2. Definition: In this process, the
desired shape is produced by rolling
of the hot billet between two rotating
dies having appropriately profiled
grooves
21- Roll Forging or Reducer Rolling
4. Equipment : Reducer rolling machine
Materials : Carbon and alloy steels,
aluminum alloys. .
Applications : different shaped parts
Parameters which influences in the process :
die segment shape, temperature, rotational
speed
5. Definition: In this process , a round billet is inserted
transversely between rolls having appropriate impressions
or between straight wedge-shape tools, When rolls are used
, the rolls rotate in the same direction and drive the
deformed billet
22- Cross Rolling or Wedge Rolling
6. Equipment : Cross rolling machine.
Materials : Carbon and alloy steels,
aluminum alloys, brasses.
Applications :Preforms for finish forging,
axially symmetrical parts, such as stepped
shaft diameters
7. Definition: In this process, two rolls
are pressed radially against a part
and moved axially to smooth (polish)
the part surface. At the same time,
compressive stresses are introduce on
the part surface to improve the
fatigue life and hardness.
23- Surface Rolling
9. Equipment : Surface Rolling machines, lathes
with special attachmentes.
Materials : Carbon and alloy steels,
aluminum alloys, brasses
Applications : Surface polishing, of shafts,
bearing surface and flat surfaces.
Parameters which influences in the process :
rotational speed, acting force and roller feed
10. Definition: spinning is the process of
shaping of seamless symmetrical
part by the combined rotation and
pressure of circular blank. Spinning
dose not result in any change in
thickness
24- Metal Spinning
13. Equipment : Modified center lathe, Spinning
machine
Materials :Carbon and alloy steels, titanum
alloys, iron-nickel-and cobalt-base
superalloys, molybdenum alloys, niobium
alloys, berllium and tungsten.
Applications : Forming of flanges, cups, cones
and revolution vessel
Parameters which influences in the process :
rotational speed , feed and material thickness
14. Definition: Shear forming is a
process for produce seamless shaping
of symmetrical parts by the
combined of rotation and pressure.
This process differs from spinning
principally in that it reduces the
thickness of the formed part.
25- Shear Forming (Flow Turning)
18. Equipment : shear forming machines
Materials : Carbon and alloy steels,
aluminum alloys, copper, titanium alloys.
Applications : tubular component used in the
aerospace industry, such as rocket noses,
dish-shaped parts
Parameters which influences in the process :
cone angle, initial thickness and final
thickness
19. The process is carry out by two ways direct
extrusion or indirect.
Direct extrusion the product is extruded in
the same direction of the ram travel.
indirect extrusion the product is extruded in
a direction opposite the ram travel.
26- Hot Extrusion
Definition: In this process, the product of
desired cross section is obtained by forcing a
heated billet through a die with or without
Lubricant.
22. Equipment : hydraulic presses.
Materials : copper alloys, lead alloys,
aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys zinc
alloys
Applications : Extrusion of rod, tube and
complex shapes
Parameters which influences in the process :
temperature , die shape, reduction and ram
pressure.
23. 27- Hydrostatic Extrusion
Definition: Hydrostatic extrusion is the
process of extruding a cold or warm billet
through a die where a pressurized fluid is
used to acting in place of the ram for pushing
the billet
25. Equipment : mechanical presses and hydraulic
presses with special tooling
Materials :carbon and alloys steels, aluminum
alloys, magnesium alloys, copper alloys, high-
temperature and refractory materials, composites.
Applications : This process is used to production of
rod, bar , tube and section of aluminum alloys ,
complex profile sections, extrusion of low ductile
materials.
Parameters which influences in the process : type ,
deformation speedof medium and reduction
26. Definition: Drawing is the process of
reducing the cross sectional area and
/or the shape of rod, bar (hot) and
tube or wire (cold) through a die.
28- Drawing
29. Equipment : draw benche machine.
Materials :Carbon steels, alloy steels
(including stainless steels), copper alloys,
aluminum and aluminum alloys, titanium
alloys, niobium alloys, tungsten alloys.
Applications : Round and shaped wire, rod
and tube.
30. Definition: Ironing is the process of
smoothing and thining the wall of shell or
cup(cold or hot) according to thickness of
tube by forcing the shell through a die with a
punch.
29- Ironing
32. Equipment : Mechanical and hydraulic
presses
Materials : Carbon and alloys steels,
aluminum and aluminum alloys, titanium
alloys .
Applications : thin/cups
Parameters which influences in the process :
thickness of tube, reduction and tube
materials
