The document provides an introduction to veterinary medicine and the principles of clinical examination of individual animals. It discusses the importance of taking a thorough history, which is often the most important part of the examination. The history should include patient data, disease history, prior treatment, and management details. The disease history specifically covers the present illness, case details like morbidity and mortality rates, and any previous exposure or treatment. A complete history is necessary for accurate diagnosis.
Pharmaceutical care concepts - clinical pharmacy ShaistaSumayya
The pharmaceutical care is defined as “the direct, responsible provision of medication-related care for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient’s quality of life.”
Pharmaceutical care involves the process through which a pharmacist cooperates with a patient and other professional in designing , implementation, and monitoring a therapeutic plan that will produce specific therapeutic outcomes for the patient
Pharmaceutical care concepts - clinical pharmacy ShaistaSumayya
The pharmaceutical care is defined as “the direct, responsible provision of medication-related care for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient’s quality of life.”
Pharmaceutical care involves the process through which a pharmacist cooperates with a patient and other professional in designing , implementation, and monitoring a therapeutic plan that will produce specific therapeutic outcomes for the patient
Description of essential medicines - include three components:
Definition. Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population.
Selection criteria: public health relevance, evidence on efficacy and safety, and comparative cost-effectiveness.
Purpose: intended to be available within the context of functioning health systems at all times in adequate amounts, in the appropriate dosage forms, with assured quality & adequate information, and at a price the individual and the community can afford.
Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population. They are selected with due regard to public health relevance, evidence on efficacy and safety, and comparative cost-effectiveness. They are intended to be available within the context of functioning health systems at all times in adequate amounts, in the appropriate dosage forms, with assured quality and adequate information, and at a price the individual and the community can afford.
Pharmacovigilance is defined as, The pharmacological science and activities concerned with the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse reactions to medicines or Pharmacovigilance is the name given to the mechanisms and controls that together map and ensure the safety of a medicine throughout its life span – from test tube to patient.
Presented By :- Raghav Sharma
Class :- M.Pharm, 1st sem.
Department :- Pharmaceutics
Institute :- Parul Institute of Pharmacy
Content :-
Introduction to Clinical trials
Importance of Clinical Trials
Phase-I of Clinical Trials
Phase-II of Clinical Trials
Phase-III of Clinical Trials
Phase-IV of Clinical Trials
Conclusion
References
Description of essential medicines - include three components:
Definition. Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population.
Selection criteria: public health relevance, evidence on efficacy and safety, and comparative cost-effectiveness.
Purpose: intended to be available within the context of functioning health systems at all times in adequate amounts, in the appropriate dosage forms, with assured quality & adequate information, and at a price the individual and the community can afford.
Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population. They are selected with due regard to public health relevance, evidence on efficacy and safety, and comparative cost-effectiveness. They are intended to be available within the context of functioning health systems at all times in adequate amounts, in the appropriate dosage forms, with assured quality and adequate information, and at a price the individual and the community can afford.
Pharmacovigilance is defined as, The pharmacological science and activities concerned with the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse reactions to medicines or Pharmacovigilance is the name given to the mechanisms and controls that together map and ensure the safety of a medicine throughout its life span – from test tube to patient.
Presented By :- Raghav Sharma
Class :- M.Pharm, 1st sem.
Department :- Pharmaceutics
Institute :- Parul Institute of Pharmacy
Content :-
Introduction to Clinical trials
Importance of Clinical Trials
Phase-I of Clinical Trials
Phase-II of Clinical Trials
Phase-III of Clinical Trials
Phase-IV of Clinical Trials
Conclusion
References
Today there exists a wide spectrum of views on this subject, ranging from those concerned with animal 'rights' to those who view animals only as a resource to be exploited.
All of thThe five freedoms were originally developed from a UK Government report on livestock husbandry in 1965 (Prof.Roger Brambell) then by Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC) In July 1979
Freedom from hunger or thirst by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigour .
Freedom from discomfort by providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area .
Freedom from pain, injury or disease by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment.
Freedom to express (most) normal behaviour by providing sufficient space, proper facilities and company of the animal's own kind.
Freedom from fear and distress by ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering.
Dr. Mike Apley - Where Are We With Resistance in Vet Medicine? Are We Having ...John Blue
Where Are We With Resistance in Vet Medicine? Are We Having An Effect on Human Medicine? - Dr. Mike Apley, Professor, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Medicine/Clinical Pharmacology, from the 2013 NIAA Symposium Bridging the Gap Between Animal Health and Human Health, November 12-14, 2013, Kansas City, MO, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2013-niaa-antibiotics-bridging-the-gap-animal-health-human-health
Slide contains aspects of animal use in pharmacology laboratory.
Along with CPCSEA Guidelines (now CCSEA).
Laboratory animals experiment benefits as well as limitations.
Different animals used in laboratory.
Medication Administration and Calculation for Nurses Returning to PracticeIHNA Australia
This presentation outlines the responsibility and role of nurses in administrating medication and calculation of medication in Australia. This presentation was compiled by Gulzar Malik, an experienced and qualified Nursing Educator at IHNA. For more information about IHNA's return to nursing programs, please call 1800 22 52 83.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
3. Introduction
Definitions
!Veterinary medicine :The branch of medicine dealing with
the study, prevention, and treatment of diseases in animals,
especially domesticated animals.
!Veterinarians: A person suitably qualified and registered
to practice veterinary medicine and Also called veterinary
surgeon.
!Disease: It is inability to perform physiological functions
at normal levels even though nutrition and other
environmental requirements are provided at adequate
levels.
4. !Clinical signs: Recognizable clinical
signs such as fever, dyspnea,
convulsions or lameness that occurred in
individual food-producing animals and
horses, which are affected with a
particular, recognizable pathological
lesion, or biochemical or metabolic deficit,
or nutritional deficiency.
!Traditional veterinary medicine: It is
based on a transposition of attitudes and
behaviour from human medicine.
5. Principles of Clinical examination of the individual
animal
• A clinical examination
has three parts:
• The history
• The animal
• The environment Clinical
examination
Animal
History The
environment
6. A. The history-taking•
In veterinary medicine, history-taking
is often the most important of the three
aspects of a clinical examination.
•Animals are unable to describe their clinical symptoms
•Dairy cattle, horses, sheep and goats are usually easy to
examine while beef cattle and pigs may be difficult to
examine adequately under some conditions.
•History-taking is an important key to accurate diagnosis
in veterinary medicine, and to be worthwhile it must be
accurate and complete.
7. History-taking method
•Establish veterinarian-client
relationship
•Asking the owner 'How can I help you
today?' It is an effective opening question,
which provides the owner the opportunity
to relate his or her concerns about the
animals(handled with diplomacy and tact)
and can use nontechnical terms.
•The clinician must try to separate owners'
observations from their interpretations.
8. •For completeness and accuracy in history-taking the clinician should
conform
to a set routine.
The system outlined below includes:
" patient data,
"Disease history
" management history.
•The order in which these parts of the history are taken will vary. In
general it is best to take the disease history first.
9. PATIENT DATA
•The relevant data include:
1.Owner's name and initials
2.Postal address and telephone number
3.Species, type, breed, Sex, age, name or number, body
weight
4. If necessary, a description, including
"colour markings,
"and other identifying marks, of the patient.
10.
11. •Computers are now being
used extensively in
veterinary practices for
recording the details of farm
calls, the animals examined
and treated, the amounts
charged for travel and
professional services, the
costs of laboratory services,
the drugs used and
dispensed, and the diseases
that occur on a particular
farm on an ongoing basis.
12. Disease history
•History-taking will vary considerably
depending on:
" whether one animal or
" a group of animals, is involved in the disease
problem under examination.
•As a general rule, in large animal work, all
disease states should be considered as herd
problems until proved to be otherwise.
•It is often rewarding to examine the remainder
of a group and find animals that are in the early
stages of the disease.
13. Disease history includes the following points:
Present disease
1.Means the clinical abnormalities observed by the owner in the sequence in
which they occurred. If more than one animal is affected, a typical case
should be chosen.
2.Variations from the normal in the physiological functions such as intake of
food or drink, milk production, growth, respiration, defecation, urination,
sweating, activity, gait, posture, voice and odor should be noted in all cases.
3.If a number of animals are affected, information may be available from
clinical pathological examinations carried out on living animals or necropsy
examinations on fatal cases.
4.The behaviour of animals before death and the period of time elapsing
between the first observable signs and death or recovery are important items
of information.
5.Prior surgical or medical procedures such as castration, docking, shearing,
or vaccination may be important factors in the production of disease.
14. Morbidity, case fatality and population
mortality rates
•The morbidity rate is usually expressed as the percentage of
animals that are
clinically affected compared with the total number of animals
exposed to the same risks.
•The case fatality rate is the percentage of affected animals that die.
•The population mortality rate is the percentage of all exposed
animals that die.
•The estimates may be important in diagnosis because of the
wide variations in morbidity, case fatality and population
mortality rates that occur in different diseases.
•An equally important figure is the proportion of animals at risk
that are clinically normal but show abnormality on the basis of
laboratory or other tests
15. •An equally
important figure
is the proportion
of animals at risk
that are clinically
normal but show
abnormality on
the basis of
laboratory or
other tests
16. Prior treatment
The owner may have treated animals
before calling for assistance (owners
reveal information about the drugs
that they have used).
•Exact details of the preparations used and doses
given may be of value in eliminating some diagnostic
possibilities.
•They will certainly be of importance when assessing
the probable efficiency of the treatment and the
significance of clinical pathological tests, and in
prescribing additional treatment.
•Drug withdrawal regulations now require that treated
animals or their products, such as milk, be withheld
from slaughter or market for varying lengths of time to
allow drug residues to reach tolerable limits.
17. Prophylactic and control
measures
•It should be ascertained whether preventive or
control procedures have already been attempted.
•There may have been clinical pathological tests,
the introduction of artificial insemination to
control venereal disease, vaccination, or
changes in nutrition, management or hygiene.
For example, in an outbreak of bovine mastitis
careful questioning should be pursued regarding
the method of disinfecting the cows' teats after
each milking, wit particular reference to the type
and concentration of the disinfectant used and
whether or not back-flushing of teat cups is
practiced
18. • Other things need to be know are:
• Previous exposure
• Culling rate
• Previous disease
• Management history
• Nutrition
• Reproductive management and
performance