint weight had maximum direct and positive effect on fiber fineness of seed cotton. Whereas, the number of monopodial branches, plant height, seed index, seed volume, seed density, staple length, fiber strength and ginning out turn (G.O.T%) had direct and negative effects on fiber of seed cotton. The principle component analysis (PCA) revealed significant differences between genotypes and the first four components with Eigen
values greater than 1 contributed 66.68% of the variability among the genotypes. The grouping of genotypes
possessing excelled traits signifies genetic potential of the germplasm for the improvement of seed and fiber characteristics in cotton crop. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
VARIABILITY STUDY IN F2 MATERIALS OF INTERVARIETAL CROSS OF BRINJAL (Solanum ...Moniruzzaman Shohag
This study evaluated variability in F2 populations of brinjal (eggplant) crosses. Significant variation was found among genotypes for traits like plant height, fruit circumference, single fruit weight, days to first harvest, days to last harvest, and yield per plant. The best performing genotype was Line-01× Line-25F2, which had the highest single fruit weight and yield per plant. Several other genotypes, including Line-01× Line-25F1 and Line-23× Line-24F2, also performed well for yield. The genotype Line-23× Line-24F2 was the earliest for days to flowering and first harvest. High heritability was observed for most traits, suggesting additive gene effects
Correlation and path coefficients analysis studies among yield and yield rela...Premier Publishers
The study was carried out to estimate correlation coefficients among grain yield and yield related traits and work out direct and indirect effects of yield-related traits on grain yield using path- coefficient analysis. Sixty-six F1 crosses and two standard checks were evaluated at Mechara, Ethiopia. The analysis of variance revealed that mean squares due to entries and crosses were highly significant (p<0.01)><0.05) for most traits studied, indicating the existence of variability among the materials evaluated, which could be exploited for the improvement of respective traits. Grain yield showed positive and highly significant correlations with most traits at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Ear diameter and number of kernels per row exerted positive direct effect and also had positive association with grain yield. These traits could be used as a reliable indicator in indirect selection for higher grain yield since their direct effect and association with grain yield were positive at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Traits having strong relationship with grain yield can be used for indirect selection to improve grain yield because grain yield can be simultaneously improved along with the traits for which it showed strong relationship.
Variability Study in Inter-varietal Crosses of Aubergine (Solanum melongena L.)Moniruzzaman Shohag
The document summarizes the results of a study assessing genetic variability in 12 eggplant genotypes. The study found significant differences between genotypes for several yield-related traits including number of primary and secondary branches per plant, days to flowering, number of fruits per plant, and fruit length. The genotype Line-23×Line-24F2 performed best for number of primary branches, early flowering, and number of fruits per plant. BARI-2 produced the most secondary branches and longest fruits. The study suggests crossing Line-23×Line-24F2 with BARI-2 to combine their valuable traits.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the association between agronomic traits and grain yield, protein content, and oil content in soybean genotypes. The study analyzed data from 49 soybean genotypes grown in two locations in Ethiopia. It found that seed yield was strongly correlated with seeds per plant, pods per plant, seeds per pod, days to maturity, and grain filling period. Protein content was strongly correlated with plant height, branches per plant, and days to maturity. Oil content was not associated with any traits except protein content, which had a strong negative association. Path analysis revealed that number of seeds per pod was more important than other traits for indirect selection of high-yielding genotypes.
Combining Ability Analysis of Maize (Zea Mays L.) Inbred Lines for Grain Yiel...Premier Publishers
A total of 64 test-crosses generated by crossing 32 elite maize inbred lines with two testers and two standard checks were evaluated for grain yield and yield related traits in 6×11 alpha lattice design replicated twice during 2017 cropping season at Bako National Maize Research Center of Ethiopia with the objective of estimating general and specific combining ability effects of the inbred lines for grain yield and yield related traits. Analysis of variance indicated highly significant mean squares due to genotypes for all the studied traits. Mean squares due to line general combining ability (GCA) were significant for all studied traits whereas, mean square due to tester GCA was significant for all traits, except number of kernels per row and grain yield. Mean squares due to specific combining ability (SCA) effects were significant (P<0.01 or P<0.05) for biomass yield, number of ears per plant and thousand kernel weight. Generally, mean squares due to both lines and testers GCA and SCA of line × tester interactions were significant for grain yield and most yield related traits indicating the importance of both additive and non-additive gene actions in controlling these traits.
This document contains an abstract for an article on Boswellia papyrifera pre-dominated woodlands of Ethiopia. It summarizes that the woodlands provide important natural resources but generate very little annual cash income for local households. As a result, the woodlands are being continuously cleared and converted to agricultural land. Regeneration of important species is severely lacking, putting the long-term survival of the woodland population at risk. Policies need to be revised to give locals legal rights and economic incentives to sustainably manage and utilize the woodland resources.
This document summarizes the drought coping strategies used by dairy farmers in the Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh, India. Major findings include:
1) Most farmers could not grow fodder crops during drought and instead relied on stored crop residues like wheat straw, paddy straw, and tree leaves to feed their livestock.
2) Common feeding strategies included providing feed and water twice a day and using available crop residues and weeds.
3) To prepare for feed shortages during drought, many farmers stored wheat straw and other crop residues in advance.
Impact of the Socio-Economic Variables on the Use of Fertilizer Type in the C...Mohd Asif Shah
1. The document discusses a case study of apple cultivation in the Kulgam district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It examines the association between socioeconomic variables and the type of fertilizer (organic or inorganic) used.
2. The study uses a stratified random sampling method to select 272 households from 34 villages in Kulgam for data collection through interviews. Chi-square tests are used to analyze relationships between fertilizer use and variables like age, gender, education level, occupation, family type, size, and land owned.
3. The results of the chi-square tests found an association between fertilizer use and age, education level, and family size. But no association was found with gender, occupation
Gene Action for Yield and its Attributes by Generation Mean Analysis in Brinj...AI Publications
Genetic studies assist the breeder in understanding the inheritance mechanism and enhance the efficiency of a breeding programme. Knowledge of gene action and their relative contribution in expression of character is of great importance. Eggplant yield depends on two components viz., fruit weight and number of fruits per plant. These traits are quantitative and therefore influenced by multiple genes. The objective of this study was to estimate the main gene effects (additive, dominance and digenic epistasis) and to determine the mode of inheritance for fruit Yield and its components. The generation mean analysis was employed in three crosses viz., Ac-2 x Annamalai, EP-45 x Annamalai and EP-89 X Annamalai to partition the genetic variance. Among the three crosses studied, the cross Ac-2 x Annamalai had complimentary type of epistasis along with significant additive gene effects and additive x additive interaction gene effects for all the three traits. Considering fruit yield per plant and its attributes, this cross was judged as the best cross for further selection programme.
This document analyzes pulses production in sample villages of the Assan Valley region of Uttarakhand, India. It finds that the area and production of pulses, especially winter pulses like lentils and chickpeas, has drastically declined from 1990-2007. Through surveys of 275 farmers, the study identifies key constraints on pulses production including biotic factors like insect pests and diseases, abiotic factors like climate and rainfall, lack of access to inputs, weak extension services, and lack of market access. The rotation of pulses like chickpeas and pigeon peas with crops like rice and wheat was found to reduce chemical fertilizer use and increase outputs of those staple crops.
A comparative study on socio economic status and agriculturalDr. Binoy Tripura
The document presents findings from a comparative study of socio-economic status and agricultural practices between Jhumias (shifting cultivators) and non-Jhumias in Tripura, India. Some key findings include: Jhumias have larger family sizes, lower education levels, farm smaller land sizes, rely more on traditional practices like reusing previous year's seeds without treatment, and earn less income than non-Jhumias. Non-Jhumias are more educated, use improved seeds, fertilizers and pesticides, and employ modern farming techniques, resulting in higher yields and incomes. The study aims to identify differences and formulate extension strategies to improve the socio-economic conditions of Jhumias through more sustainable agricultural practices
Maize Phenology and Crop Stand in Response to Mulching and Furrow Irrigation ...Premier Publishers
The field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of mulching materials and furrow irrigation methods on phenology and crop stand of maize at Werer, Middle Awash Valley of Ethiopia during 2017/18 cool cropping season. Split plot design with three replications, in which the irrigation methods (Conventional, Fixed and Alternate Furrow) were assigned to main plot and the three mulching materials (plastic, straw and no mulch), were to the sub-plot. Result showed that maize phenology and crop stand was affected by different furrow irrigation methods and mulching materials. But interaction of irrigation methods and mulch had no significant effect on maize phenology and crop stand except days to phenological maturity. Conventional furrow irrigation took less days to emergence (8.4 days) and tasseling (66.67 days). Plastic mulch took less day to emergence (6.9 days), tasseling (62.67 days) and silking (69 days) respectively. Physiological maturity (114.3 days) arrived earlier in fixed furrow with plastic mulch. The conventional furrow irrigation (29600ha-1) and white plastic mulch (29956ha-1) resulted in the maximum maize stand. In conclusion, conventional furrow irrigation and plastic mulching had improved phenological stages and maize crop stand at Werer and other similar agro ecology.
Genetic Progress for Yield, Yield Components and Other Agronomic Characters o...Premier Publishers
Genetic progress has brought about increase in yield potential per se for almost all production areas around the world. The present study examines the relationship of groundnut yield with year of release, yield components and other agro-morphological traits using aggregative data from 1976 to 2012 to calculate genetic gain in groundnut grain yield across four locations in Eastern Ethiopia. The direct method, that compares cultivars with their year of release, was used. The relative gain for groundnut grain yield was 1.08% since 1976. A deeper understanding of these issues facilitates the identification of specific yield-limiting factors that can be used for future breeding strategies. Grain yield, 100 seed weight, plant height and harvest index were significantly correlated with year of release for tested locations, emphasizing the most promising traits for groundnut breeders in the past. These traits were also responsible for the significant genetic progress in groundnut yield in Ethiopia since 1976. Further improvement in the yield potential of groundnut will have to involve increase in other traits, like pod weight per plant, seed weight per plant, that have shown significant positive correlation with grain yield.
This study evaluated eight maize hybrid varieties across ten environments in North West Ethiopia. Combined analysis of variance showed that environments, genotypes, and genotype-environment interaction significantly affected grain yield. Hybrid AMH-851 produced the highest average yield across environments, followed by BH-661 and PHB-3253. GGE biplot analysis identified AMH-851 as the most stable and desirable variety. BHQPY-545 and PHB-3253 were selected as early maturing varieties. Therefore, AMH-851 is recommended as a potential high-yielding variety, while BHQPY-545 and PHB-3253 are suitable as early maturing options for the target regions.
Generation Mean Analysis of Some Agronomic Traits in HB42xSabini Barley CrossPremier Publishers
This study investigated gene effects and interactions controlling agronomic traits in a barley cross between HB42 and Sabini cultivars. Six generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1, BC2) were evaluated for days to heading, days to maturity, spike length, number of kernels per spike, thousand kernel weight, and grain yield per plant. Generation mean analysis showed significant differences among generations for all traits except grain yield. Heterosis estimates revealed the F1 had higher spike length and thousand kernel weight than both parents, but lower number of kernels per spike and grain yield, indicating negative heterosis. Scaling tests and genetic variance component analysis suggested non-additive gene effects like ep
Evaluation of promising lines in rice ( O r y z a s a t i v a L.) to agronomi...Galal Anis, PhD
A field experiment was conducted during the period 2014 and 2015 at the farm of Rice Research and Training Center, Sakha, kafr el-sheikh, Egypt for evaluation the performance of promising lines in rice to agronomic and genetic performance under Egyptian conditions. Results revealed that the Giza 179 produced the highest grain yield (5.44 kg/5m2) followed by the promising line GZ9461-4-2-3-1 (5.26 kg/5m2) and the commercial variety Giza 178 (5.07 kg/5m2). Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all traits. The high genotypic coefficient of variability (gcv) and phenotypic coefficient of variability (pcv) recorded for number of filled grains/panicle indicate the existence of wide spectrum of variability for this trait and offer greater opportunities for desired trait through phenotypic selection. The phenotypic variance was higher than the corresponding genotypic variance for traits. Estimation of heritability ranged from 49.16% to 99.52% for number of panicle/plant and duration traits, respectively. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for growing period and plant height and indicate the lesser influence of environment in expression of these traits and prevalence of additive gene action in their inheritance hence, amenable of simple selection. The promising rice lines GZ9461-4-2-3-1 and GZ10147-1-2-1-1 performed better as compared with the commercial variety. Selection of these traits would be more effective for yield improvement in rice and these promising lines would be more valuable materials for breeders engaged in the development of high yielding cultivars.
Participatory variety selection of Faba Bean for yield components and yield a...Premier Publishers
Faba bean is one the major highland grain food legumes contributing an enormous amount of protein to the human diet in Ethiopia. Though a lot of improved varieties were released by research centers farmers depend on low yield and local varieties. Participatory variety selection is one of the methods used to evaluate varieties through involvement of users. The participatory faba bean variety selection was conducted during 2014 cropping season at Chiro and Gemachis districts on two farmers training center and three farmers field. Eight released varieties with one local check were laid out in Randomized complete block design in three replications on Farmers training center and single plot on farmer’s field. Agronomic and farmer selection data were collected and analyzed. From all the tested varieties, variety Hachalu was superior in grain yield (1437 kg ha-1) and ( 808 kg ha-1) while Wayu variety was yielded (719 kg ha-1) and 796 (kg ha-1) at Chiro and Gamachis respectively. The lowest grain yield was obtained from Obse (215 kg ha-1) variety at Chiro and Local variety (581 kg ha-1) at Gemachis respectively. In case of farmer preference Hachalu score higher mean value (3.8) followed by Tumsa (3.6) and least mean value was recorded from variety local (2.2). Therefore, the varieties selected by researcher and farmer data Hachalu, Wayu and Tumsa were recommended for further production in these areas.
Assessment of genotype by environment interactions and grainAlexander Decker
The document discusses a study that evaluated 100 extra-early maize hybrids across three environments in Ghana to determine the presence and effects of genotype by environment interactions (GxE) on grain yield. The study found significant effects of genotype and environment on grain yield, but GxE was not significant. Using GGE biplot methodology, five hybrids - TZEEI 8 x TZEEI 51, TZEEI 5 x TZEEI 53, TZEEI 21 x TZEEI 39, TZEEI 27 x TZEEI 36, and TZEEI 4 x TZEEI 6 - were identified as high yielding and stable across environments. In contrast, five other
Estimate of Genetic Variability Parameters among Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea ...Premier Publishers
Sixteen groundnut genotypes (including local check) were evaluated for quantitative parameters. The crop was sown during 2015 wet season in Ethiopia across four locations. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Twelve quantitative parameters were studied. The analysis of variance revealed the prevalence of significant difference among the genotypes for all studied parameters. Based on mean performance of genotypes Beha gudo, Manipeter and Werer-962 were found to be best for grain yield in kg/ha. High to moderate estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were exhibited by all characters except for SHP and NSP indicating that those characters could be used as selection indices for crop improvement. High heritability was observed for 100SW (91.2%), AGBP (90.3%), NBP (90.2%), PH (89.4%), NMP (86.8%), NSPOD (85.7%), HI (83.7%) and KY (79.7%) accompanied by high genetic advance indicating the predominant role of additive gene action and the possibilities of effective selection for the improvement of groundnut genotypes based on these characters. Low broad sense heritability and low genetic advance was observed only for SHP and NSP indicating low genetic potentials for these characters and non-additive gene effect prevails.
This document summarizes a study on the Siyakha Nentsha program, an adolescent HIV prevention program in South Africa that provides HIV education, social support, and financial capability training. The program aims to improve well-being and reduce HIV risk among at-risk youth. Early results found that females in the program felt more powerful, participants had greater awareness of social grants and confidence in condom use, and sexual behaviors were less influenced by drugs/alcohol. Participants reported the program taught them life skills to build their future. Further analysis of longer-term outcomes is still underway.
This document summarizes the Siyakha Nentsha project which aims to improve the economic, health, and social capabilities of vulnerable youth in South Africa. The project provides evidence-based, multi-sectoral interventions on HIV/AIDS, reproductive health, and financial capabilities to adolescents at high risk of issues like early pregnancy, school dropout, and lack of opportunities. Quantitative and qualitative data is collected through surveys and focus groups to evaluate the impact on knowledge, behaviors, and well-being. Preliminary results show improvements in topics like partner reduction, condom use confidence, and STI knowledge for both males and females in the intervention groups.
Permaculture is a design system based on ethics and design principles which can be used to establish, design, manage and improve holistic management of individuals, businesses, communities and social-ecological systems.
The document consists of over 100 links to YouTube videos. It does not provide any other context or information about the content or purpose of the videos.
This document contains an abstract for an article on Boswellia papyrifera pre-dominated woodlands of Ethiopia. It summarizes that the woodlands provide important natural resources but generate very little annual cash income for local households. As a result, the woodlands are being continuously cleared and converted to agricultural land. Regeneration of important species is severely lacking, putting the long-term survival of the woodland population at risk. Policies need to be revised to give locals legal rights and economic incentives to sustainably manage and utilize the woodland resources.
This document summarizes the drought coping strategies used by dairy farmers in the Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh, India. Major findings include:
1) Most farmers could not grow fodder crops during drought and instead relied on stored crop residues like wheat straw, paddy straw, and tree leaves to feed their livestock.
2) Common feeding strategies included providing feed and water twice a day and using available crop residues and weeds.
3) To prepare for feed shortages during drought, many farmers stored wheat straw and other crop residues in advance.
Impact of the Socio-Economic Variables on the Use of Fertilizer Type in the C...Mohd Asif Shah
1. The document discusses a case study of apple cultivation in the Kulgam district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It examines the association between socioeconomic variables and the type of fertilizer (organic or inorganic) used.
2. The study uses a stratified random sampling method to select 272 households from 34 villages in Kulgam for data collection through interviews. Chi-square tests are used to analyze relationships between fertilizer use and variables like age, gender, education level, occupation, family type, size, and land owned.
3. The results of the chi-square tests found an association between fertilizer use and age, education level, and family size. But no association was found with gender, occupation
Gene Action for Yield and its Attributes by Generation Mean Analysis in Brinj...AI Publications
Genetic studies assist the breeder in understanding the inheritance mechanism and enhance the efficiency of a breeding programme. Knowledge of gene action and their relative contribution in expression of character is of great importance. Eggplant yield depends on two components viz., fruit weight and number of fruits per plant. These traits are quantitative and therefore influenced by multiple genes. The objective of this study was to estimate the main gene effects (additive, dominance and digenic epistasis) and to determine the mode of inheritance for fruit Yield and its components. The generation mean analysis was employed in three crosses viz., Ac-2 x Annamalai, EP-45 x Annamalai and EP-89 X Annamalai to partition the genetic variance. Among the three crosses studied, the cross Ac-2 x Annamalai had complimentary type of epistasis along with significant additive gene effects and additive x additive interaction gene effects for all the three traits. Considering fruit yield per plant and its attributes, this cross was judged as the best cross for further selection programme.
This document analyzes pulses production in sample villages of the Assan Valley region of Uttarakhand, India. It finds that the area and production of pulses, especially winter pulses like lentils and chickpeas, has drastically declined from 1990-2007. Through surveys of 275 farmers, the study identifies key constraints on pulses production including biotic factors like insect pests and diseases, abiotic factors like climate and rainfall, lack of access to inputs, weak extension services, and lack of market access. The rotation of pulses like chickpeas and pigeon peas with crops like rice and wheat was found to reduce chemical fertilizer use and increase outputs of those staple crops.
A comparative study on socio economic status and agriculturalDr. Binoy Tripura
The document presents findings from a comparative study of socio-economic status and agricultural practices between Jhumias (shifting cultivators) and non-Jhumias in Tripura, India. Some key findings include: Jhumias have larger family sizes, lower education levels, farm smaller land sizes, rely more on traditional practices like reusing previous year's seeds without treatment, and earn less income than non-Jhumias. Non-Jhumias are more educated, use improved seeds, fertilizers and pesticides, and employ modern farming techniques, resulting in higher yields and incomes. The study aims to identify differences and formulate extension strategies to improve the socio-economic conditions of Jhumias through more sustainable agricultural practices
Maize Phenology and Crop Stand in Response to Mulching and Furrow Irrigation ...Premier Publishers
The field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of mulching materials and furrow irrigation methods on phenology and crop stand of maize at Werer, Middle Awash Valley of Ethiopia during 2017/18 cool cropping season. Split plot design with three replications, in which the irrigation methods (Conventional, Fixed and Alternate Furrow) were assigned to main plot and the three mulching materials (plastic, straw and no mulch), were to the sub-plot. Result showed that maize phenology and crop stand was affected by different furrow irrigation methods and mulching materials. But interaction of irrigation methods and mulch had no significant effect on maize phenology and crop stand except days to phenological maturity. Conventional furrow irrigation took less days to emergence (8.4 days) and tasseling (66.67 days). Plastic mulch took less day to emergence (6.9 days), tasseling (62.67 days) and silking (69 days) respectively. Physiological maturity (114.3 days) arrived earlier in fixed furrow with plastic mulch. The conventional furrow irrigation (29600ha-1) and white plastic mulch (29956ha-1) resulted in the maximum maize stand. In conclusion, conventional furrow irrigation and plastic mulching had improved phenological stages and maize crop stand at Werer and other similar agro ecology.
Genetic Progress for Yield, Yield Components and Other Agronomic Characters o...Premier Publishers
Genetic progress has brought about increase in yield potential per se for almost all production areas around the world. The present study examines the relationship of groundnut yield with year of release, yield components and other agro-morphological traits using aggregative data from 1976 to 2012 to calculate genetic gain in groundnut grain yield across four locations in Eastern Ethiopia. The direct method, that compares cultivars with their year of release, was used. The relative gain for groundnut grain yield was 1.08% since 1976. A deeper understanding of these issues facilitates the identification of specific yield-limiting factors that can be used for future breeding strategies. Grain yield, 100 seed weight, plant height and harvest index were significantly correlated with year of release for tested locations, emphasizing the most promising traits for groundnut breeders in the past. These traits were also responsible for the significant genetic progress in groundnut yield in Ethiopia since 1976. Further improvement in the yield potential of groundnut will have to involve increase in other traits, like pod weight per plant, seed weight per plant, that have shown significant positive correlation with grain yield.
This study evaluated eight maize hybrid varieties across ten environments in North West Ethiopia. Combined analysis of variance showed that environments, genotypes, and genotype-environment interaction significantly affected grain yield. Hybrid AMH-851 produced the highest average yield across environments, followed by BH-661 and PHB-3253. GGE biplot analysis identified AMH-851 as the most stable and desirable variety. BHQPY-545 and PHB-3253 were selected as early maturing varieties. Therefore, AMH-851 is recommended as a potential high-yielding variety, while BHQPY-545 and PHB-3253 are suitable as early maturing options for the target regions.
Generation Mean Analysis of Some Agronomic Traits in HB42xSabini Barley CrossPremier Publishers
This study investigated gene effects and interactions controlling agronomic traits in a barley cross between HB42 and Sabini cultivars. Six generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1, BC2) were evaluated for days to heading, days to maturity, spike length, number of kernels per spike, thousand kernel weight, and grain yield per plant. Generation mean analysis showed significant differences among generations for all traits except grain yield. Heterosis estimates revealed the F1 had higher spike length and thousand kernel weight than both parents, but lower number of kernels per spike and grain yield, indicating negative heterosis. Scaling tests and genetic variance component analysis suggested non-additive gene effects like ep
Evaluation of promising lines in rice ( O r y z a s a t i v a L.) to agronomi...Galal Anis, PhD
A field experiment was conducted during the period 2014 and 2015 at the farm of Rice Research and Training Center, Sakha, kafr el-sheikh, Egypt for evaluation the performance of promising lines in rice to agronomic and genetic performance under Egyptian conditions. Results revealed that the Giza 179 produced the highest grain yield (5.44 kg/5m2) followed by the promising line GZ9461-4-2-3-1 (5.26 kg/5m2) and the commercial variety Giza 178 (5.07 kg/5m2). Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all traits. The high genotypic coefficient of variability (gcv) and phenotypic coefficient of variability (pcv) recorded for number of filled grains/panicle indicate the existence of wide spectrum of variability for this trait and offer greater opportunities for desired trait through phenotypic selection. The phenotypic variance was higher than the corresponding genotypic variance for traits. Estimation of heritability ranged from 49.16% to 99.52% for number of panicle/plant and duration traits, respectively. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for growing period and plant height and indicate the lesser influence of environment in expression of these traits and prevalence of additive gene action in their inheritance hence, amenable of simple selection. The promising rice lines GZ9461-4-2-3-1 and GZ10147-1-2-1-1 performed better as compared with the commercial variety. Selection of these traits would be more effective for yield improvement in rice and these promising lines would be more valuable materials for breeders engaged in the development of high yielding cultivars.
Participatory variety selection of Faba Bean for yield components and yield a...Premier Publishers
Faba bean is one the major highland grain food legumes contributing an enormous amount of protein to the human diet in Ethiopia. Though a lot of improved varieties were released by research centers farmers depend on low yield and local varieties. Participatory variety selection is one of the methods used to evaluate varieties through involvement of users. The participatory faba bean variety selection was conducted during 2014 cropping season at Chiro and Gemachis districts on two farmers training center and three farmers field. Eight released varieties with one local check were laid out in Randomized complete block design in three replications on Farmers training center and single plot on farmer’s field. Agronomic and farmer selection data were collected and analyzed. From all the tested varieties, variety Hachalu was superior in grain yield (1437 kg ha-1) and ( 808 kg ha-1) while Wayu variety was yielded (719 kg ha-1) and 796 (kg ha-1) at Chiro and Gamachis respectively. The lowest grain yield was obtained from Obse (215 kg ha-1) variety at Chiro and Local variety (581 kg ha-1) at Gemachis respectively. In case of farmer preference Hachalu score higher mean value (3.8) followed by Tumsa (3.6) and least mean value was recorded from variety local (2.2). Therefore, the varieties selected by researcher and farmer data Hachalu, Wayu and Tumsa were recommended for further production in these areas.
Assessment of genotype by environment interactions and grainAlexander Decker
The document discusses a study that evaluated 100 extra-early maize hybrids across three environments in Ghana to determine the presence and effects of genotype by environment interactions (GxE) on grain yield. The study found significant effects of genotype and environment on grain yield, but GxE was not significant. Using GGE biplot methodology, five hybrids - TZEEI 8 x TZEEI 51, TZEEI 5 x TZEEI 53, TZEEI 21 x TZEEI 39, TZEEI 27 x TZEEI 36, and TZEEI 4 x TZEEI 6 - were identified as high yielding and stable across environments. In contrast, five other
Estimate of Genetic Variability Parameters among Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea ...Premier Publishers
Sixteen groundnut genotypes (including local check) were evaluated for quantitative parameters. The crop was sown during 2015 wet season in Ethiopia across four locations. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Twelve quantitative parameters were studied. The analysis of variance revealed the prevalence of significant difference among the genotypes for all studied parameters. Based on mean performance of genotypes Beha gudo, Manipeter and Werer-962 were found to be best for grain yield in kg/ha. High to moderate estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were exhibited by all characters except for SHP and NSP indicating that those characters could be used as selection indices for crop improvement. High heritability was observed for 100SW (91.2%), AGBP (90.3%), NBP (90.2%), PH (89.4%), NMP (86.8%), NSPOD (85.7%), HI (83.7%) and KY (79.7%) accompanied by high genetic advance indicating the predominant role of additive gene action and the possibilities of effective selection for the improvement of groundnut genotypes based on these characters. Low broad sense heritability and low genetic advance was observed only for SHP and NSP indicating low genetic potentials for these characters and non-additive gene effect prevails.
This document summarizes a study on the Siyakha Nentsha program, an adolescent HIV prevention program in South Africa that provides HIV education, social support, and financial capability training. The program aims to improve well-being and reduce HIV risk among at-risk youth. Early results found that females in the program felt more powerful, participants had greater awareness of social grants and confidence in condom use, and sexual behaviors were less influenced by drugs/alcohol. Participants reported the program taught them life skills to build their future. Further analysis of longer-term outcomes is still underway.
This document summarizes the Siyakha Nentsha project which aims to improve the economic, health, and social capabilities of vulnerable youth in South Africa. The project provides evidence-based, multi-sectoral interventions on HIV/AIDS, reproductive health, and financial capabilities to adolescents at high risk of issues like early pregnancy, school dropout, and lack of opportunities. Quantitative and qualitative data is collected through surveys and focus groups to evaluate the impact on knowledge, behaviors, and well-being. Preliminary results show improvements in topics like partner reduction, condom use confidence, and STI knowledge for both males and females in the intervention groups.
Permaculture is a design system based on ethics and design principles which can be used to establish, design, manage and improve holistic management of individuals, businesses, communities and social-ecological systems.
The document consists of over 100 links to YouTube videos. It does not provide any other context or information about the content or purpose of the videos.
El documento clasifica y describe diferentes tipos de payasos y clowns. Menciona que el clown suele vestir de blanco y representa el orden, mientras que el Augusto viste de forma extravagante y representa la libertad. También describe al mimo, al arlequín y al vagabundo como variantes del payaso.
Este documento presenta una breve historia de las artes circenses y de la comedia a través de los tiempos, desde acróbatas en la antigua Grecia y China, hasta los bufones y payasos de la Edad Media, la comedia del arte y sus personajes característicos, el circo moderno establecido por Philip Astley en Gran Bretaña en el siglo XVIII, y los circos ambulantes del siglo XIX. Se mencionan también la adivinación, el ilusionismo, y figuras cómicas de la mitología griega y la epope
Characteristics of farmers and technical efficiency in cocoa farming at sigi...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on cocoa farming efficiency in Sigi Regency, Indonesia. The study used a stochastic frontier production function model to analyze factors affecting cocoa production and farmer technical efficiency. It found that fertilizer, pesticide and labor had a significant positive effect on cocoa production. Farmer characteristics like education, experience, and participation in extension programs increased technical efficiency and could help boost cocoa output. The study concluded that improving these factors could increase farmer incomes and Indonesia's cocoa production.
Cost-effectiveness and resource use efficiency of sweet potato in BangladeshPremier Publishers
In Bangladesh sweet potato is the 4th most important source of carbohydrate after rice, wheat and potato. The study was conducted to determine the profitability and resources use efficiency of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Poir) in Bangladesh. This study also aimed to find the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato production. A total of 100 farmers were selected from the study area through stratified random sampling technique and face to face interview was conducted to collect primary data. The cost and return analysis indicated that per hectare net return from sweet potato was 82,758.93 BDT (Bangladesh Taka). Benefit cost ratio (BCR) was found 1.97. Labor and vine cost accounted for the 48% and 28% of the total cost, respectively. Cobb-Douglas production function was used to determine the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato. The result showed that farm size, cost of vine, cost of land preparation and cost of labor have positive impact on gross return. Sweet potato cultivation is more sensitive to the output price which can be compensated by increasing yield. Resource use efficiency analysis revealed that farmers are not efficient in using resources in sweet potato production. Vine, land preparation, fertilizer and labor were underused and therefore increase the use of these resources can maximize profit in sweet potato production in Bangladesh.
This document summarizes a study comparing the economic performance of hybrid and conventional rice production in Pakistan. It finds that total costs per hectare were higher for hybrid rice (Rs 148,992.23) than conventional rice (Rs 140,661.68), mainly due to higher seed prices and land management costs for hybrid rice. However, hybrid rice yields were significantly higher (196.14 monds/hectare vs 140.14 monds/hectare for conventional rice). As a result, hybrid rice provided higher total revenue, gross margins, and net returns compared to conventional rice varieties. Most farmers had shifted to growing hybrid rice due to its yield advantages and higher profits.
Performance of Hybrid and Conventional Rice Varieties in Sindhsanaullah noonari
The study was design to compare the economic performance of hybrid and conventional rice production, major
objectives of the study were to asses financial gain from hybrid rice comparing with conventional rice and
Taluka Golarchi was selected for the present study where both on hybrid and conventional rice varieties are
grown, primary data on hybrid and conventional rice was collected from the farmers through personal interviews
with the help of specially designed questionnaire. A simple random sampling technique was used to collect the
data. Statistical approaches used to analysis the data. Total costs per hectare of hybrid rice were 148992.23 Rs
per hectare which were more then conventional rice was 140661.68 Rs per hectactare. Major differences in
hybrid rice production cost are related to higher seed prices, slightly higher land management costs. On an
average higher yield (196.14 monds per hectare) was obtained from hybrid rice while conventional rice yield
(140.14 monds per hectare) was less then hybrid rice. There was 16.64 percent increase in hybrid rice yield
comparing with conventional rice which gives additional income to poor farmers, Price gained per mounds was
almost the same in both activities. High profit was observed in hybrid rice and low profit was obtained in
conventional rice. Most of the farmers focused to grow hybrid rice due to high yield.
Keywords: Rice, performance, hybrid, conventional, varieties, Pakistan
11.technical efficiency of cowpea production in osun state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the technical efficiency of cowpea farmers in Osun State, Nigeria. It finds that the mean technical efficiency level was 66%, meaning on average farmers were producing 66% of potential output. Factors like age, household size, and farming experience reduced technical inefficiency, while gender and education increased inefficiency. The study concludes there is room for improving efficiency to boost cowpea output through better use of available resources.
Technical efficiency of cowpea production in osun state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
- The study analyzed the technical efficiency of 200 cowpea farmers in Osun State, Nigeria using a
stochastic production frontier function.
- The results found the mean technical efficiency level was 66%, indicating room for improvement.
- Age, household size, and farming experience reduced technical inefficiency, while gender and education
increased inefficiency.
- The findings suggest cowpea farmers could increase output with existing inputs and technology by improving
their technical efficiency.
Technical Efficiency of Soya Beans Production in Mubi North Local Government ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study was conducted to evaluate the technical efficiency of soya bean production in Mubi North Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The objective of the study was to examine the inputs and output relationship of soya bean production in the study area. A multi stage random sampling techniques was used to select 80 respondents in the study area who were noted for soya beans production. Primary data were collected from the respondents with the aid of structured questionnaire and were analyzed using stochastic frontier function. It was therefore recommended that inputs such as seeds, fertilizers and agrochemicals which were the major inputs that increase the output of soya bean production in the study area should be made available on time, in right amounts and at affordable prices to the farmer's stakeholders in agriculture. Proper orientation and knowledge should be given to people willing to go into the cultivation of soya beans on the appropriate time of planting. Extension services should also be rendered effectively.
An economic study of small-scale tilapia fish farming in Mymensingh district ...Premier Publishers
- The study examined the costs, returns, and resource use efficiency of small-scale tilapia fish farming in Mymensingh district of Bangladesh.
- It found that tilapia fish farming was profitable, with medium farmers achieving the highest benefit-cost ratio of 1.33. Per hectare yields and returns increased with farm size.
- Key variables like human labor, feed costs, and water supply costs had significant positive effects on economic returns, while resource use was found to be inefficient overall. Increasing use of underutilized inputs like labor, feed, and protection chemicals could maximize profits from tilapia farming.
11.sustainable resource productivity in small scale farming in kwara state, n...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on sustainable resource productivity among small-scale farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria. It finds that the average small-scale farmer earns a gross margin of 18,975.92 Naira per hectare. Regression analysis reveals that land and capital are overutilized as inputs. Linear programming shows that the most profitable crop combination is maize and cassava, which yields a gross margin of 108,920.80 Naira per hectare. The study concludes that efficient use of limited resources is needed for sustained food security among small-scale farmers.
Sustainable resource productivity in small scale farming in kwara state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on sustainable resource productivity among small-scale farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria. It conducted interviews with 110 farmers across three local government areas. The study found that on average, farmers obtained a gross margin of 18,975.92 Naira per hectare. Regression analysis determined that the Cobb-Douglas production function provided the best fit for the data. Comparing marginal value product to unit factor cost showed that land and capital resources were overutilized. Linear programming identified maize and cassava as the most profitable and sustainable crop combination, yielding a gross margin of 108,920.80 Naira per hectare.
Technical Efficiency Differentials and Resource - Productivity Analysis amon...researchagriculture
- The study analyzed the technical efficiency and resource productivity of 96 smallholder soybean farmers in Benue State, Nigeria.
- Results from a transcendental logarithmic stochastic frontier model showed technical efficiencies varied widely from 0.254 to 0.999 with a mean of 0.718, indicating production was in stage III of irrational production.
- Land and fertilizer use was effective as confirmed by estimated coefficients between zero and one, depicting stage II production. Productivity could be enhanced by expanding farm size while maintaining labor to move from stage III to II.
1 ijreh dec-2017-3-environmental and socio-economicAI Publications
The benefits of the use of biochar in improvement of soil properties and crop growth have been dominating scientific debates in efforts to include biochar in policy and regulatory frameworks. The study incorporated a semi participatory methodology involving farmers to gain anon-farm-view assessment of the challenges, environmental feasibility, economic profitability and socio-cultural soundness of biochar production and use. Biochar produced from cassava stems, ricehuskand corncobs using an Elsa pyrolyser were applied at 16kg/plot on 8m2 experimental plots during the 2016/2017 cropping season in Nkolbisson, Cameroon following a complete randomised design with three replications. Cassava plant growth parameters were measured at 3, 6 and 9 months after planting while yields were obtained at harvest. Cost benefit analysis was used to evaluate the total costs and revenue returns.Fifteen farmers participated in the trialand semi-structured questionnaires and interviews were used to elucidate farmer’s assessment of biochar. Results showed that, farmers using ricehusk biochar encured more profits with net benefits of 1.44 million fCFA andmarginal rate of return (33.06%) compared to thecontrol (583267fCFA) with MRR of 12.33% and corncob biochar (353436 fCFA) with MRR of 7.80%. Additional revenue (34.95%)was gained from the use of ricehusk biochar market price for CO2 offset at ($60).The use of ricehusk biochar was found to be socio-economically and environmentally feasible. However, national sensitization on biochar production could helpcreate awareness, generate a huge leap in livelihoods as well as get the attention of the government for policy drive.
Assessment of passion fruit orchard management and farmersAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed passion fruit orchard management and farmer technical efficiency in central-eastern and north-rift highlands of Kenya. The study found:
1) Technical efficiency varied across counties, with Meru having the highest mean at 65% followed by Uasin Gishu at 57% and Embu the lowest at 47%.
2) Orchard management practices like training vines, pruning, weeding and watering also varied significantly across counties and influenced technical efficiency.
3) Improving management practices could help farmers increase technical efficiency and reduce input costs by 35-53%, improving profits. The study recommends increased farmer training to boost awareness of good management.
Optimization Model of Use of Production in Order to Increase Production and E...AI Publications
This research aims to; analyze the optimization model of the use of production inputs in order to increase production and the efficiency of potato farming. This study uses cross-section data from 62 farmers. Sampling was done by Simple Random Sampling. The approach taken to examine the response of production to inputs is made descriptively. The production and efficiency functions are estimated using the stochastic frontier production function and the dual cost function. The results showed that there was no optimal use of production inputs. The frontier production function was mainly determined by the input of seed production of SP-36 fertilizer, KCL fertilizer, and liquid insecticide. The determinants of optimal production are determined by the use of seeds, urea fertilizer, and the use of drugs. The optimal use of inputs can produce an optimal production of 21,768 kg, while the actual production is only 12,250 kg. The use of seeds, SP-36 fertilizer, organic fertilizers, liquid insecticides, and labor are risk-reducing productivity factors. The technical efficiency of potato farming is in the medium category (ET=0.6644). Sources of technical inefficiency mainly come from the land area, age, and distance of farming land. Meanwhile, income, farming experience education and the number of family members reduce the occurrence of technical inefficiency. Farmers' behavior in responding to productivity risks is the average risk taker.
Technical efficiency in rain-fed maize production in Adamawa state Nigeria: S...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study analysed the technical efficiency of rain-fed maize cultivation in Adamawa state, Nigeria using stochastic approach. The study was based on primary data collected from 140 respondents using simple random sampling for the period of 2014-15 Kharifmaize. The result reveals that resources were under-utilized in rain-fed maize cultivation in Adamawa state, Nigeria. Moreover, the mean technical efficiency of 0.69 indicates that an average farmer in the study area have the scope for increasing technical efficiency by 31 per cent in short-run under the existing technology. The study therefore, recommends that government should pay more attention on the land consolidation programme. It will help farmers to adopt improved agronomic practices and enhance the production and productivity of rain-fed maize production in Adamawa state.
Optimum combination of farm enterprises among smallholder farmers in umuahia ...Alexander Decker
The document presents the results of a study that used linear programming to determine the optimal combination of farm enterprises for smallholder farmers in Umuahia Agricultural Zone, Abia State, Nigeria. A sample of 30 farmers was used to develop a model that maximized gross margin subject to resource constraints. The optimal plan included one crop enterprise, two crop mixtures, and two livestock enterprises. Sensitivity analysis found that increasing land by 25% increased gross margin by 13.48%, while increasing labor by 25% increased gross margin by 3.04%. The study recommends adopting more land and labor-saving technologies to improve farm production.
Effect of Yam-Based Production on Food Security Status of Farm Households in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The study assessed the effect of yam-based production on the food security status of farm households in Edo south, Nigeria. Specifically, the objectives of the study were to examine the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, analyse the contribution of yam-based production to the income profile of the households, estimate their mean per capita daily calorie intake and examine the determinants and the probability of households being food secured.
A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted in selecting 120 farm households from Edo South agro-ecological zone of Edo-State data were collected with the aid of well – structured interview schedule on households socio-economic variables which included sex, age, marital status, level of education, farm size, household size and household income and expenditure profile among others. Data collected were analyzed by appropriate statistical analysis which included frequency counts, percentages, mean, standard deviation, and Logit regression model.
The results showed that 97 males, represented majority of the households with (80.8%) and females 23, represented 19.2%of the house heads. The mean age of household reads was 50 years, of which (92.5%) of them were married, 53% owned houses and 58% had farming experience of 11.20 years the mean household size was estimated as seven persons with a mean farm size of 1.35 hectares. The mean annual household income in the study area was estimated as N 496.850.88 out of which farm income contributed N 62.4307, and off income contributed (37.57%). The mean monthly household expenditure was N 40,934.31 out of which food expenditure accounted for 40 .22%. The results also showed that the area was fairly food -secured with 52.5% being food secured and 47.67 being food insecure with mean per capita calorie intake of 36,okcal and 120.2 kcal respectively.
Finally, the results also revealed that three variables in the logit model were significant in explaining variation in the food security status of the households. These are farm size, form income and off-income. It was recommended that government should provide bigger plot of land for those farmers who are determined to take farming as business.
The abstract should summarize the content of the paper. Try to keep the abstract below 250 words. Do not make references nor display equations in the abstract. The journal will be printed from the same-sized copy prepared by you. Your manuscript should be printed on A4 paper (21.0 cm x 29.7 cm). It is imperative that the margins and style described below be adhered to carefully. This will enable us to keep uniformity in the final printed copies of the Journal. Please keep in mind that the manuscript you prepare will be photographed and printed as it is received. Readability of copy is of paramount importance.
Hydration Kinetics of Blanched and Unblanched Sword BeansAI Publications
Sword bean, which belongs to the (Fabaceae) family, is an indigenous legume found in several tropical countries in Africa and Asia. During the processing of legumes including sword bean, hydration is initially carried out to prepare the seeds for further operations such as cooking and milling. The absorption of water is determined by the physical and chemical properties of the crop as well as other extrinsic factors such as blanching, temperature, and soaking time. The physical properties of sword bean were determined using the standard method. Arrhenius equation adequately described the temperature dependency of water absorption of sword bean and showed that high soaking temperature reduced the time required to achieve equilibrium moisture. The activation energy for blanched and unblanched sword beans was discovered to be 14.28 KJ/mol and 13.36 KJ/mol respectively. The initial microbial counts on dry beans were minimized by blanching, thus, there was a reduction in risk posed by microbe proliferation during soaking. The quantitative data that characterize soaking conditions is therefore imperative for designing and optimizing food processing equipment, and also predicting the water uptake of the food as a function of time and temperature. The data of hydration kinetics of sword beans will provide information that could be used in solving problems involved in storability conditions, design problems, predict energy requirements in post-harvesting techniques of the product.
Production and storage of cassava chips for reconversion into gariAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the production and storage of cassava chips for reconversion into gari. Key points:
1. Cassava roots were processed into chips with 7% moisture content and stored for 6 months. The stored chips were then rehydrated and seeded with fresh cassava mash (FCM) at levels of 5%, 10%, and 20% before being fermented into gari.
2. pH levels decreased over the 72-hour fermentation period for all samples. Gari yield from seeded chips ranged from 64.4-72.3% while FCM yield was 18.7%. Swelling capacity of gari ranged from 2.0-3.0 depending on F
The study examined the efficiency of sorghum production in Maharashtra State, India. The technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers producing sorghum were analysed from 100 randomly selected sorghum farmers. The maximum likelihood estimates of the stochastic frontier production function was used for the analysis, and the result revealed that farm size, labour, fertilizer and chemicals were significantly and positively related to sorghum output. The technical efficiency (TE) scores ranged from 0.28-0.94 with a mean TE of 0.67, implying that there is a scope for increasing technical efficiency in sorghum production by 33% in the short-run. The allocative efficiency index ranged from 0.11-0.90 with a mean of 0.54, implying that the average farm has the scope of increasing allocative efficiency by 46% in the short-run. The economic efficiency index ranged from 0.09-0.75 with a mean of 0.37, indicating wide efficiency differential between average farmers and the economically efficient farmers. The result of the stochastic frontier production function analysis showed that the variance parameters that is the sigma squared (ɗ2) and the gamma (ϒ) were statistically significant at 1% level of sorghum production
Similar to 11.0004www.iiste.org call for paper. comparative economics of bean and bottle gourd production in some selected areas of bangladesh (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
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11.0004www.iiste.org call for paper. comparative economics of bean and bottle gourd production in some selected areas of bangladesh
1. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol 1, No.2, 2011
Comparative Economics of Bean and Bottle Gourd
Production in Some Selected Areas of Bangladesh
Ummul Khayer
MS student, Department of Agricultural Economics
Bangladesh Agricultural University
Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh.
E-mail: anne.ummul@yahoo.com
Sharmin Akhter (Corresponding author)
Lecturer, Department of Development and Poverty Studies,
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh.
E-mail: sharmin_bau15@yahoo.com,
Cell:. +88-01723779156
Ripon Kumar Mondal
Lecturer, Department of Agricultural Economics,
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207,Bangladesh.
Email: rkumar.ga@gmail.com
Abstract
The present study was designed with a view to analyse the comparative economic aspect of
selected vegetables such as bean and bottle gourd production. The findings of the study
revealed that the production of selected vegetables were profitable. The per hectare total cost of
production of bottle gourd and bean were T k.10 5344 and T k.104 840 re sp ectively and the
correspo nd ing gro ss incomes were Tk.200200 and Tk.174500 accordingly. The estimated net
return of producing bottle gourd and bean were Tk.96656 and Tk.69660 successively. The
results indicate that bottle gourd farmers received the highest gross return and net return
compared to bean producers. Functional analysis revealed that the variation of yield was greatly
influenced by the human labour, animal labour, cowdung, fertilizers and date of sowing. These
factors were directly or jointly responsible for the variation of vegetable yields. T he stud y also
revealed that the veget a b le far mers faced vario us t yp es o f problems, such as lack of
irrigation facilities, shortage of human labour, high price of fertilizers and insecticides, non-
availability of quality seeds, etc.
Key words: Profitability, Returns to scale, Resource use efficiency, Net return.
1. Introduction
Agriculture is the foundation of Bangladesh economy and rice is the main food item for the people of
the country. Rice alone cannot solve the demand for balanced diet. Nutritional deficiency is
a very serious problem for the people of Bangladesh today. Vegetables provide dietary fiber
necessary for digestion and health and combating malnutrition, curing nutritional disorders and
diseases like anemia, blindness, scurvy, goiter, etc. including physical and mental growth and help
increase efficiency of labour and span of working life, which eventually influence the economic
potentials of the nation. The problems of malnutrition and ill health can be reduced to a great
extent by taking leafy and green fleshy vegetables like bean and bottle gourd which supply
sufficient amounts of carbohydrate, vitamins, minerals and protein in the human diet. The
vegetables which are gen erally gro wn d uring Octob er to March in B angladesh have
b een ter med as winter vegetables. The present study has been conducted on two winter
vegetables, namely bean and bottle gourd. Leguminous crops like beans play a vital role to
meet up our protein requirement. Beans contain 20-30% protein on a dry weight basis
which is nearly three times than that in most cereals. In Bangladesh total land area under
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bean cultivation is 15385 hectares and the production is 83,000 metric tons during 2006 -
2007(BBS,2008). It also contains appreciable amounts of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin,
vitamin C, and iron (0.1, 0.06, 0.7, 9.0, and 4 1.7 mg/100 gm respectively (Rehana,2006). Protein
deficiency is a severe problem in Bangladesh where 77% of the population is suffering fro m
ins ufficien t p r o te in intake. Unavailab ilit y is th e maj o r co nstraint o f co nsu m ption,
and the availability of protein rich food like bean seeds may be increased by improving post
harvest management (Rehana,2006). Green bottle gourds are used as curry. Its leaves and tender stem
are also used as delicious and nutritious vegetables. It is reported as an easily digestible
vegetable which keeps the body cool and prevents constipation. Hundred grams of edible protein of
bottle gourd contains about 96 gm water, 1.10 gm protein, 26 gm calcium, 10 gm phosphorus, 0.6 gm
fibre, 0.3mg niacine, 0.6 gm minerals and 0.10 gm fats. It's early production ensures a
handsome price for the commercial growers. Leafs and soft stem of bottle gourd are very
nutritious and delicious vegetable (Mawla, 1998). The present study has been undertaken to
analyse and compare the relative profitability of bean and bottle gourd production. Thus the results
of the analysis are likely to be helpful to farmers as well as policy makers in providing
information for taking appropriate production decisions of these crops. This study may help extension
wokers to learn the various problems of the selected winter vegetables growers, so that they can equip
themselves with adequate knowledge for giving solution to the farmers. The general objectives of
this study were to assess the comparative profitability between bean and bottle gourd production.
However the following specific objectives were spelled ou
i) To document the socioeconomic profile of selected farm households.
ii) To compare the costs and returns of bean and bottle gourd production.
iii) To determine the factors influencing bean and bottle gourd production.
iv) To identify the major problems associated with production and marketing of the bean and
bottle gourd production.
2. Materials and Methods:
Two villages from two upazila were selected from Mymensingh district. Total number of 60
vegetable farmers, taking 30 farmers for bean and 30 farmers for bottle gourd, were randomly
selected. Data were collected by using a pre-tested interview schedule by the researchers during the month
of July 2009 to September 2009. In order to arrive at a meaningful conclusion, tabular technique and
statistical analysis were employed. To explore the relationship between production and input
used, Cobb-Douglas production function was used because of the log linear (Cobb -
Douglas) model proved superior on theoretical and econometric grounds. Thus the Cobb- Douglas
model was accepted. Finally, double log functional form was chosen on the basis of bette r
results obtained from it. The functional form of the estimated regression will be discussed latter.
Tabular technique is a well known and widely used technique to show the results of farm
management study because it is simple, convenient and very easy to understand. Per
hectare net return of selected vegetables were calculated by using the following algebraic on
presented below. To determine the net returns of bottle gourd and bean production the
following equation was used in the present study:
n
PyY Pxi . X i TFC
i 1
Where,
π = Net return (Tk/ha)
Py = Per unit price of the product (Tk/kg)
Y = Quantity of the product per hectare (kg)
Pxi = Per unit prices of ith inputs (Tk)
Xi = Quantity of the ith inputs per hectare (kg)
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TFC = Total fixed cost (Tk)
i = 1,2,3….n (number of inputs)
The specification of the Cobb-Douglas production function model was as follows:
Yi X 1 X 2i X 3i X 4i X 5i X 6i X 7i e
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ui
i
By taking log in both sides the Cobb-Douglas production function was transformed into the following
logarithmic form because it could be solved by the ordinary least squares(OLS) method.
ln Yi ln 1 ln X1i 2 ln X 2i 3 ln X 3i 4 ln X 4i 5 ln X 5i 6 ln X 6i 7 ln X 7i ui
Where,
Y= Gross return (Tk/ha)
a= Constant or Intercept
Xi = Human labour cost (Tk/ha)
X2 = Animal labour (Tk/ha)
X3 = Seed/ Seedling cost (Tk/ha)
X4= Fertilizer cost (Tk/ha)
X5 = Manure cost (Tk/ha)
X6 = Irrigation cost (Tk/ha)
X7 = Insecticides cost (Tk/ha)
β1, β2 β3 = Co e f f i c i e n t o f r e sp e c t i v e v a r i ab l e s : In = Natural logarithm
ln = Natural logarithm
i = 1,2,3,….,n
e = Base of natural logarithm
ui = Error term.
3. Results and Discussion
Profitability of Bean and Bottle gourd production
The per hectare total cost of human labour was Tk. 50,880 for bottle gourd production and
per hectare total cost of human labour was Tk. 49440 for bean production. The animal labour costs
for bottle gourd and bean production were Tk. 1530 and Tk. 1275, per hectare, respectively,
which shared 1.42 and 1.43 percent of total cost, respectively. The power tiller costs for bottle
gourd and bean production were Tk. 3500 and Tk. 3000, per hectare, respectively, which shared 3.32
and 2.86 percent of total cost, respectively. The total cost of seeds for bottle gourd was Tk 3250, which
shared 3.08 percent of total cost. In case of bean cultivation, cost of seeds was Tk 1200, which shared
1.14 percent of total cost. Farmers used urea, TSP, MP and gypsum. All the fertilizers were
purchased. Fertilizer costs were estimated according as the cash price paid. Market prices of urea,
TSP, MP and gypsum were Tk. 12, 40, 34, and 8per kg respectively. It was found that most of the
farmers used cowdung as manure in producing vegetables (bottle gourd and bean). The cost of
cowdung was Tk. 0.50/kg. From Table3.2, it can be seen that per hectare cost of manure was Tk.
5750 and Tk. 5625 for producing bottle gourd and bean respectively. Per hectare cost of irrigation
water was Tk. 8000 for bottle gourd, and Tk. 7000 for bean which represented 7.59 percent
and 6.67 percent of their respective total cost (Table 3.2 ) The cost of insecticides amounted to Tk.
3500 per hectare for bottle gourd and Tk. 3000 for bean production, which occupied 3.32 and 2.86
percent of their respective total cost (Table 3.2 ). Cost of fence and Mancha amounted to Tk.
9972 and Tk. 6075 per hectare for bottle gourd and bean production, which occupied 9.46
percent and 5.79 percent of their respective total cost (Table 3. 2 ). The summation of the
costs of variable inputs gave the total variable costs which were Tk. 94400 and 84840 per
hectare for bottle gourd and bean production respectivel y. Fixed costs are the amounts spent
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Vol 1, No.2, 2011
by the firm on fixed inputs in the short run. These costs remain unchanged even if the output
of the firm is nil. The land use cost per hectare was Tk. 10,000 for bottlegourd and Tk. 20000 for
Bean production. Land use cost covered 9.49 and 19.07 percent of total cost of bottle gourd and bean
production respectively (Table 3.2 ). Table 2 shows that per hectare gross cost for producing bottle
gourd and bean production were Tk. 105344 and Tk. 104840 respectively. The average per hectare
gross returns were Tk. 202800 and Tk. 174500 for bottle gourd and bean production
respectively. Per hectare net return from bottle gourd was Tk. 96656, from bean was Tk. 69660. This
study shows that bottle gourd production is more profitable than bean production. Average return to
each Taka spent in production is a vital criterion for measuring the profitability of growing any
enterprises. In this study BCR is the ratio of gross return to gross cost. In case of producing bottle
gourd BCR was 1.91 and BCR was 1.66 in case of producing bean. In determining the comparative
profitability of bottle gourd and bean it was found that per hectare yield, cost and net return of
bottle gourd were higher than those of bean. The cost of production of bottle gourd and bean per
hectare were estimated at Taka 105,344 and 104,840 respectively. Table 3.2 also shows that per
hectare gross return from bottle gourd and bean were Tk 202000 and Tk. 174500 respectively. The per
hectare yield was highest for bottle gourd as well as the net return per hectare was also the
highest for bottle gourd. The per hectare net return of bottle gourd and bean were amounted to
Tk. 96656 and Tk. 69660 respectively. Benefit cost ratio was higher in bottle gourd than bean.
Considering cost, benefit cost ratio comprised 1.91 and 1.66 for bottle gourd and bean respectively.
The above discussion it is evident that bottle gourd cultivation is relatively profitable than bean
cultivation.
4. Factors Affecting the Production of Selected Vegetables
The focus of the present segment is to make a functional analysis of different categories in the
framework of production function analysis. Seven variables were considered for the variation
of the production of selected winter vegetables. Cobb -Douglas production function model
was used to determine the effects of individual input used for selected vegetables production
and economic returns. The estimated coefficients and related statistics of Cobb-Douglas production
function of Bottle Gourd and Bean are shown in table 4. The regression coefficient of human labour,
draft power, cost of seed, and cost of fertilizer were positive and significant for both the Bottle Gourd
and Bean production. The impact of the variables such as cost of manure, cost of irrigation and cost of
insecticide were insignificant for both Bottle Gourd and Bean production of which cost of manure
shows the negative effect on production. The coefficient of human labour cost for bottle gourd and
bean production were significant at 1 percent level which indicates that one percent increase in human
labour cost, keeping other factors constant, would increase the gross return by 0.24 and 0.25 percent
respectively.
One percent increase in draft power cost would result in an increase gross return by 0.11 percent for
both bottle gourd and bean production. Similarly the gross return of bottle gourd and bean will increase
by 0.10 and 0.12 percent respectively for one percent increase in seed cost. Costs of fertilizer were
significant at five percent level for bottle gourd production but it was highly significant at one percent
level for bean production. The value indicates that a one percent increase in the cost of fertilizer will
lead to an increase in gross return by 0.20 and .023 percent for bottle gourd and bean production
respectively. About 89 percent and 88 percent of the variations in gross return were explained by the
explanatory variables included in the model for bottle guard and bean production respectively. The F
values of two equations were highly significant at one percent level which implies that all the
explanatory variables i nc lud ed i n t he mo d e l were i mp o r ta nt fo r e xp l ai ni n g t h e
var ia tio n i n gr o s s r e t ur n o f b o tt le go urd and bean production.
Returns to Scale
The summation of all the regression coefficients of the estimated production function of
bottle gourd and bean production were 0.676 and 0.709 respectivel y (Table 4). T his
implies that the production function exhibits decreasing returns to scale. That is, the
farmers were operating their Bottle Gourd and bean farming in the second stage of production
function. In this case, if all the variables specified in the production function were
increased by one percent, gross return would increase by 0.676 and 0.709 percent for bottle
gourd and bean production respectively.
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ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol 1, No.2, 2011
Concluding remarks
It could cautiously be concluded from the above discussion that the cultivation of bottle g ourd and
bean was profitable at farm level. However, the cultivation of bottle gourd was more profitable
than bean. Nevertheless, the cultivation of bean would also help farmers to increase their net
returns. The present national yield level of bottle gourd and bean can be raised further by using
recommended package of production practices. The gap between the national yield and
average on station and on farm yield should be minimized by adopting the existing package of
production technologies at farm level.
REFERENCES
BBS (2008). Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics,
Government of the people's Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka.
FAO (1994). Production Yearbook, Food and Agricultural Organization. Rome, Italy.
GOB (2000). Bangladesh Economic Review. Economic Division. Ministry of Finance,
Government of the 'People's Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka.
GOB (2007). Bangladesh Economic Review. Economic Division Ministry of Finance,
Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka.
INFS (1980). Nutrient contents of Bangladesh lbod. Institute of Nutrition and Food Science,
University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Mawla, M.G. (1998). An economic analysis of some selected winter vegetables in a selected
area of Norsingdi district. Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh.
Rehana, M.J. (2006). Effects of phosphorous and mulching on the growth and yield of french bean. M.
S. thesis, Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh.
.
Table 3.1. Per hectare cost for bottle gourd and bean production in the study area
Items of cost Total labour (Person- Total cost (Tk) Percentage of total
days)
Bottle gourd Bean Bottle gourd Bean Bottle gourd Bean
Land preparation 43 54 5 160 6 480 10.14 13.10
Sowing/Transplanting 20 40 2 400 4 800 4.72 9.71
Weeding and mulching 140 82 16 800 9 840 33.01 19.90
Fertilizer, manure and
77 50 9 240 6 000 18.16 12.13
insecticide applications
Irrigation 18 18 2 160 2 160 4.24 4.36
Harvesting and carrying 86 143 10 320 17 160 20.28 34.71
Other (Fencing and Mancha
40 25 4 800 3 000 9.43 6.06
making, guarding, etc.)
Total cost 424 412 50 880 49 440 100 100
Source: Field Survey,2009
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Table 3. 2. Costs and return of bottle gourd production at farm level
Percent of
Quantity (piece) Price per unit(tk) Total value/cost(tk)
return/gross cost
Items Unit
Bottle Bottle Bea Bottle
Bean Bean Bottle gourd Bean
gourd gourd n gourd
A .Gross Return
Main Product Piece 10 000 8 650 20 20 20 000 173 000
By product 2 000 1 500
Total 20 2000 174 500 100 100
B.Variable Products
Human Labour Person-Day 424 412 120 120 50 880 49 440 48.29 47.15
Animal labour Pair-Day 15 15 100 100 1 500 1 500 1.42 1.43
Power tiller 3 500 3 000 3.32 2.86
Seeds Kg 0.5 2 6500 600 3 250 1 200 3.08 1.14
Urea Kg 350 260 12 12 4 200 3 120 3.99 2.97
TSP Kg 30 45 40 40 1 200 1 800 1.13 1.71
MP Kg 72 60 34 34 2 448 2 040 2.32 1.94
Gypsum Kg 25 25 8 8 200 200 0.18 0.19
Cowdung Kg 11500 11250 0.5 0.5 5 750 5 625 5.45 5.36
Irrigation charge Tk 8 000 7 000 7.59 6.67
Insecticides Tk 3 500 3 000 3.32 2.86
Fence and Mancha Tk 9 972 6 075 9.46 5.79
Interest on OC Tk 944 840 0.89 0.80
Total Tk 95 344 84 840
C. Fixed cost
Land Use Tk 10 000 20 000 9.49 19.07
Total 10 000 20 000
D. Gross cost (B+C) 105 344 104 840 100 100
E. Gross Margin (A- 75 144 89 660
B)
F. Net Return (A-D) 96 656 89 660
G. BCR 1.91 1.66
(Undiscounted)
Source: Field Survey,2009
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Table 4 :Estimated values of the coefficients and related statistics of cobb-douglas production
function of bottle gourd and bean
Bottle Gourd Bean
Exploratory variables
Values of coefficients t-value Values of coefficients t-value
Intercepts 5.733 5.466dents
Human labour (X1) 0.243** 3.418 0.246** 3.337
Draft power (X2) 0.108* 2.196 0.109* 2.144
Seed cost (X3) 0.101* 2.224 0.125* 2.604
Fertilizer cost (X4) 0.209* 2.582 0.235** 2.823
Manure cost (X5) -0.043 -0.659 -0.023 -0.353
Irrigation cost (X6) 0.055 1.761 0.005 1.317
Insecticides cost(X7) 0.003 0.170 0.012 0.578
R2 0.889 0.882
F-value 25.087** 23.551**
Return to scale 0.676 0.709
Sample size 30 30
** Significant at 1 percent level * Significant at 5 percent level
Source: Field survey 2009
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