This document provides instructions for building the floor frame of a shed. It outlines 5 steps: 1) Mark layout lines on rim joist boards spaced at 16 3/4 inches for floor joists. 2) Set rim joists and floor joists on foundation rails using a level to check height. 3) Nail floor joists to rim joists with 3 nails each. 4) Toe-nail rim joists to foundation rails at 16 inches and use angled connectors every 3-4 feet. 5) Square the floor frame by adjusting for equal diagonal measurements corner to corner.
This document provides instructions for installing floor sheeting in a shed. It describes 6 steps: 1) Test fitting the first sheet and marking joist locations. 2) Applying construction adhesive to the joists. 3) Setting the first sheet and nailing it down. 4) Installing remaining sheets in the first row and cutting the last piece. 5) Installing additional rows of sheeting by staggering the joints and forcing the tongue into the groove. 6) Cutting off the overhanging tongue edge flush with the rim joist, completing the floor sheeting installation.
6. How to install sheet siding on your storage shedicreatablesseo
The document provides instructions for installing sheet siding on a shed in 6 steps: 1) Determine siding length, 2) Attach the first piece of siding by nailing the corners and center to square the wall, 3) Attach remaining sheets overlapping the previous sheet, 4) Install siding around doors with a 1-inch reveal, 5) Install Z-metal flashing above the first row and cut and attach siding pieces to match the roof slope, 6) Optional filler pieces may be needed on gable ends before fascia installation. The instructions provide details for properly measuring, cutting, positioning, and nailing each piece to completely cover the shed walls.
The document provides instructions for painting a shed in 6 steps: 1) Clean surfaces and set nail heads, 2) Prime unprimed surfaces, 3) Caulk nail heads and cracks, 4) Paint exterior trim starting from the top down, 5) Cut in the main color around the trim, and 6) Paint the main body using a roller from top to bottom in overlapping strokes. The instructions emphasize starting at the top and working down to avoid drips, applying two coats of paint, and overlapping wet paint.
This document provides instructions for building the floor frame of a shed. It outlines 5 steps: 1) Mark layout lines on rim joist boards spaced at 16 3/4 inches for floor joists. 2) Set rim joists and floor joists on foundation rails using a level to check height. 3) Nail floor joists to rim joists with 3 nails each. 4) Toe-nail rim joists to foundation rails at 16 inches and use angled connectors every 3-4 feet. 5) Square the floor frame by adjusting for equal diagonal measurements corner to corner.
This document provides instructions for installing floor sheeting in a shed. It describes 6 steps: 1) Test fitting the first sheet and marking joist locations. 2) Applying construction adhesive to the joists. 3) Setting the first sheet and nailing it down. 4) Installing remaining sheets in the first row and cutting the last piece. 5) Installing additional rows of sheeting by staggering the joints and forcing the tongue into the groove. 6) Cutting off the overhanging tongue edge flush with the rim joist, completing the floor sheeting installation.
6. How to install sheet siding on your storage shedicreatablesseo
The document provides instructions for installing sheet siding on a shed in 6 steps: 1) Determine siding length, 2) Attach the first piece of siding by nailing the corners and center to square the wall, 3) Attach remaining sheets overlapping the previous sheet, 4) Install siding around doors with a 1-inch reveal, 5) Install Z-metal flashing above the first row and cut and attach siding pieces to match the roof slope, 6) Optional filler pieces may be needed on gable ends before fascia installation. The instructions provide details for properly measuring, cutting, positioning, and nailing each piece to completely cover the shed walls.
The document provides instructions for painting a shed in 6 steps: 1) Clean surfaces and set nail heads, 2) Prime unprimed surfaces, 3) Caulk nail heads and cracks, 4) Paint exterior trim starting from the top down, 5) Cut in the main color around the trim, and 6) Paint the main body using a roller from top to bottom in overlapping strokes. The instructions emphasize starting at the top and working down to avoid drips, applying two coats of paint, and overlapping wet paint.
Stakes are driven into the ground around the perimeter of the building site and batter boards are attached to help lay out the foundation. Batter boards are horizontal boards attached to stakes driven outside the building corners. Strings are stretched between the batter boards and used to mark the outline and grade of the foundation. This ensures all foundation walls are at right angles and the proper elevation.
This document provides step-by-step instructions for making a sudoku quilt. It explains how to cut and organize fabric squares, sew the squares into blocks according to a sudoku number grid, add sashing and borders, and finish the quilt top. Key steps include pinning fabric squares to identify colors, sewing squares into rows and then blocks, pressing seams in alternating directions, labeling each block, assembling blocks into columns and the quilt top, and adding sashing and borders. The goal is to accurately make 9 blocks that match a sudoku puzzle arrangement.
1) The document provides step-by-step assembly instructions for a 1 drawer, 1 door frameless blind corner base cabinet. It details 21 steps to assemble the cabinet base and additional steps for attaching doors and drawers.
2) Drawer assembly requires locating drawer parts including sides, aprons, and bottoms, and joining them using wood glue and a rubber mallet by fitting the dovetailed joints together. Drawer glides are then attached.
3) Upon completing all assembly steps, plastic stoppers are installed on drawers and doors before final inspection and installation of the cabinet.
This document provides instructions for setting out joinery rods, which are detail drawings used to construct wood joinery items. It describes how to draw the rods on paper or plywood for clarity and stability. Dimensions should be accurate, sections drawn to show actual sizes, and the rod should be easy to interpret. The example shows setting out a window rod by first marking the height and width, then positioning moldings and other sections using scrap wood templates. Mortise and tenon joints are proportioned and cross-marked before preparing a cutting list. Additional slides demonstrate marking out stiles, rails, and sash joints in detail.
The document provides instructions for making a mortise-and-tenon wood joint. It explains that a mortise-and-tenon joint is very strong but more complicated than some other joints. It describes laying out the joint on two boards labeled M and T, with M receiving the mortise cut and T receiving the matching tenon. The mortise is cut first using a mortiser machine before cutting the tenon on board T to fit precisely inside the mortise, completing the joint. Proper layout and techniques like creeping the blade height slowly can make the mortise-and-tenon joint easier to produce.
3 Ways to Cut Mortises Faster and BetterAcme Tools
There are three main methods for cutting mortises described in the document:
1. Drill press method - Rough out the mortise by drilling overlapping holes and then squaring the walls with chisels.
2. Router method - Use a plunge router with a guide block to cut straight, flat-sided mortises but round ends may require squaring.
3. Mortising machine method - A benchtop machine uses specialized bits to quickly cut square holes for mortises with little need for cleanup of the walls.
This document provides step-by-step instructions for tiling a floor from start to finish. It begins with safety precautions and preparation steps like measuring the space and selecting tiles. It then outlines the layout process including centering a "key tile" and dry-fitting tiles. Subsequent steps include applying adhesive, laying tiles from the key tile outward, cutting edge tiles, waiting 24 hours, filling edges, grouting, cleaning, and sealing. The overall process takes planning but results in an attractive and durable tiled floor.
Wall and floor tiling tools and equipmentdeaftc232
This document provides information on tools and equipment used for wall and floor tiling. It discusses planning and preparing for jobs, identifying and selecting both hand and power tools, using tools safely, and cleaning up. Specific tools are defined and their purposes explained, including cutters, levels, hammers, chisels, and other equipment. Safety is emphasized, such as using earth leakage circuit breakers with power tools and following instructions for safe tool use.
This document provides instructions for installing a deck railing. It begins with an overview of why railings are important for safety and aesthetics and notes that railings must comply with local building codes. It then outlines the steps to install posts, run balusters between posts spaced no more than 6 inches apart, and add top and bottom rails. The instructions estimate project timelines for different skill levels and include cut diagrams. A shop list of needed materials and tools is also provided.
This document provides installation instructions for an aluminum ramp system. It includes:
- A list of required tools and materials
- Detailed steps for measuring and laying out the ramp sections
- Instructions for installing the first landing section, first ramp section, toe section, and guardrails
- Information on optional configurations like offset ramps, switchback landings, and step attachments
- Guidance on completing angle bracing and finishing touches
The summary focuses on the high-level stages of installation and key optional configurations while omitting most figures and technical details.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of lines in geometry:
- Perpendicular lines are lines that intersect at 90 degree angles. They can be labeled with a small box in the corner.
- Parallel lines never intersect and are always the same distance apart. They point in the same direction.
- The document provides instructions for using a set square and ruler to draw lines through specific points on a diagram.
This document contains parts lists for a concrete saw model CSH 125 & CSH 150 made by CS Unitec, Inc. It includes lists of parts for the saw guard, handle assembly, and motor. The parts lists include position numbers, item numbers, descriptions, and effective dates for the parts. CS Unitec's contact information is provided at the top of each page.
A circular saw is a versatile tool that can cut through various materials like timber, metal, concrete, and brick using different types of blades. Operating a circular saw requires skills like cutting straight, freehand cutting, and using a straight edge to guide cuts. Safety precautions must be taken when using a circular saw to avoid hazards like electrocution, kickback, noise, cuts, and injuries to eyes.
The document is a site report for the foundation of a commercial building called Silver Business Hub. It describes excavating the site, leveling the ground, pouring plain cement concrete to form pads, and constructing reinforced concrete columns and footings. Steel reinforcement bars were placed in the footings and columns and connected with wiring. The foundation was constructed over multiple days beginning with site clearance, marking excavation outlines, excavating pits, leveling the ground, pouring and vibrating PCC, installing reinforcement in the footings and columns, and finally closing the site.
Rock mechanics for engineering geology (part 2)Jyoti Khatiwada
This document discusses deep foundations and provides definitions and examples of different types of deep foundations, including pile foundations, well foundations, and caisson foundations. It describes when deep foundations are used, such as when suitable bearing capacity is not available near the ground surface or space is restricted. It also summarizes the key types of piles based on function and material, including end bearing piles, skin friction piles, driven piles, and auger cast piles. Well foundations and caisson foundations are also briefly defined.
This document discusses foundations for buildings. Foundations spread the load of the building to the ground to limit soil settlement. Foundations must be located safely and distribute dead, live, and wind loads appropriately. There are shallow and deep foundations. Good foundation design ensures loads are distributed economically, safely, and without movement during/after construction. Methods for foundation design include site investigation, load analysis, foundation material selection, and working drawings. Load bearing capacity depends on soil analysis and testing. Techniques to increase capacity include deeper foundations and soil compaction. Settlement and differential settlement can occur and techniques aim to reduce them, like raft foundations. Foundation type selection considers soil conditions, building type/loads, costs, and surroundings.
1st presentation of my life . It was a group presentation . Thanks to all of our group members for there contribution.
This presentation is all about Deep Foundation. Hope you will find it important.
The creator of this presentation doesn't own the copyrights of the images used. In case you have created any image(s) featured in this presentation, please get in touch with and I will be happy to attribute your work. Thanks!
The document discusses different types of foundations for structures. It describes shallow foundations, which are less than the width of the structure, including isolated footings for columns and combined footings for structures with small spaces between columns. Deep foundations include pile foundations, which transfer structural loads deeper into the soil using piles, and pier foundations, which use large masonry cylinders supported by soil or bedrock. Piles can be friction piles that use friction along their sides to support loads or load bearing piles that rest on a hard soil stratum. Common materials used for foundations include concrete, metal, aggregate, waterproofing materials, and wood.
Stakes are driven into the ground around the perimeter of the building site and batter boards are attached to help lay out the foundation. Batter boards are horizontal boards attached to stakes driven outside the building corners. Strings are stretched between the batter boards and used to mark the outline and grade of the foundation. This ensures all foundation walls are at right angles and the proper elevation.
This document provides step-by-step instructions for making a sudoku quilt. It explains how to cut and organize fabric squares, sew the squares into blocks according to a sudoku number grid, add sashing and borders, and finish the quilt top. Key steps include pinning fabric squares to identify colors, sewing squares into rows and then blocks, pressing seams in alternating directions, labeling each block, assembling blocks into columns and the quilt top, and adding sashing and borders. The goal is to accurately make 9 blocks that match a sudoku puzzle arrangement.
1) The document provides step-by-step assembly instructions for a 1 drawer, 1 door frameless blind corner base cabinet. It details 21 steps to assemble the cabinet base and additional steps for attaching doors and drawers.
2) Drawer assembly requires locating drawer parts including sides, aprons, and bottoms, and joining them using wood glue and a rubber mallet by fitting the dovetailed joints together. Drawer glides are then attached.
3) Upon completing all assembly steps, plastic stoppers are installed on drawers and doors before final inspection and installation of the cabinet.
This document provides instructions for setting out joinery rods, which are detail drawings used to construct wood joinery items. It describes how to draw the rods on paper or plywood for clarity and stability. Dimensions should be accurate, sections drawn to show actual sizes, and the rod should be easy to interpret. The example shows setting out a window rod by first marking the height and width, then positioning moldings and other sections using scrap wood templates. Mortise and tenon joints are proportioned and cross-marked before preparing a cutting list. Additional slides demonstrate marking out stiles, rails, and sash joints in detail.
The document provides instructions for making a mortise-and-tenon wood joint. It explains that a mortise-and-tenon joint is very strong but more complicated than some other joints. It describes laying out the joint on two boards labeled M and T, with M receiving the mortise cut and T receiving the matching tenon. The mortise is cut first using a mortiser machine before cutting the tenon on board T to fit precisely inside the mortise, completing the joint. Proper layout and techniques like creeping the blade height slowly can make the mortise-and-tenon joint easier to produce.
3 Ways to Cut Mortises Faster and BetterAcme Tools
There are three main methods for cutting mortises described in the document:
1. Drill press method - Rough out the mortise by drilling overlapping holes and then squaring the walls with chisels.
2. Router method - Use a plunge router with a guide block to cut straight, flat-sided mortises but round ends may require squaring.
3. Mortising machine method - A benchtop machine uses specialized bits to quickly cut square holes for mortises with little need for cleanup of the walls.
This document provides step-by-step instructions for tiling a floor from start to finish. It begins with safety precautions and preparation steps like measuring the space and selecting tiles. It then outlines the layout process including centering a "key tile" and dry-fitting tiles. Subsequent steps include applying adhesive, laying tiles from the key tile outward, cutting edge tiles, waiting 24 hours, filling edges, grouting, cleaning, and sealing. The overall process takes planning but results in an attractive and durable tiled floor.
Wall and floor tiling tools and equipmentdeaftc232
This document provides information on tools and equipment used for wall and floor tiling. It discusses planning and preparing for jobs, identifying and selecting both hand and power tools, using tools safely, and cleaning up. Specific tools are defined and their purposes explained, including cutters, levels, hammers, chisels, and other equipment. Safety is emphasized, such as using earth leakage circuit breakers with power tools and following instructions for safe tool use.
This document provides instructions for installing a deck railing. It begins with an overview of why railings are important for safety and aesthetics and notes that railings must comply with local building codes. It then outlines the steps to install posts, run balusters between posts spaced no more than 6 inches apart, and add top and bottom rails. The instructions estimate project timelines for different skill levels and include cut diagrams. A shop list of needed materials and tools is also provided.
This document provides installation instructions for an aluminum ramp system. It includes:
- A list of required tools and materials
- Detailed steps for measuring and laying out the ramp sections
- Instructions for installing the first landing section, first ramp section, toe section, and guardrails
- Information on optional configurations like offset ramps, switchback landings, and step attachments
- Guidance on completing angle bracing and finishing touches
The summary focuses on the high-level stages of installation and key optional configurations while omitting most figures and technical details.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of lines in geometry:
- Perpendicular lines are lines that intersect at 90 degree angles. They can be labeled with a small box in the corner.
- Parallel lines never intersect and are always the same distance apart. They point in the same direction.
- The document provides instructions for using a set square and ruler to draw lines through specific points on a diagram.
This document contains parts lists for a concrete saw model CSH 125 & CSH 150 made by CS Unitec, Inc. It includes lists of parts for the saw guard, handle assembly, and motor. The parts lists include position numbers, item numbers, descriptions, and effective dates for the parts. CS Unitec's contact information is provided at the top of each page.
A circular saw is a versatile tool that can cut through various materials like timber, metal, concrete, and brick using different types of blades. Operating a circular saw requires skills like cutting straight, freehand cutting, and using a straight edge to guide cuts. Safety precautions must be taken when using a circular saw to avoid hazards like electrocution, kickback, noise, cuts, and injuries to eyes.
The document is a site report for the foundation of a commercial building called Silver Business Hub. It describes excavating the site, leveling the ground, pouring plain cement concrete to form pads, and constructing reinforced concrete columns and footings. Steel reinforcement bars were placed in the footings and columns and connected with wiring. The foundation was constructed over multiple days beginning with site clearance, marking excavation outlines, excavating pits, leveling the ground, pouring and vibrating PCC, installing reinforcement in the footings and columns, and finally closing the site.
Rock mechanics for engineering geology (part 2)Jyoti Khatiwada
This document discusses deep foundations and provides definitions and examples of different types of deep foundations, including pile foundations, well foundations, and caisson foundations. It describes when deep foundations are used, such as when suitable bearing capacity is not available near the ground surface or space is restricted. It also summarizes the key types of piles based on function and material, including end bearing piles, skin friction piles, driven piles, and auger cast piles. Well foundations and caisson foundations are also briefly defined.
This document discusses foundations for buildings. Foundations spread the load of the building to the ground to limit soil settlement. Foundations must be located safely and distribute dead, live, and wind loads appropriately. There are shallow and deep foundations. Good foundation design ensures loads are distributed economically, safely, and without movement during/after construction. Methods for foundation design include site investigation, load analysis, foundation material selection, and working drawings. Load bearing capacity depends on soil analysis and testing. Techniques to increase capacity include deeper foundations and soil compaction. Settlement and differential settlement can occur and techniques aim to reduce them, like raft foundations. Foundation type selection considers soil conditions, building type/loads, costs, and surroundings.
1st presentation of my life . It was a group presentation . Thanks to all of our group members for there contribution.
This presentation is all about Deep Foundation. Hope you will find it important.
The creator of this presentation doesn't own the copyrights of the images used. In case you have created any image(s) featured in this presentation, please get in touch with and I will be happy to attribute your work. Thanks!
The document discusses different types of foundations for structures. It describes shallow foundations, which are less than the width of the structure, including isolated footings for columns and combined footings for structures with small spaces between columns. Deep foundations include pile foundations, which transfer structural loads deeper into the soil using piles, and pier foundations, which use large masonry cylinders supported by soil or bedrock. Piles can be friction piles that use friction along their sides to support loads or load bearing piles that rest on a hard soil stratum. Common materials used for foundations include concrete, metal, aggregate, waterproofing materials, and wood.
This document provides an overview of foundations for building construction. It discusses the importance of foundations in distributing building loads to the ground. There are two main types of foundations - shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, grillage foundations, raft foundations, stepped foundations, and mat/slab foundations. Deep foundations transfer loads deep into the earth and include drilled caissons, driven piles, and precast concrete piles. Foundation design considers factors like soil type, structural requirements, construction requirements, site conditions, and cost. The document also discusses waterproofing, drainage, and underpinning foundations.
The pile foundation uses piles to support walls, piers, and other structures. Piles can be placed individually or in clusters. Piles are used when loose soil extends to great depths, and transfer structural loads to harder soils below through end bearing and side friction. Common pile materials include timber, steel, and concrete. Piles can be load bearing, transmitting loads through end bearing and side friction, or non-load bearing, used as retaining walls or sheeting. Pile capacity is assessed through field load tests or theoretical calculations based on soil properties.
Foundation and its functions
Essential requirements
Sub soil exploration and Site exploration
Methods of site exploration
Settlement of foundations
Causes of failure of foundation and remedial measures
1) Levelling involves finding the relative or absolute heights of objects using a level, tripod, and staff. The level is mounted on a tripod and allows the user to see if a line of sight is horizontal. A staff held vertically is used as the reference point.
2) To find absolute heights, readings from the level are compared to a known benchmark elevation provided by Ordnance Survey. Relative heights only provide the vertical distance between objects without a fixed elevation reference.
3) Examples show how levelling is used to check if brickwork is level, determine if structures will be underwater based on a given water level, and moving the level to different positions to compare distant points. Proper techniques like
The document provides a list of 17 surveying practical experiments that can be performed, including measuring distances with chains and tapes, determining elevations with a dumpy level, taking bearings with a prismatic compass, and producing contour maps. It also gives details on procedures for specific experiments like chaining, taking offsets with a cross-staff, and computing the area of a polygon surveyed. Formulas and theories behind surveying techniques like chaining, triangulation, and traversing are explained.
Leveling is a surveying technique used to determine differences in elevation between points. It involves measuring vertical angles and distances to establish spot elevations across an area. There are two main methods - direct and indirect. Direct contouring involves marking points along contour lines in the field, while indirect contouring uses spot elevations from which contours are interpolated on a map. Common techniques include using a level, staff, and plane table or theodolite to obtain elevations and positions of points, which are then contoured. Leveling is important for engineering projects to design facilities and earthworks efficiently based on terrain.
Leveling is a surveying technique used to determine differences in elevation between points. It involves measuring vertical distances between a fixed benchmark and other points using a leveling instrument, leveling rod, and trigonometric leveling. There are two main methods for leveling - the height of instrument method and rise and fall method. Leveling is used to establish elevations, construct contour maps, and determine cut/fill volumes for engineering projects.
Surveying - Module I - Introduction to surveying SHAMJITH KM
This document provides an overview of surveying techniques and concepts. It defines surveying, lists its primary objectives, and describes the main divisions of surveying as plane surveying and geodetic surveying. The document also discusses concepts like ranging, chaining, triangulation, obstacles in surveying, plane table surveying methods, and accessories used in plane table surveying. In addition, it provides examples of chain survey field book pages and procedures for solving problems in plane table surveying.
1) There are several methods for accurately setting out and measuring angles on a construction site, including using a builders square, the 3:4:5 method, optical equipment, and satellite navigation.
2) Setting out a rectangular building involves establishing corner points and boundary lines, measuring lengths and checking for square corners using the building diagonals.
3) Temporary corner profiles are erected and marked with setting out lines to aid in transferring measurements underground once excavation is complete.
1) There are several methods for accurately setting out and measuring angles on a construction site, including using a builders square, the 3:4:5 method, optical equipment, and satellite navigation.
2) Setting out a rectangular building involves establishing corner points and boundary lines through measuring, squaring, and checking diagonals to ensure 90 degree angles.
3) Correct building levels must be established, often by transferring a level from a site datum point, and then all four corners are built up to the same level, such as the damp proof course level.
1) There are several methods for accurately setting out and measuring angles on a construction site, including using a builders square, the 3:4:5 method, optical equipment, and satellite navigation.
2) Setting out a rectangular building involves establishing corner points and boundary lines, measuring lengths and checking for square corners using the building diagonals.
3) Temporary corner profiles are erected and marked with setting out lines to aid in transferring measurements underground once excavation is complete.
This document discusses contouring and contour maps. It defines a contour as an imaginary line connecting points of equal elevation. Contour maps show elevations and depressions of terrain through contour lines. The vertical distance between contours is the contour interval, while the horizontal distance is the equivalent. Contour characteristics include closer spacing on hills and wider on flats. Contours do not merge or end and indicate terrain features. Contour maps are used for engineering projects, determining drainage areas and more. Contours can be located directly by tracing or indirectly using squares, cross-sections or radiation methods.
1. Tape surveying involves using a steel tape or band to measure distances. Traditionally a Gunter's chain was used, which was 66 feet long with 100 links.
2. There are various techniques for measuring distances including pacing, using an odometer, satellite positioning, and electronic distance measurement. Short distances are often measured using fiberglass or steel tapes.
3. When measuring with a tape, two assistants known as chainmen take each end of the tape and carefully stretch it out. The leader places arrows to mark points along the line and uses a ranging rod to keep the tape straight between stations.
Contour lines connect points of equal elevation and are used to represent three-dimensional terrain on two-dimensional maps. There are several key characteristics of contour lines:
1. Contour lines are continuous and either close upon themselves or extend from the edge of the map. Their spacing and shape indicate features like valleys, ridges, and slopes.
2. To accurately define landforms like hills and ditches, sufficient data points must be collected to represent their shape, location, and elevation changes.
3. Elevations between data points are determined through interpolation, using proportional distance calculations. Contour lines are drawn to connect interpolated points of equal elevation.
Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of points on the earth's surface. It includes measuring data, reducing and interpreting the data, and establishing relative positions according to measurement requirements. Surveying functions include determining existing horizontal and vertical positions for mapping, and laying out or marking positions of proposed structures. Common surveying methods include plane surveying for areas up to 260 sq km where earth curvature is ignored, and geodetic surveying for larger areas where curvature is considered. Surveying instruments include chains, tapes, theodolites, levels, and total stations.
This document provides guidance on constructing sand models for military briefings and planning. It discusses different types of models and focuses on sand models. Key steps for sand model construction include:
1. Preparing the sand and drawing a coordinate grid scaled to the area being modeled.
2. Creating a height chart and modeling the terrain relief through contour lines using the appropriate vertical exaggeration.
3. Adding terrain features like roads, vegetation using colored sand or other materials.
4. Checking the model against maps and photos to ensure accuracy before using it to brief plans or missions.
The document also covers improvised field models without boxes through similar construction of a coordinate grid and relief features directly in the ground.
1. Contours are imaginary lines on a map that connect points of equal elevation. Contour maps show these lines, representing the topography of the land.
2. There are two main methods for creating contour maps - direct and indirect. The direct method involves precisely surveying points along contour lines in the field. The indirect method takes spot elevations across an area and interpolates the contour lines.
3. Common indirect techniques include surveying on a grid, along cross-sections, or using a tacheometer to measure multiple points from instrument stations. Spot elevations are plotted and contour lines drawn in between based on the terrain. The indirect method is faster but less precise than the direct method.
1. Contours are imaginary lines on a map that connect points of equal elevation. Contour maps show these lines, representing the topography of the land.
2. There are two main methods for creating contour maps - direct and indirect. The direct method involves precisely surveying points along contour lines in the field. The indirect method takes spot elevations across an area and interpolates the contour lines.
3. Common techniques for indirect contouring include dividing the area into squares and taking elevation readings at each corner, taking cross-sections of long strips, and using a tacheometer which can measure horizontal distances and elevations from a single station.
Contour lines are lines connecting points of equal elevation on a map. They allow elevation information to be represented visually. Key characteristics of contour lines include:
- Contour lines are continuous and either close upon themselves or extend from the map boundary.
- They are generally parallel unless passing through cliffs or overhangs.
- Valleys are indicated by V-shaped lines pointing uphill and ridges by U-shaped lines pointing downhill.
- Closely spaced lines indicate steep slopes while widely spaced lines indicate gentle slopes.
- Closed contours indicate hills or depressions.
Proper interpolation between surveyed elevation points is required to accurately draw contour lines. This involves calculating proportional distances based on the elevation difference between points
This document provides an overview of surveying and leveling. It defines surveying as determining the relative positions of points on earth through direct or indirect measurements. Leveling is a branch of surveying that finds elevations of points with respect to a datum. There are various types of surveys classified by nature, object, or instruments used. Linear measurements can be direct via chaining or indirect using optical/electronic methods. Ranging is used to establish intermediate points when a survey line exceeds the chain length.
This document discusses construction surveying techniques for setting out buildings, roads, pipelines and other structures based on site plans. It describes establishing horizontal and vertical control points, then setting secondary and detail points to mark locations of features. Batter boards are used to temporarily reference building corners by stretching string lines between boards. For pipelines, offset stakes and batter boards give line and grade, with the string line run directly over the pipe centerline. An example problem outlines field steps to lay out a sewer from a house to an existing manhole based on given flow line elevations and minimum slope requirements.
1. Levelling is used to determine the relative heights of points and establish a common datum. It involves using a level instrument and staff to obtain precise elevation readings.
2. Key terms include benchmarks, backsight, foresight, and intermediate sight readings. Common level instruments are the dumpy level, tilting level, wye level, and automatic level.
3. Levelling methods include simple, differential, fly, check, profile, cross, and reciprocal levelling used for different applications such as construction works. Precise setup and focusing of the instrument are required before taking readings.
Discovering the Best Indian Architects A Spotlight on Design Forum Internatio...Designforuminternational
India’s architectural landscape is a vibrant tapestry that weaves together the country's rich cultural heritage and its modern aspirations. From majestic historical structures to cutting-edge contemporary designs, the work of Indian architects is celebrated worldwide. Among the many firms shaping this dynamic field, Design Forum International stands out as a leader in innovative and sustainable architecture. This blog explores some of the best Indian architects, highlighting their contributions and showcasing the most famous architects in India.
Architectural and constructions management experience since 2003 including 18 years located in UAE.
Coordinate and oversee all technical activities relating to architectural and construction projects,
including directing the design team, reviewing drafts and computer models, and approving design
changes.
Organize and typically develop, and review building plans, ensuring that a project meets all safety and
environmental standards.
Prepare feasibility studies, construction contracts, and tender documents with specifications and
tender analyses.
Consulting with clients, work on formulating equipment and labor cost estimates, ensuring a project
meets environmental, safety, structural, zoning, and aesthetic standards.
Monitoring the progress of a project to assess whether or not it is in compliance with building plans
and project deadlines.
Attention to detail, exceptional time management, and strong problem-solving and communication
skills are required for this role.
Explore the essential graphic design tools and software that can elevate your creative projects. Discover industry favorites and innovative solutions for stunning design results.
1. HOW TO BUILD A SHED?
1. HOW TO BUILD A
SHED FOUNDATION
2. Step 1: Cut the shed foundation rails
The first step is to cut the foundation rails to the length shown on the
plans and then locate them on the ground where they will be
permanently installed.
3. Step 1 (Cont’d)
Locating them on the ground is done by setting the rails in their
approximate location and checking them for square.
4. Step 1 (Cont’d)
To check that the rails are square in relation to each other you will first
make sure that they are the proper distance apart from each other and
then measure diagonally from corner to corner.
5. Step 1 (Cont’d)
Your goal is get both of the diagonal measurements to be the same
length. So move the rails parallel to each other until the measurements
are the same.
6. Step 1 (Cont’d)
The locations of the rails only need to be within a few inches of perfect
as you will be moving them to prepare the ground underneath.
7. Step 2: Level and repair the rail beds
The second step is to prepare the rail beds. This is done by making them
level with each other and themselves
8. Step 2 (C0nt’d)
To check that the rails are sitting at the same height in relation to each
other you will use a straight board and a level. Set the board so that one
end is on one rail and the other end is on the other rail. Put the level on
top of the board to check which rail needs to move up or down.
9. Step 2 (C0nt’d)
You will need to repeat this process several times as you adjust the rail bed
levels until the rails are the same height as each other and the rails are
level in their own beds.
10. Step 2 (C0nt’d)
On slightly sloping ground you may need to dig holes or build up the lower
areas with gravel to allow the rails to sit level. This shed required that the
higher rail be dug down to the height of the lower rail that was sitting on
top of the ground.
11. Step 3: Check the rails for square
The third step is to get the foundation rails parallel and square with each
other. This is done exactly the same way you located the rails the first time
by using a tape measure to check the locations of the rails.
12. Step 3 (Cont’d)
It is usually easiest to get one of the rails sitting where you want it, and
then adjust the second rail so it is parallel and the correct distance from
the first rail. You will need to repeat the measurement checks and adjust
the rail locations until they are correct.
13. Step 3 (Cont’d)
Although it is not shown in this tutorial because this shed will be moved to
another location, each rail should have a few inches of gravel under it.
This gives good drainage under the rails and makes it easier to level the
rail beds. Once the rails are square and level you are ready to set the floor
joist on them.
14. NEXT STEP: HOW TO BUILD A SHED
FLOOR?
Continue learning about shed building
through other presentations.