Philosophy 113: Introduction to Environmental Ethics
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Introduction to environmental ethics. For online courses taught be K.D. Borcoman. ยฉ 2012 Andrew Kernohan
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Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
Describe the concepts of ethics and morality.
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Explain the relationship between spirituality and religion.
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The following is true of the study of any new subject:
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Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with values relating to human conduct with respect to rightness and wrongness of actions and goodness and badness of motives and ends.
It involves the study of morality, virtues, and values, and how they affect oneโs character.
It involves how individuals decide to live within accepted boundaries and how we live in harmony with one another and nature.
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Macro-ethics: Global view of right and wrong
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Philosophical ethics involves inquiry about ways of life and rules of conduct.
Ethics may also be a general pattern or way of life (e.g., religious ethics).
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I expect to pass through the world but once.
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The following is true of the study of any new subject:
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Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with values relating to human conduct with respect to rightness and wrongness of actions and goodness and badness of motives and ends.
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To recognize healthcare dilemmas
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2. Issues in professional ethics like corruption and unethical practices can be addressed through awareness programs, codes of conduct, audits, and whistleblower policies.
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2. Issues in professional ethics like corruption and unethical practices can be addressed through awareness programs, codes of conduct, audits, and whistleblower policies.
3. Evaluating technologies based on catering to human needs, being people-friendly, and eco-friendly allows for a holistic approach aligned with human welfare.
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2) It discusses pressures on the global environment like population growth, resource consumption, pollution, and species extinction. The "tragedy of the commons" explains how unregulated resource use can lead to depletion.
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The document discusses research on morality in animals and how it relates to human morality. It describes experiments that show animals displaying behaviors related to cooperation, fairness, and empathy. However, it notes we must be careful not to anthropomorphize animal behavior as truly moral. The document also discusses theories of how human morality may have evolved through natural selection as a way to promote cooperative social behaviors among early humans. There is an ongoing debate around whether morality is solely a product of evolution and social instincts or involves additional non-scientific philosophical factors.
Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch11
The document discusses different perspectives on gender and ethics throughout history. Aristotle viewed women as naturally subservient, while Rousseau saw women as objects of sexual desire for men. Wollstonecraft argued for a gender-neutral morality. More recently, Gilligan proposed an "ethics of care" perspective focused on relationships, in contrast to Kohlberg's justice perspective. There are debates around whether gender differences are innate or socially constructed. The document concludes that both male and female approaches to ethics are needed, balancing care for others with moral rules against unjust conduct.
Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch08
This chapter discusses Kant and deontological moral theories. It provides an overview of Kant's moral philosophy and the categorical imperative. The categorical imperative states that moral rules and duties must be universal and exceptionless. However, critics argue that this absolutism is problematic. The chapter then discusses Ross's theory of prima facie duties as a potential solution that allows for exceptions when duties conflict. In conclusion, it notes attempts to reconcile deontological and utilitarian approaches to ethics.
Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch07
Utilitarianism is a moral theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences. It holds that an action is right if it maximizes happiness or well-being for the greatest number of people. The document discusses the classic formulations of utilitarianism by philosophers like Bentham, Mill, and others. It also analyzes two versions - act and rule utilitarianism. While utilitarianism provides a systematic approach, it is subject to criticisms around the difficulty of measuring consequences and its apparent justification of normally impermissible means to achieve good ends.
Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch06
The document discusses ethical egoism and arguments for and against it. It examines two types of egoism - psychological egoism, which claims we always act in self-interest, and ethical egoism, which claims one ought to always act in self-interest. It outlines arguments that have been made in favor of ethical egoism, such as from self-satisfaction, self-deception, Hobbes, Smith, and Rand. However, it also discusses several arguments that have been made against ethical egoism, such as the inconsistent outcomes argument, publicity argument, paradox of ethical egoism, counterintuitive consequences argument, and problem of future generations. In conclusion, it states that ethical egoism embraces self-ex
Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch05
The document summarizes key points from Chapter Five of the book "Ethics: Discovering Right and Wrong". It discusses social contract theory and why individuals are motivated to be moral. Specifically, it covers how Thomas Hobbes believed people act in self-interest, which leads to conflict without rules, and that rational individuals accept rules and morality via a social contract to achieve order. It also examines why society needs moral rules to function and why individuals should be moral, even if sometimes disadvantaged, for long-term self-interest and advantage.
Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch04
The document discusses different views on values and the good life. It outlines eight categories of basic values including material, economic, moral and aesthetic values. It also discusses whether values are intrinsic or instrumental and whether they are objective or subjective. The document explores different theories of happiness, including hedonism and Aristotle's view that true happiness comes from living a virtuous life. It analyzes the happiness machine thought experiment and concludes some key ingredients for a happy life are action, freedom, character and relationships.
Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch03
The document discusses moral objectivism and different versions of this view. It examines Thomas Aquinas' view of natural law theory, which holds that objective moral principles can be discovered through human reason and nature. Aquinas was a moral absolutist who developed the doctrine of double effect. The document also discusses moderate objectivism and the idea of a universal core morality based on principles necessary for human flourishing. While moral principles may be objective, morality is also situational in how principles are applied.
Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch02
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter Two of the book "Ethics: Discovering Right and Wrong" including ethical relativism, subjectivism, conventionalism, and criticisms of relativist positions. It discusses the diversity thesis that moral rules differ between societies and the dependency thesis that morality depends on cultural acceptance. While relativism acknowledges cultural diversity, it is criticized for undermining important values and for failing to allow for moral criticism and reform.
Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch01
The document is an excerpt from an ethics textbook that discusses the murder of Kitty Genovese and introduces some key concepts in ethics. It defines ethics as the study of morality and moral philosophy. It discusses descriptive morality, moral philosophy, applied ethics and the differences between morality, religion, law and etiquette. The document also outlines some traits of moral principles like prescriptivity, universalizability, overridingness, publicity and practicability. It concludes by noting the practical benefits of studying ethics.
Boss5 ppt ch10_ada (1)
This document provides an overview of marketing and advertising strategies. It discusses identifying target markets and consumer preferences through marketing research approaches like surveys, observation, and experimentation. After research, businesses develop strategic plans and use models like SWOT analysis to identify their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The document also covers evaluating advertising claims and the influence of advertising on consumer behavior.
Boss5 ppt ch13_ada
This chapter aims to help students learn to identify and evaluate the foundations of the American legal and political system. It discusses social contract theory and how it influenced the development of the US political system. In particular, it examines how social contract theory holds that people accept a government's authority in exchange for protection of their natural rights like freedom of speech. The chapter also outlines the three branches of government established by the US Constitution: the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and their various powers and functions.
Boss5 ppt ch12_ada
This chapter aims to help the reader learn to identify and evaluate scientific methods and assumptions. It discusses what science is, including that it uses empirical evidence and testing of explanations. It outlines key assumptions of science like empiricism, objectivity, and predictability. It also discusses limitations of science and examines scientific paradigms and how new theories can replace existing ones. The overall goal is to help readers think critically about science.
Boss5 ppt ch11_ada
The document discusses mass media and provides tips for evaluating information from different media sources critically. It notes that Americans spend around 9 hours per day consuming mass media and are more influenced by media messages than they realize. As a result, it is important to learn how to think critically about what we see, hear and read from various media. The document outlines questions we should ask to thoughtfully evaluate news reports, scientific findings reported in media, social media posts, and other media messages. Developing media literacy skills like experience, interpretation and analysis can help us discern bias, reasoning, effects and other perspectives.
Boss5 ppt ch09_ada
This chapter discusses ethics and moral decision making. It aims to help readers identify and employ ethical approaches to morality and reasoning. The chapter examines different moral theories including utilitarianism which evaluates actions based on their consequences, deontology which focuses on duties and rules, natural rights ethics which considers individual rights, and virtue ethics which emphasizes good character. It also explores moral sentiments, stages of moral development, and debates around cultural relativism versus universal ethics.
Boss5 ppt ch08_ada
This document discusses deductive arguments and provides examples. It begins by stating the aim is to help recognize, analyze, and evaluate deductive arguments. It then provides definitions and examples of deductive arguments including syllogisms. The document examines different types of deductive arguments such as hypothetical and categorical syllogisms using diagrams and examples. It concludes by stating knowledge of deductive arguments is essential to function effectively and evaluate arguments critically.
Boss5 ppt ch07_ada (1)
This document provides an overview of inductive arguments. It discusses the three main types of inductive arguments: generalizations, analogies, and causal arguments. It explains that inductive arguments claim their conclusions probably follow from the premises rather than being absolutely true or false. It also provides guidance on evaluating each type of inductive argument.
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Philosophy 113: Introduction to Environmental Ethics
- 1. Environmental policy: science, economics, and ethics Environmental Policy Environmental Science Environmental Economics Environmental Ethics
- 2. Ethical vocabulary Nouns Verbs Adjectives rights duties obligations virtues vices value should ought must right wrong good evil fair unjust
- 3. Normative, ethical, and moral Normative judgments Norms of reasoning Logic Norms of justification Ethical judgments Value judgments Moral judgments
- 4. Structure of an ethical judgment Agent ๏บ Action ๏บ Consequence ๏บ Recipient ๏ ๏ ๏ ๏ Virtuous Right Good Moral or Vicious? or Wrong? or Bad? Standing? ๏ ๏ ๏ ๏ Virtue theory Deontology Consequentialism Environmental Ethics
- 5. Expanding circles of ethical concern. Ecosystems Species Living things Animals Future people Distant people Present people
- 6. Theories of moral standing 1. Self 2. Special people 3. Present people 4. Distant people 5. Future people [anthropocentric] ๏ธ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6. Animals [zoocentric] ๏ธ [non-anthropocentric] ๏น ----------------------------------------------- 7. Living things [biocentric] ๏ธ ----------------------------------------------- 8. Natural objects [individualistic] ๏ธ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9. Species [holistic] ๏น ----------------------------------------------- 10. Ecosystems [ecocentric]
- 7. Bob has an indirect duty regarding Rover but owed to Alice BobAlice Rover regardingowed to
- 8. Bob has a direct duty regarding Rover and owed to Rover Bob Roverowed to regarding
- 9. Instrumental and intrinsic value Instrumentally Valuable Causes Intrinsically Valuable