Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) belongs to the solanaceae which is one of commercial crop produced mainly in northern and central rift valley areas of Ethiopia. It is affected by many biotic and abiotic factors especially fungal diseases mainly powdery mildew is the main challenging factor on tomato production in irrigated agriculture. Powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) is a major pathogen of tomato. The experiment was conducted at Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Centre in 2020/21 using Galilae tomato variety. Mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) was used as test product and Ridomol gold 68% was used at standard check. High progress was observed on control, while lower were obtained on treated plots by Mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) and Ridomil gold 68WP. More diseased leaf number (5.70) were observed on control, conversely more healthy leaf were found from treated plots by Ridomil gold 68 WP and mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP). Good yield 18 t/ha is obtained on Ridomil gold 68% WP. Good yield advantage 13.5 t/kg is obtained from Ridomil gold 68% WP and Mascot has revealed 13 t/ha. Higher AUDPC; about 395% has been obtained on control, while lowest were 165% and 170% from mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) and Ridomil gold 68% WP, respectively. Plots treated with mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) and Ridomil gold 68% WP have showed lowest TDS 4.00% and 5.00%. Variation in powdery mildew infection rate due to the prevention level of the treatment was clearly observed with this regards; fungicides appropriate for the environment need to be tested to use as alternative fungicide and reduce the fungicide resistance.
Evaluation of four plants compost teas against fungi responsible for Corn dam...IJEABJ
Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereals in Côte d'Ivoire. However, Corn seeds and seedlings are susceptible to infection by a number of soilborne fungi which caused seeds decay before or after germination. The objective of this study is to evaluate the suppressive effect of Four plants compost teas (Chromolaena odorata, Ricinus communis, Nicotiana tabacum, Azadiracta indica) on Corn damping off. In vitro assays showed a most suppressive effect of C. odorata and R. communis compost teas on mycelial growth of pathogenic fungi. Results of in vivo trials showed significant reduction of Corn seedlings diseases incidence and high seed germination percent after treatment with C. odorata, R. communis and A. indica compost teas. No efficiency effect was noted with N. tabacum compost tea. This study demonstrated the usefulness of compost tea as an efficient biological tool for the control of fungi responsible of corn damping-off.
Prevalence, occurrence and biochemical characterization of Xanthomonas campes...INNS PUBNET
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria the causal organism of bacterial spot in tomato results in heavy losses both in the form of quality and. In this study a survey was carried out to report the incidence of bacterial spot disease of tomato in district Swat. We reported maximum disease incidence in tehsil Kabal (71.66%), followed by Charbagh (61.66%) and Barikot (58.33%). For resistant screening a total of 13 tomato germplasms were screened against the disease. The foliar severity ranged from 3.33% to 73.33%, while severity for fruits was ranged from 18.33% to 30.66%. In case of phenotypic data the highest numbers of fruits obtained were 34, plant height 79.5cm and fruit weight was 470 grams/ten tomatoes. While the lowest average numbers of fruits were 6.67, plant height 45.7cm and fruit weight recorded was 215.67 grams/ten tomatoes. Line 1288 showed highest level of resistance followed by Red-stone. However, line 9708 showed highest susceptibility when exposed to artificial inoculation. Our study showed that bacterial spot is a major issue in some part of Pakistan and germplasm screening are linked to increased host resistance and could offer an important contribution to future integrated bacterial spot management programs.
Evaluation of four plants compost teas against fungi responsible for Corn dam...IJEABJ
Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereals in Côte d'Ivoire. However, Corn seeds and seedlings are susceptible to infection by a number of soilborne fungi which caused seeds decay before or after germination. The objective of this study is to evaluate the suppressive effect of Four plants compost teas (Chromolaena odorata, Ricinus communis, Nicotiana tabacum, Azadiracta indica) on Corn damping off. In vitro assays showed a most suppressive effect of C. odorata and R. communis compost teas on mycelial growth of pathogenic fungi. Results of in vivo trials showed significant reduction of Corn seedlings diseases incidence and high seed germination percent after treatment with C. odorata, R. communis and A. indica compost teas. No efficiency effect was noted with N. tabacum compost tea. This study demonstrated the usefulness of compost tea as an efficient biological tool for the control of fungi responsible of corn damping-off.
Prevalence, occurrence and biochemical characterization of Xanthomonas campes...INNS PUBNET
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria the causal organism of bacterial spot in tomato results in heavy losses both in the form of quality and. In this study a survey was carried out to report the incidence of bacterial spot disease of tomato in district Swat. We reported maximum disease incidence in tehsil Kabal (71.66%), followed by Charbagh (61.66%) and Barikot (58.33%). For resistant screening a total of 13 tomato germplasms were screened against the disease. The foliar severity ranged from 3.33% to 73.33%, while severity for fruits was ranged from 18.33% to 30.66%. In case of phenotypic data the highest numbers of fruits obtained were 34, plant height 79.5cm and fruit weight was 470 grams/ten tomatoes. While the lowest average numbers of fruits were 6.67, plant height 45.7cm and fruit weight recorded was 215.67 grams/ten tomatoes. Line 1288 showed highest level of resistance followed by Red-stone. However, line 9708 showed highest susceptibility when exposed to artificial inoculation. Our study showed that bacterial spot is a major issue in some part of Pakistan and germplasm screening are linked to increased host resistance and could offer an important contribution to future integrated bacterial spot management programs.
Effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi on the growth, nutrient uptake, root in...Innspub Net
The effect of Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi on growth, nutrient uptake and root infectivity was determined in Rough Lemon (Citrus jambhiri) seedlings raised under four phosphorus regimes in sand culture and also in sand/nitrosol sterile and unsterile conditions. Inoculation with AM fungi increased the plant height, leaf number and stem girth in relation to un-inoculated seedlings grown under equivalent P concentrations. An increase in plant height, leaf number and stem girth also occurred in both inoculated sterile and un-sterile sand/nitrosol media in relation to un-inoculated sterile and unsterile media. Arbuscular mycorrhiza also increased the leaf area and the root, leaf and stem fresh and dry weights and also caused an increase in the uptake of phosphorus and potassium in the leaf tissues. It also favoured mycorrhizal infectivity of roots and increased the root absorptive surface area. This study indicates that AM fungi improves the capacity of tropical fruit to absorb and utilize plant nutrients possibly by increasing the effective root surface area from which available form of nutrients are absorbed and also by increasing access of roots by bridging the depletion zones. Inoculating seedlings with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi helps to alleviate the adverse effects of global warming and climate change. As a low-cost technology, arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation is recommended as part of the regular practice for incorporating into nursery media used for tropical fruit seedling propagation.
Control of Mites and Thrips and its Impact on the Yield of Avocado cv. “Hass”...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— For social and economic reasons Avocado is an important crop; however, some arthropods, of which mites are especially important, can limit its production, as is the case in the state of Guerrero. In order to determine which treatment is the best for controlling these pests, an experiment was carried out in Filo de Caballos, Guerrero, where five treatments were applied, together with an absolute control. Sampling was continuous, and the mites found in each treatment were counted. The treatment was applied when the economic threshold of 10 mites/leaf/tree was reached. The best treatments for controlling mites were T1 (abamectin and azadirachtin), and T3 (abamectin and imidacloprid), with 8 and 10 applications each. The population of thrips never reached the economic threshold; their densities were low throughout the experiment. Treatments 4, 1, 3, 2, and 5 had higher weights and they were classified into the “Extra” caliber. The fruits with the greatest length were those from treatments 4, 1, 3, 2 and 5, ordered decreasingly according to their size. Regarding fruit quality, the differences were not well marked among the treatments. The choice of control to be used is left to the farmers; however, it is necessary to remember that there are alternatives to the control of mites and thrips that help to increase caliber, size, and fruit quality.
Effects of Sulfonylurea Herbicides on Protein Content and Antioxidants Activi...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Herbicides have been used in the crop field to increase the crop productivity and grain yield. But unfortunately since long back all research papers and articles showed the effect of this herbicide on the non-target organisms. The purpose of this study was to test the toxicity of two herbicides (Sekator and Zoom) on the biochemistry of hard wheat: Triticum durumDesf and common wheat: Triticumaestivum L. The herbicides were applied at tillering stage in the dose full recommendeddoses. After eight days of treatment leaves were collected to determine differentparametersof proteincontent and enzyme activity involved in the antioxidant system (ascorbate peroxidase: APX).The results validated by statistical analysis revealed that there was a highly significant decrease in proteincontent in plant samples treated with the herbicide Zoom in Hidhab variety. By contrast, exposure to the herbicide Sekator causes significant variation in APX activity. Peroxidase activity were significantly decreased in Waha variety but it was significantly increased in Hidhab (HD), and APX activity increased compared with controls in HD treated with Zoom herbicide.The decrease in protein content is an indication of reduction in the growth of the plants leading to a decrease in the yield, while increased level of peroxidase activity pointed to the occurrence of a scavenging mechanism.
ABSTRACT- The present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of thermotherapy to inactivate Potato leaf
roll virus (PLRV) from the potato tubers. For this purpose an experiment was carried out at Newly Developmental Farms
(NDF) of the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan. Potato tubers infected with PLRV were collected from
farmer’s fields. The potato tubers were than treated with hot water at average 370C for various intervals of time.
Afterwards these heat treated tubers were shifted to fields for sowing. In field condition minimum % incidence (16.66%)
of PLRV was observed from the treatments T3 (2 hours hot water treatment), T4 (2 ½ hours hot water treatment) and T5
(3 hours hot water treatment) respectively while in control 53.33 % incidence of PLRV was recorded. Therefore it can be
concluded that thermotherapy at 370C for 2 hours, 2 ½ hours and 3 hours in case of hot water treatment were effective in
fully or partially elimination of PLRV from potato tubers. Further combine effect of thermotherapy, confidor and neem
extract was evaluated against PLRV. It was observed that in T6 (hot water treatment for 2 ½ hours, insecticide and
biocide) % incidence of PLRV was 13.2% with maximum vegetative parameters such as % germination, height (cm),
tuber size (cm) and yield (kg) recorded followed by T4 (Confidor + 2½ hours hot water treatment) and T1 (2 ½ hours hot
water treatment) where % incidence of PLRV was 16.66% and 20% respectively. Moreover the treatment T2 (Confidor)
when applied individually was found to more effective against PLRV as compared to T3 (Neem extract) with % incidence
value 26.66% and 33.33% respectively.
Key words- PLRV, Thermotherapy, Hot water treatment, Confidor, Neem extract
Influence of fertilizers on incidence and severity of early blight and late b...Innspub Net
The potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in the Far North Region, Cameroon is confronted with, diseases and pests. To improve the production of this plant, a study was carried out in Mouvou and Gouria to evaluate the impact of fertilizers on the development of late blight and early blight diseases of this plant. The experimental design used was a completely randomized block with 4 treatments: Mycorrhizae (MYC), NPK (20-10-10) chemical fertilizers, chicken droppings (CD) and a control (T). The plant material used was a local variety of potato (Dosa). Disease incidence and severity and rainfall were evaluated. Area Under Disease Progress Curve was calculated. At 60 DAS, mean incidences recorded for fertilizers were 5.7, 3.6, 1.8 and 0.8 % respectively for control, MYC, NPK and CD. In general, early blight severity decreased from 22.1% at 45 DAS to 0.3 % at 60 DAS. The highest AUDPC value of late blight at Mouvou site was observed in NPK treatment while potato in CD treatment had the lowest. The lowest AUDPC value of early blight was observed in CD treatment at both sites. AUDSIPC value for late blight was significantly higher in NPK treatment in both sites. The highest value of AUDPSIC of early blight was recorded in MYC treatment, 45 DAS in both sites. The average rainfall was higher in the Gouria site (716.5mm) than in Mouvou site (679 mm). The CD treatment can be recommended to the farmers for the phytosanitary protection of potatoes.
Review on Epidemiology and Management of Faba Bean (Vicia fabae) Chocolate Sp...IJSRP Journal
Of all pulse crops grown in Ethiopia, faba beans stand 2nd after common beans and before chickpeas which are all considered to be the top export crops accounting 90% by volume and 85% total earnings. However, diseases such as chocolate spot, root rot and rust are the major biotic constraints affecting yield wherever the crop grows. Yield losses of up to 61% on susceptible cultivars and 30-50% under favorable conditions for chocolate spot were reported. Root rot was also recognized to cause complete crop loss during severe infections and yield loss may reach 100% in susceptible cultivars. Rust epidemics in addition identified to reduce faba bean yields with losses of up to 30%, while, in combination with chocolate spot, yield reductions of up to 50% have been reported. Control options for disease in general include high levels of resistant cultivars, planting good quality seed and fungicide applications integrated either with cropping system or early planting to manage faba bean chocolate spot. Integrated management was also reported to control faba bean root rot with the help of biocontrol agents. In this regard, soaking seeds in biocontrol agents (Bacillus megaterium and Trichoderma viride) and the use of Trichoderma harzianum as seed dressing or soil application with improved faba bean cultivars and fungicidal seed treatments consistently found to improve emergence and seed yield of faba bean. Artificially inoculated faba bean seedlings with the native antagonistic Bacillus isolates found to suppress black root rot. Integration of improved faba bean cultivars with protective fungicides application was also reported to gain higher monitory advantage. Similarly, faba bean-maize row intercropping and compost fertilization using host resistance and other crop management practices have found best to manage faba bean rust. In this review, developments discussed on management of chocolate
spot, root rot and rust of faba bean were focusing on an integrated management either through host resistance with cropping systems and fungicide applications or host resistance with biocontrol agents. However, almost all the earlier findings were mainly limited either to research stations or greenhouse and laboratory experiments. This is, therefore, the current review is initiated with the objective that future research works to explore these best practices under farmers’ field condition along with supplementation of greenhouse and laboratory experiments considering mass production of the locally identified indigenous biocontrol agents in particular for seed or soil borne diseases such as faba bean root rot.
Drought stress is one of the major abiotic factors affecting seed germination and plant growth especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, we investigated the effects of drought stress on seed germination and seedling growth of five varieties of rapeseed. Seven drought stress levels of zero (control), -3, -5, -7, -9, -11 and -13 bars were performed using polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000). A completely randomized design with three replications was used for this experiment. Germination percentage (GP), germination rate (GR), mean germination time (MGT), root length (RL) and shoot length (SL) were measured to evaluate the varieties response to PEG-induced drought stress. Drought stress, variety and the interaction drought × variety had a significant effect on all studied parameters. GP and GR decreased with the increase in stress level, while MGT increased. There were no seeds germinated for all varieties at -11 bars and -13 bars. Shoot length decreased with increasing drought stress but different varieties show different performance under stress environment. Root length decreased with increasing level of severe drought stress. However, the presence of moderate drought stress could even improve the root growth of the investigated varieties. The varieties ‘INRA-CZH2’ and ‘INRA-CZH3’ exhibited the highest germination percentage and the best early seedling growth. Thus, they could be recommended for environments with early cropping cycle drought.
Evaluating Some Insecticides for Controlling the Sunn Pest Eurygaster Spp. Pu...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Evaluating Some Insecticides for Controlling the Sunn Pest Eurygaster Spp. Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) Under Field Conditions by Mohammed Z Khalaf in Modern Concepts & Developments in Agronomy
Effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi on the growth, nutrient uptake, root in...Innspub Net
The effect of Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi on growth, nutrient uptake and root infectivity was determined in Rough Lemon (Citrus jambhiri) seedlings raised under four phosphorus regimes in sand culture and also in sand/nitrosol sterile and unsterile conditions. Inoculation with AM fungi increased the plant height, leaf number and stem girth in relation to un-inoculated seedlings grown under equivalent P concentrations. An increase in plant height, leaf number and stem girth also occurred in both inoculated sterile and un-sterile sand/nitrosol media in relation to un-inoculated sterile and unsterile media. Arbuscular mycorrhiza also increased the leaf area and the root, leaf and stem fresh and dry weights and also caused an increase in the uptake of phosphorus and potassium in the leaf tissues. It also favoured mycorrhizal infectivity of roots and increased the root absorptive surface area. This study indicates that AM fungi improves the capacity of tropical fruit to absorb and utilize plant nutrients possibly by increasing the effective root surface area from which available form of nutrients are absorbed and also by increasing access of roots by bridging the depletion zones. Inoculating seedlings with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi helps to alleviate the adverse effects of global warming and climate change. As a low-cost technology, arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation is recommended as part of the regular practice for incorporating into nursery media used for tropical fruit seedling propagation.
Control of Mites and Thrips and its Impact on the Yield of Avocado cv. “Hass”...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— For social and economic reasons Avocado is an important crop; however, some arthropods, of which mites are especially important, can limit its production, as is the case in the state of Guerrero. In order to determine which treatment is the best for controlling these pests, an experiment was carried out in Filo de Caballos, Guerrero, where five treatments were applied, together with an absolute control. Sampling was continuous, and the mites found in each treatment were counted. The treatment was applied when the economic threshold of 10 mites/leaf/tree was reached. The best treatments for controlling mites were T1 (abamectin and azadirachtin), and T3 (abamectin and imidacloprid), with 8 and 10 applications each. The population of thrips never reached the economic threshold; their densities were low throughout the experiment. Treatments 4, 1, 3, 2, and 5 had higher weights and they were classified into the “Extra” caliber. The fruits with the greatest length were those from treatments 4, 1, 3, 2 and 5, ordered decreasingly according to their size. Regarding fruit quality, the differences were not well marked among the treatments. The choice of control to be used is left to the farmers; however, it is necessary to remember that there are alternatives to the control of mites and thrips that help to increase caliber, size, and fruit quality.
Effects of Sulfonylurea Herbicides on Protein Content and Antioxidants Activi...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Herbicides have been used in the crop field to increase the crop productivity and grain yield. But unfortunately since long back all research papers and articles showed the effect of this herbicide on the non-target organisms. The purpose of this study was to test the toxicity of two herbicides (Sekator and Zoom) on the biochemistry of hard wheat: Triticum durumDesf and common wheat: Triticumaestivum L. The herbicides were applied at tillering stage in the dose full recommendeddoses. After eight days of treatment leaves were collected to determine differentparametersof proteincontent and enzyme activity involved in the antioxidant system (ascorbate peroxidase: APX).The results validated by statistical analysis revealed that there was a highly significant decrease in proteincontent in plant samples treated with the herbicide Zoom in Hidhab variety. By contrast, exposure to the herbicide Sekator causes significant variation in APX activity. Peroxidase activity were significantly decreased in Waha variety but it was significantly increased in Hidhab (HD), and APX activity increased compared with controls in HD treated with Zoom herbicide.The decrease in protein content is an indication of reduction in the growth of the plants leading to a decrease in the yield, while increased level of peroxidase activity pointed to the occurrence of a scavenging mechanism.
ABSTRACT- The present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of thermotherapy to inactivate Potato leaf
roll virus (PLRV) from the potato tubers. For this purpose an experiment was carried out at Newly Developmental Farms
(NDF) of the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan. Potato tubers infected with PLRV were collected from
farmer’s fields. The potato tubers were than treated with hot water at average 370C for various intervals of time.
Afterwards these heat treated tubers were shifted to fields for sowing. In field condition minimum % incidence (16.66%)
of PLRV was observed from the treatments T3 (2 hours hot water treatment), T4 (2 ½ hours hot water treatment) and T5
(3 hours hot water treatment) respectively while in control 53.33 % incidence of PLRV was recorded. Therefore it can be
concluded that thermotherapy at 370C for 2 hours, 2 ½ hours and 3 hours in case of hot water treatment were effective in
fully or partially elimination of PLRV from potato tubers. Further combine effect of thermotherapy, confidor and neem
extract was evaluated against PLRV. It was observed that in T6 (hot water treatment for 2 ½ hours, insecticide and
biocide) % incidence of PLRV was 13.2% with maximum vegetative parameters such as % germination, height (cm),
tuber size (cm) and yield (kg) recorded followed by T4 (Confidor + 2½ hours hot water treatment) and T1 (2 ½ hours hot
water treatment) where % incidence of PLRV was 16.66% and 20% respectively. Moreover the treatment T2 (Confidor)
when applied individually was found to more effective against PLRV as compared to T3 (Neem extract) with % incidence
value 26.66% and 33.33% respectively.
Key words- PLRV, Thermotherapy, Hot water treatment, Confidor, Neem extract
Influence of fertilizers on incidence and severity of early blight and late b...Innspub Net
The potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in the Far North Region, Cameroon is confronted with, diseases and pests. To improve the production of this plant, a study was carried out in Mouvou and Gouria to evaluate the impact of fertilizers on the development of late blight and early blight diseases of this plant. The experimental design used was a completely randomized block with 4 treatments: Mycorrhizae (MYC), NPK (20-10-10) chemical fertilizers, chicken droppings (CD) and a control (T). The plant material used was a local variety of potato (Dosa). Disease incidence and severity and rainfall were evaluated. Area Under Disease Progress Curve was calculated. At 60 DAS, mean incidences recorded for fertilizers were 5.7, 3.6, 1.8 and 0.8 % respectively for control, MYC, NPK and CD. In general, early blight severity decreased from 22.1% at 45 DAS to 0.3 % at 60 DAS. The highest AUDPC value of late blight at Mouvou site was observed in NPK treatment while potato in CD treatment had the lowest. The lowest AUDPC value of early blight was observed in CD treatment at both sites. AUDSIPC value for late blight was significantly higher in NPK treatment in both sites. The highest value of AUDPSIC of early blight was recorded in MYC treatment, 45 DAS in both sites. The average rainfall was higher in the Gouria site (716.5mm) than in Mouvou site (679 mm). The CD treatment can be recommended to the farmers for the phytosanitary protection of potatoes.
Review on Epidemiology and Management of Faba Bean (Vicia fabae) Chocolate Sp...IJSRP Journal
Of all pulse crops grown in Ethiopia, faba beans stand 2nd after common beans and before chickpeas which are all considered to be the top export crops accounting 90% by volume and 85% total earnings. However, diseases such as chocolate spot, root rot and rust are the major biotic constraints affecting yield wherever the crop grows. Yield losses of up to 61% on susceptible cultivars and 30-50% under favorable conditions for chocolate spot were reported. Root rot was also recognized to cause complete crop loss during severe infections and yield loss may reach 100% in susceptible cultivars. Rust epidemics in addition identified to reduce faba bean yields with losses of up to 30%, while, in combination with chocolate spot, yield reductions of up to 50% have been reported. Control options for disease in general include high levels of resistant cultivars, planting good quality seed and fungicide applications integrated either with cropping system or early planting to manage faba bean chocolate spot. Integrated management was also reported to control faba bean root rot with the help of biocontrol agents. In this regard, soaking seeds in biocontrol agents (Bacillus megaterium and Trichoderma viride) and the use of Trichoderma harzianum as seed dressing or soil application with improved faba bean cultivars and fungicidal seed treatments consistently found to improve emergence and seed yield of faba bean. Artificially inoculated faba bean seedlings with the native antagonistic Bacillus isolates found to suppress black root rot. Integration of improved faba bean cultivars with protective fungicides application was also reported to gain higher monitory advantage. Similarly, faba bean-maize row intercropping and compost fertilization using host resistance and other crop management practices have found best to manage faba bean rust. In this review, developments discussed on management of chocolate
spot, root rot and rust of faba bean were focusing on an integrated management either through host resistance with cropping systems and fungicide applications or host resistance with biocontrol agents. However, almost all the earlier findings were mainly limited either to research stations or greenhouse and laboratory experiments. This is, therefore, the current review is initiated with the objective that future research works to explore these best practices under farmers’ field condition along with supplementation of greenhouse and laboratory experiments considering mass production of the locally identified indigenous biocontrol agents in particular for seed or soil borne diseases such as faba bean root rot.
Drought stress is one of the major abiotic factors affecting seed germination and plant growth especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, we investigated the effects of drought stress on seed germination and seedling growth of five varieties of rapeseed. Seven drought stress levels of zero (control), -3, -5, -7, -9, -11 and -13 bars were performed using polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000). A completely randomized design with three replications was used for this experiment. Germination percentage (GP), germination rate (GR), mean germination time (MGT), root length (RL) and shoot length (SL) were measured to evaluate the varieties response to PEG-induced drought stress. Drought stress, variety and the interaction drought × variety had a significant effect on all studied parameters. GP and GR decreased with the increase in stress level, while MGT increased. There were no seeds germinated for all varieties at -11 bars and -13 bars. Shoot length decreased with increasing drought stress but different varieties show different performance under stress environment. Root length decreased with increasing level of severe drought stress. However, the presence of moderate drought stress could even improve the root growth of the investigated varieties. The varieties ‘INRA-CZH2’ and ‘INRA-CZH3’ exhibited the highest germination percentage and the best early seedling growth. Thus, they could be recommended for environments with early cropping cycle drought.
Evaluating Some Insecticides for Controlling the Sunn Pest Eurygaster Spp. Pu...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Evaluating Some Insecticides for Controlling the Sunn Pest Eurygaster Spp. Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) Under Field Conditions by Mohammed Z Khalaf in Modern Concepts & Developments in Agronomy
COTTON PLANT OF MUGHAN – SALYAN ECONOMIC DISTRICT ANCIENT WATERED TUND USED UNDERNEATHEFFECT OF EROSION PROCESS ON AGROCHEMICAL INDICATORS AND STRUCTURE-AGGREGATE COMPOSITION OF GRAY-GRASS SOILS
Hospital patients' emotions are influenced by their experiences. Examining the possible impacts of a queue management system on patient satisfaction in emergency hospital waiting areas was the aim of the current study. Process engineering or plain queue management techniques like demand control, queue prioritization, or staffing the emergency department are generally used to address the problem of emergency room congestion (ED). Standing in line is a necessary and inevitable part of daily life. But you can do something pleasurable with the time you waste standing in lines. E-queue aspires to reinvent the experience of standing in line by offering a practical, thorough, and pleasurable replacement. A thorough queue management system that tracks people in lines and provides real-time data on the amount of time patients must wait to see their doctors or nurses is one method of resolving this issue. Thus, patients can make better use of the time they would otherwise squander waiting in line by using e-Queue. Numerous queuing-related concerns were taken into consideration while analyzing the current queuing systems. In order to give patients important queuing information, E-Queue combines the usage of a Smartphone application, a cloud-based database, and information sharing over the internet. In addition, it offers hospitals the chance to effectively control their wait times.
In 2012-2017, the activity of bacteria, ray fungi and microscopic fungi from microorganisms was studied in field experiments with the aim of studying the effect of micronutrients on the productivity of winter wheat in moderately eroded gray mountain-brown soils. The regularity of the activity of the microorganisms that play a major role during the vegetation period of wheat was studied. It was found that the micronutrients given to the soil increased the activity of groups of microorganisms in all variants of the experiment. Thus, the effect of micronutrients on the activity of bacteria was greater. Likewise, micronutrients also increased the activity of fungi and fungi. has increased. The activity of bacteria and fungi has increased. Also, does this group of microorganisms develop better, especially in conditions without humidity? From these 5-6 years of research carried out by us, we can draw the conclusion that microelements significantly revive the microbiological process in eroded soils, as a result of which decomposition and synthesis of decay in the soil is significantly improved, and the process of humus formation is accelerated.
Antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus spp. especially (L. planetarium and L. acidophilus) against S. aureus were tested using agar-plug, agar well diffusion methods to select the best isolate that could inhibit the growth of multidrug resistance isolates. Further identification for the presence of bacteriocin was done using ELISA kit. Results showed that Lactobacillus spp isolates were bacteriocin producers with different degrees and that L. planetarium (L7) was the most efficient in bacteriocin production. Therefore, L. planetarium (L7) was selected for purification using 70% saturated ammonium sulfate and gel chromatography. The effect of purified bacteriocin was tested on 16 bacterial isolates using micro-titer plate method and well diffusion method. The results showed the ability of the bacteriocin to inhibit bacteria only at concentrations 1866U/ml (50%), 3732U/ml (100%) with a diameter of inhibition zones ranges between (11-23 mm) respectively. The anti-biofilm activity of purified bacteriocin at concentration 100% was investigated and the results showed that biofilm formation was reduced by 100% in the presence of bacteriocin.
Staphylococcus aureusis a major hospital and community pathogen that is attributed to a wide variety of infections in humans and bio film production is one of the most important virulence factors of S. aureus that contributes to its multiple drug resistance. Therefore, searching for a valuable alternative to the used antibiotics is considered an important goal for study. For this reason one hundred and fifty different clinical samples were collected from various clinical sources and healthcare workers in Al-Imame in Al-Kadhimae in Medical City,Al-Numan Teaching Hospital, Medical City/Teaching laboratories and Central Child Teaching Hospital during the period from1/10/2020to 1/2/2021 in Baghdad City. Isolates were identified by conventional methods (cultural, microscopic and biochemical tests) in addition to the identification by the VITEK® 2Compact, and fifty isolates were recorded as Staphylococcus aureus.
Rainwater harvesting (RWH) considering as a technique system is being exploited of the variance topographic nature of the earth's surface, such as the use of valleys, depressions and oases , or through the berms or small dams from stone or cisterns building , to collect then reserve and store rainwater and floods during winter periods in various ways that differs in the purpose of collecting them depending on their rainfall rates and reuse when needed, whether for drinking, supplementary agricultural irrigation or to feed groundwater. Iraq in general and Nineveh Governorate in particular have been experiencing severe environmental conditions in the past two years, (2020/2021) & (2021/2022), and the most important of which is the rainfall lowing and the increasing demographic growth offset by significant water consumption, so as to ensure continued food production, increased irrigation projects have become urgent. Iraq is one of the countries that suffers from water scarcity in general and the amount of rainfall ranges (99.8 billion cubic meters/year) fluctuating and irregular distribution, so it requires investing this quantity and managing its use rationally by the system of rainwater harvesting .Northern of Iraq, including Nineveh Governorate is characterize by cereal winter crops production by depends mainly on rain fall to produce winter crops such as Wheat and Barley by rainfed agriculture method with rain requirements of more than (400mm/year), the rate of rainfall for a period (1970-2011) reached (170.3 mm/year).The rainy season in Nineveh Governorate extends from November to the end of May with fluctuating falls and small amounts that do not meet the needs of agricultural crops. This current study was prepared to activate the potential for harvesting rainwater for agricultural uses in the rain-fed areas prevailing in Nineveh Governorate. The agricultural system in semi-dry areas, including Nineveh Governorate, suffers from drought due to lack of rain and lack of yield in winter crops, including wheat and barley, which attracts the attention of researchers and stakeholders in finding a strategic solution to this problem, which lies in the activation of rainwater harvesting techniques, which is an integrated system for water management in rain lands in semi-dry areas to meet the lack of water need for agricultural crops. This system includes facilitating the flow of rainwater through canyons according to the decline of the land towards depressions, valleys and water basins prepared for this purpose to conduct supplementary irrigation with sprinkler irrigation techniques to activate the productivity of agricultural crops ,improve the performance capacity of rainfed farming systems, sustain green cover, reduce biodiversity extinction and address the problem of environmental drought to achieve agricultural sustainability.
Clinical examinations demonstrated that many probiotic strains (Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB)) can inhibit Helicobacter pylori infection so that when patients were treated with probiotics, Helicobacter pylori were diminished. So probiotics used as helpful in the treating of Helicobacter pylori infection. Various studies support the hypothesis that probiotics inhibit Helicobacter pylori growth owing to the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and/or bacteriocins. These studies have been carried out mostly in vitro. High lactic acid-producer strains of Lactobacillus were shown to decrease Helicobacter pylori density in the stomach. The release of bacteriocins active against Helicobacterpylori has been studied chiefly in Lactobacillus. The supernatant of a culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus was shown to inhibit both the urease activity and growth of Helicobacter pylori free or adherent to epithelial cells. The properties of LAB, decreasing the luminal pH through the creation of unpredictable short chain unsaturated fats (SCFA) like acidic, lactic or propionic corrosive. Rendering particular supplements inaccessible to pathogens, decreasing the redox capability of the luminal condition, producing hydrogen peroxide under anaerobic conditions and/or creating particular inhibitory mixes like bacteriocins.
Within the framework of the theory of plane steady filtration of an incompressible fluid according to Darcy’s law, two limiting schemes modeling the filtration flows under the Joukowski tongue through a soil massive spread over an impermeable foundation or strongly permeable confined water bearing horizon are considered.
It was determined by the research that the object of research was excavated plots of land with a total area of 1776.99 ha, and their morphological features were described by genetic layers. yes; Clean pasture-147.58ha; Reed pasture-6.83 ha; Shrub pasture - 4.25 ha; Other lands-942.10 ha; The area set aside was 7.2 hectares. Based on the results of field research and laboratory analysis, a soil map was compiled on topographic bases and an explanatory report was written. Professor R.H.Mammadov's scale was used to determine the granulometric composition of soils here. Natural-economic features of the area, including geographical position, relief, agro-climatic elements were studied, soil cover; vegetation. The role of vegetation in the process of soil formation and formation of soil cover, increase of soil fertility with the formation of organic matter depends on the density of vegetation, maintenance of normal soil moisture, reduction of water washing effect, prevention of formation and development of soils and erosion elm, garatikan shrubs, licorice, birch, thyme, chicory, etc. are widely spread in the area from shrubs, suitability of the area for use for grain crops; Soil-forming rocks, etc., as well as the great role of the chemical composition of the parent rock in the process of soil formation have been widely studied.
430 million hectares of land was damaged as a result of erosion processes in different countries of the world. Surface, split and irrigation erosion is also widespread throughout the country. 43.29% of the total area is subject to varying degrees of erosion. In some regions, especially in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, erosion processes cover 70% of the area. 66.6 of the total area of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus underwent erosion. In some areas of the country, the percentage of destroyed farms is high. This figure is 51% in the Lachin-Kelbajar zone, 57.9% in the Guba-Khaimaz zone and 72.4% in Sheki-Zagatal. The newly formed fragments break agricultural land into small parts and make them useless. The following erosion intensity scale is presented. 1) clean washing up to 0.5 t / ha, 2) poor washing up to 0.5 t / ha, 3) moderate washing 1-5 t / ha, 4) strong washing -5-10 t / ha, 5) very strong wash -10 t / ha. In different geographical areas of the country, the possible distances between the strips on different slopes were also determined. Soil preparation should be carried out with a strip of 1–2 m every 3–5 m in zones with a 10–200 frequency, from moderate to heavy and a width of 1.5–3 m in each of 2-3 m in highly washed areas of 20–300 m trench to dig. In large areas with more than 15-200 thick and thick soils and where the tractor can work, deforestation should be carried out on terraces. On slopes where heavily washed and often hard rocks are exposed, soil can be set up to create yards and ditches. In different geographical areas of the country, the possible distances between the strips on different slopes were also determined. Soil preparation should be carried out with a strip of 1–2 m every 3–5 m in zones with a 10–200 frequency, from moderate to heavy and a width of 1.5–3 m in each of 2-3 m in highly washed areas of 20–300 m trench to dig. In large areas with more than 15-200 thick and thick soils and where the tractor can work, deforestation should be carried out on terraces. On slopes where heavily washed and often hard rocks are exposed, soil can be set up to create yards and ditches. In different geographical areas of the country, the possible distances between the strips on different slopes were also determined. Soil preparation should be carried out with a strip of 1–2 m every 3–5 m in zones with a 10–200 frequency, from moderate to heavy and a width of 1.5–3 m in each of 2-3 m in highly washed areas of 20–300 m trench to dig. In large areas with more than 15-200 thick and thick soils and where the tractor can work, deforestation should be carried out on terraces. On slopes where heavily washed and often hard rocks are exposed, soil can be set up to create yards and ditches. In large areas with more than 15-200 thick and thick soils and where the tractor can work, deforestation should be carried out on terraces.
In 2012-2017, the activity of bacteria, ray fungi and microscopic fungi from microorganisms was studied in field experiments with the aim of studying the effect of micronutrients on the productivity of winter wheat in moderately eroded gray mountain-brown soils. The regularity of the activity of the microorganisms that play a major role during the vegetation period of wheat was studied. It was found that the micronutrients given to the soil increased the activity of groups of microorganisms in all variants of the experiment. Thus, the effect of micronutrients on the activity of bacteria was greater. Likewise, micronutrients also increased the activity of fungi and fungi. has increased. The activity of bacteria and fungi has increased. Also, does this group of microorganisms develop better, especially in conditions without humidity? From these 5-6 years of research carried out by us, we can draw the conclusion that microelements significantly revive the microbiological process in eroded soils, as a result of which decomposition and synthesis of decay in the soil is significantly improved, and the process of humus formation is accelerated.
Biosurfactants which are amphiphilic compounds synthesized from microorganisms and plants have properties such as low toxicity and high biodegradability and are great alternatives in domestic and industrial uses. A lot of research has gone into production, characterization and uses of biosurfactants because of its eco-friendly properties in remediation of the environment. Crude oil and its products causes deleterious harm to the environment which needs to be cleaned up with environmentally friendly substances such as biosurfactants, so as not to cause more harm to the environment in the bid to get it cleaned up. Biosurfactants are cheaply available because the substrates used in their production are low cost and readily available. Biosurfactants display an accomplished and well-ordered application in various ways such as food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, petroleum and agricultural industries. This review describes synthetic and biosurfactants classification, mechanism of action and applications. It also focuses on organisms that produce biosurfactants and why they do.
In this age of digitization and automation, the usage of the internet has invaded every part of our lives. It provides a space for wirelessly connected, programmable devices via a network infrastructure, or "internet of things" (IoT). An IoT-based smart home is proposed in this study. The smart house can be controlled manually or automatically thanks to the technology. The relay mode and the mode selector, which can be used to choose the mode, are the two main components of the proposed system. Hardware implementation can be used to test the proposed system effectively. It may be automatically controlled with a virtual switch through an Android app. When the manual mode is selected, the automated mode is turned off, and vice versa.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
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Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
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3. UJRRA_22_08[Research].pdf
1. UJRRA │Volume 1│Issue 2│Oct-Dec 2022 Page | 77
EVALUATION OF MASCOT (METALAXYL 8% + MANCOZEB
64% WP) FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF
POWDERY MILDEW (LEVEILLULA TAURICA) ON TOMATO
*
Ashagre Asnakew, 1
Abaynesh Asegid
*1
Department of Agriculture, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Centre,
Ethiopia
ABSTRACT
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) belongs to the solanaceae which is one of commercial
crop produced mainly in northern and central rift valley areas of Ethiopia. It is affected by many
biotic and abiotic factors especially fungal diseases mainly powdery mildew is the main
challenging factor on tomato production in irrigated agriculture. Powdery mildew (Leveillula
taurica) is a major pathogen of tomato. The experiment was conducted at Debre Zeit Agricultural
Research Centre in 2020/21 using Galilae tomato variety. Mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb
64% WP) was used as test product and Ridomol gold 68% was used at standard check. High
progress was observed on control, while lower were obtained on treated plots by Mascot
(Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) and Ridomil gold 68WP. More diseased leaf number (5.70)
were observed on control, conversely more healthy leaf were found from treated plots by Ridomil
gold 68 WP and mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP). Good yield 18 t/ha is obtained on
Ridomil gold 68% WP. Good yield advantage 13.5 t/kg is obtained from Ridomil gold 68% WP
and Mascot has revealed 13 t/ha. Higher AUDPC; about 395% has been obtained on control,
while lowest were 165% and 170% from mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) and
Ridomil gold 68% WP, respectively. Plots treated with mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64%
WP) and Ridomil gold 68% WP have showed lowest TDS 4.00% and 5.00%. Variation in
powdery mildew infection rate due to the prevention level of the treatment was clearly observed
with this regards; fungicides appropriate for the environment need to be tested to use as
alternative fungicide and reduce the fungicide resistance.
Keywords: Tomato, fungicide, Ridomil gold 68% WP, Mascot, AUDPC, TDS
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Name: Ashagre Asnakew
Affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Debre Zeit
Agricultural Research Centre, Ethiopia
Email: ashagre.asnakew@gmail.com
TMP UNIVERSAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND REVIEW ARCHIVES
VOLUME 1 │ISSUE 2│YEAR 2022│OCT - DEC 2022
RECEIVED DATE REVISED DATE ACCEPTED DATE
25/08/2022 18/09/2022 27/10/2022
Article Type: Research Article Available online: www.tmp.twistingmemoirs.com ISSN: N/A
2. EVALUATION OF MASCOT (METALAXYL 8% + MANCOZEB 64% WP) FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POWDERY
MILDEW (LEVEILLULA TAURICA) ON TOMATO
UJRRA │Volume 1│Issue 2│Oct-Dec 2022 Page | 78
INTRODUCTION
Ethiopia is endowed to have a varied of agro-ecology appropriate for cultivation of different crop
types (horticultural crops and cereals) for both production in main rainy and under irrigation
condition. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) is one of the cash vegetable crops grown in
different parts of the country. It is cultivated with total area coverage of 6,433.73 ha with a total
yield of 6.52 t/ha in Ethiopia (CSA, 2020/21). The yield potential is still lower when compared to
global production. Low productivity is forced by different biotic and abiotic factors. Among biotic
factors fungal diseases such as powdery mildew at dry season is one of challenging
factor.Powdery mildew diseases affect cultivated tomato. Leveillula taurica has been known for
many years as a tomato pathogen (La Mondia, et al., 1999). This fungus causes disease on a
number of tomato cultivars at growth stages ranging from seedling to mature plant in the
greenhouse and the field. The host range of the pathogen is broad and it is reported to attack over
60 species in 13 plant families, particularly members of the families Solanaceae and
Cucurbitaceae (Huang, et al., 2000; Jones et al., 2001). Eastern black nightshade (Solanum
ptycanthum), eggplant, tobacco, and potato have also been infected by this fungus in the
greenhouse (Palti, 1988). A worldwide study confirmed that Oidium species causes economic
damage on tomato. Yield and quality of fruit is affected by powdery mildew since the disease
develops quickly and severely affects the leaves are killed. Powdery mildew on tomato grows in
less humidity to infect leaves. The pathogen has ability to quickly produce a lot of spores/
powdery mildew diseases can develop rapidly. While moisture is not required, tomato powdery
mildew develops best when the air is somewhat humid, but not above 95% RH. Main
management practices for powdery mildews are selecting resistant or less susceptible varieties
and applying fungicides. The objective of the trial is to find Mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb
64% WP) as one of fungicide for the management of powdery mildew on tomato. [1-5]
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted at Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Centre in 2020/21 using
hybrid seeded of Galilae tomato variety. The field was replicated three times. The plot size was 70
cm between ridges, 50 cm between plants. The test product was Mascot (Metalaxyl 8% +
Mancozeb 64% WP). The test product was applied 3 kg per hectare of land in tomato production
area. Agronomic practices such as hoeing, weeding, heaping and other management practices
were applied as per the recommendation. Experimental plot was thoroughly plowed and leveled.
Ridges were prepared carefully then the plot has the size of 2m, and 1m between width, length
each and path with total area plot of 4m2
. The spacing between plants and rows were having 0.5m
and 0.7m, respectively.
Field Management:
Inorganic fertilizers as DAP and UREA were applied at the rate of 150 and 100 kg/ha kg-1
respectively. DAP was applied a week after transplanting; while urea was applied in two splits;
the first at transplanting and the second was one and half months after transplanting.
Recommended field management practices such as weeding, hoeing, fertilization, and cultivation
was performed. Ridomil Gold Mz 68 WP (3kg/ha) was sprayed on all plots uniformly for the
control powdery mildew.
Disease Assessments
For disease occurrence, natural infestation was allowed upon in all experimental plots. Disease
severity was assessed on 10 randomly selected and tagged plants. Powdery Mildew (Leveillula
taurica) disease was scored in 0-5 scales and converted to severity percentage in accordance with
the leaf area affected, which is proposed by (Ullasa et al.,1981) of which: 0: Resistant (no
symptoms), 1: Moderately resistant (10% of the leaf area affected), 2: Moderately susceptible (11-
3. EVALUATION OF MASCOT (METALAXYL 8% + MANCOZEB 64% WP) FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POWDERY
MILDEW (LEVEILLULA TAURICA) ON TOMATO
UJRRA │Volume 1│Issue 2│Oct-Dec 2022 Page | 79
20% of the leaf area affected), 3: Susceptible (21-50% of the leaf area affected), 4: Highly
susceptible (51% or more of the leaf area affected infection) and 5: the entire plant defoliation.
Then, the rating scales were converted into percentage severity index (PSI) for the analysis of
disease severity using the following formula: Percentage severity index: (sum of individual
numerical rating)/ (total numbers of assessed maximum scoring scale). Area under the disease
progress curve (AUDPC) and growth curve models were developed for the disease progress data.
It was assessed from the test plants and the average was recorded for the respective plant.
Agronomic data’s:
The agronomic data were collected from 10 sample plants from each plot. Data’s such as
diseased leaf count (cm) healthy leaf number (cm), individual fruit weight (gm), Fruit diameter
(mm), and Yield components such as marketable and Unmarketable yield were measured as the
pathogen severely affects the older leaf at the base of the plants. Yield data in respect to
marketable fruits are those with average size.
Data analysis
Average severity of 10 representative randomly selected plants per plot was used for statistical
analysis. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Hence, data collected on the standard
check, Mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) treated and control plot was expected to
verify the efficacy of SC for the prevention of Powdery Mildew (Leveillula taurica) and its effect
on tomato yield. Data on disease parameters such as terminal disease severity, Area under Disease
Pressure Curve (AUDPC), DPR and yield were subjected for analysis. [6-8]
RESULT
Powdery mildew progress over time
The severity in the field tomatoes ranged from light to severe (up to 90% of foliage affected in
nearly 100% of plants). The effects on yield were not determined. Symptoms included white
superficial mycelium on leaves and stems, often with yellow margins, followed by desiccation,
necrosis, and defoliation. High progress was observed on control, while lower were obtained on
treated plots by Ridomil gold 68 %WP and Mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) shown
as in the figure-1 below.
Figure -1: Powdery mildew progress on different treatments
Number of Diseased Leaf
From the disease score at before the application of the fungicide each plot was showed the similar
disease pressure, but post application of the plots treated with fungicide showed different
tolerance ability to the disease. Among the test fungicides; more diseased leaf number (5.70)
Mascot, 4
Ridomil gold 68 WP,
5
control, 8.6
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
First second third
Serevity Recordings
disease
sverity
range
Disease development on treatments
4. EVALUATION OF MASCOT (METALAXYL 8% + MANCOZEB 64% WP) FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POWDERY
MILDEW (LEVEILLULA TAURICA) ON TOMATO
UJRRA │Volume 1│Issue 2│Oct-Dec 2022 Page | 80
were observed on control, conversely more healthy leaf were found from treated plots by Ridomil
gold 68% WP and mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP. There is no significance
difference between Ridomil gold 68% WP and Mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP).
Healthy Leaf Number
The test product mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) applied at a rate of 3kg has no
showed significance difference compared to Ridomil gold 72 WP at a rate of 3 kgha-1
based on
healthy leaf number with the same value as 5.29 leaves. From the other recorded data; less healthy
leaf number (no.) 3.10 leaves have been obtained from control. More healthy leaves point to the
plants is not affected by the pathogen and the fungicide has prevented the disease by appropriate
fungicide.
Table 1: The Mean of agronomic parameters evaluated from the treatments
Individual Fruit Weighty (gm)
Regarding quality parameters; Fruit weight (gm) is important characters and factors. Heavy Fruit
weight (gm) was found on plots treated with fungicides. Less fruit heaviness was found on control
(103.43gm). There was no significant differences were obtained from between Mascot and
Ridomil gold 68% WP on fruit weight (Table 1).
Fruit diameter (mm)
From the experiment large fruit diameter (mm) 6.01 mm is obtained from the treatments at
Mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) wile, smaller fruit diameter 4.23 is found on
control. There are significant differences between treated and untreated plots based on their
fungicide application. Ridomil gold 68% WP applied at a rate of 3kg/ha has revealed 5.48 fruit
diameter which doesn’t have significance variation compared to Mascot (Metalaxyl 8% +
Mancozeb 64% WP) (Table 1). This indicates fruit diameter is increased by application of
fungicides when for tomato production.
Unmarketable yield (kg)
Poor quality is always leads for yield loss. Unmarketable yield (kg) increases yield loss which
may be faced by different factors such as insect, bacteria, fungus and mechanical damage.
Powdery mildew coincided with other bacterial, fungal and insects caused crop damage. Insects
especially Tuta absoluta and Powdery mildew always coincide at offseason/irrigation.
Comparable lower yield loss 40 kg is obtained on mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP);
while more unmarketable yield (kg) is obtained on control 155 kg per hectare of land. There were
no significance differences between Ridomil gold 68% WP and Mascot by comparison of
unmarketable yield (kg). Standard check Ridomil gold 68% WP revealed 60 kg/ha of
unmarketable yield (kg).
Marketable Yield (kg)
Marketable yield provides for yield advantage. Good yield 18 t/ha is obtained on Ridomil gold 68
WP; conversely lower yield 5 t/ha is obtained from control. There were significant differences
were obtained among treatments, but there were no differences between Ridomil gold 68 WP and
Mascot (Table 2).
Treatments
Diseased leaf
(no.)
Healthy
leaf(no.)
Fruit
weight (gm)
Fruit diameter
(mm)
Mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64%
WP) 3.29 5.29 131.67 6.01
Ridomil gold 68% WP 3.40 5.29 144.71 5.48
control 5.7 0 3.10 103.43 4.23
CV (%) 1.37 1.24 21.85 0.4
5. EVALUATION OF MASCOT (METALAXYL 8% + MANCOZEB 64% WP) FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POWDERY
MILDEW (LEVEILLULA TAURICA) ON TOMATO
UJRRA │Volume 1│Issue 2│Oct-Dec 2022 Page | 81
Table 2: Mean powdery mildew on yield of tomato at DZARC both locations
Treatments Unmarketable yield (kg)
Marketable
Yield (t/ha)
Yield advantage
(kg)
Mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb
64% WP) 40 18
13
Ridomil gold 68% WP 60 18.5 13.5
control 155 5 0
CV (%) 115.9 7.65 2.64
Yield advantage (kg)
From the experiment good yield advantage 13.5 t/ka is obtained from Ridomil gold 68% WP next
to this Mascot has revealed 13 t/ha. No significance difference by yield advantage between
Ridomil gold 68% WP and Mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP). The result implies that
prevention and control of powdery mildew on tomato by fungicides is useful and increases yield
and yield advantage. Mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) is good fungicide for the
management of powdery mildew on tomato production during offseason/by irrigation.
Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) %
Similarly, Higher AUDPC (395%) has been obtained on control, while lower AUDPC were
obtained from mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) and Ridomil gold 68% WP with the
value of 165% and 170% at both locations. The treated plots mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb
64% WP) and Ridomil gold 68% WP has greatly reduced the disease. Lowest AUDPC indicates
the plot is resistant to the disease or fungicide has reduced the disease pressure and be used for
fungal disease management.
Terminal Disease Severity (TDS)
The treatments applied with fungicide showed slow disease development with lowest TDS (4.00%
and 5.00%) were obtained from Mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) and Ridomil gold
68 WP; while higher terminal disease severity (8.60%) has been obtained on control, while
Mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) has shown optimum TDS as standard checks with
no significant difference with the value of 4.00% and 5.00% at the center and farm, respectively
(table 4). Among the treatments Mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) has greatly
reduced the disease than others. At the last records both fungicides has reduced the disease by half
and more.
Disease Progress Rate (DPR)
Logistic model was used to describing the rate of stem rust infection. The maximum mean disease
progress rate (Infection rate=0.45) was observed on the control. The lowest leaf rust progress rate
on tomato was found on Ridomil gold 68 WP at a rate of 3.00 L/ha revealed (DPR=0.28).
Variation in powdery mildew infection rate due to the prevention level of the treatment was
clearly observed (Table 3). There were significant differences between treatments.
Table 3: Comparison of Mascot and Ridomil gold 68 WP for their powdery mildew suppression
Treatments AUDPC TDS DPR
Mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) 165 4.00 0.44
Ridomil gold 68 WP 170 5.00 0.28
control 395 8.60 0.45
CV (%) 131 2.42 0.09
6. EVALUATION OF MASCOT (METALAXYL 8% + MANCOZEB 64% WP) FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POWDERY
MILDEW (LEVEILLULA TAURICA) ON TOMATO
UJRRA │Volume 1│Issue 2│Oct-Dec 2022 Page | 82
CONCLUSION
Based on the result, Mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) has showed effective disease
powdery mildew management, marketable yield, fruit yield and qualities on fruit of tomato with
no significant difference with Ridomil gold 68% WP by preventing and control of Powdery
Mildew (Leveillula taurica) on tomato under natural field condition. Based on the yield (18 t/ha)
obtained (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) at a rate of 3kgha-1
. Mascot (Metalaxyl 8% +
Mancozeb 64% WP) contains metalaxyl which is systemic compound which used for the control
of both systemic and localized diseases. Therefore, mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP)
at a rate of 3 kgha-1
is recommended to be used management of Powdery Mildew (Leveillula
taurica integrated disease with other practices on tomato under natural field condition depending
disease pressure, agro-ecology and susceptible variety. The treated experiment with fungicide
showed slow disease development and low damage of the crop. Sometimes powdery mildew on
tomato; occurs early during the first three weeks post planting; so that mascot (Metalaxyl 8% +
Mancozeb 64% WP) is the appropriate fungicide used to control the disease.
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