1. The document discusses methods for assessing yield loss caused by plant pathogens. It describes using yield loss records to make decisions about disease management, research priorities, and insurance.
2. Models for quantifying yield loss are presented, including the critical point model, multiple point model, and AUDPC (area under the disease progress curve) model. Key yield components that can be impacted by disease are also outlined.
3. Procedures for measuring disease progression over time are provided, such as regularly recording infection percentages and calculating average values to determine trapezoidal areas under the disease progress curve.
Crop disease assessment involves quantitatively measuring disease intensity, incidence, severity, and yield loss. It provides important information for disease management decisions, evaluating control measures, and determining economic advantages of control strategies. Standardized assessment and terminology improve communication across scientific disciplines studying plant pathology and crop yields.
This document provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM). It defines IPM as a pest management approach that uses multiple control strategies, including cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical tactics, to keep pest populations below economically damaging levels while minimizing risks to human health and the environment. The key principles of IPM include understanding pest biology and crop-pest interactions, advanced planning, balancing control costs and benefits, and monitoring pest populations to inform management decisions. The document discusses various IPM strategies and their advantages for improving farm profitability, reducing pest resistance and environmental impacts compared to reliance on pesticides alone.
This document provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM). It defines IPM as a pest management approach that uses multiple control strategies, including cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical tactics, to keep pest populations below economically damaging levels while minimizing risks to human health and the environment. The key principles of IPM include understanding pest biology and crop-pest interactions, advanced planning, balancing control costs and benefits, and monitoring pest populations to inform management decisions. The document discusses various IPM strategies and their advantages for crop protection and sustainability over reliance on pesticides alone.
This document provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM). It defines IPM as a pest management philosophy that uses all suitable techniques to keep pest populations below economically damaging levels while being environmentally sound and compatible with producer objectives. The document discusses why IPM is needed, its strategies like cultural controls, pesticides as a last resort, and monitoring economic thresholds. It also covers the principles of IPM like understanding crop-pest relationships, advanced planning, balancing control costs and benefits, and routine monitoring. Career opportunities in IPM are also mentioned.
The document discusses methods for assessing crop diseases. It defines disease incidence as the proportion of infected plant units out of the total sampled, and disease severity as the percentage area of a plant or plant organ that is affected. It describes the importance of disease assessment for decision making regarding disease management and control strategies. Standardized assessment methods are needed to accurately and precisely measure disease levels and impacts on crop yield.
Crop disease assessment involves quantitatively measuring disease parameters such as incidence, severity, and yield loss. Incidence is the proportion of infected plants out of the total sampled. Severity is the percentage area of a plant or organ affected by disease. Yield loss refers to the reduction in crop quantity or quality due to disease. Accurately assessing these parameters is important for making disease management decisions, evaluating control methods, and determining economic impacts of disease. Standardized assessment methods and growth stage keys for crops are needed to accurately measure and understand the effects of diseases.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the response of 24 sunflower genotypes to charcoal rot disease caused by the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina. The genotypes were planted under different treatment conditions and assessed for various yield attributes and disease incidence. Three genotypes - HBRS-1, A-79, and G-12 - showed moderate resistance to the disease, with disease incidence between 10-24%. Several other genotypes were found to be susceptible or highly susceptible, with over 50% disease incidence. The study aims to identify resistant varieties that can be used for improving sunflower yield under charcoal rot stress conditions.
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) belongs to the solanaceae which is one of commercial crop produced mainly in northern and central rift valley areas of Ethiopia. It is affected by many biotic and abiotic factors especially fungal diseases mainly powdery mildew is the main challenging factor on tomato production in irrigated agriculture. Powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) is a major pathogen of tomato. The experiment was conducted at Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Centre in 2020/21 using Galilae tomato variety. Mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) was used as test product and Ridomol gold 68% was used at standard check. High progress was observed on control, while lower were obtained on treated plots by Mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) and Ridomil gold 68WP. More diseased leaf number (5.70) were observed on control, conversely more healthy leaf were found from treated plots by Ridomil gold 68 WP and mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP). Good yield 18 t/ha is obtained on Ridomil gold 68% WP. Good yield advantage 13.5 t/kg is obtained from Ridomil gold 68% WP and Mascot has revealed 13 t/ha. Higher AUDPC; about 395% has been obtained on control, while lowest were 165% and 170% from mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) and Ridomil gold 68% WP, respectively. Plots treated with mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) and Ridomil gold 68% WP have showed lowest TDS 4.00% and 5.00%. Variation in powdery mildew infection rate due to the prevention level of the treatment was clearly observed with this regards; fungicides appropriate for the environment need to be tested to use as alternative fungicide and reduce the fungicide resistance.
Crop disease assessment involves quantitatively measuring disease intensity, incidence, severity, and yield loss. It provides important information for disease management decisions, evaluating control measures, and determining economic advantages of control strategies. Standardized assessment and terminology improve communication across scientific disciplines studying plant pathology and crop yields.
This document provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM). It defines IPM as a pest management approach that uses multiple control strategies, including cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical tactics, to keep pest populations below economically damaging levels while minimizing risks to human health and the environment. The key principles of IPM include understanding pest biology and crop-pest interactions, advanced planning, balancing control costs and benefits, and monitoring pest populations to inform management decisions. The document discusses various IPM strategies and their advantages for improving farm profitability, reducing pest resistance and environmental impacts compared to reliance on pesticides alone.
This document provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM). It defines IPM as a pest management approach that uses multiple control strategies, including cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical tactics, to keep pest populations below economically damaging levels while minimizing risks to human health and the environment. The key principles of IPM include understanding pest biology and crop-pest interactions, advanced planning, balancing control costs and benefits, and monitoring pest populations to inform management decisions. The document discusses various IPM strategies and their advantages for crop protection and sustainability over reliance on pesticides alone.
This document provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM). It defines IPM as a pest management philosophy that uses all suitable techniques to keep pest populations below economically damaging levels while being environmentally sound and compatible with producer objectives. The document discusses why IPM is needed, its strategies like cultural controls, pesticides as a last resort, and monitoring economic thresholds. It also covers the principles of IPM like understanding crop-pest relationships, advanced planning, balancing control costs and benefits, and routine monitoring. Career opportunities in IPM are also mentioned.
The document discusses methods for assessing crop diseases. It defines disease incidence as the proportion of infected plant units out of the total sampled, and disease severity as the percentage area of a plant or plant organ that is affected. It describes the importance of disease assessment for decision making regarding disease management and control strategies. Standardized assessment methods are needed to accurately and precisely measure disease levels and impacts on crop yield.
Crop disease assessment involves quantitatively measuring disease parameters such as incidence, severity, and yield loss. Incidence is the proportion of infected plants out of the total sampled. Severity is the percentage area of a plant or organ affected by disease. Yield loss refers to the reduction in crop quantity or quality due to disease. Accurately assessing these parameters is important for making disease management decisions, evaluating control methods, and determining economic impacts of disease. Standardized assessment methods and growth stage keys for crops are needed to accurately measure and understand the effects of diseases.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the response of 24 sunflower genotypes to charcoal rot disease caused by the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina. The genotypes were planted under different treatment conditions and assessed for various yield attributes and disease incidence. Three genotypes - HBRS-1, A-79, and G-12 - showed moderate resistance to the disease, with disease incidence between 10-24%. Several other genotypes were found to be susceptible or highly susceptible, with over 50% disease incidence. The study aims to identify resistant varieties that can be used for improving sunflower yield under charcoal rot stress conditions.
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) belongs to the solanaceae which is one of commercial crop produced mainly in northern and central rift valley areas of Ethiopia. It is affected by many biotic and abiotic factors especially fungal diseases mainly powdery mildew is the main challenging factor on tomato production in irrigated agriculture. Powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) is a major pathogen of tomato. The experiment was conducted at Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Centre in 2020/21 using Galilae tomato variety. Mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) was used as test product and Ridomol gold 68% was used at standard check. High progress was observed on control, while lower were obtained on treated plots by Mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) and Ridomil gold 68WP. More diseased leaf number (5.70) were observed on control, conversely more healthy leaf were found from treated plots by Ridomil gold 68 WP and mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP). Good yield 18 t/ha is obtained on Ridomil gold 68% WP. Good yield advantage 13.5 t/kg is obtained from Ridomil gold 68% WP and Mascot has revealed 13 t/ha. Higher AUDPC; about 395% has been obtained on control, while lowest were 165% and 170% from mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) and Ridomil gold 68% WP, respectively. Plots treated with mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) and Ridomil gold 68% WP have showed lowest TDS 4.00% and 5.00%. Variation in powdery mildew infection rate due to the prevention level of the treatment was clearly observed with this regards; fungicides appropriate for the environment need to be tested to use as alternative fungicide and reduce the fungicide resistance.
The document discusses using the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) to quantify disease resistance in crops. AUDPC is a useful quantitative measure of disease intensity over time that allows for comparison across locations, years, and management tactics. It is calculated by discretizing time points and calculating the average disease intensity between pairs of adjacent points. While easy to calculate, AUDPC cannot be used to compare results across different experiments. The document provides examples of using AUDPC to evaluate resistance to late blight in potatoes and pearl millet.
The document discusses plant disease forecasting. It provides information on:
1. The principles of disease forecasting are based on the nature of the pathogen, environmental effects on pathogen development, host response to infection, and grower activities.
2. Models for disease prediction include empirical, simulation, and general circulation models, but these models have limitations due to uncertainty and non-linear relationships.
3. Disease forecasts are used for strategic decision making like crop selection and tactical decisions around disease management measures. Successful forecasting requires reliability, simplicity, importance of the disease, and usefulness.
10 lecture 1 principles of disease managmentZulfa Ulinnuha
1. The document discusses principles of plant disease management, including strategies to exclude pathogens before infection or treat plants after infection occurs.
2. It describes concepts like disease cycles, epidemiology, and the disease triangle that influence management approaches. Polycyclic diseases require reducing infection rate while monocyclic diseases focus on reducing initial inoculum.
3. Successful management combines strategies like sanitation, resistant varieties, and fungicides to manipulate the disease triangle and limit disease development over time.
Breeding for disease resistance in maize new breeders course - lusaka zambi...Suresh, L.M
This document summarizes research on breeding for disease resistance in maize. It discusses the major maize diseases that affect production in different agro-ecological zones in sub-Saharan Africa. The need to manage diseases to prevent economic losses is explained. Constraints and focus diseases for the lowlands and mid-high altitudes are outlined. The objective of the research is to identify superior disease resistant germplasm for breeding programs using multi-location phenotyping and association mapping approaches. Methods for screening germplasm under natural and artificial epidemics are described. Promising sources of resistance identified for gray leaf spot, maize streak virus, northern corn leaf blight, and rust are presented.
Role of epidemiology in plant disease management^L.pptxaishnasrivastava
Plant disease epidemiology is the quantitative study of disease spread in plant populations, incorporating biological, statistical, agronomic, and ecological perspectives. It involves modeling and understanding factors influencing disease spread over time and space. While rooted in efforts to control plant disease, it now extends to predicting the impact of climate change on diseases like rice leaf blast, oak disease, grape downy mildew, and various forest diseases using weather data from climate change models.
1. The document discusses methods for assessing crop diseases and quantifying yield loss. It defines parameters for measuring disease incidence, severity, and loss or reduction in yield.
2. Methods of disease assessment include direct quantitative methods involving measurement of incidence and severity using standardized scales and keys. Indirect methods like monitoring spore populations are also mentioned.
3. Quantifying disease and loss is important for decision making regarding disease management and evaluating control strategies and their economic impact.
ABSTRACT- The present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of thermotherapy to inactivate Potato leaf
roll virus (PLRV) from the potato tubers. For this purpose an experiment was carried out at Newly Developmental Farms
(NDF) of the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan. Potato tubers infected with PLRV were collected from
farmer’s fields. The potato tubers were than treated with hot water at average 370C for various intervals of time.
Afterwards these heat treated tubers were shifted to fields for sowing. In field condition minimum % incidence (16.66%)
of PLRV was observed from the treatments T3 (2 hours hot water treatment), T4 (2 ½ hours hot water treatment) and T5
(3 hours hot water treatment) respectively while in control 53.33 % incidence of PLRV was recorded. Therefore it can be
concluded that thermotherapy at 370C for 2 hours, 2 ½ hours and 3 hours in case of hot water treatment were effective in
fully or partially elimination of PLRV from potato tubers. Further combine effect of thermotherapy, confidor and neem
extract was evaluated against PLRV. It was observed that in T6 (hot water treatment for 2 ½ hours, insecticide and
biocide) % incidence of PLRV was 13.2% with maximum vegetative parameters such as % germination, height (cm),
tuber size (cm) and yield (kg) recorded followed by T4 (Confidor + 2½ hours hot water treatment) and T1 (2 ½ hours hot
water treatment) where % incidence of PLRV was 16.66% and 20% respectively. Moreover the treatment T2 (Confidor)
when applied individually was found to more effective against PLRV as compared to T3 (Neem extract) with % incidence
value 26.66% and 33.33% respectively.
Key words- PLRV, Thermotherapy, Hot water treatment, Confidor, Neem extract
- Insect life tables are used to track stage-specific mortality in insect populations. They show the number surviving and dying at each life stage.
- Insect monitoring involves regular surveillance of insect populations, damage, and movement to assess pest levels and predict problems. Various monitoring techniques are used including visual counts, traps, and nets.
- Insect forecasting makes predictions about future pest outbreaks and suitable control times based on past and present monitoring data, especially weather impacts on pests. Both short and long-term forecasts are used.
In this slide you will get all the important information of epidemiology.
For more information you can see my youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUsmJMc2xvL3O3UkDh8knrA
This document discusses plant pathology and epidemiology. It defines plant pathology as the study of plant diseases. Epidemiology is introduced as the study of disease outbreaks, including the factors influencing epidemics. There are different types of disease outbreaks such as endemic, epidemic, pandemic, and sporadic, which depend on factors like geographic distribution and occurrence over time. Key concepts discussed include the disease triangle of host-pathogen-environment interactions and disease cycles that can be monocyclic (single cycle per year) or polycyclic (multiple cycles per year).
The study evaluated the efficacy of various botanical pesticides in controlling fruit borer in tomato plants. Neem oil applied at 3 ml/L of water every 3 days was the most effective treatment, resulting in the highest plant height, number of fruit per plant, healthy fruit, and yield. It produced the fewest infested fruits. Applying neem oil every 3 days at this concentration controlled fruit borer best and produced the highest yield of 66.8 tons. Other treatments using neem leaf extract, garlic extract, and marsh pepper extract were less effective at controlling the pest.
Aspectos sobre a avaliação de doenças de plantas. Fitopatometria em inglês;IgorSouzaPereira1
Fitopatometria. Apresentação referente as possibilidades de se avaliar uma doença de planta bem como acessar as definições sobre esse assunto em língua inglesa. A apresentação traz figuras originais acerca desse assunto, tão necessário para a formação de qualidade de engenheiros agrônomos, evitando-se assim confusões e mais ainda, eliminando-se a desinformação nesse tipo de assunto. Nessa apresentação será possível encontrar as definições sobre epidemiologia de doenças de plantas, patometria, incidência, severidade, escalas diagramáticas para doenças de gramíneas, batata, etc. Será possível ainda encontrar definições de horsfall e barrat entre outras.
This document discusses the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) method for quantifying plant disease over time. It explains that AUDPC involves discretizing time points and calculating the average disease intensity between each pair of points. The document provides an example of calculating AUDPC using 5 time points and disease percentage data. It notes that AUDPC allows comparison of varieties/treatments but not experiments. Relative AUDPC (rAUDPC) standardizes the measure and allows comparison across experiments. The conclusions state that AUDPC is useful for disease management decision making and resistance evaluation.
Integrated Pest Management requires regular pest surveys, surveillance, and forecasting. Surveys involve collecting detailed pest population information in a given area at a particular time. Surveillance is an ongoing process to monitor pest populations and occurrences over time through methods like fixed plot surveys. This provides information on existing and new pest species, population levels, and damage. Forecasting predicts future pest infestation levels based on surveillance data and environmental factors, helping farmers time control measures appropriately. Proper pest surveys, surveillance, and forecasting are essential components of an effective IPM strategy.
30.Farmers field school ( ffs agro ecosystem analysis (AESA) A Series of Lect...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A Series of Lectures By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Provincial Director IPM ( Master Trainer ) KPK Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock (MINFAL) Islamabad Pakistan
Presentation on preventive measures of weed control.pptxSudha Neupane
Weeds have been known since the ancient times. Weed are unwanted plant that grow along with the main crop in the field. Weed are considered as cumbersome for successful agriculture production. Due to crop-weed competition the crop yield losses are generally high in agriculture production. So, in order to minimize such losses farmers are practicing several weed management strategies which includes prevention, eradication, control (mechanical, cultural, biological and chemical method). The cultural methods are expensive and time consuming so, farmer have to move towards other alternative methods of weed control Varga et.al (2000). Furthermore, due to rising labor cost and non-availability of labor for manual weeding during the critical period of weed control has contributed to use of herbicides. Herbicides not only timely and effectively controls the weed but also offer a great scope for minimizing the cost of production Varga et.al (2000). Control methods are applied after the emergence of weed on the field while prevention methods of weed control are adopted before sowing the crops. Generally, there are two objectives: 1. To prevent the entry and establishment of weed species in an area.2. To prevent the spread of weed or to limit the weed build up in a field.
These objectives are referred as prevention. And any method that are applied before sowing the crop to prevent there entry , establishment and spreads comes under the prevention category. Focusing on second objective of preventive measures of weed control we can say that some cultural methods such as crop rotation or crop diversification, stale seed bed, tillage system, cover crops ( used as green manures or dead mulches),soil solarization, irrigation and drainage systems and crop residues managements can be included under preventive methods of weed control. In practice, weed management strategies should integrate indirect (preventive) methods with direct (cultural and curative) methods. The first category includes any method used before a crop is sown, while the second includes any methods applied during a crop growing cycle. Methods in both categories can influence either weed density (i.e., the number of individuals per unit area) and/or weed development (biomass production and soil cover). However, while indirect methods aim mainly to reduce the numbers of plants emerging in a crop, direct methods also aim to increase crop competitive ability against weeds.The success of prevention depends on awareness of the problem, species, effort, Co-operation, area.
•Most effective where adopted against a single species on a large area on a cooperative basis.
In conclusion we can say that farmers have several preventive methods in their arsenal that they can put together to build up a good weed management strategy. Preventive weed control is permanent weed control and usually require community action. it. For this process, a collective or joint effort and commitment is required.
This document provides compiled lecture notes on plant disease epidemiology for a graduate program at Haramaya University in Ethiopia. It covers various topics related to plant disease epidemiology including factors of epidemics, modeling and temporal analysis of epidemics, and spatial analysis of epidemics. The introduction defines plant disease epidemiology and discusses its relevance to disease management. Subsequent sections discuss factors that influence epidemics including host, pathogen, environmental, and human factors. The document emphasizes the importance of monitoring and quantifying these different factors. Later sections cover modeling temporal and spatial changes in epidemics and assessing crop losses.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) utilizes various pest control tactics together in a harmonious way to achieve long-term pest control. The key components of IPM include gathering initial information, correctly identifying pests, monitoring pest populations, establishing economic injury levels, record keeping, selecting least-toxic treatment strategies, and evaluating treatments. Cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical practices are among the pest management tactics used in IPM. The logic and necessity of IPM includes potential economic benefits from reduced pesticide use, environmental benefits from decreased contamination, and knowledge benefits from a better understanding of pests and their management.
The document discusses using the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) to quantify disease resistance in crops. AUDPC is a useful quantitative measure of disease intensity over time that allows for comparison across locations, years, and management tactics. It is calculated by discretizing time points and calculating the average disease intensity between pairs of adjacent points. While easy to calculate, AUDPC cannot be used to compare results across different experiments. The document provides examples of using AUDPC to evaluate resistance to late blight in potatoes and pearl millet.
The document discusses plant disease forecasting. It provides information on:
1. The principles of disease forecasting are based on the nature of the pathogen, environmental effects on pathogen development, host response to infection, and grower activities.
2. Models for disease prediction include empirical, simulation, and general circulation models, but these models have limitations due to uncertainty and non-linear relationships.
3. Disease forecasts are used for strategic decision making like crop selection and tactical decisions around disease management measures. Successful forecasting requires reliability, simplicity, importance of the disease, and usefulness.
10 lecture 1 principles of disease managmentZulfa Ulinnuha
1. The document discusses principles of plant disease management, including strategies to exclude pathogens before infection or treat plants after infection occurs.
2. It describes concepts like disease cycles, epidemiology, and the disease triangle that influence management approaches. Polycyclic diseases require reducing infection rate while monocyclic diseases focus on reducing initial inoculum.
3. Successful management combines strategies like sanitation, resistant varieties, and fungicides to manipulate the disease triangle and limit disease development over time.
Breeding for disease resistance in maize new breeders course - lusaka zambi...Suresh, L.M
This document summarizes research on breeding for disease resistance in maize. It discusses the major maize diseases that affect production in different agro-ecological zones in sub-Saharan Africa. The need to manage diseases to prevent economic losses is explained. Constraints and focus diseases for the lowlands and mid-high altitudes are outlined. The objective of the research is to identify superior disease resistant germplasm for breeding programs using multi-location phenotyping and association mapping approaches. Methods for screening germplasm under natural and artificial epidemics are described. Promising sources of resistance identified for gray leaf spot, maize streak virus, northern corn leaf blight, and rust are presented.
Role of epidemiology in plant disease management^L.pptxaishnasrivastava
Plant disease epidemiology is the quantitative study of disease spread in plant populations, incorporating biological, statistical, agronomic, and ecological perspectives. It involves modeling and understanding factors influencing disease spread over time and space. While rooted in efforts to control plant disease, it now extends to predicting the impact of climate change on diseases like rice leaf blast, oak disease, grape downy mildew, and various forest diseases using weather data from climate change models.
1. The document discusses methods for assessing crop diseases and quantifying yield loss. It defines parameters for measuring disease incidence, severity, and loss or reduction in yield.
2. Methods of disease assessment include direct quantitative methods involving measurement of incidence and severity using standardized scales and keys. Indirect methods like monitoring spore populations are also mentioned.
3. Quantifying disease and loss is important for decision making regarding disease management and evaluating control strategies and their economic impact.
ABSTRACT- The present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of thermotherapy to inactivate Potato leaf
roll virus (PLRV) from the potato tubers. For this purpose an experiment was carried out at Newly Developmental Farms
(NDF) of the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan. Potato tubers infected with PLRV were collected from
farmer’s fields. The potato tubers were than treated with hot water at average 370C for various intervals of time.
Afterwards these heat treated tubers were shifted to fields for sowing. In field condition minimum % incidence (16.66%)
of PLRV was observed from the treatments T3 (2 hours hot water treatment), T4 (2 ½ hours hot water treatment) and T5
(3 hours hot water treatment) respectively while in control 53.33 % incidence of PLRV was recorded. Therefore it can be
concluded that thermotherapy at 370C for 2 hours, 2 ½ hours and 3 hours in case of hot water treatment were effective in
fully or partially elimination of PLRV from potato tubers. Further combine effect of thermotherapy, confidor and neem
extract was evaluated against PLRV. It was observed that in T6 (hot water treatment for 2 ½ hours, insecticide and
biocide) % incidence of PLRV was 13.2% with maximum vegetative parameters such as % germination, height (cm),
tuber size (cm) and yield (kg) recorded followed by T4 (Confidor + 2½ hours hot water treatment) and T1 (2 ½ hours hot
water treatment) where % incidence of PLRV was 16.66% and 20% respectively. Moreover the treatment T2 (Confidor)
when applied individually was found to more effective against PLRV as compared to T3 (Neem extract) with % incidence
value 26.66% and 33.33% respectively.
Key words- PLRV, Thermotherapy, Hot water treatment, Confidor, Neem extract
- Insect life tables are used to track stage-specific mortality in insect populations. They show the number surviving and dying at each life stage.
- Insect monitoring involves regular surveillance of insect populations, damage, and movement to assess pest levels and predict problems. Various monitoring techniques are used including visual counts, traps, and nets.
- Insect forecasting makes predictions about future pest outbreaks and suitable control times based on past and present monitoring data, especially weather impacts on pests. Both short and long-term forecasts are used.
In this slide you will get all the important information of epidemiology.
For more information you can see my youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUsmJMc2xvL3O3UkDh8knrA
This document discusses plant pathology and epidemiology. It defines plant pathology as the study of plant diseases. Epidemiology is introduced as the study of disease outbreaks, including the factors influencing epidemics. There are different types of disease outbreaks such as endemic, epidemic, pandemic, and sporadic, which depend on factors like geographic distribution and occurrence over time. Key concepts discussed include the disease triangle of host-pathogen-environment interactions and disease cycles that can be monocyclic (single cycle per year) or polycyclic (multiple cycles per year).
The study evaluated the efficacy of various botanical pesticides in controlling fruit borer in tomato plants. Neem oil applied at 3 ml/L of water every 3 days was the most effective treatment, resulting in the highest plant height, number of fruit per plant, healthy fruit, and yield. It produced the fewest infested fruits. Applying neem oil every 3 days at this concentration controlled fruit borer best and produced the highest yield of 66.8 tons. Other treatments using neem leaf extract, garlic extract, and marsh pepper extract were less effective at controlling the pest.
Aspectos sobre a avaliação de doenças de plantas. Fitopatometria em inglês;IgorSouzaPereira1
Fitopatometria. Apresentação referente as possibilidades de se avaliar uma doença de planta bem como acessar as definições sobre esse assunto em língua inglesa. A apresentação traz figuras originais acerca desse assunto, tão necessário para a formação de qualidade de engenheiros agrônomos, evitando-se assim confusões e mais ainda, eliminando-se a desinformação nesse tipo de assunto. Nessa apresentação será possível encontrar as definições sobre epidemiologia de doenças de plantas, patometria, incidência, severidade, escalas diagramáticas para doenças de gramíneas, batata, etc. Será possível ainda encontrar definições de horsfall e barrat entre outras.
This document discusses the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) method for quantifying plant disease over time. It explains that AUDPC involves discretizing time points and calculating the average disease intensity between each pair of points. The document provides an example of calculating AUDPC using 5 time points and disease percentage data. It notes that AUDPC allows comparison of varieties/treatments but not experiments. Relative AUDPC (rAUDPC) standardizes the measure and allows comparison across experiments. The conclusions state that AUDPC is useful for disease management decision making and resistance evaluation.
Integrated Pest Management requires regular pest surveys, surveillance, and forecasting. Surveys involve collecting detailed pest population information in a given area at a particular time. Surveillance is an ongoing process to monitor pest populations and occurrences over time through methods like fixed plot surveys. This provides information on existing and new pest species, population levels, and damage. Forecasting predicts future pest infestation levels based on surveillance data and environmental factors, helping farmers time control measures appropriately. Proper pest surveys, surveillance, and forecasting are essential components of an effective IPM strategy.
30.Farmers field school ( ffs agro ecosystem analysis (AESA) A Series of Lect...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A Series of Lectures By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Provincial Director IPM ( Master Trainer ) KPK Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock (MINFAL) Islamabad Pakistan
Presentation on preventive measures of weed control.pptxSudha Neupane
Weeds have been known since the ancient times. Weed are unwanted plant that grow along with the main crop in the field. Weed are considered as cumbersome for successful agriculture production. Due to crop-weed competition the crop yield losses are generally high in agriculture production. So, in order to minimize such losses farmers are practicing several weed management strategies which includes prevention, eradication, control (mechanical, cultural, biological and chemical method). The cultural methods are expensive and time consuming so, farmer have to move towards other alternative methods of weed control Varga et.al (2000). Furthermore, due to rising labor cost and non-availability of labor for manual weeding during the critical period of weed control has contributed to use of herbicides. Herbicides not only timely and effectively controls the weed but also offer a great scope for minimizing the cost of production Varga et.al (2000). Control methods are applied after the emergence of weed on the field while prevention methods of weed control are adopted before sowing the crops. Generally, there are two objectives: 1. To prevent the entry and establishment of weed species in an area.2. To prevent the spread of weed or to limit the weed build up in a field.
These objectives are referred as prevention. And any method that are applied before sowing the crop to prevent there entry , establishment and spreads comes under the prevention category. Focusing on second objective of preventive measures of weed control we can say that some cultural methods such as crop rotation or crop diversification, stale seed bed, tillage system, cover crops ( used as green manures or dead mulches),soil solarization, irrigation and drainage systems and crop residues managements can be included under preventive methods of weed control. In practice, weed management strategies should integrate indirect (preventive) methods with direct (cultural and curative) methods. The first category includes any method used before a crop is sown, while the second includes any methods applied during a crop growing cycle. Methods in both categories can influence either weed density (i.e., the number of individuals per unit area) and/or weed development (biomass production and soil cover). However, while indirect methods aim mainly to reduce the numbers of plants emerging in a crop, direct methods also aim to increase crop competitive ability against weeds.The success of prevention depends on awareness of the problem, species, effort, Co-operation, area.
•Most effective where adopted against a single species on a large area on a cooperative basis.
In conclusion we can say that farmers have several preventive methods in their arsenal that they can put together to build up a good weed management strategy. Preventive weed control is permanent weed control and usually require community action. it. For this process, a collective or joint effort and commitment is required.
This document provides compiled lecture notes on plant disease epidemiology for a graduate program at Haramaya University in Ethiopia. It covers various topics related to plant disease epidemiology including factors of epidemics, modeling and temporal analysis of epidemics, and spatial analysis of epidemics. The introduction defines plant disease epidemiology and discusses its relevance to disease management. Subsequent sections discuss factors that influence epidemics including host, pathogen, environmental, and human factors. The document emphasizes the importance of monitoring and quantifying these different factors. Later sections cover modeling temporal and spatial changes in epidemics and assessing crop losses.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) utilizes various pest control tactics together in a harmonious way to achieve long-term pest control. The key components of IPM include gathering initial information, correctly identifying pests, monitoring pest populations, establishing economic injury levels, record keeping, selecting least-toxic treatment strategies, and evaluating treatments. Cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical practices are among the pest management tactics used in IPM. The logic and necessity of IPM includes potential economic benefits from reduced pesticide use, environmental benefits from decreased contamination, and knowledge benefits from a better understanding of pests and their management.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
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How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
2. ■ For making decision concerning the need of
disease management (cost/effective calculations
■ For identifying the time when control is needed
and assisting to develope effective management
procedures.
Why do we need to assess yield loss?
What are the uses of yield loss records
3. ■ For administrative decisions: making
priorities in research, breeding,
allocation of efforts, etc.
■ For insurance purposes
4. Loss assessments can be made on
several scales
■ Individual plants
■ Small plots (e.g., experimental plots)
■ Individual field
■ Regions
■ Nations
■ The entire world
5. How plant pathogens affect their hosts ?
Effects on host
physiology
Effects on host
development
Effects on yield
quantity
Effects on yield
quality
Leaf
infection
7. Effects of plant pathogens on host physiology
•Effects of radiation
interception (RI)
•Effects of radiation use
efficiency (RIE)
reflected
radiation
intercepted
radiation
transmitted radiation
8. Effects of plant pathogens on host physiology
Effects of radiation interception
Stand reducers
Seedling diseases
9. Effects of plant pathogens on host physiology
Effects of radiation interception
Tissue consumers
Alternaria macrospora in cotton
10. Effects of plant pathogens on host physiology
Effects of radiation interception
Leaf senescence accelerators
Alternaria solani in tomatoes
11. Effects of plant pathogens on host physiology
Effects of radiation interception
Light “stealers”
Smutty mold (Aspergillus sp.) in
cotton
12. Disease severity (%)
Photosynthesis
rate
(%)
0 50 100
0
50
100
invaded area
infected area Necrotic area
Effects of plant pathogens on host physiology
Effects of radiation use efficiency
photosynthetic rate reducers
13. Effects of plant pathogens on host physiology
Effects of radiation use efficiency
Turgor reducers
Disease severity (%)
Transpiration
rate
(%)
0 50 100
0
50
100
stomata
stomata
18. Effects of Alternaria macrospora on cotton yield
(mean of 11 field experiments)
Treatment yield (t/ha) yield increment
t/ha %
Untreated
Maneb
4.26
5.03
-
0.78
-
15.4
Tebuconazole 5.70 1.44 25.2
19. Measurement of yield loss:
which reference to use?
Commercially
managed-plot yield
(t/ha)
Untreated-plot yield 3.0
5.0
Attainable yield 8.0
Potential yield 15.0
-40%
+66%
Healthy-plot yield 6.0
-50%
+100%
20. Measurement of yield loss:
what is the reference?
Differences between yield of a reference plot and
yield of a diseased plot
Loss = [yield of reference plot] - [yield of diseased plot]
Reference plots:
A non-infected (healthy) plot
The least infected plot in the experiment
Average yield of commercial plot in the area
21. Measurement of yield loss:
what is the reference?
Differences between estimated yield of a healthy plot
and yield of a diseased plot
Loss = [estimated yield of healthy plot] - [yield of diseased plot]
Disease severity (%)
Yield
(t/ha)
0 100
22. The damage function
The quantitative relationship between disease intensity
and yield (or yield loss)
Disease intensity ( %)
Yield
(t/ha)
Disease intensity ( %)
Yield
loss
(%)
23. The damage function
Disease intensity
Yield
Linear
Disease intensity
Yield
Logarithmic
Disease intensity
Yield
Compensation
Disease intensity
Yield
Optimum
26. Yield components of cereals
no. of spikelets
per ear
no. of spikelets
per unit area
no. of grains
per spikelet
no. of grains
per unit area
Yield per unit area
weight of
a grain
no. of plants
per unit area
no. of ears
per plant
no. of ears
per unit area
27. The yield components that are affected by
plant diseases are those that are created at, or
soon after, the time of disease onset
% difference
No. of ears/plant
No. spikelets/ear
Grain wt.
Yield
19.1*
7.6
4.2
28.5*
Growth stage
tillering
Disease
severity
(%)
untreated
sprayed
emergence
Effects of powdery mildew in barley on yield and its components
28. milk
Growth stage
tillering
Disease
severity
(%)
Effects of Septoria tritici
blotch in wheat on yield
and its components
untreated
sprayed
earing
% difference
No. of ears/plant
No. spikelets/ear
No.
grains/spikelet
Grain weight
Yield
2.5
0.8
8.1*
8.0*
18.1*
29. In Israel, Septoria tritici blotch in wheat
affects only the weight of individual
grains.
Thus, there is no need to control the
disease before the earing stage.
Similarly, the is no need
to control the disease
after most of the grain
weight was accumulated.
30. Yield components of a board-leaf plant
Emergence
Vegetative
growth
Reproductive
growth
Yield
production
31. Yield components of a broad-leaf plant
weight of
individual fruit
Yield per unit area
no. of plants
per unit area
no. of fruits
per plant
no. of fruits
per unit area
32. Effects of Alternaria in cotton on yield and its components
Boll
weight
Boll
Number
untreated
sprayed
Yield
33. A. macrospora affect only the number of
bolls per plant.
Bolls are shed only at the initial stages of
their development.
Thus, disease management
is very important early in
the season when the bolls
are small, but not towards
the end of the season,
when the bolls had already
developed enough.
35. The critical point model
Disease severity at time G1 (%)
Yield
(t/ha)
Time
Disease
severity
(%)
G1
harvest
disease
assessment
Y = 0- 1X
Y = yield of a diseased plot
0 = estimated yield of a healthy plot
1 = reduction in yield for each percent increase in disease severity
X = disease severity of the diseased plot
36. The critical point model is used mainly in cereals.
In cereals have distinct growth stages and it is
possible to determine precisely which crop growth
stage is affected most by the disease.
This stage should be chosen to be the “critical”
stage - for assessment.
Critical point models are used mainly for “after-
season” loss assessment.
Uses of critical point models
37. The multiple point
model
Time
Disease
severity
(%)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6T7 T8
Y = 0- 1X1 - 2X2 - 3X3 - 4X4 - 5X5 - 6X6 -
7X7 - 8X8
Y = yield of a diseased plot
0 = estimated yield of a healthy plot
1-8 = reduction in yield in each sampling for each percent
increase in disease severity
X1-X8 = disease severity of the diseased plot in each date
harvest
disease
assessments
38. ■ The multiple point model is used mainly in broad-
leaf crops.
■ In broad-leaf crops yield is accumulated during a
long period and there are no distinct growth
stages.
■ In many cases, the disease affect yield during the
whole period of its accumulation.
Uses of multiple point models
39. Time
Disease
severity
(%)
T1 T2 T3 T4
Critical
severity
The critical time
model
Time for critical severity (days)
Yield
(t/ha)
Y = 0+ 1X
Y = yield of a diseased plot
0 = estimated yield of a plot infected at day 0
1 =increase in yield for each day of delay in time to critical severity
X = time for critical severity in diseased plot
40. Critical time models may be used in both cereals and
broad-leaf crops.
These models are applicable in situations where disease
onset vary markedly from year to year and from location to
location.
The critical time models may be used for decision making.
For that purpose, the critical severity level to be used
should be low enough, to enable proper disease
suppression.
Uses of critical time models
41. The Area Under the Disease Progress Curve
(AUDPC) model
Time
Disease
severity
(%)
AUDPC (Disease*days)
Yield
(t/ha)
Y = 0- 1X
Y = yield of a diseased plot
0 = estimated yield of a healthy plot
1 =decrease in yield for each increase in AUDPC unit
X = AUDPC units
42. The AUDPC models are used in both broad-
leaf and cereal crops.
In most cases, a very good relationship exist
between AUDPC values and yield.
The AUDPC models are used mainly for
“after-season” loss assessment.
Uses of the AUDPC models
43. Measure Disease Progression
1 . Research rules and guidelines that apply to
measuring the specific disease and crop you
investigate. The required size of the plant
sample varies by crop and disease. Studying
late blight in tubers, for example, requires a
minimum sample of 40 plants.
2. Plant the appropriate number of plants
required for the study.
44. 3. Watch carefully for signs of the disease. Research
when signs are expected to occur so that you are
prepared. For example, signs of late blight occur
about 30 to 40 days after planting and 10 days
after the last application of fungicide.
4. Estimate visually the percentage of infected leaf
area in your sample as soon as you notice the
disease.
45. 5 . Record the percentage of infected leaf area at
regular time intervals. Researchers take reading
for late blight every seven days if the disease
progresses more quickly than expected. Readings
are taken every 14 days when disease progression
is slower.
6. Stop recording infection measurements when the
percentage of infection stops increasing, and the
disease progression levels.
46. 7. Add the first two infection percentages you
recorded.
8. Divide the addition result by two to find the
average or mid-value of the two readings.
9. Multiply the average or mid-value by the time
interval, which is the number of days from the first
reading to the second reading. If you took the first
reading on day 20 and the second reading on day
27, for example, then the number of days, or time
interval, is seven days.
10.Record the result in units of percentage days.
The value is an area of a trapezoid.
47. 11.Repeat Steps One through Four for the second
and third infection readings you took. Their result will
be the area of a second trapezoid. Repeat Steps One
through Four until you calculated trapezoid areas for
all readings.
12.Add all of the trapezoids to find the AUDPC.
Lower AUDPCs represent slower disease progression
and greater resistance to the disease. Higher AUDPCs
represent faster disease progression and higher
susceptibility to the disease.
48. Concluding remarks
•Losses may be predicted early in the season for management
decision making or after the season for general analyses.
• Plant pathogens may affect the physiology of the host and result in
yield losses directly or indirectly.
•Determination of the yield component to be affected by the disease
is an important component of an IPM strategy.
•Yield loss should be determined in relation to a reference plot.
•Yield loss may be quantified by several models: the critical point
model, the multiple point model, the critical time model and the
AUDPC model.
49. Important points
1. Critical times
tillering, stem elongation, flag leaf opening
2. Crop loss : kernel weight
3. Crop loss is a function of disease epidemic
L = 1230.91+1.37AUDPC