This document provides an introduction to research methodology for 4th year midwifery students. It defines health research and describes the different types of research. The types of research are classified based on their objectives (basic vs applied), design (experimental vs non-experimental), population studied (individual vs population), level of analysis (biomedical, clinical, epidemiological, health systems), time required (cross-sectional vs longitudinal), data and techniques used (quantitative vs qualitative vs mixed methods). The purpose, scope, and characteristics of health research are also outlined.
Introduction to research in Epidemiological research4negero
This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It defines research and different types of research including health systems research. The key types discussed are:
- Quantitative research which uses numerical data and statistics to test hypotheses.
- Qualitative research which explores issues through methods like interviews and observations to understand behaviors.
- Descriptive research which systematically describes a phenomenon. Explanatory or analytic research seeks to explain relationships between variables and answer cause-and-effect questions.
Health systems research is presented as a multidisciplinary field aimed at improving health and is distinguished from clinical and biomedical research. Essential features of HSR discussed are that it should be participatory, action-oriented, timely and cost-effective
This document provides an introduction to research concepts. It defines research as a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding. The scientific method involves tentative, empirically testable, and publicly shared approaches. Research can be basic, applied, or action-oriented. Qualitative research explores meanings through words and images, while quantitative research analyzes numerical data. Methods include experimental, case study, survey, and time-series designs. Research helps address problems in fields like public administration, through approaches such as needs assessment, process and outcome evaluations.
This document provides an overview of research in medical and health fields. It discusses the importance of health research, defines different types of medical research including basic, applied, quantitative, qualitative, experimental and non-experimental research. It also outlines various research methodologies like descriptive research, exploratory research, cross-sectional research, longitudinal research and case study research. The document emphasizes that medical research facilitates learning, highlights issues, and helps advance treatment, diagnosis and understanding of human health problems through the scientific method.
This document provides an overview of research methodology in public health and life sciences. It discusses key concepts like the meaning of research and health systems research. It outlines the importance of research, roles of health research, and desirable qualities of researchers. It also covers research phases, types of research like descriptive vs analytical and qualitative vs quantitative. It discusses classifying health research and finding research problems. The document aims to introduce important foundations for conducting research in public health.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses what research is, the need and purpose of research, and bottlenecks in health research. It defines different types of health research including public health, laboratory, and clinical research. Fundamental principles in health research are discussed. Key terms are defined, including research protocol, thesis, project, and survey. The differences between research methods and research methodology are explained. The life cycle of research and outline of a research protocol are presented. Guidelines for various sections of a research protocol such as the title, introduction, objectives, and methods are provided. Study designs including descriptive studies, case control studies, and experimental studies are described. Key concepts in study methodology like sampling, randomization, and
The document provides an introduction to research. It defines research as the careful consideration of studying a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. Research involves both inductive and deductive methods and can analyze observed events or verify observed events. The document discusses the uses of health research including drug approvals, discoveries and policy decisions. It also outlines the characteristics, purpose, types and methods of research including participatory, qualitative, operational and evaluative research.
This is lesson 6 of the course on Research Methodology conducted at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Introduction to research in Epidemiological research4negero
This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It defines research and different types of research including health systems research. The key types discussed are:
- Quantitative research which uses numerical data and statistics to test hypotheses.
- Qualitative research which explores issues through methods like interviews and observations to understand behaviors.
- Descriptive research which systematically describes a phenomenon. Explanatory or analytic research seeks to explain relationships between variables and answer cause-and-effect questions.
Health systems research is presented as a multidisciplinary field aimed at improving health and is distinguished from clinical and biomedical research. Essential features of HSR discussed are that it should be participatory, action-oriented, timely and cost-effective
This document provides an introduction to research concepts. It defines research as a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding. The scientific method involves tentative, empirically testable, and publicly shared approaches. Research can be basic, applied, or action-oriented. Qualitative research explores meanings through words and images, while quantitative research analyzes numerical data. Methods include experimental, case study, survey, and time-series designs. Research helps address problems in fields like public administration, through approaches such as needs assessment, process and outcome evaluations.
This document provides an overview of research in medical and health fields. It discusses the importance of health research, defines different types of medical research including basic, applied, quantitative, qualitative, experimental and non-experimental research. It also outlines various research methodologies like descriptive research, exploratory research, cross-sectional research, longitudinal research and case study research. The document emphasizes that medical research facilitates learning, highlights issues, and helps advance treatment, diagnosis and understanding of human health problems through the scientific method.
This document provides an overview of research methodology in public health and life sciences. It discusses key concepts like the meaning of research and health systems research. It outlines the importance of research, roles of health research, and desirable qualities of researchers. It also covers research phases, types of research like descriptive vs analytical and qualitative vs quantitative. It discusses classifying health research and finding research problems. The document aims to introduce important foundations for conducting research in public health.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses what research is, the need and purpose of research, and bottlenecks in health research. It defines different types of health research including public health, laboratory, and clinical research. Fundamental principles in health research are discussed. Key terms are defined, including research protocol, thesis, project, and survey. The differences between research methods and research methodology are explained. The life cycle of research and outline of a research protocol are presented. Guidelines for various sections of a research protocol such as the title, introduction, objectives, and methods are provided. Study designs including descriptive studies, case control studies, and experimental studies are described. Key concepts in study methodology like sampling, randomization, and
The document provides an introduction to research. It defines research as the careful consideration of studying a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. Research involves both inductive and deductive methods and can analyze observed events or verify observed events. The document discusses the uses of health research including drug approvals, discoveries and policy decisions. It also outlines the characteristics, purpose, types and methods of research including participatory, qualitative, operational and evaluative research.
This is lesson 6 of the course on Research Methodology conducted at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
This document provides an overview of research methods and designs. It discusses qualitative and quantitative research methods, with qualitative focusing on lived experiences and meanings and quantitative focusing on numerical data. It also discusses different types of study designs, including observational studies like cross-sectional and longitudinal, and experimental designs like clinical and community trials. Experimental research allows investigators to actively alter variables to evaluate relationships, while considering factors like the purpose of the study, strength of evidence desired, time and resources available, and ethics.
The critical appraisal process examines research to judge its validity and relevance. It involves summarizing key aspects of research articles like the introduction, methods, results and discussion sections. Important tools for appraisal include the PICO method to assess the research question, and CASP checklists tailored to different study designs. Proper appraisal helps identify clinically relevant papers and supports evidence-based decision making.
The document discusses research in nursing. It defines research and describes the roles of nurses in research from producer to consumer. The importance of research to the nursing profession is outlined as building nursing knowledge, validating improvements, and making healthcare more efficient. The sources and types of knowledge and reasoning in research are examined, including basic and applied research. The history of nursing research from Florence Nightingale to modern evidence-based practice is summarized.
This document discusses several scientific research methods:
- Conceptual and empirical research methods, with conceptual focusing on developing theories and empirical using observation and experimentation.
- Micro-genetic research examines the process of learning over time through dense observations.
- Single-subject research examines the effect of an intervention on an individual over time rather than averaging group results.
- Mixed methods research integrates both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis to examine a phenomenon from multiple perspectives.
The document discusses the meaning, objectives, characteristics, types, and steps of research. It defines research as a systematic, directed search for knowledge. The main objectives of research are to gain new insights or accurately describe characteristics. Research is characterized by careful investigation and testing of conclusions. The main types discussed are descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, and qualitative research. Key steps include formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Research design involves determining what, why, where, when of a study. It is important for testing hypotheses and controlling for extraneous variables.
This document discusses nursing research and the research process. It defines research as a systematic, scientific inquiry that aims to develop knowledge. Nursing research is important as it helps improve patient care, advance evidence-based practice, and contribute to the healthcare system. The research process involves identifying a problem, reviewing literature, developing objectives and hypotheses, determining study design and methods, collecting and analyzing data, and communicating findings. Research must be systematic, controlled, empirical, and aim to generate findings that can be generalized. It helps refine nursing knowledge and practices.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and outlines its key characteristics as systematic, logical, empirical, reductive, and replicable. The document discusses the objectives and types of research, including descriptive vs analytical and quantitative vs qualitative. It also covers research approaches, methods vs methodology, data sources and collection methods, and the overall research process. Key aspects of a good research study are identified, such as having a clearly defined purpose and presenting findings and conclusions clearly. Finally, challenges in research and the process of selecting a research topic and title are discussed.
This document discusses research methodology and provides definitions and types of research. It describes the key components of research including objectives, requirements, and challenges. It defines a literature review and outlines the steps to conduct one. Specifically, it provides:
1) Definitions of research methodology as a systematic approach to solving research problems and research as the investigation of finding solutions to problems.
2) An overview of the main types of research: descriptive, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, and empirical.
3) The objectives of research as gaining insights, generating knowledge, investigating situations or testing hypotheses.
4) The requirements for good research including clearly defined purpose, detailed process, stated aims and objectives, appropriate
The document provides an overview of the nursing research process. It discusses sources of knowledge, the scientific method, problem solving methods, differences between research and problem solving, definitions of research, the need for nursing research, characteristics of good research, qualities of a good researcher, and the phases of the research process including assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
This document provides an outline for a course on business research methods. It covers 7 chapters that introduce key concepts in research methodology. Chapter 1 defines research and distinguishes between research methods and methodology. It also discusses research types and processes. Chapter 2 addresses selecting research topics and problems. Chapter 3 focuses on literature reviews and hypothesis formulation. Chapter 4 examines research designs, approaches, data collection and analysis. Chapter 5 is about writing research proposals. Chapter 6 discusses data analysis and interpretation. Chapter 7 is on communicating research results. The evaluation scheme includes a research proposal, article review, and final exam worth varying points totaling 100.
This document discusses research and provides information on various research topics including:
- Types of research such as basic, applied, quantitative, qualitative, descriptive, analytical, conceptual, and empirical research.
- How to set objectives for research by defining the focus and desired outcomes in broad, measurable terms.
- How to set outcomes for research by describing what should change or be measured after completion to demonstrate the effectiveness of an intervention. Research outcomes can include changes in health status, improvements in services, and principal findings.
This document summarizes key aspects of research methodology. It defines research and discusses the differences between thesis, dissertation, and different categories and types of research studies. It also outlines the procedural steps in research including problem selection, literature review, study design, data collection and analysis. Different research strategies and types of epidemiologic studies such as descriptive, analytical, case-control and cohort studies are described. Ethics in research are also briefly mentioned.
nursing research Chapter 5 for pbn 3rd year pu PU nepalpurnamepurna
This document summarizes different types of research including basic research, applied research, quantitative research, qualitative research, historical research, conceptual research, empirical research, operational research, evaluation research, and action research. It provides descriptions of each type of research and compares some of their key differences. For example, it notes that basic research aims to advance knowledge for its own sake while applied research aims for practical application. The document also discusses different research designs such as descriptive research, analytical research including cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies, and experimental research.
This document provides an overview of research topics for a nursing research course. It discusses the definition of research, purposes and importance of research in nursing, ethics in research, types of research studies and designs, developing research questions and hypotheses, and the steps involved in the research process. Key points include that research involves systematic inquiry using the scientific method to solve problems and answer questions. Nursing research specifically aims to improve nursing practice and patient care. Research ethics, informed consent, and institutional review boards are important considerations. Both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies are covered.
Lecture Rsearch methodsbmls21 and 19spt.pptsamwel18
This document provides an overview of research methods topics covered in an AML 4311 lecture, including defining research, classifying different types of research, and outlining the research process. Research is systematically defined as seeking new and reliable knowledge. Basic research aims to establish fundamental facts, while applied research aims to solve practical problems. Research can also be classified as disciplinary, subject-matter, or problem-solving based on its goals. The research process involves formulating a question, developing objectives and a design, conducting the research, analyzing results, and interpreting findings. Creativity and various methods play important roles in the research process.
This document discusses various aspects of research including defining a research problem, conducting a literature review, developing a hypothesis, choosing a study design, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting results. It emphasizes that research should be directed towards major public health problems and helps add to scientific knowledge. Key steps in the research process include identifying a problem, formulating a research question, conducting a literature review, developing objectives and hypotheses, determining the study population and methodology, obtaining necessary approvals, collecting and analyzing data, and writing a report.
Presentation how to write a research protocolSushma Sharma
This document provides guidance on developing a research protocol. It explains that a protocol establishes the design and methodology for a research study. The key components of a protocol include the title, introduction/background, objectives, study design, population and recruitment, variables, data collection tools, analysis plan, timeline, and dissemination strategy. Developing a clear protocol is important to gain approval, plan the study, avoid mistakes, and evaluate the research. It should provide enough detail that the study could be replicated by others.
Steps in Research-Types of research-Types of Steps in Research-Types of resea...AbhishikthSandeep1
This document discusses research methods and design. It defines research as a systematic, scientific investigation of a topic to discover new facts or test hypotheses. Research aims to contribute new knowledge through carefully defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, reaching conclusions, and testing conclusions. The key objectives of research are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis testing. Characteristics of good research include being directed, empirical, carefully recorded and reported. The common steps in research are formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, deciding design, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting conclusions.
A project of psychology on the topic Drug Addiction with the help of survey
Link to the powerpoint file and Questionnaire used for survey:
Powerpoint File: http://www.slideshare.net/SafeerAli7/drug-addiction-67095937
Questionnaire: http://www.slideshare.net/SafeerAli7/questionnaire-67095755
This document provides an overview of how to conduct a systematic review. It begins by defining what a systematic review is and why they are important for evidence-based practice. It then outlines the key steps in conducting a systematic review, including formulating an answerable question using PICO(T), performing a comprehensive literature search, selecting studies and extracting data in an unbiased manner, critically appraising the evidence, and synthesizing the data. The document emphasizes that systematic reviews need to follow a structured, systematic process and make all methods explicit to minimize bias. It also discusses challenges that can arise in systematic reviews like database, publication, and language biases.
This document provides an overview of basic concepts in ultrasonography as it relates to obstetrics. It covers topics such as the physics of ultrasound, transducer types and movements, pelvic anatomy, early pregnancy ultrasound signs, and fetal assessment techniques such as biophysical profile scoring. The document outlines the key anatomical structures visualized in obstetric ultrasound exams and describes techniques for optimizing ultrasound images.
This document discusses benign breast conditions. It begins by outlining the objectives of describing risk factors, symptoms, and management of benign breast conditions, pre-cancerous lumps, malignant conditions, and breast infections. It then provides an overview of breast anatomy and physiology before examining specific benign conditions such as breast cysts, fibroadenomas, adenosis, mastitis, duct ectasia, fat necrosis, and other benign lumps. The signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of benign breast conditions are discussed in detail. Prevention methods like mammograms and breast self-exams are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of research methods and designs. It discusses qualitative and quantitative research methods, with qualitative focusing on lived experiences and meanings and quantitative focusing on numerical data. It also discusses different types of study designs, including observational studies like cross-sectional and longitudinal, and experimental designs like clinical and community trials. Experimental research allows investigators to actively alter variables to evaluate relationships, while considering factors like the purpose of the study, strength of evidence desired, time and resources available, and ethics.
The critical appraisal process examines research to judge its validity and relevance. It involves summarizing key aspects of research articles like the introduction, methods, results and discussion sections. Important tools for appraisal include the PICO method to assess the research question, and CASP checklists tailored to different study designs. Proper appraisal helps identify clinically relevant papers and supports evidence-based decision making.
The document discusses research in nursing. It defines research and describes the roles of nurses in research from producer to consumer. The importance of research to the nursing profession is outlined as building nursing knowledge, validating improvements, and making healthcare more efficient. The sources and types of knowledge and reasoning in research are examined, including basic and applied research. The history of nursing research from Florence Nightingale to modern evidence-based practice is summarized.
This document discusses several scientific research methods:
- Conceptual and empirical research methods, with conceptual focusing on developing theories and empirical using observation and experimentation.
- Micro-genetic research examines the process of learning over time through dense observations.
- Single-subject research examines the effect of an intervention on an individual over time rather than averaging group results.
- Mixed methods research integrates both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis to examine a phenomenon from multiple perspectives.
The document discusses the meaning, objectives, characteristics, types, and steps of research. It defines research as a systematic, directed search for knowledge. The main objectives of research are to gain new insights or accurately describe characteristics. Research is characterized by careful investigation and testing of conclusions. The main types discussed are descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, and qualitative research. Key steps include formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Research design involves determining what, why, where, when of a study. It is important for testing hypotheses and controlling for extraneous variables.
This document discusses nursing research and the research process. It defines research as a systematic, scientific inquiry that aims to develop knowledge. Nursing research is important as it helps improve patient care, advance evidence-based practice, and contribute to the healthcare system. The research process involves identifying a problem, reviewing literature, developing objectives and hypotheses, determining study design and methods, collecting and analyzing data, and communicating findings. Research must be systematic, controlled, empirical, and aim to generate findings that can be generalized. It helps refine nursing knowledge and practices.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and outlines its key characteristics as systematic, logical, empirical, reductive, and replicable. The document discusses the objectives and types of research, including descriptive vs analytical and quantitative vs qualitative. It also covers research approaches, methods vs methodology, data sources and collection methods, and the overall research process. Key aspects of a good research study are identified, such as having a clearly defined purpose and presenting findings and conclusions clearly. Finally, challenges in research and the process of selecting a research topic and title are discussed.
This document discusses research methodology and provides definitions and types of research. It describes the key components of research including objectives, requirements, and challenges. It defines a literature review and outlines the steps to conduct one. Specifically, it provides:
1) Definitions of research methodology as a systematic approach to solving research problems and research as the investigation of finding solutions to problems.
2) An overview of the main types of research: descriptive, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, and empirical.
3) The objectives of research as gaining insights, generating knowledge, investigating situations or testing hypotheses.
4) The requirements for good research including clearly defined purpose, detailed process, stated aims and objectives, appropriate
The document provides an overview of the nursing research process. It discusses sources of knowledge, the scientific method, problem solving methods, differences between research and problem solving, definitions of research, the need for nursing research, characteristics of good research, qualities of a good researcher, and the phases of the research process including assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
This document provides an outline for a course on business research methods. It covers 7 chapters that introduce key concepts in research methodology. Chapter 1 defines research and distinguishes between research methods and methodology. It also discusses research types and processes. Chapter 2 addresses selecting research topics and problems. Chapter 3 focuses on literature reviews and hypothesis formulation. Chapter 4 examines research designs, approaches, data collection and analysis. Chapter 5 is about writing research proposals. Chapter 6 discusses data analysis and interpretation. Chapter 7 is on communicating research results. The evaluation scheme includes a research proposal, article review, and final exam worth varying points totaling 100.
This document discusses research and provides information on various research topics including:
- Types of research such as basic, applied, quantitative, qualitative, descriptive, analytical, conceptual, and empirical research.
- How to set objectives for research by defining the focus and desired outcomes in broad, measurable terms.
- How to set outcomes for research by describing what should change or be measured after completion to demonstrate the effectiveness of an intervention. Research outcomes can include changes in health status, improvements in services, and principal findings.
This document summarizes key aspects of research methodology. It defines research and discusses the differences between thesis, dissertation, and different categories and types of research studies. It also outlines the procedural steps in research including problem selection, literature review, study design, data collection and analysis. Different research strategies and types of epidemiologic studies such as descriptive, analytical, case-control and cohort studies are described. Ethics in research are also briefly mentioned.
nursing research Chapter 5 for pbn 3rd year pu PU nepalpurnamepurna
This document summarizes different types of research including basic research, applied research, quantitative research, qualitative research, historical research, conceptual research, empirical research, operational research, evaluation research, and action research. It provides descriptions of each type of research and compares some of their key differences. For example, it notes that basic research aims to advance knowledge for its own sake while applied research aims for practical application. The document also discusses different research designs such as descriptive research, analytical research including cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies, and experimental research.
This document provides an overview of research topics for a nursing research course. It discusses the definition of research, purposes and importance of research in nursing, ethics in research, types of research studies and designs, developing research questions and hypotheses, and the steps involved in the research process. Key points include that research involves systematic inquiry using the scientific method to solve problems and answer questions. Nursing research specifically aims to improve nursing practice and patient care. Research ethics, informed consent, and institutional review boards are important considerations. Both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies are covered.
Lecture Rsearch methodsbmls21 and 19spt.pptsamwel18
This document provides an overview of research methods topics covered in an AML 4311 lecture, including defining research, classifying different types of research, and outlining the research process. Research is systematically defined as seeking new and reliable knowledge. Basic research aims to establish fundamental facts, while applied research aims to solve practical problems. Research can also be classified as disciplinary, subject-matter, or problem-solving based on its goals. The research process involves formulating a question, developing objectives and a design, conducting the research, analyzing results, and interpreting findings. Creativity and various methods play important roles in the research process.
This document discusses various aspects of research including defining a research problem, conducting a literature review, developing a hypothesis, choosing a study design, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting results. It emphasizes that research should be directed towards major public health problems and helps add to scientific knowledge. Key steps in the research process include identifying a problem, formulating a research question, conducting a literature review, developing objectives and hypotheses, determining the study population and methodology, obtaining necessary approvals, collecting and analyzing data, and writing a report.
Presentation how to write a research protocolSushma Sharma
This document provides guidance on developing a research protocol. It explains that a protocol establishes the design and methodology for a research study. The key components of a protocol include the title, introduction/background, objectives, study design, population and recruitment, variables, data collection tools, analysis plan, timeline, and dissemination strategy. Developing a clear protocol is important to gain approval, plan the study, avoid mistakes, and evaluate the research. It should provide enough detail that the study could be replicated by others.
Steps in Research-Types of research-Types of Steps in Research-Types of resea...AbhishikthSandeep1
This document discusses research methods and design. It defines research as a systematic, scientific investigation of a topic to discover new facts or test hypotheses. Research aims to contribute new knowledge through carefully defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, reaching conclusions, and testing conclusions. The key objectives of research are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis testing. Characteristics of good research include being directed, empirical, carefully recorded and reported. The common steps in research are formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, deciding design, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting conclusions.
A project of psychology on the topic Drug Addiction with the help of survey
Link to the powerpoint file and Questionnaire used for survey:
Powerpoint File: http://www.slideshare.net/SafeerAli7/drug-addiction-67095937
Questionnaire: http://www.slideshare.net/SafeerAli7/questionnaire-67095755
This document provides an overview of how to conduct a systematic review. It begins by defining what a systematic review is and why they are important for evidence-based practice. It then outlines the key steps in conducting a systematic review, including formulating an answerable question using PICO(T), performing a comprehensive literature search, selecting studies and extracting data in an unbiased manner, critically appraising the evidence, and synthesizing the data. The document emphasizes that systematic reviews need to follow a structured, systematic process and make all methods explicit to minimize bias. It also discusses challenges that can arise in systematic reviews like database, publication, and language biases.
This document provides an overview of basic concepts in ultrasonography as it relates to obstetrics. It covers topics such as the physics of ultrasound, transducer types and movements, pelvic anatomy, early pregnancy ultrasound signs, and fetal assessment techniques such as biophysical profile scoring. The document outlines the key anatomical structures visualized in obstetric ultrasound exams and describes techniques for optimizing ultrasound images.
This document discusses benign breast conditions. It begins by outlining the objectives of describing risk factors, symptoms, and management of benign breast conditions, pre-cancerous lumps, malignant conditions, and breast infections. It then provides an overview of breast anatomy and physiology before examining specific benign conditions such as breast cysts, fibroadenomas, adenosis, mastitis, duct ectasia, fat necrosis, and other benign lumps. The signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of benign breast conditions are discussed in detail. Prevention methods like mammograms and breast self-exams are also outlined.
This study assessed factors influencing adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among key populations in Matayos Sub-County, Kenya. The study found that 37% of key populations showed adherence to PrEP based on the Morisky Medical Adherence Scale-4. Adherence varied among different key populations, with 36% for commercial sex workers, 37% for men who have sex with men, and 52% for people who inject drugs. Statistical analysis revealed that education level, marital status, key population category, occupation, stigma, perceptions of side effects, facility accessibility, actual side effects experienced, and condom use were associated with adherence to PrEP. The study concluded that socio-demographic factors, individual characteristics
This document discusses treating women transitioning to menopause, focusing on hormone therapy (HT) options. It begins by defining menopause and perimenopause, then discusses common symptoms like hot flashes and vaginal atrophy. It reviews the STRAW staging system for classifying menopause. Treatment options for symptoms include various forms of HT like oral pills, patches, and local vaginal therapies. Studies like KEEPS found HT can help reduce symptoms when started in newly menopausal women. Guidelines support HT for relieving vasomotor symptoms in recently menopausal women.
This document provides an overview of the contents and instructions for using an embryology presentation template. The template includes slides on topics like human embryogenesis, the stages of embryological development from week 4 to week 40, considerations in embryology, and credits and attribution information. The template can be modified and used for both personal and commercial projects while maintaining attribution to the template designers, or a premium account allows use without attribution. Resources like icons, images and illustrations are also provided that fit the style of the template.
Abortion is a leading cause of maternal mortality, accounting for 13% of maternal deaths worldwide and 32% in Ethiopia. Complications from unsafe abortion, which is defined as procedures done without proper skills or in unsanitary conditions, can cause severe infections and hemorrhaging. Post-abortion care aims to treat complications from both spontaneous and induced abortions, provide contraceptive services to prevent future unintended pregnancies, and offer counseling and referrals for other health needs. Recurrent spontaneous abortion, defined as 3 or more consecutive early pregnancy losses, can have causes such as chromosomal abnormalities, uterine anomalies, or immunological factors.
This document provides an introduction to basic probability concepts and definitions. It explains that probability is used to make inferences about populations based on samples and to quantify uncertainty. The key concepts covered include sample spaces, events, unions and intersections of events, conditional probabilities, independence of events, and common probability rules and calculations like the addition rule and multiplication rule. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like finding probabilities of events, permutations, combinations, and using probability tables.
This document discusses various methods for summarizing and presenting data, including frequency distributions, diagrams, charts, and graphs. It provides guidelines for constructing tables and describes different types of frequency distributions like grouped and ungrouped. Common charts covered are bar charts, pie charts, histograms, and pictograms. It also discusses relative frequency, cumulative frequency and how to represent these graphically using techniques like frequency polygons and ogives.
Ethical dilemma and ethical decision making.pptxestelaabera
This document discusses ethical dilemmas and decision making in healthcare. It defines an ethical dilemma as a situation requiring a choice between two equally unfavorable alternatives. It then provides two models for ethical decision making - a step-by-step guide and a clinical ethics grid system. The document also discusses laws related to healthcare ethics, areas of potential legal liability, and codes of ethics for midwives.
Antepartum fetal surveillance aims to prevent fetal death and avoid unnecessary interventions. Methods include fetal movement count, uterine growth assessment, antepartum fetal heart rate testing like nonstress tests and contraction stress tests, biophysical profile, and Doppler velocimetry. Abnormal test results may indicate fetal compromise and require additional testing or delivery depending on gestational age. Multiple variables are assessed and scored in the biophysical profile to evaluate acute and chronic fetal well-being and oxygenation status. Normal test results predict good neonatal outcomes while abnormal results indicate increasing levels of suspected fetal acidosis requiring intervention.
3 Research methods and materials (1).pptxestelaabera
This document provides an overview of various research methods and study designs, including:
- Descriptive studies like ecological, case report, and cross-sectional studies which describe disease occurrence.
- Analytical observational studies like case-control studies which compare exposure histories of cases and controls to identify potential risk factors.
- The key components of research methods are discussed, such as study area, population, variables, sample size calculation, and data collection and analysis plans. Strengths and limitations of different study designs are also reviewed.
Antepartum fetal surveillance aims to prevent fetal death and avoid unnecessary interventions. Methods include fetal movement count, uterine growth assessment, antepartum fetal heart rate testing like nonstress tests and contraction stress tests, biophysical profile, and Doppler velocimetry. Abnormal test results may indicate fetal compromise and require additional testing or delivery depending on gestational age. Multiple variables are assessed and scored in the biophysical profile to evaluate acute and chronic fetal well-being and guide management decisions.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
1. Research methodology course
for 4th year midwifery Students
By
Gizachew A(BSc, MPH/E )
W/Sodo university College of Medicine and Health
Sciences
School of Public Health
3. Learning Objectives
At the end of this session students will be able to:
Define health research
Describe the different types of research
Explain the process of research
List the criteria for selecting a research topic.
3
4. What is Research?
Research is a scientific inquiry aimed at learning new
facts, testing ideas, theories, behaviours etc
It is the systematic collection, analysis and
interpretation of data and dissemination of findings .
To answer a certain question
Solve a problem
4
5. What is Research?...
• Research is the continual search for truth using the
scientific method (study, investigation, observation,
comparison and/or experimentation)
• Scientific method is
– a systematic body of procedures and techniques
– applied in carrying out investigation or
experimentation
– targeted at obtaining new knowledge.
6. What is Research?...
• Health research is the application of principles of
research on health to generate new knowledge that
help to identify and deal with health problems of
individuals or groups.
• It aims to develop tools to prevent and cure
illness and mitigate its effects and it attempts to
devise better approaches to health care for the
individual and community.
7. • Research methodology:
The practice of how we come to know
The methodological question i.e. how can
the researcher go about finding out
whatever s/he believes can be known.
Focuses on research process, tools and
procedures
8. Characteristics of research
There are basic characteristics that distinguish research from
other ways of knowing:
1)Research is public:
–Freely available information
–Freely communicated among researchers
–Allows verification to support or disprove
–Data are kept at least for 5 years
2) Research is objective/action oriented
–Explicit rules and procedures are constructed
–All researchers follow these rules
8
9. Characteristics of research...
3) Research is empirical:
–is knowable and potentially measureable
It is based on experience or observation
4) Research is scientific and cumulative/
multidisciplinary
–No single research stands alone
–Emanates from previous studies
–Repeatable
5) Relate the present to the future:
–Developed theories used to predict behaviors
9
10. Characteristics of health research…
6. Focus on priority problems
It demands a clear statement of the problem
7. Timely
8. Cost-effective
10
11. Scope of health research
Assess risks/benefits of treatment or
procedures
Produce evidence-based guidelines
Prediction of best medical practices and
outcomes
Provision of evidence-based health-care
Changing medical knowledge and practices.
11
12. Purpose of Health Research
Purpose: To generate knowledge essential to
effectively promote the health of the population.
• Without that knowledge, effective action is
impossible because it has no logical or empirical
basis.
To generate new knowledge & technology
To facilitate prioritizing, designing & evaluation of
interventions
12
13. Purpose Research Cont…
Research must be:
•Purposeful: what do you want to be able to contribute?
•Targeted: Who are the audiences?
•Credible: consider sources of information, method of data
collection, personnel involved…
•Timely: Is the information needed?
Research is done to find solutions to health problems.
13
14. types of research
Questions for Discussion
1)What are the criteria used to classify research
into different types?
2) List the type of research under each category
(criteria).
15. Types of research
Based on objectives
• Basic research - necessary to generate new knowledge &
technologies to deal with major unresolved health problems.
• Applied research - Carried out to solve immediate specific
and practical problems.
– The goal of adding to scientific knowledge is secondary.
– Intend to improve health care services and add to
greater professional effectiveness in a practical manner.
15
16. Basic Vs Applied Research
Basic research (also called fundamental or pure research) -
has as its primary objective the advancement of knowledge
& the theoretical understanding of the relations among
variables
• The terms “basic” or “fundamental” indicate that,
through theory generation, basic research provides the
foundation for further, sometimes applied research.
16
17. Experimental vs. Non-experimental Research
•Experimental research
– Treatments are given to subjects
– Cause-and-effect questions
•Non-experimental research
– Treatments are not given to subjects
– Participants are observed as they naturally exist
Types of research cont…
17
19. Types of research
Level of
Analysis
Object of Analysis
Conditions Responses
Individual &
sub-
individual
Biomedical Research
(Basic biological
processes, structure &
function of the human
body, pathological
mechanisms)
Clinical Research
(Efficacy of preventive,
diagnostic, & therapeutic
procedures, natural history of
diseases)
Population Epidemiologic
Research
(Frequency, distribution,
& determinants of
health)
Health Systems research
(Effectiveness, quality, &
costs of services:
development & distribution
of resources for care )
19
20. Health systems research
• Research that supports health development has come to
be known as Health Systems Research.
• It is ultimately concerned with improving the health of a
community, by enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness
of the health system as an integral part of the overall
process of socioeconomic development.
• A health system may be described as: A set of cultural beliefs
about health and illness that forms the basis for health-seeking and
health-promoting behaviour.
21. HSR ...
• HSR is undertaken primarily to provide information
to support decision-making at all levels that can
improve the functioning of the health system, some of
the essential features are
• HSR should focus on priority problems.
• It should be action oriented
• An integrated multidisciplinary approach
• The research should be participatory in nature (from
policy makers to community members)
• Research must be timely.
• Emphasis should be placed on comparatively simple, short-term
research designs that are likely to yield practical results.
22. Based on the time required to complete the
research:
a)Cross-Sectional Research:
–The researcher makes observations at one point in time.
b)Longitudinal Research:
–the investigator makes observations of people or unit for more
than one time.
–It is more costly than cross-sectional study, but is powerful to
questions about social changes.
–Eg Cohort study
22
23. Based on the Type of Data and Technique
used:
a) Quantitative Research:
–Utilizes quantitative (numerical)data and seeks answers
to questions such as:
•how many? How much? How often? Etc
b) Qualitative Research:
–Utilizes qualitative (categorical) data and seeks
answers to questions such as why? How? Etc.
–Most appropriate when the investigators are interested to
study research areas they are not well familiar with.
C) Mixed Research: Combination of both (a & b).
23
24. Quantitative Research:
• Scientific investigation of quantitative properties and
phenomena and their relationships.
• Systematic aggregation of quantities of data
• It connects between empirical observation and
mathematical expression of an attribute.
• Objective measurements and analysis of quantitative
data
24
25. Features of Quantitative
Research
1. Objective:
• –To classify, count, confirm, or construct statistical model.
• –Begins with deductive approach and clearly defined
research question or hypothesis.
2. Methods of data collection:
• –Laboratory observations.
• –Direct measurements/observations
• –Questionnaire
• –Interview schedule or structured interviews.
25
26. Features of Quantitative
Research
3. Selection of Respondents:
–Representativeness
–Sufficiently large sample size
–Random selection/Assignment
–The researcher makes assumptions of distributions.
–Respondents are compared
26
27. Features of Quantitative
Research
4. Questions and answers:
–Closed questions
–Answers categories to be prepared in advance.
5. Timing of Analysis:
–After data collection is completed
6. Data analysis:
–Application of statistical procedures:
•Cross tabulations (categories)
•Correlation(scales)
•Tests of significance/hypothesis
27
28. Features of Quantitative
Research
7. Results:
–Generalized across group of people.
–Predict future results, and investigate causal
relationship.
–The study can be replicated or repeated, given high
reliability.
–Reliability and validity of the instrument is crucial
–Usually concise
28
29. Qualitative
• In quantitative Measurements tell us how often or how
many people behave in a certain way but they do not
adequately answer the “why” & “how” questions.
• Research which attempts to increase our understanding
of why things are the way they are in our social world &
why people act the ways they do is “qualitative”
research.
29
30. Qualitative research
Qualitative research - concerned with developing
explanations of social phenomena.
It seeks to answer questions about:
• Why people behave the way they do
• How opinions & attitudes are formed
• How people are affected by the events that go on around
them
• How & why cultures have developed in the way they
have
30
31. Comparison of qualitative and quantitative researches
• Quantitative Qualitative
-Closed ended. -Open ended.
-Large samples. -Small samples.
-Reliability is high -Reliability is low
-Validityis low. -Validityis high
-Statistical analysis. -Thematic analysis
-Meaning is determined. -Meaning is derived.
31
32. Generally Public health problems are complex because:
• They are multi-causality
• There are new & emerging domestic & international health
problems.
• Social, economic, political, ethnic, environmental, &
genetic factors all are associated with today’s public health
concerns.
• Researchers recognize the need for multiple approaches to
understanding problems & developing effective
interventions that address contemporary public health
issues.
Qualitative Cont…
32
33. Research Process
• The research process is a simple means of effectively
locating information for a research project, be it a
research paper, an oral presentation, or something
else assigned by your instructor.
• Because research is a process, you will need to allow
for ample time to refine or change your topic.
33
2/22/2023 chapter 1
34. Steps in undertaking a research
I. Problem identification and definition
II. Review relevant literatures
III. Choose the appropriate study design
IV. Development of proposals
V. Obtain Ethical Clearance
VI. Issues about funding
VII. Data collection
VIII. Data analysis
IX. Interpreting results
X. Writing a report and Disseminate Findings
2/22/2023 34
chapter 1
37. Steps of research process
• The steps below provide a simple and effective
approach for conducting research for a paper
Step 1 - Choose your topic.
Step 2 - Find basic information.
Step 3 - Refine your topic.
Step 4 - Locate and retrieve materials.
Step 5 - Evaluate relevancies of materials.
Step 6 - Take notes.
Step 7 - Construct your project.
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2/22/2023 chapter 1
38. Step 1 - Choose your topic.
• Select a topic that is of interest to you, or if you have been
assigned a topic, select an aspect or perspective of the topic
that interests you.
• If you are having trouble selecting a topic, you may find it
useful to browse magazines, journals, newspapers, reference
sources, and online databases.
• Remember, selecting a topic is the most important decision
you will make in the research process.
38
2/22/2023 chapter 1
39. Step 2: Find Basic Information
• Find basic information on your topic.
• Select a few key terms from your topic and search for basic
information in reference sources such as subject
encyclopedias, bibliographies, handbooks, library catalogs,
books, online databases, and Internet sources (Web sites).
• This preliminary search will help you determine how much or
how little information is available about your topic.
39
2/22/2023 chapter 1
40. Step 3: Refine Your Topic
• Based on the quality and number of items located,
you may need to refine your topic.
• If your initial search renders too little
information, try broadening your topic.
• If your initial search renders too much
information, you will need to narrow your
topic.
40
2/22/2023 chapter 1
41. Step 4: Locate and Retrieve Materials
• Once you have identified your topic, you can to
begin to locate and retrieve information.
• Before you begin locating information about your
topic, you will need to identify what information
formats (articles, books, websites, dissertations,
etc.,) are needed and select the appropriate
research tool(s).
• The information format is usually determined by
the requirements of your research assignment or
instructor.
41
2/22/2023 chapter 1
42. Step 5: Evaluate Relevancy of Materials
• After locating your information you will need to
review them for usefulness and relevancy to your
topic.
• A clearly, well-defined topic allows you to
quickly eliminate irrelevant information.
• After you determine the relevancy, you then need
to evaluate the quality of your information.
42
2/22/2023 chapter 1
43. • The basic criteria for evaluating information are
as follows:
1. Authority – Who is the author? What are their
credentials?
2. Accuracy – Are the facts verifiable? Is the information
correct?
3. Objectivity – What is the purpose? Is there a bias?
4. Currency – Is the information up-to-date?
5. Coverage – What is the scope of the information? What
does it focus on?
43
2/22/2023 chapter 1
44. Step 6: Take Notes
• Throughout your research process you will need to keep accurate
notes of what research tools and search strategies you used–this
ensures that you won’t retrieve the same information twice, as
well as allowing you to reproduce a particular search if needed.
• Notate complete citations for all your information even if you are
unsure of whether or not you will use the information.
• A "complete citation" includes identifying information that allows
you to locate information when needed.
44
2/22/2023 chapter 1
45. Step 7: Construct Your Project
• Finally you are now ready to start preparing your
paper, presentation, or project.
• You should have enough research materials to support
your research topic.
• Be careful to cite any information that you have
"quoted directly" or "paraphrased", this way you can
avoid committing plagiarism.
• Remember that research is a circular process, you may
need to go back and locate additional information that
your previous search did not locate.
45
2/22/2023 chapter 1
46. Main components of any research work
–Preparing a research proposal/planning
–Fieldwork (i.e., data collection)
–Analyzing data & preparing a research report
Basic study steps
–State the problem (what are the questions?)
–Devise a plan of action(what will I do?)
–Implement the plan (how I do it?)
–Analyze data (what happened?)
–Interpret data (what does this mean?)
–Re-examination (is my logic correct? What next?)
Research Cont…
46
48. Research topic selection
Research problem identification
• Research problem is a gap b/n what is actually existed and
what is desired
• Sources of research problem:
• Observations
• Experts
• Literature reviews
• Professional conferences ETC
48
49. When dose a research required?
• Problems are the initiating force behind a research,
however all problems does not require a research.
Research is required iff :
• There is perceived difference or discrepancy between
what exists and the ideal or planned situation;
• The reason(s) for this difference should be unclear; and
• There is more than one possible answer to a question or
more than one solution to the problem.
50. When dose a research required?
50
• Example1: In district “ Y “ a report showed that in the first month
there were 500 children under one year old who started
immunization, but at the end of the year it was found out that there
were only 25 children who completed their vaccination.
• Discrepancy: All the 500 children should completed their
vaccination but only 5% out of those who started vaccination have
completed.
• Problem (research) question: why only 5% of the children
completed their vaccination?
• Definite answer: Out of the 1 hospital, 2 health centers and 10
health stations found in district “Y” only 2 health stations were
functioning, the rest were closed due to insecurity in the area
51. • Problem situation: In district “Z” (population 150,000) there are
2 health centers, 1 hospital and 15 health stations and all of them
function smoothly. However, at the end of the year it was found
that the EPI coverage was only 25%.
• Discrepancy: Although district “Z” had 100% availability of
health services and at least 80% of the children should have had
full vaccinations the EPI coverage was only 25% as seen above.
• Problem question: What factors influence the low EPI coverage
Possible answers:
Mothers might have problems for not attending in the EPI sessions.
The MCH, EPI, OPD, CDD, etc… programmes might not have been
integrated; hence children might have missed opportunities in getting
immunization.
The follow up of defaulting children might not be effective and other
reasons.
52. Criteria for prioritising research problems
(selecting research topic)
• Relevance (how large? How severe? Who affected?)
• Avoidance of duplication (check if researched before &
review to identify if still gap exists)
• Urgency of data needed (how urgent data required?)
• Political acceptability( gov.policy support it?)
• Feasibility of study (check resources you will require?)
• Feasibility of study (check resources you will require?)
• Applicability of results (how likely results be applied?)
• Ethical acceptability (how likely results be applied?)
• Ethical acceptability 52
53. b) Scales for rating research topics
Relevance
• 1 = Not relevant
• 2 = Relevant
• 3 = very relevant
Avoidance of duplication
• 1 = Sufficient information already available
• 2 = Some information available but major issues not
covered
• 3 = No sound information available on which to base
problem-solving
Topic Cont…
53
54. Feasibility
1 = Study not feasible considering available resources
2 = Study feasible considering available resources
3 = Study very feasible considering available resources
Political acceptability
1 = Topic not acceptable
2 = Topic somewhat acceptable
3 = Topic fully acceptable
Applicability
1 = No chance of recommendations being implemented
2 =Some chance of recommendations being implemented
3 = Good chance of recommendations being implemented
Topic Cont…
54
55. Urgency
1 = Information not urgently needed
2 = Information could be used but a delay of some months
would be acceptable
3 = Data very urgently needed for decision-making
Ethical acceptability
1 = Major ethical problems
2 = Minor ethical problems
3 = No ethical problems
N.B. The above rating should be based on the existing data
& not on mere assumptions
Topic Cont…
55
56. Rating Sheet - Rating scale: 1 = low, 2 = medium, 3 = high
Criteria for
selecting a
research topic
Proposed topic
Health problem I Health problem II Health problem III
Relevance
Avoidance of
duplication
Feasibility
Political
acceptability
Applicability
Urgency of data
needed
Ethical
acceptability
Total
Topic Cont…
56
57. Writing research topic
• Topic should informative, specific, concise and
understandable
• Should indicate nature and purpose of your research i.e it
should answer what?when?onwhom?how?
• Should be brief and to the point(usually 10-15 words)
• Should contain the key words or concepts underlying the
work rather than including unnecessary words suchas
“observation of” or “a study of”
57
58. Homework
• Individually identify three research topics that
can potentially is used in the proposal
development & do prioritization.