1 How Many Sexes Are There
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Part 1 of "Science & Sexuality." You don't believe that "Adam and Eve" story, do you? Did Eve come from Adam? Or did Adam come from Eve? This is a physiologist's refutation of the biblical binary sexual system. Click on the next 9 slideshows in numerical order for the rest of this scientific update on human sexuality.
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4 Female Male Chromosomal Intersex
Part 4 of "Science & Sexuality." What exactly is a female? a male? an intersex person? Some kinds of intersex people are chromosomal variants. What can we learn about sexual identity and sexual orientation from sex chromosomal variants? Who is Milton Diamond? John Money?
How do sex differences in behavior arise?
Professor Stephen Breedlove presents his latest research on How do sex differences in behavior arise? at the Gender Matters interdisciplinary forum on February 26, 2016
Hermaphroditism
the material discuss about a medical condition that has to deal with sexual development. in different stages of development, there is a need for gender identity and role, if there is a problem with any of these 2, there will be a problem with the sex assignment which will have an effect on the external genitalia sex. if all these pathway fall apart, there will be a condition called hermaphroditism which may be true or false. the material is exclusive on the topic
History and Present State of Intersex Conditions
In the 19th century, intersex individuals were usually raised as males due to beliefs that sexual desires were determined by reproductive organs. There was concern about intersex people ending up in the wrong gender roles. While some intersex couples were allowed to remain together, intersex marriage was seen as immoral. In the early 20th century, the British approach granted intersex people more autonomy over their private affairs, while the French approach led to public discussions of intersex cases. Later ideas proposed a third sex or gradations of sexual anatomy in nature. Currently, intersex infants are often surgically assigned to a gender based on cultural biases rather than tests, with many assigned female if the penis is inadequate. Many intersex adults later
Determination of sex
This document discusses several methods for determining the sex of individuals, both living and deceased. It outlines that sex determination is important for identification, inheritance, marriage/divorce, and legal cases. Common methods include examining general appearance, secondary sex characteristics, gonads, nuclear structures like Barr bodies and Davidson bodies, and skeletal features after decomposition. Intersex conditions that involve mixed male and female characteristics are also discussed. Determining sex can be done by examining external genitalia, gonads, menstruation history, and skeletal features such as the pelvis.
Sex determination and nondisjunction
Sex determination in humans and many other mammals is genetic, with the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determining maleness or femaleness. The SRY gene on the Y chromosome causes embryonic gonads to develop into testes rather than ovaries. In birds and some fish, the ZW sex determination system is used instead of XY, with females being ZW and males ZZ. Genes located on the sex chromosomes are called sex-linked genes and can be inherited in sex-specific patterns. Nondisjunction of sex chromosomes during meiosis can sometimes result in individuals with abnormal sex chromosome complements.
Sex determination
This document discusses sex chromosomes and sex determination in humans. It notes that humans normally have 23 pairs of chromosomes, including one pair of sex chromosomes that are XX in females and XY in males. The Y chromosome determines male sex development, while the absence of a Y chromosome allows for female development. Rare conditions like Down syndrome and hermaphroditism are also discussed briefly in terms of their effects on sex chromosomes or development.
INTERSEX LIVES
This document discusses intersex lives and identities. It begins by defining intersex as those who are not clearly male or female, and notes that as many as 4% of people are intersex. It discusses how sex is determined by chromosomes, hormones, gonads and genitals, and notes there is a spectrum rather than a strict binary. The document challenges the idea of a gender binary and the notion that gender identity is solely socially constructed. It discusses how prenatal hormones influence brain development and later behaviors and identities, as seen in cases like David Reimer, who was raised as a girl but identified as a boy.
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4 Female Male Chromosomal Intersex
Part 4 of "Science & Sexuality." What exactly is a female? a male? an intersex person? Some kinds of intersex people are chromosomal variants. What can we learn about sexual identity and sexual orientation from sex chromosomal variants? Who is Milton Diamond? John Money?
How do sex differences in behavior arise?
Professor Stephen Breedlove presents his latest research on How do sex differences in behavior arise? at the Gender Matters interdisciplinary forum on February 26, 2016
Hermaphroditism
the material discuss about a medical condition that has to deal with sexual development. in different stages of development, there is a need for gender identity and role, if there is a problem with any of these 2, there will be a problem with the sex assignment which will have an effect on the external genitalia sex. if all these pathway fall apart, there will be a condition called hermaphroditism which may be true or false. the material is exclusive on the topic
History and Present State of Intersex Conditions
In the 19th century, intersex individuals were usually raised as males due to beliefs that sexual desires were determined by reproductive organs. There was concern about intersex people ending up in the wrong gender roles. While some intersex couples were allowed to remain together, intersex marriage was seen as immoral. In the early 20th century, the British approach granted intersex people more autonomy over their private affairs, while the French approach led to public discussions of intersex cases. Later ideas proposed a third sex or gradations of sexual anatomy in nature. Currently, intersex infants are often surgically assigned to a gender based on cultural biases rather than tests, with many assigned female if the penis is inadequate. Many intersex adults later
Determination of sex
This document discusses several methods for determining the sex of individuals, both living and deceased. It outlines that sex determination is important for identification, inheritance, marriage/divorce, and legal cases. Common methods include examining general appearance, secondary sex characteristics, gonads, nuclear structures like Barr bodies and Davidson bodies, and skeletal features after decomposition. Intersex conditions that involve mixed male and female characteristics are also discussed. Determining sex can be done by examining external genitalia, gonads, menstruation history, and skeletal features such as the pelvis.
Sex determination and nondisjunction
Sex determination in humans and many other mammals is genetic, with the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determining maleness or femaleness. The SRY gene on the Y chromosome causes embryonic gonads to develop into testes rather than ovaries. In birds and some fish, the ZW sex determination system is used instead of XY, with females being ZW and males ZZ. Genes located on the sex chromosomes are called sex-linked genes and can be inherited in sex-specific patterns. Nondisjunction of sex chromosomes during meiosis can sometimes result in individuals with abnormal sex chromosome complements.
Sex determination
This document discusses sex chromosomes and sex determination in humans. It notes that humans normally have 23 pairs of chromosomes, including one pair of sex chromosomes that are XX in females and XY in males. The Y chromosome determines male sex development, while the absence of a Y chromosome allows for female development. Rare conditions like Down syndrome and hermaphroditism are also discussed briefly in terms of their effects on sex chromosomes or development.
INTERSEX LIVES
This document discusses intersex lives and identities. It begins by defining intersex as those who are not clearly male or female, and notes that as many as 4% of people are intersex. It discusses how sex is determined by chromosomes, hormones, gonads and genitals, and notes there is a spectrum rather than a strict binary. The document challenges the idea of a gender binary and the notion that gender identity is solely socially constructed. It discusses how prenatal hormones influence brain development and later behaviors and identities, as seen in cases like David Reimer, who was raised as a girl but identified as a boy.
5 Androgen Insensitivity
Part 5 of "Science & Sexuality." What can we learn about sexual development and sexual identity from XY individuals with testes who have hormone receptor molecules that don't work at all or only partly?
Sex limited traits and sex-influenced traits
This document discusses and provides examples of sex-limited and sex-influenced traits. Sex-limited traits are expressed in only one sex, such as milk production only occurring in female mammals. Sex-influenced traits are expressed in both sexes but more strongly in one sex, for example baldness patterns being more common in human males. The key difference between the two is that sex-limited traits are only expressed in one sex while sex-influenced traits are expressed in both sexes to varying degrees.
Intersex powerpoint
This document discusses intersex conditions, which involve atypical development of physical sex characteristics. It notes that intersex conditions have been attributed to over 70 chromosomal and hormonal variations. Historically, intersex individuals were referred to as "hermaphrodites," but the term is now considered stigmatizing. The standard medical protocol has been to surgically assign sex and modify genitals of intersex infants, but this approach has increasingly come under criticism for lack of consent, risk of harm, and impact on identity development. Intersex advocates argue for delaying medically unnecessary surgeries and recognizing intersex as a natural variation.
INTERSEX PEOPLE - Who Are They?
Who is intersex? What are the kinds of intersex? What has the medical profession been doing to intersex folks?
Myth and science of sexuality short
This presentation explains the development of diverse sexualities (as natural variations of the organization-activation mechanism), and shows that LGBTI peoples suffer from a socio-cultural disorder that results from the erroneous "gender binary" concept.
Sex chromosome
Sex chromosomes determine an organism's sex. In most animals, females have two of the same sex chromosome (XX) while males have two different ones (XY). Some organisms use other systems like ZW chromosomes. The discovery of sex chromosomes began in the late 1800s with observations of fireflies and grasshoppers. Sex is also determined by factors like temperature, parasites, size, metabolism and hormones in some species. In humans, the Y chromosome carries the SRY gene which triggers testis development.
Sex Linked , Sex Influenced & Sex Limited Traits in Poultry
Sex Linked , Sex Influenced & Sex Limited Traits in PoultryPVNRTVU, College of Veterinary Science,Rajendranagar, Telangana, India
There are two types of chromosomes, Autosomes and Sex chromosomes
Autosomes are those chromosomes that are not involved in sex determination.
Sex chromosomes are those chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism.
A human somatic cell has two sex chromosomes: XY in male (hetero-gametic) and XX in female (homo-gametic).
Sex determination XX-XY
This document provides an overview of sex determination in humans and other organisms using the XX-XY system. It discusses that:
1) Sex determination involves the factors that determine whether an individual develops as male or female, while sex differentiation is the actual developmental processes leading to sex organs and secondary sex characteristics.
2) In humans and other mammals, females have two X chromosomes (XX) and are called the homogametic sex, while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY) and are called the heterogametic sex.
3) Fertilization determines sex, with an X-bearing sperm resulting in an XX female zygote and a Y-bearing sperm resulting in an XY
Notes sex linked traits
The document discusses sex-linked traits which are traits controlled by genes on the sex chromosomes. It notes that females have two X chromosomes and are denoted XX while males have one X and one Y chromosome and are denoted XY. The X chromosome contains many more genes than the Y chromosome. It describes an experiment by Thomas Hunt Morgan which showed that eye color in fruit flies is sex-linked. It then explains that sex-linked disorders mainly affect males because females need two copies of a recessive gene while males only need one. It gives color blindness as an example and notes that carrier females have one normal and one recessive gene.
Disordered Or Just Different? Myth, Science, and Sexuality
Learn why the biblical binary sexual system is unnatural! A physiologist’s perspective on core sexuality: sexual identity, sexual orientation, sex versus gender, anthropological observations. “Disordered or Just Different” culminates with a scientific indictment of the (pseudo)medical practitioners who are too quick to classify the merely different as disordered and who continue to harm gay, lesbian, transsexual, and intersex peoples.
sex determination
Sex determination is the process by which an organism develops as male or female. It can be identified by morphological, anatomical and physiological characteristics. Historically it was determined based on primary and secondary sex characteristics, but scientific study began after the discovery of sex chromosomes in 1902. There are two main theories of sex determination - genetic theories involving sex chromosomes and physiological theories related to metabolic differences. In most species, including humans, the presence of two X chromosomes determines female development while one X and one Y chromosome determines male development.
Gender Binary & LGBTI People - Myth and Medical Malpractice
Medical mistreatment of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex people because they are neither Adams nor Eves! An update on the science versus the medical practice concerning sexuality from a physiologist’s perspective.
An audio recording that accompanies this slideshow can be found at:
http://freethoughtfestival.org/audio/FTF120427Drantz-ed.mp3
Better yet, watch the video in which I explain the slides as you look at them.
http://drdrantz-sciencesexuality.blogspot.com/2012/07/video-gender-binary-lgbti-people-myth.html
Genetics research-template
Genetic counseling helps prospective parents with genetic disorders by advising them on the consequences and nature of the disorder, the probability of transmitting it to children, and options to prevent or ameliorate it. Karyotypes, which show full chromosome sets, can predict genetic disorders by identifying extra or missing chromosomes. While cloning may help endangered species, reproductive cloning raises issues regarding an individual's psychological well-being.
Sex chromosomes1
Females have two X chromosomes and are homogametic, while males have one X and one Y chromosome and are heterogametic. During meiosis, females produce gametes containing one X chromosome, while males produce half X-containing and half Y-containing gametes. Fertilization results in XX females from a female X gamete and either male gamete, and XY males from a male Y gamete combined with a female X gamete. Several conditions can result from abnormalities in sex chromosome number, such as Turner syndrome occurring from XO, and Klinefelter syndrome from XXY.
Lesson 11 Sex linked genes
This document discusses sex-linked genes and traits. It explains that females have two X chromosomes and can be homozygous or heterozygous for genes on the X chromosome, while males only have one X chromosome and will always express the phenotype of the single allele they carry for X-linked genes. It uses haemophilia, a bleeding disorder caused by deficient coagulation factor VIII, as an example of a sex-linked recessive trait. The document presents a Punnett square showing that if a healthy carrier woman and healthy man have children, there is a 25% chance of having a hemophilic son since he would receive the defective allele from his mother.
Sex linked traits
Sex-linked traits are traits determined by genes on the X or Y chromosomes. For example, colorblindness and baldness are found on the X chromosome. In humans, a Y chromosome determines male sex, so traits on this chromosome only affect men. Traits on the X chromosome can be expressed in men, but women need two copies of the gene to show traits as the second X chromosome provides backup. If the mother is bald, both sons and daughters will always be carriers and sons will be bald, while if the father is bald, only daughters can be carriers and sons will not be bald.
Sex chromosome disorders
Chromosomal abnormalities can cause genetic disorders by changing the number or structure of chromosomes. Some abnormalities are caused by changes in the number of sex chromosomes, such as Turner syndrome (XO) in females which causes short stature and infertility. Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) in males results in breast development and infertility. Fragile X syndrome, the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability, is caused by a trinucleotide repeat expansion in the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome.
Sex Determination in Humans
Chromosomal theory best explains human sex determination. Females are XX and produce X-bearing eggs, making them homogametic. Males are XY and produce both X- and Y-bearing sperm, making them heterogametic. The presence of a Y chromosome results in male development due to Y-linked genes, while its absence results in female development. Other factors like genetic balance and hormones can influence sex development but not determination.
The Gender Binary & LGBTI People: Religious Myth and Medical Malpractice
Designated as disordered rather than just different, LGBTI people have been and continue to be victims of medical malpractice purely because they are neither Adams nor Eves. Psychiatrists, surgeons, endocrinologists, pediatricians, and other medical experts have subjected LGBTI people to bogus and horrific treatments with reckless disregard for patient health and well-being―all the while ignoring the basic tenets of medical ethics and the ever-growing scientific evidence showing LGBTI people to be natural variations. Beyond this, medical stigmatization of LGBTI people has contributed to their oppression in the world at large. This treatise will contrast the scientific evidence with the ongoing medical (mis)treatment of LGBTI people to vividly illustrate the insidious effect of the biblical creation myth.
This presentation is from Chapter 12 of the anthology Christianity Is Not Great: How Faith Fails. John W. Loftus (editor), (Amherst NY: Prometheus Books, 2014).
Paperback or Kindle version of the book here.
http://www.amazon.com/Christianity-Is-Not-Great-Faith/dp/1616149566
Myth & Science of Sexuality
This slideshow “Myth and Science of Sexuality - Disordered or Just Different?” presented to the Ethical Humanist Society of Chicago on October 10, 2010., explains the development of diverse sexualities (as natural variations of the organization-activation mechanism) and shows that LGBTI peoples suffer persecution due to a socio-cultural disorder stemming from the erroneous “gender binary” concept.
Intersex people
Who is intersex? What are the types of intersex? Is intersexuality natural? What concerns are shared by LGBT people and intersex people? Learn why you should care about intersex people!
From a Black and White to a Technicolor View of Gender: A Discussion on Gende...
This document provides an overview of a discussion on gender identity and gender variance. It covers topics such as the differences between sex and gender, what intersex and transgender mean, gender development theories, and examples of gender variance across cultures. The discussion aims to move from a black and white view of gender to a more nuanced technicolor perspective that acknowledges there exists a spectrum of gender identities and expressions.
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5 Androgen Insensitivity
Part 5 of "Science & Sexuality." What can we learn about sexual development and sexual identity from XY individuals with testes who have hormone receptor molecules that don't work at all or only partly?
Sex limited traits and sex-influenced traits
This document discusses and provides examples of sex-limited and sex-influenced traits. Sex-limited traits are expressed in only one sex, such as milk production only occurring in female mammals. Sex-influenced traits are expressed in both sexes but more strongly in one sex, for example baldness patterns being more common in human males. The key difference between the two is that sex-limited traits are only expressed in one sex while sex-influenced traits are expressed in both sexes to varying degrees.
Intersex powerpoint
This document discusses intersex conditions, which involve atypical development of physical sex characteristics. It notes that intersex conditions have been attributed to over 70 chromosomal and hormonal variations. Historically, intersex individuals were referred to as "hermaphrodites," but the term is now considered stigmatizing. The standard medical protocol has been to surgically assign sex and modify genitals of intersex infants, but this approach has increasingly come under criticism for lack of consent, risk of harm, and impact on identity development. Intersex advocates argue for delaying medically unnecessary surgeries and recognizing intersex as a natural variation.
INTERSEX PEOPLE - Who Are They?
Who is intersex? What are the kinds of intersex? What has the medical profession been doing to intersex folks?
Myth and science of sexuality short
This presentation explains the development of diverse sexualities (as natural variations of the organization-activation mechanism), and shows that LGBTI peoples suffer from a socio-cultural disorder that results from the erroneous "gender binary" concept.
Sex chromosome
Sex chromosomes determine an organism's sex. In most animals, females have two of the same sex chromosome (XX) while males have two different ones (XY). Some organisms use other systems like ZW chromosomes. The discovery of sex chromosomes began in the late 1800s with observations of fireflies and grasshoppers. Sex is also determined by factors like temperature, parasites, size, metabolism and hormones in some species. In humans, the Y chromosome carries the SRY gene which triggers testis development.
Sex Linked , Sex Influenced & Sex Limited Traits in Poultry
Sex Linked , Sex Influenced & Sex Limited Traits in PoultryPVNRTVU, College of Veterinary Science,Rajendranagar, Telangana, India
There are two types of chromosomes, Autosomes and Sex chromosomes
Autosomes are those chromosomes that are not involved in sex determination.
Sex chromosomes are those chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism.
A human somatic cell has two sex chromosomes: XY in male (hetero-gametic) and XX in female (homo-gametic).
Sex determination XX-XY
This document provides an overview of sex determination in humans and other organisms using the XX-XY system. It discusses that:
1) Sex determination involves the factors that determine whether an individual develops as male or female, while sex differentiation is the actual developmental processes leading to sex organs and secondary sex characteristics.
2) In humans and other mammals, females have two X chromosomes (XX) and are called the homogametic sex, while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY) and are called the heterogametic sex.
3) Fertilization determines sex, with an X-bearing sperm resulting in an XX female zygote and a Y-bearing sperm resulting in an XY
Notes sex linked traits
The document discusses sex-linked traits which are traits controlled by genes on the sex chromosomes. It notes that females have two X chromosomes and are denoted XX while males have one X and one Y chromosome and are denoted XY. The X chromosome contains many more genes than the Y chromosome. It describes an experiment by Thomas Hunt Morgan which showed that eye color in fruit flies is sex-linked. It then explains that sex-linked disorders mainly affect males because females need two copies of a recessive gene while males only need one. It gives color blindness as an example and notes that carrier females have one normal and one recessive gene.
Disordered Or Just Different? Myth, Science, and Sexuality
Learn why the biblical binary sexual system is unnatural! A physiologist’s perspective on core sexuality: sexual identity, sexual orientation, sex versus gender, anthropological observations. “Disordered or Just Different” culminates with a scientific indictment of the (pseudo)medical practitioners who are too quick to classify the merely different as disordered and who continue to harm gay, lesbian, transsexual, and intersex peoples.
sex determination
Sex determination is the process by which an organism develops as male or female. It can be identified by morphological, anatomical and physiological characteristics. Historically it was determined based on primary and secondary sex characteristics, but scientific study began after the discovery of sex chromosomes in 1902. There are two main theories of sex determination - genetic theories involving sex chromosomes and physiological theories related to metabolic differences. In most species, including humans, the presence of two X chromosomes determines female development while one X and one Y chromosome determines male development.
Gender Binary & LGBTI People - Myth and Medical Malpractice
Medical mistreatment of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex people because they are neither Adams nor Eves! An update on the science versus the medical practice concerning sexuality from a physiologist’s perspective.
An audio recording that accompanies this slideshow can be found at:
http://freethoughtfestival.org/audio/FTF120427Drantz-ed.mp3
Better yet, watch the video in which I explain the slides as you look at them.
http://drdrantz-sciencesexuality.blogspot.com/2012/07/video-gender-binary-lgbti-people-myth.html
Genetics research-template
Genetic counseling helps prospective parents with genetic disorders by advising them on the consequences and nature of the disorder, the probability of transmitting it to children, and options to prevent or ameliorate it. Karyotypes, which show full chromosome sets, can predict genetic disorders by identifying extra or missing chromosomes. While cloning may help endangered species, reproductive cloning raises issues regarding an individual's psychological well-being.
Sex chromosomes1
Females have two X chromosomes and are homogametic, while males have one X and one Y chromosome and are heterogametic. During meiosis, females produce gametes containing one X chromosome, while males produce half X-containing and half Y-containing gametes. Fertilization results in XX females from a female X gamete and either male gamete, and XY males from a male Y gamete combined with a female X gamete. Several conditions can result from abnormalities in sex chromosome number, such as Turner syndrome occurring from XO, and Klinefelter syndrome from XXY.
Lesson 11 Sex linked genes
This document discusses sex-linked genes and traits. It explains that females have two X chromosomes and can be homozygous or heterozygous for genes on the X chromosome, while males only have one X chromosome and will always express the phenotype of the single allele they carry for X-linked genes. It uses haemophilia, a bleeding disorder caused by deficient coagulation factor VIII, as an example of a sex-linked recessive trait. The document presents a Punnett square showing that if a healthy carrier woman and healthy man have children, there is a 25% chance of having a hemophilic son since he would receive the defective allele from his mother.
Sex linked traits
Sex-linked traits are traits determined by genes on the X or Y chromosomes. For example, colorblindness and baldness are found on the X chromosome. In humans, a Y chromosome determines male sex, so traits on this chromosome only affect men. Traits on the X chromosome can be expressed in men, but women need two copies of the gene to show traits as the second X chromosome provides backup. If the mother is bald, both sons and daughters will always be carriers and sons will be bald, while if the father is bald, only daughters can be carriers and sons will not be bald.
Sex chromosome disorders
Chromosomal abnormalities can cause genetic disorders by changing the number or structure of chromosomes. Some abnormalities are caused by changes in the number of sex chromosomes, such as Turner syndrome (XO) in females which causes short stature and infertility. Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) in males results in breast development and infertility. Fragile X syndrome, the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability, is caused by a trinucleotide repeat expansion in the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome.
Sex Determination in Humans
Chromosomal theory best explains human sex determination. Females are XX and produce X-bearing eggs, making them homogametic. Males are XY and produce both X- and Y-bearing sperm, making them heterogametic. The presence of a Y chromosome results in male development due to Y-linked genes, while its absence results in female development. Other factors like genetic balance and hormones can influence sex development but not determination.
The Gender Binary & LGBTI People: Religious Myth and Medical Malpractice
Designated as disordered rather than just different, LGBTI people have been and continue to be victims of medical malpractice purely because they are neither Adams nor Eves. Psychiatrists, surgeons, endocrinologists, pediatricians, and other medical experts have subjected LGBTI people to bogus and horrific treatments with reckless disregard for patient health and well-being―all the while ignoring the basic tenets of medical ethics and the ever-growing scientific evidence showing LGBTI people to be natural variations. Beyond this, medical stigmatization of LGBTI people has contributed to their oppression in the world at large. This treatise will contrast the scientific evidence with the ongoing medical (mis)treatment of LGBTI people to vividly illustrate the insidious effect of the biblical creation myth.
This presentation is from Chapter 12 of the anthology Christianity Is Not Great: How Faith Fails. John W. Loftus (editor), (Amherst NY: Prometheus Books, 2014).
Paperback or Kindle version of the book here.
http://www.amazon.com/Christianity-Is-Not-Great-Faith/dp/1616149566
Myth & Science of Sexuality
This slideshow “Myth and Science of Sexuality - Disordered or Just Different?” presented to the Ethical Humanist Society of Chicago on October 10, 2010., explains the development of diverse sexualities (as natural variations of the organization-activation mechanism) and shows that LGBTI peoples suffer persecution due to a socio-cultural disorder stemming from the erroneous “gender binary” concept.
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Gender Binary & LGBTI People - Myth and Medical Malpractice
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From a Black and White to a Technicolor View of Gender: A Discussion on Gende...
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The document discusses human sex determination and sex ratios. It provides background on chromosomal sex determination in mammals, including that females are typically XX and males are typically XY. It explains primary sex determination in development of the gonads and secondary sex determination that affects other sex characteristics. The document also discusses factors that can influence sex ratios, such as sex-selective abortion or infanticide skewing ratios away from the expected 1:1 ratio.
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Chapter 3 The New GeneticsAlma Villanueva, MACalifornia S.docx
Chapter 3:
The New Genetics
Alma Villanueva, MA
California State University, Los Angeles
Overview
Genetic Code
The Beginning of Life
Male & Female
Twins
Genotype & Phenotype
Disorders
Genetic Counseling
Genetic Code
Cells
Basic unit of life
Trillions!
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Thread– like structures made up of DNA & protein
23 pairs
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
2 strands twisted in a double helix
Chemical composition of molecules that contain the genes
Contains all of the information required to build/maintain the cell
3
Genes
Small section of the chromosome
18,000 – 23,000 genes
Each gene provides a unique recipe to make a protein
4 bases
Code for your traits
A - adenine
T - thymine
C - cytosine
G – guanine
Only 4 possible pairs
A-T; T-A; C-G; G-C
http://mybrainnotes.com/brain-dna-behavior.html
4
Allele
A variation of a gene
Example: the gene for eye color has several variations (alleles); an allele for blue eye color or an allele for brown eyes
Everyone inherits alleles from sperm & ovum
Genetic diversity
Distinguishes each person
Allows the human species to adapt to pressures of the environment
Genome
Full set of genes with instructions to make a living organism
Genomes exist for each species
Video about Genes
5
The Beginning of Life
Two Parents, Millions of Gametes
Gamete
Reproductive cell
Sperm or Ovum
Each contains 23 pairs
Zygote
Cell formed with union of Sperm & Ovum
Produce a new individual with 23 chromosomes from each parent
Conception
http://predictingbabygender.info/tag/intercourse-timing/
Matching genes
Genotype
Organism’s entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential.
Homozygous (same zygote)
Two genes of one pair that are exactly the same in every letter of their code
Heterozygous
Two genes of one pair that differ in some way
Usually not an issue
Male of Female?
Humans usually possess
46 chromosomes
44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
SEX chromosome = 23rd pair
Female – XX
Male – XY
Mother’s contain X
Father’s may have X or Y
X chrom. Is larger & more genes
Y contain SRY,
making male hormones & organs
It's a girl!
Uncertain Sex
“ambiguous genitals,” = child's sex is not abundantly clear
a quick analysis of the chromosomes is needed, to make sure there are exactly 46 and to see whether the 23rd pair is XY or XX
shown here a baby boy (left) and girl (right).
Too Many Boys?
Is sex selection the parents’ right or a social wrong?
Preference for boys in many areas of world
Ways to prevent female birth
Inactivating X sperm before conception
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Aborting XX fetuses
My Strength, My Daughter
slogan these girls in New Delhi are shouting at a demonstration against abortion of female fetuses in India
The current sex ratio of children in India suggests that this campaign has not convinced every couple.
New Cells
Within hours of conception
23 pairs of chromosomes carrying all the genes duplicate, forming two complete sets of the genome
Two sets.
Chapter 3 The New GeneticsAlma Villanueva, MACalifornia S.docx
Chapter 3:
The New Genetics
Alma Villanueva, MA
California State University, Los Angeles
Overview
Genetic Code
The Beginning of Life
Male & Female
Twins
Genotype & Phenotype
Disorders
Genetic Counseling
Genetic Code
Cells
Basic unit of life
Trillions!
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Thread– like structures made up of DNA & protein
23 pairs
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
2 strands twisted in a double helix
Chemical composition of molecules that contain the genes
Contains all of the information required to build/maintain the cell
3
Genes
Small section of the chromosome
18,000 – 23,000 genes
Each gene provides a unique recipe to make a protein
4 bases
Code for your traits
A - adenine
T - thymine
C - cytosine
G – guanine
Only 4 possible pairs
A-T; T-A; C-G; G-C
http://mybrainnotes.com/brain-dna-behavior.html
4
Allele
A variation of a gene
Example: the gene for eye color has several variations (alleles); an allele for blue eye color or an allele for brown eyes
Everyone inherits alleles from sperm & ovum
Genetic diversity
Distinguishes each person
Allows the human species to adapt to pressures of the environment
Genome
Full set of genes with instructions to make a living organism
Genomes exist for each species
Video about Genes
5
The Beginning of Life
Two Parents, Millions of Gametes
Gamete
Reproductive cell
Sperm or Ovum
Each contains 23 pairs
Zygote
Cell formed with union of Sperm & Ovum
Produce a new individual with 23 chromosomes from each parent
Conception
http://predictingbabygender.info/tag/intercourse-timing/
Matching genes
Genotype
Organism’s entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential.
Homozygous (same zygote)
Two genes of one pair that are exactly the same in every letter of their code
Heterozygous
Two genes of one pair that differ in some way
Usually not an issue
Male of Female?
Humans usually possess
46 chromosomes
44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
SEX chromosome = 23rd pair
Female – XX
Male – XY
Mother’s contain X
Father’s may have X or Y
X chrom. Is larger & more genes
Y contain SRY,
making male hormones & organs
It's a girl!
Uncertain Sex
“ambiguous genitals,” = child's sex is not abundantly clear
a quick analysis of the chromosomes is needed, to make sure there are exactly 46 and to see whether the 23rd pair is XY or XX
shown here a baby boy (left) and girl (right).
Too Many Boys?
Is sex selection the parents’ right or a social wrong?
Preference for boys in many areas of world
Ways to prevent female birth
Inactivating X sperm before conception
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Aborting XX fetuses
My Strength, My Daughter
slogan these girls in New Delhi are shouting at a demonstration against abortion of female fetuses in India
The current sex ratio of children in India suggests that this campaign has not convinced every couple.
New Cells
Within hours of conception
23 pairs of chromosomes carrying all the genes duplicate, forming two complete sets of the genome
Two sets ...
Matters of sex
Dr. Wiskott noted an inherited condition in a German family that affected three boys who died of the same illness involving bruising, eczema, bloody diarrhea, and infections. The boys died from bleeding in their digestive tracts and blood infections. Dr. Wiskott observed that the condition seemed to only affect boys in the family and was inherited in nature.
Cognitive, behavioral and personality profiles
This study examined the cognitive, behavioral, and personality profiles of male monozygotic triplets who were discordant for sexual orientation. One brother was homosexual (HM) while the other two were heterosexual (HT1 and HT2). The triplets participated in a battery of tests measuring cognitive abilities, personality traits, speech characteristics, and physical traits. The study aimed to determine if HM's profile would differ from his heterosexual brothers, as predicted by theories that biological factors like prenatal hormones influence sexual orientation and related traits. Examining monozygotic triplets discordant for sexual orientation provided a unique opportunity to study potential biological influences while controlling for genetic factors.
berlin v 12 september 2015
1) The document discusses how advances in genomic science have led to new questions about the impact of biological sex on gene expression and phenotypes.
2) It raises questions about whether nature or nurture defines phenotypes and whether we will be able to modify the impact of biological sex on gene expression.
3) The document also examines questions around variations in sexual identity, including the mechanisms that produce intersex conditions, transgender identities, and sexual orientations.
Homosexuality, birth order, and evolution (2)
This journal article proposes that homosexuality can be explained by a polygenetic trait influenced by multiple genes. During development, these genes shift male brain development in a more feminine direction. While single alleles may produce homosexuality, carriers of these alleles who are heterosexual tend to be better fathers and more attractive mates. There is a balanced polymorphism where the feminizing effects in heterosexuals offsets the reproductive disadvantages of these alleles contributing to homosexuality. The birth order effect on homosexuality may be a byproduct of a mechanism that shifts later-born sons' personalities more femininely, reducing competition with brothers.
DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
The document discusses normal sexual differentiation and disorders of sexual differentiation. It describes the process of normal sexual differentiation including chromosomal, gonadal, ductal, and genital differentiation. It also discusses several common disorders of sexual differentiation including congenital adrenal hyperplasia, androgen insensitivity syndrome, mixed gonadal dysgenesis, and others. Specific conditions discussed in more detail include Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome, XX maleness, and mixed gonadal dysgenesis.
Gender Stereotypes and other Gender Biases
This document discusses gender stereotypes and biases. It notes that gender stereotypes are beliefs associated with males and females, and that prejudice and discrimination can arise from these stereotypes. Throughout history, women have often been invisible or portrayed negatively in many domains like philosophy, religion, mythology, and language. More recently, stereotypes associate women with traits like warmth and empathy (communion) while men are seen as more confident and ambitious (agency). However, in recent decades women have increased in perceived agency as well. The document also discusses how biology influences gender differences, noting factors like genetics, hormones, brain structure and activity, and processing differences between male and female brains.
Development of the male and female genital tracts
The document discusses the development of the male and female genital tracts. It begins with an overview that the gonads arise from mesoderm and the genital ducts arise from paired mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts. The mesonephric ducts develop into male genital ducts if the SRY gene is present, while the paramesonephric ducts develop into female genital ducts if SRY is absent. It then goes into detail about the development of the testes, ovaries, and genital ducts in both sexes.
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1 How Many Sexes Are There
- 1. Science & Sexuality By Veronica Drantz, PhD © 2008 A refutation of the binary sexual system exemplified by the Adam & Eve story
- 2. Genesis Story Is BAD BIOLOGY and Causes Too Much Suffering! Muslim Adam & Eve
- 4. How Many Sexes Are There?
- 5. Human Chromosomes 23 Pairs XX (Female), XY (Male) Ganong, William F. REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 22 nd ed. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill (2005)
- 9. Barr Body in Typical Female Cells Ganong, William F. REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 22 nd ed. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill (2005)
- 10. Sexual Differentiation of Internal Genitalia Ganong, William F. REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 22 nd ed. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill (2005)
- 11. Sexual Differentiation of External Genitalia Ganong, William F. REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 22 nd ed. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill (2005)
- 12. Sexual Development in Mammals Ganong, William F. REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 22 nd ed. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill (2005)
- 13. Puberty Ganong, William F. REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 22 nd ed. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill (2005)
- 14. Male Testosterone Levels Ganong, William F. REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 22 nd ed. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill (2005)
- 15. Puberty Alteration in typical women Ganong, William F. REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 22 nd ed. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill (2005) Female Secondary Sex Characteristic Cause Genitalia Enlargement of breasts, uterus, vagina Estrogen Voice larynx retains prepubertal proportions; high-pitched voice Lack of testicular androgens Hair less body hair, more scalp hair, flat-topped pubic hair pattern Lack of testicular androgens Pubic and axillary hair Androgen Mental Interest in sex Androgen Body Conformation Narrow shoulders, broad hips, thighs that converge, arms that diverge (wide carrying angle), female distribution of fat in breasts & buttocks Lack of testicular androgens Skin Sebaceous glands more fluid (inhibit acne) Estrogen