What is Influenza ?
History of influenza
Influenza Classification
Structure of influenza
Types of influenza viruses
How Influenza Viruses Change
Avian influenza
Swine influenza- Influenza A 2009 H1N1 A / Mexico / 001 / 2009 (H1N1)
Seasonal flu/ Pandemic
Treatment for H1N1 flu
Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease of birds and mammals caused
Influenza (the flu) is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. It can cause mild to severe illness, and at times can lead to death.
Resistance of Virus
Inactivated by heating at 500c for 30 mt
Survive for 1 week at 0 – 40c for 1 week
Ether, formaldehyde, Phenol destroy the virus
•The first recognized pandemic occurred in July and August of 1510 when an outbreak of “gasping oppression” appeared nearly everywhere at once. It was described as a “„gasping oppression‟ with cough, fever, and a sensation of constriction of the heart and lungs”, leaving an impression strong enough for people to write of it decades later (Morens et al, 2010). At least seven contemporary and near-contemporary reports exist of the 1510 pandemic (Morens, North & Taubenberger, 2010).
• H1N1, which caused Spanish flu in 1918, and the 2009 flu pandemic
• H2N2, which caused Asian Flu in 1957
• H3N2, which caused Hong Kong Flu in 1968
• H5N1, a current pandemic threat
• H7N7, which has unusual zoonotic potential
• H1N2, endemic in humans and pigs
• H9N2
• H7N2
• H7N3
• H10N7
Seasonal influenza viruses in tropical regions may occur throughout the year, causing outbreaks and epidemics more regularly in humans. There are four types or large groupings of seasonal influenza viruses; Influenza A, B, C, and D, but only influenza A and B viruses cause clinically important human disease and seasonal epidemics. It can cause mild to severe illnesses and even deaths, particularly in high-risk individuals. Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing influenza and its complications. Among healthy adults, influenza vaccine provides protection, even when circulating viruses may not exactly match the vaccine viruses. In elderly, it reduces severity of disease and incidence of complications and deaths. Vaccination is especially important for people at higher risk of serious influenza complications, and for people who live with, care for, high risk individuals.
What is Influenza ?
History of influenza
Influenza Classification
Structure of influenza
Types of influenza viruses
How Influenza Viruses Change
Avian influenza
Swine influenza- Influenza A 2009 H1N1 A / Mexico / 001 / 2009 (H1N1)
Seasonal flu/ Pandemic
Treatment for H1N1 flu
Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease of birds and mammals caused
Influenza (the flu) is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. It can cause mild to severe illness, and at times can lead to death.
Resistance of Virus
Inactivated by heating at 500c for 30 mt
Survive for 1 week at 0 – 40c for 1 week
Ether, formaldehyde, Phenol destroy the virus
•The first recognized pandemic occurred in July and August of 1510 when an outbreak of “gasping oppression” appeared nearly everywhere at once. It was described as a “„gasping oppression‟ with cough, fever, and a sensation of constriction of the heart and lungs”, leaving an impression strong enough for people to write of it decades later (Morens et al, 2010). At least seven contemporary and near-contemporary reports exist of the 1510 pandemic (Morens, North & Taubenberger, 2010).
• H1N1, which caused Spanish flu in 1918, and the 2009 flu pandemic
• H2N2, which caused Asian Flu in 1957
• H3N2, which caused Hong Kong Flu in 1968
• H5N1, a current pandemic threat
• H7N7, which has unusual zoonotic potential
• H1N2, endemic in humans and pigs
• H9N2
• H7N2
• H7N3
• H10N7
Seasonal influenza viruses in tropical regions may occur throughout the year, causing outbreaks and epidemics more regularly in humans. There are four types or large groupings of seasonal influenza viruses; Influenza A, B, C, and D, but only influenza A and B viruses cause clinically important human disease and seasonal epidemics. It can cause mild to severe illnesses and even deaths, particularly in high-risk individuals. Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing influenza and its complications. Among healthy adults, influenza vaccine provides protection, even when circulating viruses may not exactly match the vaccine viruses. In elderly, it reduces severity of disease and incidence of complications and deaths. Vaccination is especially important for people at higher risk of serious influenza complications, and for people who live with, care for, high risk individuals.
Swine Influenza (swine flu) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza virus that regularly causes outbreaks of influenza in pigs. Swine flu viruses cause high levels of illness and low death rates in pigs. Swine influenza viruses may circulate among swine throughout the year, but most outbreaks occur during the late fall and winter months similar to outbreaks in humans. The classical swine flu virus (an influenza type A H1N1 virus) was first isolated from a pig in 1930.
Name- Gold leaved white PoplarGenus- Populusspecies- albaAutho.pdfaptex1
In python,Tkinter is a Graphical user interface package.So,Tkinter tookit for GUI programming
supports protocol handler mechanism.
Protocol is taking care of how interaction takes place between application and windows manager.
self.parent.protocol(\"WM_DELETE_WINDOW\",self.quit_handler)
in the above line \"WM_DELETE_WINDOW\" is a protocol.What this protocl does is :it define
what is going to happen when a user who uses the application and closes window explicitely
using windows manager.
Then this protocol \"WM_DELETE_WINDOE\" bypasses to quit_handler().
That quit_handler() asks user \"whether he or she wants to quit or not\" then simply quit the
window.
Solution
In python,Tkinter is a Graphical user interface package.So,Tkinter tookit for GUI programming
supports protocol handler mechanism.
Protocol is taking care of how interaction takes place between application and windows manager.
self.parent.protocol(\"WM_DELETE_WINDOW\",self.quit_handler)
in the above line \"WM_DELETE_WINDOW\" is a protocol.What this protocl does is :it define
what is going to happen when a user who uses the application and closes window explicitely
using windows manager.
Then this protocol \"WM_DELETE_WINDOE\" bypasses to quit_handler().
That quit_handler() asks user \"whether he or she wants to quit or not\" then simply quit the
window..
MinOfFourNumbers.javaimport java.util.Scanner;public class MinOf.pdfaptex1
If I assume you meant supply is determined as [q_(s)=3p^2-4p] and demand is determined as
[q_(d)=-p^2+24] then I would calculate that the equilibrium is where [q_(s)=q_(d)] and p>0. So I
set up the equation [3p^2-4p=-p^2+24] I add [p^2] to both sides of the equation yielding [4p^2-
4p=24] I subtract 24 from each side, yielding the quadratic equation [4p^2-4p-24=0] I factor the
equation [(2p-6)(2p+4)=0] so that means [2p-6=0] or [2p+4=0] In the former case 2p=6 so p=3,
and in the latter 2p=-4 so p=-2. The economic nature of the question requires p>0, so [p!=-2] and
thus the equilibrium price is $3.00 each. Then to determine the equilibrium quantity, we solve
either q expression for p=3.
[q_(s)=3(3)^2-4(3)=3(9)-12=27-12=15]
[q_(d)=-(3^2)+24=-9+24=15]
So the equilibrium quantity is 15 items.
The price and quantity for market equilibrium is 15 items at $3.00 each.
Solution
If I assume you meant supply is determined as [q_(s)=3p^2-4p] and demand is determined as
[q_(d)=-p^2+24] then I would calculate that the equilibrium is where [q_(s)=q_(d)] and p>0. So I
set up the equation [3p^2-4p=-p^2+24] I add [p^2] to both sides of the equation yielding [4p^2-
4p=24] I subtract 24 from each side, yielding the quadratic equation [4p^2-4p-24=0] I factor the
equation [(2p-6)(2p+4)=0] so that means [2p-6=0] or [2p+4=0] In the former case 2p=6 so p=3,
and in the latter 2p=-4 so p=-2. The economic nature of the question requires p>0, so [p!=-2] and
thus the equilibrium price is $3.00 each. Then to determine the equilibrium quantity, we solve
either q expression for p=3.
[q_(s)=3(3)^2-4(3)=3(9)-12=27-12=15]
[q_(d)=-(3^2)+24=-9+24=15]
So the equilibrium quantity is 15 items.
The price and quantity for market equilibrium is 15 items at $3.00 each..
molarity = 0.252101.1 =0.001236 M percent =0.251002 =12.5 .pdfaptex1
If this is not soluble in water, this must be nonpolar,
if it si soluble in hexane, this must be nonpolar as well
therefore, we are certain this is nonpolar substance
with low vap pressure...
From the list, nearest BP for that pressure is chloroform with 60ºC (vs 58.) which is ok, since no
range is given.
CCl4 is nonpolar
In order to ensure this, you could use a chromatography with previous data, i.e. use chloroform
standard and run chromatography vs. unkown. If they behave the same ( same Rf value, and
retention time ) then this is most likely chloroform
Solution
If this is not soluble in water, this must be nonpolar,
if it si soluble in hexane, this must be nonpolar as well
therefore, we are certain this is nonpolar substance
with low vap pressure...
From the list, nearest BP for that pressure is chloroform with 60ºC (vs 58.) which is ok, since no
range is given.
CCl4 is nonpolar
In order to ensure this, you could use a chromatography with previous data, i.e. use chloroform
standard and run chromatography vs. unkown. If they behave the same ( same Rf value, and
retention time ) then this is most likely chloroform.
Initial concentration of Br- = 2.25 x 10e-3M1V1=M2V2therefore M2.pdfaptex1
From the graph, we can see that there are three values at which f(x)= 0
These are- x= -6,-2,3
Hence the answer is Option D
Solution
From the graph, we can see that there are three values at which f(x)= 0
These are- x= -6,-2,3
Hence the answer is Option D.
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Similar to 1) YELLOW FEVERGroup Group IV ((+) ssRNA)Order Unassigned.pdf
Swine Influenza (swine flu) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza virus that regularly causes outbreaks of influenza in pigs. Swine flu viruses cause high levels of illness and low death rates in pigs. Swine influenza viruses may circulate among swine throughout the year, but most outbreaks occur during the late fall and winter months similar to outbreaks in humans. The classical swine flu virus (an influenza type A H1N1 virus) was first isolated from a pig in 1930.
Name- Gold leaved white PoplarGenus- Populusspecies- albaAutho.pdfaptex1
In python,Tkinter is a Graphical user interface package.So,Tkinter tookit for GUI programming
supports protocol handler mechanism.
Protocol is taking care of how interaction takes place between application and windows manager.
self.parent.protocol(\"WM_DELETE_WINDOW\",self.quit_handler)
in the above line \"WM_DELETE_WINDOW\" is a protocol.What this protocl does is :it define
what is going to happen when a user who uses the application and closes window explicitely
using windows manager.
Then this protocol \"WM_DELETE_WINDOE\" bypasses to quit_handler().
That quit_handler() asks user \"whether he or she wants to quit or not\" then simply quit the
window.
Solution
In python,Tkinter is a Graphical user interface package.So,Tkinter tookit for GUI programming
supports protocol handler mechanism.
Protocol is taking care of how interaction takes place between application and windows manager.
self.parent.protocol(\"WM_DELETE_WINDOW\",self.quit_handler)
in the above line \"WM_DELETE_WINDOW\" is a protocol.What this protocl does is :it define
what is going to happen when a user who uses the application and closes window explicitely
using windows manager.
Then this protocol \"WM_DELETE_WINDOE\" bypasses to quit_handler().
That quit_handler() asks user \"whether he or she wants to quit or not\" then simply quit the
window..
MinOfFourNumbers.javaimport java.util.Scanner;public class MinOf.pdfaptex1
If I assume you meant supply is determined as [q_(s)=3p^2-4p] and demand is determined as
[q_(d)=-p^2+24] then I would calculate that the equilibrium is where [q_(s)=q_(d)] and p>0. So I
set up the equation [3p^2-4p=-p^2+24] I add [p^2] to both sides of the equation yielding [4p^2-
4p=24] I subtract 24 from each side, yielding the quadratic equation [4p^2-4p-24=0] I factor the
equation [(2p-6)(2p+4)=0] so that means [2p-6=0] or [2p+4=0] In the former case 2p=6 so p=3,
and in the latter 2p=-4 so p=-2. The economic nature of the question requires p>0, so [p!=-2] and
thus the equilibrium price is $3.00 each. Then to determine the equilibrium quantity, we solve
either q expression for p=3.
[q_(s)=3(3)^2-4(3)=3(9)-12=27-12=15]
[q_(d)=-(3^2)+24=-9+24=15]
So the equilibrium quantity is 15 items.
The price and quantity for market equilibrium is 15 items at $3.00 each.
Solution
If I assume you meant supply is determined as [q_(s)=3p^2-4p] and demand is determined as
[q_(d)=-p^2+24] then I would calculate that the equilibrium is where [q_(s)=q_(d)] and p>0. So I
set up the equation [3p^2-4p=-p^2+24] I add [p^2] to both sides of the equation yielding [4p^2-
4p=24] I subtract 24 from each side, yielding the quadratic equation [4p^2-4p-24=0] I factor the
equation [(2p-6)(2p+4)=0] so that means [2p-6=0] or [2p+4=0] In the former case 2p=6 so p=3,
and in the latter 2p=-4 so p=-2. The economic nature of the question requires p>0, so [p!=-2] and
thus the equilibrium price is $3.00 each. Then to determine the equilibrium quantity, we solve
either q expression for p=3.
[q_(s)=3(3)^2-4(3)=3(9)-12=27-12=15]
[q_(d)=-(3^2)+24=-9+24=15]
So the equilibrium quantity is 15 items.
The price and quantity for market equilibrium is 15 items at $3.00 each..
molarity = 0.252101.1 =0.001236 M percent =0.251002 =12.5 .pdfaptex1
If this is not soluble in water, this must be nonpolar,
if it si soluble in hexane, this must be nonpolar as well
therefore, we are certain this is nonpolar substance
with low vap pressure...
From the list, nearest BP for that pressure is chloroform with 60ºC (vs 58.) which is ok, since no
range is given.
CCl4 is nonpolar
In order to ensure this, you could use a chromatography with previous data, i.e. use chloroform
standard and run chromatography vs. unkown. If they behave the same ( same Rf value, and
retention time ) then this is most likely chloroform
Solution
If this is not soluble in water, this must be nonpolar,
if it si soluble in hexane, this must be nonpolar as well
therefore, we are certain this is nonpolar substance
with low vap pressure...
From the list, nearest BP for that pressure is chloroform with 60ºC (vs 58.) which is ok, since no
range is given.
CCl4 is nonpolar
In order to ensure this, you could use a chromatography with previous data, i.e. use chloroform
standard and run chromatography vs. unkown. If they behave the same ( same Rf value, and
retention time ) then this is most likely chloroform.
Initial concentration of Br- = 2.25 x 10e-3M1V1=M2V2therefore M2.pdfaptex1
From the graph, we can see that there are three values at which f(x)= 0
These are- x= -6,-2,3
Hence the answer is Option D
Solution
From the graph, we can see that there are three values at which f(x)= 0
These are- x= -6,-2,3
Hence the answer is Option D.
import java.util.Scanner;public class HornersPolynomial { .pdfaptex1
For a first order reaction rate constant , k = ( 2.303 /t )x log ( a / (a-x))
Where
a = initial amount
a-x = amount left after time t = a / 10
t = time = ?
k = rate constant = 3.43x10 -2 d -2
Plug the values we get t = ( 2.303 /k )x log ( a / (a-x))
= ( 2.303 / 3.43x10 -2 )x log ( a / (a/10))
= 67.14 days
Solution
For a first order reaction rate constant , k = ( 2.303 /t )x log ( a / (a-x))
Where
a = initial amount
a-x = amount left after time t = a / 10
t = time = ?
k = rate constant = 3.43x10 -2 d -2
Plug the values we get t = ( 2.303 /k )x log ( a / (a-x))
= ( 2.303 / 3.43x10 -2 )x log ( a / (a/10))
= 67.14 days.
Direct memory access (DMA) is a function that allows an inputoutput.pdfaptex1
approximately all of the propoerty crimes are between 3 standard deviations from the mean
mean,u = 3377.2
standard deviation,s = 847.4
u - 3s = 835
u + 3s = 5919.4
OPTION B
p(Z
Solution
approximately all of the propoerty crimes are between 3 standard deviations from the mean
mean,u = 3377.2
standard deviation,s = 847.4
u - 3s = 835
u + 3s = 5919.4
OPTION B
p(Z.
Ethanol is miscible in water because of the hydroxyl functional grou.pdfaptex1
b) Security requirements
Security requirements are the outputs of the risk management activity. Inputs to the risk
management and information security strategy include business strategy, business processes, risk
assessments, business input analysis, information resources, and regulatory requirements.
Solution
b) Security requirements
Security requirements are the outputs of the risk management activity. Inputs to the risk
management and information security strategy include business strategy, business processes, risk
assessments, business input analysis, information resources, and regulatory requirements..
the diluted concentration of HCl = (0.120 M x 25..pdfaptex1
the diluted concentration of HCl = (0.120 M x 25.0 mL) / (25.0 + 40.0) mL =
0.0462 M [H+] = [HCl] = 0.0462 M pH = -log[H+] = -log0.0462 = 1.33
Solution
the diluted concentration of HCl = (0.120 M x 25.0 mL) / (25.0 + 40.0) mL =
0.0462 M [H+] = [HCl] = 0.0462 M pH = -log[H+] = -log0.0462 = 1.33.
AnswerThe net equation of the reaction catalyzed by the protein c.pdfaptex1
a) [21]+[19] = [40] = [4] {since 40 when divided ny 12 leaves a remainder of 4 }
b) [37][27] = [ 999] = [9] { Since now the remiander will be 9 when divided by 45}
c) [33]([83] - [67]) = [33] [16] = [528] = [28]
d) [18] + [8] = [26] = [0]. Hence additive inverse of [18] is [8].
Solution
a) [21]+[19] = [40] = [4] {since 40 when divided ny 12 leaves a remainder of 4 }
b) [37][27] = [ 999] = [9] { Since now the remiander will be 9 when divided by 45}
c) [33]([83] - [67]) = [33] [16] = [528] = [28]
d) [18] + [8] = [26] = [0]. Hence additive inverse of [18] is [8]..
Answer i command.The vi editor always starts in command mode. For.pdfaptex1
A Shareholder of a company is holding a share in the assets of the company. A shareholder is
also entitled to the profits which company makes by using those assets. As the basic fomat of
company distinguishes the Management function from the ownership, People managing the
company may or maynot be the owners i.e share holders of the company. Regulators often
require the companies to obtain approval of the shareholders via a resolution in the shareholders
meeting, thus the deciding power rests with the shareholders. However the extent of powers are
contained in the Legislature governing that corporation.
Shareholders have right in the assets of the corporation not in the day to day mangement of the
corporation.
Solution
A Shareholder of a company is holding a share in the assets of the company. A shareholder is
also entitled to the profits which company makes by using those assets. As the basic fomat of
company distinguishes the Management function from the ownership, People managing the
company may or maynot be the owners i.e share holders of the company. Regulators often
require the companies to obtain approval of the shareholders via a resolution in the shareholders
meeting, thus the deciding power rests with the shareholders. However the extent of powers are
contained in the Legislature governing that corporation.
Shareholders have right in the assets of the corporation not in the day to day mangement of the
corporation..
Answer (b) systems security and control.The businesses are now a .pdfaptex1
A chemical formula is an expression indicating the atoms and their number in a particular
compound.
Each element/atom is identified by its symbol and the number of atoms are given in the
subscript.
For example, one molecule of water contain 2 atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen:
H2O
Hope this helps
Solution
A chemical formula is an expression indicating the atoms and their number in a particular
compound.
Each element/atom is identified by its symbol and the number of atoms are given in the
subscript.
For example, one molecule of water contain 2 atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen:
H2O
Hope this helps.
A. Temeperature of refrigeratorsIntervalB. Horspower of .pdfaptex1
2) b) Understory is rich in humidity hence supports fungi
3) a) canopy includes plant crowns
4) c) herbaceous
5) d) leaf litter/soil
Solution
2) b) Understory is rich in humidity hence supports fungi
3) a) canopy includes plant crowns
4) c) herbaceous
5) d) leaf litter/soil.
48. The answer is Botulism. Botulism ia an illness that brings about.pdfaptex1
1 gallon gasoline = 3.785 L = 3.785 x 803 grams
Now, total heat produced = weight(in gms) x heat of combustion = 3.785 x 803 x 48 kJ
=145889.04 kJ =145.9 MJ
IT IS VERY LARGE NUMBER !!!!
Solution
1 gallon gasoline = 3.785 L = 3.785 x 803 grams
Now, total heat produced = weight(in gms) x heat of combustion = 3.785 x 803 x 48 kJ
=145889.04 kJ =145.9 MJ
IT IS VERY LARGE NUMBER !!!!.
2) b) Understory is rich in humidity hence supports fungi3) a) can.pdfaptex1
(A) The answer is b. increases
Electricity in the form of electrons are transported through the solution by charged ions of the
electrolyte. As the electrolyte concentration increases, so does the number of charge carriers and
hence the amount of charge and electricity conducted increases.
(B) Acetic acid (CH3COOH) is a weak acid and partially ionizes in water:
CH3COOH + H2O => CH3COO- + H3O+
The charged acetate (CH3COO- ) and hydroxonium (H3O+) ions are responsible for electrical
conductivity.
In 6 M acetic acid, water is in excess and and the ionization proceeds as shown above to give an
electrolyte solution with charged ions that conduct electricity.
In glacial acetic acid, there is very little water present and ionization is negliglble. Almost all the
acetic acid remains in the non-conducting molecular form (CH3COOH) and there are no charged
ions present. Thus glacial acetic acid does not conduct electricity.
Solution
(A) The answer is b. increases
Electricity in the form of electrons are transported through the solution by charged ions of the
electrolyte. As the electrolyte concentration increases, so does the number of charge carriers and
hence the amount of charge and electricity conducted increases.
(B) Acetic acid (CH3COOH) is a weak acid and partially ionizes in water:
CH3COOH + H2O => CH3COO- + H3O+
The charged acetate (CH3COO- ) and hydroxonium (H3O+) ions are responsible for electrical
conductivity.
In 6 M acetic acid, water is in excess and and the ionization proceeds as shown above to give an
electrolyte solution with charged ions that conduct electricity.
In glacial acetic acid, there is very little water present and ionization is negliglble. Almost all the
acetic acid remains in the non-conducting molecular form (CH3COOH) and there are no charged
ions present. Thus glacial acetic acid does not conduct electricity..
Thermodynamic entropy is a non-conserved state fu.pdfaptex1
Thermodynamic entropy is a non-conserved state function that is of great
importance in the sciences of physics and chemistry. Historically, the concept of entropy evolved
in order to explain why some processes (permitted by conservation laws) occur spontaneously
while their time reversals (also permitted by conservation laws) do not; systems tend to progress
in the direction of increasing entropy. For isolated systems, entropy never decreases. This fact
has several important consequences in science: first, it prohibits \"perpetual motion\" machines;
and second, it implies the arrow of entropy has the same directionality as the arrow of time.
Increases in entropy correspond to irreversible changes in a system, because some energy is
expended as waste heat, limiting the amount of work a system can do. In statistical mechanics,
entropy is a measure of the number of ways in which a system may be arranged, often taken to
be a measure of \"disorder\" (the higher the entropy, the higher the disorder). This definition
describes the entropy as being proportional to the natural logarithm of the number of possible
microscopic configurations of the individual atoms and molecules of the system (microstates)
which could give rise to the observed macroscopic state (macrostate) of the system. The constant
of proportionality is the Boltzmann constant. - Wiki
Solution
Thermodynamic entropy is a non-conserved state function that is of great
importance in the sciences of physics and chemistry. Historically, the concept of entropy evolved
in order to explain why some processes (permitted by conservation laws) occur spontaneously
while their time reversals (also permitted by conservation laws) do not; systems tend to progress
in the direction of increasing entropy. For isolated systems, entropy never decreases. This fact
has several important consequences in science: first, it prohibits \"perpetual motion\" machines;
and second, it implies the arrow of entropy has the same directionality as the arrow of time.
Increases in entropy correspond to irreversible changes in a system, because some energy is
expended as waste heat, limiting the amount of work a system can do. In statistical mechanics,
entropy is a measure of the number of ways in which a system may be arranged, often taken to
be a measure of \"disorder\" (the higher the entropy, the higher the disorder). This definition
describes the entropy as being proportional to the natural logarithm of the number of possible
microscopic configurations of the individual atoms and molecules of the system (microstates)
which could give rise to the observed macroscopic state (macrostate) of the system. The constant
of proportionality is the Boltzmann constant. - Wiki.
I is oxidized by 6 electrons as the oxidation sta.pdfaptex1
I is oxidized by 6 electrons as the oxidation state of I in I- is -1 while in IO3- is +5.
Solution
I is oxidized by 6 electrons as the oxidation state of I in I- is -1 while in IO3- is +5..
The main difference is that Democritus was not a .pdfaptex1
The main difference is that Democritus was not a scientist he was a philosopher as
such he only theorized that matter could not be indefinitely divided, that there is a limit (now
know to be the atom). Dalton on the other had based his theory of atoms on scientific
experimentation and observation. Demeocritus used reason vs. Dalton used scientific method
Solution
The main difference is that Democritus was not a scientist he was a philosopher as
such he only theorized that matter could not be indefinitely divided, that there is a limit (now
know to be the atom). Dalton on the other had based his theory of atoms on scientific
experimentation and observation. Demeocritus used reason vs. Dalton used scientific method.
for acidic nature is should give H+ equation H.pdfaptex1
for acidic nature is should give H+ equation : HSO3- -----> H+ + SO3^2-
ANSWER
Solution
for acidic nature is should give H+ equation : HSO3- -----> H+ + SO3^2-
ANSWER.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
1) YELLOW FEVERGroup Group IV ((+) ssRNA)Order Unassigned.pdf
1. 1) YELLOW FEVER:
Group: Group IV ((+) ssRNA)
Order: Unassigned
Family: Flaviviridae
Genus: Flavivirus
Species: Yellow fever virus
CAUSATIVE AGENT: Yellow fever is caused by the yellow fever virus, a 40- to 50-nm-wide
enveloped RNA virus, the type species and namesake of the family Flaviviridae. It was the first
illness shown to be transmissible by filtered human serum and transmitted by mosquitoes.
VECTOR: Yellow fever virus is mainly transmitted through the bite of the yellow fever
mosquito Aedes aegypti, but other mostly Aedes mosquitoes such as the tiger mosquito (Aedes
albopictus) can also serve as a vector for this virus.
CHIKUNGUNYA:
Chikungunya virus is transmitted to people through mosquito bites. Mosquitoes become infected
when they feed on a person already infected with the virus. Infected mosquitoes can then spread
the virus to other people through bites.
Chikungunya virus is most often spread to people by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus
mosquitoes. These are the same mosquitoes that transmit dengue virus. They bite during the day
and at night.
In the continental United States, vector control professionals use integrated vector management
strategies to control Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes.
Before a locally-acquired case(s) of chikungunya infection occurs, professionals conduct
surveillance to understand local populations of mosquitoes and begin control efforts.
If a travel-related case is reported or locally-acquired case is suspected, vector control
professionals enhance mosquito control activities to reduce both larvae and adult mosquito
densities. This can help keep mosquitoes from biting infected people, which can break the
transmission cycle.
Vector surveillance and control efforts should target mosquito species that can transmit viruses.
Control activities are generally similar for Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes.
IS IT POSSSIBLE THAT CHICKUNGUNYA and YELLOW FEVER COULD BECOME
ESTABLISHED IN THE FUTURE IN UNITED STATES:
Yes. Since December 2013, the chikungunya and yellow fever viruses have spread to many new
countries and territories in the Americas (the Caribbean, Central, Latin, North and South
America) and infected increasing numbers of people.
As long as the these epidemic continues, travelers may become infected and spread the virus.
2. The mosquitoes that can transmit chikungunya virus are common in many parts of the Americas,
including parts of the United States. In these locations, travelers infected with chikungunya virus
may be bitten by mosquitoes after returning home, which can lead to local cases or outbreaks.
Each year, millions of travelers visit countries where chikungunya outbreaks are ongoing. People
become infected through mosquito bites. The two types of mosquitoes that can spread
chikungunya virus - Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus - are found in parts of the U.S. so it is
possible for the virus to spread here once imported.
Infected travelers bring these viruses into the U.S. every year. From 20062013, an average of 28
people per year had confirmed cases of chikungunya. All were travelers visiting or returning to
the United States from affected areas, mostly in Asia. None of those imported cases resulted in
locally-acquired cases or an outbreak.
However, more chikungunya-infected travelers will come into the U.S. from the Americas,
increasing the likelihood that limited local chikungunya virus transmission could occur. Since
the Caribbean outbreak began in December, 2013, over 750 travelers have returned to the U.S.
infected with chikungunya virus. And as of August 2013, a handful of locally acquired cases had
been reported in the continental U.S. It is important for public health experts and healthcare
providers to be aware of chikungunya in patients with a recent travel history and to test for and
report cases.
2) Influenza Virus are remarkable because of the frequent antigenic change that occurs in HA
(hemagglutinin) or NA (neuraminidase). The two surface antigens of influenza undergo antigenic
variation independent of each other. They are Antigenic Shift and Antigenic Drift.
Some of the Differences Between Antigenic Shift and Antigenic Drift are as follows:
S.N.
Antigenic Shift
Antigenic Drift
1
Major Antigenic Change
Minor Antigenic Change
2
Forming new sub-type (Subtype A + Subtype B –> New Subtype)
Forming new strain of virus
3
One or Two Viruses are Involved
Only one virus is involve
4
3. Occurs once in a time
Occurs frequently
5
May jump from one species to another (animal-human)
May infect animals of the same species
6
Large change in nucleotides of RNA
Small mutation of RNA
7
Occurs as a results of genome reassortment between difference subtypes.
Occurs as a result of the accumulation of point mutations in the gene.
8
An antigenic change which results in drastic or dramatic alternation in HA (hemagglutinin) or
NA (neuraminidase) subtypes.
An antigenic change can alter antigenic sites on the molecule such that a virion can escape
recognition by the host’s immune system.
9
Large and sudden mutation
Random and Spontaneous Mutation
10
Difficult to treat (need new vaccine)
Easy to treat (antibody and drugs available)
11
Occurs only in Influenza Virus A
Occurs in Influenza Virus A, B and C
12
Give rise to pandemics, which occurs irregularly and unpredictably.
Usually responsible for epidemics in between pandemics.
13
Example: The 1968 pandemic arose when the H3 hemagglutinin gene and one other internal
gene from an avian donor reassorted with the N2 neuraminidase and five other genes from the
H2N2 human strain that had been in circulation.
Example: The 1918 pandemic arose when an avian H1N1 strain mutated to enable its rapid and
efficient transfer from human-to-human.
Example: The subtle mutations accumulated through antigenic drift of these subtypes (e.g.,
H1N1, H3N2, H5N1) give rise to different strains of each subtype.
4. Example: Antigenic drift is also known to occur in HIV (human immunodeficiency virus),
which causes AIDS, and in certain rhinoviruses, which cause common colds in humans. It also
has been suspected to occur in some cancer-causing viruses in humans.
VACCINATION and ANTIGENIC DRIFT IN INFLUENZA:
The relationship between influenza antigenic drift and vaccination lies at the intersection of
evolutionary biology and public health, and it must be viewed and analyzed in both contexts
simultaneously.
If antigenic drift occurs on the time scale of a single influenza season, it may be associated with
the presence of herd immunity at the beginning of the season and may indicate a need to monitor
for vaccine updates at the end of the season. The relationship between antigenic drift and
vaccination must also be viewed in the context of the global circulation of influenza strains and
the seeding of local and regional epidemics. In the data sets considered from New Zealand, New
York, and France show that antigenic drift can be statistically detected during some seasons, and
seeding of epidemics appears to be endogenous sometimes and exogenous at other times.
Improved detection of short-term antigenic drift and epidemic seeding would significantly
benefit influenza monitoring efforts and vaccine selection.
S.N.
Antigenic Shift
Antigenic Drift
1
Major Antigenic Change
Minor Antigenic Change
2
Forming new sub-type (Subtype A + Subtype B –> New Subtype)
Forming new strain of virus
3
One or Two Viruses are Involved
Only one virus is involve
4
Occurs once in a time
Occurs frequently
5
May jump from one species to another (animal-human)
May infect animals of the same species
6
Large change in nucleotides of RNA
5. Small mutation of RNA
7
Occurs as a results of genome reassortment between difference subtypes.
Occurs as a result of the accumulation of point mutations in the gene.
8
An antigenic change which results in drastic or dramatic alternation in HA (hemagglutinin) or
NA (neuraminidase) subtypes.
An antigenic change can alter antigenic sites on the molecule such that a virion can escape
recognition by the host’s immune system.
9
Large and sudden mutation
Random and Spontaneous Mutation
10
Difficult to treat (need new vaccine)
Easy to treat (antibody and drugs available)
11
Occurs only in Influenza Virus A
Occurs in Influenza Virus A, B and C
12
Give rise to pandemics, which occurs irregularly and unpredictably.
Usually responsible for epidemics in between pandemics.
13
Example: The 1968 pandemic arose when the H3 hemagglutinin gene and one other internal
gene from an avian donor reassorted with the N2 neuraminidase and five other genes from the
H2N2 human strain that had been in circulation.
Example: The 1918 pandemic arose when an avian H1N1 strain mutated to enable its rapid and
efficient transfer from human-to-human.
Example: The subtle mutations accumulated through antigenic drift of these subtypes (e.g.,
H1N1, H3N2, H5N1) give rise to different strains of each subtype.
Example: Antigenic drift is also known to occur in HIV (human immunodeficiency virus),
which causes AIDS, and in certain rhinoviruses, which cause common colds in humans. It also
has been suspected to occur in some cancer-causing viruses in humans.
Solution
1) YELLOW FEVER:
6. Group: Group IV ((+) ssRNA)
Order: Unassigned
Family: Flaviviridae
Genus: Flavivirus
Species: Yellow fever virus
CAUSATIVE AGENT: Yellow fever is caused by the yellow fever virus, a 40- to 50-nm-wide
enveloped RNA virus, the type species and namesake of the family Flaviviridae. It was the first
illness shown to be transmissible by filtered human serum and transmitted by mosquitoes.
VECTOR: Yellow fever virus is mainly transmitted through the bite of the yellow fever
mosquito Aedes aegypti, but other mostly Aedes mosquitoes such as the tiger mosquito (Aedes
albopictus) can also serve as a vector for this virus.
CHIKUNGUNYA:
Chikungunya virus is transmitted to people through mosquito bites. Mosquitoes become infected
when they feed on a person already infected with the virus. Infected mosquitoes can then spread
the virus to other people through bites.
Chikungunya virus is most often spread to people by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus
mosquitoes. These are the same mosquitoes that transmit dengue virus. They bite during the day
and at night.
In the continental United States, vector control professionals use integrated vector management
strategies to control Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes.
Before a locally-acquired case(s) of chikungunya infection occurs, professionals conduct
surveillance to understand local populations of mosquitoes and begin control efforts.
If a travel-related case is reported or locally-acquired case is suspected, vector control
professionals enhance mosquito control activities to reduce both larvae and adult mosquito
densities. This can help keep mosquitoes from biting infected people, which can break the
transmission cycle.
Vector surveillance and control efforts should target mosquito species that can transmit viruses.
Control activities are generally similar for Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes.
IS IT POSSSIBLE THAT CHICKUNGUNYA and YELLOW FEVER COULD BECOME
ESTABLISHED IN THE FUTURE IN UNITED STATES:
Yes. Since December 2013, the chikungunya and yellow fever viruses have spread to many new
countries and territories in the Americas (the Caribbean, Central, Latin, North and South
America) and infected increasing numbers of people.
As long as the these epidemic continues, travelers may become infected and spread the virus.
The mosquitoes that can transmit chikungunya virus are common in many parts of the Americas,
including parts of the United States. In these locations, travelers infected with chikungunya virus
7. may be bitten by mosquitoes after returning home, which can lead to local cases or outbreaks.
Each year, millions of travelers visit countries where chikungunya outbreaks are ongoing. People
become infected through mosquito bites. The two types of mosquitoes that can spread
chikungunya virus - Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus - are found in parts of the U.S. so it is
possible for the virus to spread here once imported.
Infected travelers bring these viruses into the U.S. every year. From 20062013, an average of 28
people per year had confirmed cases of chikungunya. All were travelers visiting or returning to
the United States from affected areas, mostly in Asia. None of those imported cases resulted in
locally-acquired cases or an outbreak.
However, more chikungunya-infected travelers will come into the U.S. from the Americas,
increasing the likelihood that limited local chikungunya virus transmission could occur. Since
the Caribbean outbreak began in December, 2013, over 750 travelers have returned to the U.S.
infected with chikungunya virus. And as of August 2013, a handful of locally acquired cases had
been reported in the continental U.S. It is important for public health experts and healthcare
providers to be aware of chikungunya in patients with a recent travel history and to test for and
report cases.
2) Influenza Virus are remarkable because of the frequent antigenic change that occurs in HA
(hemagglutinin) or NA (neuraminidase). The two surface antigens of influenza undergo antigenic
variation independent of each other. They are Antigenic Shift and Antigenic Drift.
Some of the Differences Between Antigenic Shift and Antigenic Drift are as follows:
S.N.
Antigenic Shift
Antigenic Drift
1
Major Antigenic Change
Minor Antigenic Change
2
Forming new sub-type (Subtype A + Subtype B –> New Subtype)
Forming new strain of virus
3
One or Two Viruses are Involved
Only one virus is involve
4
Occurs once in a time
Occurs frequently
8. 5
May jump from one species to another (animal-human)
May infect animals of the same species
6
Large change in nucleotides of RNA
Small mutation of RNA
7
Occurs as a results of genome reassortment between difference subtypes.
Occurs as a result of the accumulation of point mutations in the gene.
8
An antigenic change which results in drastic or dramatic alternation in HA (hemagglutinin) or
NA (neuraminidase) subtypes.
An antigenic change can alter antigenic sites on the molecule such that a virion can escape
recognition by the host’s immune system.
9
Large and sudden mutation
Random and Spontaneous Mutation
10
Difficult to treat (need new vaccine)
Easy to treat (antibody and drugs available)
11
Occurs only in Influenza Virus A
Occurs in Influenza Virus A, B and C
12
Give rise to pandemics, which occurs irregularly and unpredictably.
Usually responsible for epidemics in between pandemics.
13
Example: The 1968 pandemic arose when the H3 hemagglutinin gene and one other internal
gene from an avian donor reassorted with the N2 neuraminidase and five other genes from the
H2N2 human strain that had been in circulation.
Example: The 1918 pandemic arose when an avian H1N1 strain mutated to enable its rapid and
efficient transfer from human-to-human.
Example: The subtle mutations accumulated through antigenic drift of these subtypes (e.g.,
H1N1, H3N2, H5N1) give rise to different strains of each subtype.
Example: Antigenic drift is also known to occur in HIV (human immunodeficiency virus),
which causes AIDS, and in certain rhinoviruses, which cause common colds in humans. It also
9. has been suspected to occur in some cancer-causing viruses in humans.
VACCINATION and ANTIGENIC DRIFT IN INFLUENZA:
The relationship between influenza antigenic drift and vaccination lies at the intersection of
evolutionary biology and public health, and it must be viewed and analyzed in both contexts
simultaneously.
If antigenic drift occurs on the time scale of a single influenza season, it may be associated with
the presence of herd immunity at the beginning of the season and may indicate a need to monitor
for vaccine updates at the end of the season. The relationship between antigenic drift and
vaccination must also be viewed in the context of the global circulation of influenza strains and
the seeding of local and regional epidemics. In the data sets considered from New Zealand, New
York, and France show that antigenic drift can be statistically detected during some seasons, and
seeding of epidemics appears to be endogenous sometimes and exogenous at other times.
Improved detection of short-term antigenic drift and epidemic seeding would significantly
benefit influenza monitoring efforts and vaccine selection.
S.N.
Antigenic Shift
Antigenic Drift
1
Major Antigenic Change
Minor Antigenic Change
2
Forming new sub-type (Subtype A + Subtype B –> New Subtype)
Forming new strain of virus
3
One or Two Viruses are Involved
Only one virus is involve
4
Occurs once in a time
Occurs frequently
5
May jump from one species to another (animal-human)
May infect animals of the same species
6
Large change in nucleotides of RNA
Small mutation of RNA
7
10. Occurs as a results of genome reassortment between difference subtypes.
Occurs as a result of the accumulation of point mutations in the gene.
8
An antigenic change which results in drastic or dramatic alternation in HA (hemagglutinin) or
NA (neuraminidase) subtypes.
An antigenic change can alter antigenic sites on the molecule such that a virion can escape
recognition by the host’s immune system.
9
Large and sudden mutation
Random and Spontaneous Mutation
10
Difficult to treat (need new vaccine)
Easy to treat (antibody and drugs available)
11
Occurs only in Influenza Virus A
Occurs in Influenza Virus A, B and C
12
Give rise to pandemics, which occurs irregularly and unpredictably.
Usually responsible for epidemics in between pandemics.
13
Example: The 1968 pandemic arose when the H3 hemagglutinin gene and one other internal
gene from an avian donor reassorted with the N2 neuraminidase and five other genes from the
H2N2 human strain that had been in circulation.
Example: The 1918 pandemic arose when an avian H1N1 strain mutated to enable its rapid and
efficient transfer from human-to-human.
Example: The subtle mutations accumulated through antigenic drift of these subtypes (e.g.,
H1N1, H3N2, H5N1) give rise to different strains of each subtype.
Example: Antigenic drift is also known to occur in HIV (human immunodeficiency virus),
which causes AIDS, and in certain rhinoviruses, which cause common colds in humans. It also
has been suspected to occur in some cancer-causing viruses in humans.
