The document provides feedback to a student, Casey, on a writing assignment that was submitted through Turnitin and contained issues with plagiarism, citations, and APA style. The instructor praises Casey's improved writing abilities but notes several areas that need work, including citing sources in Part 1 and rewriting to avoid plagiarism. The instructor allows Casey to rewrite and resubmit the assignment by a deadline, and to email when it is uploaded for regrading.
Guided ResponseRespond to the fellow students’ posts in a subst.docxjosephineboon366
Guided Response:
Respond to the fellow students’ posts in a substantive manner. Some ways to do this include the following, though you may choose a different approach, providing your response is substantive:
Agree or disagree with your classmate’s position. Defend your position by using information from the week’s readings or examples from current events.
1.
When it comes to research within that of business, science and beyond, there are many techniques and tools used to accurately depict certain facets of data as well as the specific idea of what Is studied and why. We see that measurement scales help depict the types and quantifiable nature of data in regards to numerical specific information. With this post we were asked to find an article utilizing the scholarly research method that helps depict the use of this information. I will discuss this topic further and introduce the article I have chosen.
(Here is my article in APA format)
“Corporate communications [electronic resource] : an international journal.
Volume 12, \ Number 4, Corporate and organizational marketing. (2007). Retrieved September 26, 2014, from Ashford University Library E book Collection (aul.10211634).”
This article is used to help depict the communication processes and techniques used in corporate. We see that as a globalized society these methods are critical and they are ever changing based on the technology that is also ever changing. When companies use specific tools, we see there’s a concise process for measuring these events as well as the effectiveness of such tools within. The research process is the same in that a very specific list and concise data must be depicted. Within this article we see that measurement scales were used to show how corporate communication is measured within that of its use and the processes of cost versus monetary purposes. Within this we see that the telecommunication services that companies use are dramatically changing. We se that through statistical data, the way this service works is going down in price as well an increase in reliability. The data in this, which was my cause for choosing this article shows the spread of use across the gambit of business and society alike. We see that through Internet and beyond, 70 percent of the world has access to Internet and companies in the corporate paradigm are helping spread this ability for people to connect with each other and even the companies promoting this societal advantage. A simple way to look at this is by seeing how quantifiable data is within the realm of business, science and all the objectives in between. When it comes to understanding this we see this article discusses the survey technique to get an idea from the internal and external stimuli affecting business. Companies who sell communication and use it are often inundated with this method to show effectiveness of tools. When it comes to corporate communication, this idea is one in the same. We see that this type of dat.
Here is a summary of the key points about the generic qualitative approach:
The generic qualitative approach is used when existing qualitative methodologies do not fully apply to the research topic or questions being explored. It provides flexibility to draw upon techniques from multiple established qualitative approaches rather than adhering strictly to one particular methodology.
The generic approach falls under two broad genres: qualitative description and interpretive description. Qualitative description aims to produce a straightforward descriptive summary of experiences or events in the everyday terms of those involved. Interpretive description adds some interpretation of the data by analyzing themes or patterns in the perspectives and experiences described.
The generic approach prioritizes an accurate descriptive account over developing new theories or models. It seeks to understand how people make
Running head QUANTITATIVE DESIGNS1Quantitative DesignsStu.docxcharisellington63520
Running head: QUANTITATIVE DESIGNS
1
Quantitative Designs
Student Name Here
Walden University
Quantitative Designs
Provide a brief introduction to your paper here. The title serves as your introductory heading no need for a heading titled “Introduction.”
Two Designs
Select two peer reviewed journal articles that utilized different types of quantitative research designs. Briefly describe each of the designs that you selected. Remember to focus on how the research was done not what was studied. Always provide credit for your sources.
Sampling
Include the types of sampling used in each study to conduct the chosen research methods. Sampling is “how” the researchers recruited participants. What type of sampling method was used? Where and how did the recruitment occur? Who needed to give permission?
Comparison of Designs
Similarities and Differences
Explain two similarities and two differences between the designs you selected. Described the similarities and then discuss the differences.
Strengths and Weaknesses
Describe at least one strength and one limitation of each design. Clearly identify which design has what strength or weakness. Support your points.
Comparison Insights
Describe an insight or conclusion you can draw from the comparison. For example, how might you use the designs? What populations, interventions, or research problems might be better suited for one or the other design?
Ethical, Legal and Socio-Cultural Considerations
Explain any ethical, legal, and socio-cultural considerations that may be relevant for the designs you selected. Remember this section is ethical, legal, and sociocultural so you need to discuss all three. In addition, you need to support your points with scholarly support, such as the ethical code, laws, etc.
Conclusion
Your conclusion section should recap the major points you have made in your work. However, perhaps more importantly, you should interpret what you have written and what the bigger picture is. Remember your paper should be 2 - 3 pages not counting your title page and reference page. Please do not exceed three pages of content.
Save your Application as a ".doc" or ".rtf" file with the filename APP4+your first initial+last name. For example, Sally Ride’s assignment filename would be "APP4SRide". Use the "Submit an Assignment" link, choose the Week 4: Application basket, and then add your Application as an attachment.
References
Always include references. Be sure every reference is in APA format with a hanging indent. Also, every citation should have a reference and vice versa. Use the APA manual, the Citation Guide or some source to verify your format. APA is very specific about punctuation and how elements of the reference are presented.
Running head: QUANTITATIVE DESIGNS
1
Quantitative Designs
Cynthia Morris
Walden University
Quantitative Designs
The two most common sources of information using qualitative research are interviews and sampling methods
. Int.
Annotated BibliographyLeierer, S. J., Blackwell, T. L., Strohmer.docxrossskuddershamus
Annotated Bibliography
Leierer, S. J., Blackwell, T. L., Strohmer, D. C., Thompson, R. C., & Donnay, D. C. (2008). The Newly Revised Strong Interest Inventory: A Profile Interpretation for Rehabilitation Counselors. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 51(2), 76-84
The Newly Revised Strong Interest Inventory: A Profile Interpretation for Rehabilitation Counselors
This peer reviewed scholarly journal article seeks to examine the interest patterns that are predictive of success and satisfaction as a rehabilitation counselor using the Strong Interests Inventory. The strength of the SII lies in the variety of which is useful in counseling and provide information that is usually not found with other interest inventories. Interpreting the SII profile begins by looking at the individual's GOT scores. The data and ideas from this interpretation can be used to improve the selection and recruitment of rehabilitation counselors. These findings can help career counselors predict which students and workers will be interested in a particular field.
Abstract from the author:
Using aggregate scores from 281 female and 133 male rehabilitation counselors, the researchers developed prototypical "Strong Interest Inventory" (SII) profiles. They used these profiles to explore the interests, preferences, and professional identity of rehabilitation counselors. Using the General Occupational Themes (GOTs), Basic Interest Scales (BISs), Occupational Scales (OSs), and Personal Style Scales (PSSs), which make up the newly revised SII, the authors obtained empirically defined prototypical profiles for female and male rehabilitation counselors. The Social-Artistic Holland-code dyad was a reoccurring theme across the each profile. Although there are differences in each of the SII scales across genders, the authors found congruence not only within the scales of a particular gender but also across genders. Consistencies and inconsistencies among the GOTs, BISs, OSs, and PSSs are discussed. Implications for counselor recruitment and practice are also discussed.
Day, M. A., & Luzzo, D. A. (1997). Effects of Strong Interest Inventory Feedback on Career Beliefs.
Effects of Strong Interest Inventory Feedback on Career Beliefs
This scholarly article explored the most frequently used career interest inventory SSI. The purpose of the investigation was to evaluate the effects of SII completion and participation an feedback and interpretation on the social cognitive career beliefs of first-year college students. Application of self-efficacy theory to the career decision- tasks and behaviors, whereas high levels of CDMSE lead to increased participation in career decision-making activities. The use of a group interpretation strategy that incorporated sources of performance accomplishments and verbal persuasion as means of providing SI feedback increased participants' CDMSE.
Abstract from the author:
A study evaluated the effects of Strong Interest Inventory (SII) completion and particip.
Here are the key characteristics of correlational research:
- Shows the relationship or connection between two or more variables or factors. It indicates if a relationship exists but does not determine causation.
- Measures the extent to which two variables are related through statistical analysis. This allows researchers to predict changes in one variable based on changes in another.
- Relationships can be positive (changes in one variable correspond to changes in the same direction for the other), negative (changes correspond in opposing directions), or there may be no correlation.
- Does not describe causal relationships like experimental research or determine what specifically causes changes like descriptive research. It can only indicate a relationship exists.
Some examples of correlational research questions include examining
Social Psychology Research Project Grading Rubric W18CATEGORY5.docxsamuel699872
This document provides a grading rubric for a social psychology research project. It outlines five categories for grading: introduction/thesis statement, focus and sequencing in the body, conclusion, quantity and quality of sources, and APA style. Each category is graded on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest score. The rubric provides detailed descriptions of the criteria for each score in each category. For example, for the introduction, a score of 5 indicates a strong introduction with a clear thesis statement that is highly relevant to social psychology, while a 1 indicates the topic is not adequately conveyed or a social psychology topic. The rubric will be used to grade students' social psychology group research projects out of a total of
Social Psychology Research Project Grading Rubric W18CATEGORY5.docxrosemariebrayshaw
Social Psychology Research Project Grading Rubric W18
CATEGORY
5
4
3
2
1
Introduction, thesis statement & social psych relevance
Strong introduction of topic’s key question(s), terms. Clearly delineates subtopics to be reviewed. Specific thesis statement. Relevant to social psych.
Conveys topic and key question(s) adequately. Clearly delineates most of the subtopics to be reviewed. General thesis statement. Mostly relevant to social psych.
Conveys topic, but not key question(s). Describes some of the subtopics to be reviewed. General thesis statement. Some relevance to social psych.
Problems in two of the following areas: the articulation of the topic, the key questions, subtopics or the thesis statement. Minor relevance to social psych.
Does not adequately convey topic. Does not describe subtopics to be reviewed. Lacks adequate thesis statement. Not a social psychology topic.
Focus & sequencing in the body of the paper
All material clearly related to subtopic, main topic. Strong organization and integration of material within subtopics. Strong transitions linking subtopics, and main topic. Borrowed material is clearly explained.
All material clearly related to subtopic, main topic and logically organized within subtopics. Clear, varied transitions linking subtopics, and main topic. Some of the borrowed material is not adequately/clearly explained.
Most material clearly related to subtopic, main topic. Material may not be organized within subtopics. Attempts to provide variety of transitions. Some problems with borrowed material not being adequately/clearly explained leading to some gaps or confusion.
Only some of the material is logically organized into topic, subtopics. Some of the material is related to the main topic/thesis. Some transitions are unclear or nonexistent. Many theories, terms, concepts & studies are left unexplained
Little evidence material is logically organized into topic, subtopics or related to topic. Many transitions are unclear or nonexistent. Significant portions of borrowed material are not clearly/adequately explained, leading to reader confusion.
Conclusion
Strong review of key conclusions. Strong integration with thesis statement. Insightful discussion of impact of the researched material on topic
Good review of key conclusions. Good integration with thesis statement. Good discussion impact of researched material on topic.
Review of key conclusions. Some integration with thesis statement. Discusses impact of researched material on topic
Some review of key conclusions. Minor integration with thesis statement. Little discussion of impact of researched material on topic.
Does not summarize evidence with respect to thesis statement.
Does not discuss the impact of researched material on topic.
Assessment Rubric for Social Psych Group Research Project PG2
CATEGORY
A (5)
B (4)
C (3)
D (2)
F (1)
Quantity of sources
Document cites 5 academic sources.
Document cites 4 academic sou.
Guided ResponseRespond to the fellow students’ posts in a subst.docxjosephineboon366
Guided Response:
Respond to the fellow students’ posts in a substantive manner. Some ways to do this include the following, though you may choose a different approach, providing your response is substantive:
Agree or disagree with your classmate’s position. Defend your position by using information from the week’s readings or examples from current events.
1.
When it comes to research within that of business, science and beyond, there are many techniques and tools used to accurately depict certain facets of data as well as the specific idea of what Is studied and why. We see that measurement scales help depict the types and quantifiable nature of data in regards to numerical specific information. With this post we were asked to find an article utilizing the scholarly research method that helps depict the use of this information. I will discuss this topic further and introduce the article I have chosen.
(Here is my article in APA format)
“Corporate communications [electronic resource] : an international journal.
Volume 12, \ Number 4, Corporate and organizational marketing. (2007). Retrieved September 26, 2014, from Ashford University Library E book Collection (aul.10211634).”
This article is used to help depict the communication processes and techniques used in corporate. We see that as a globalized society these methods are critical and they are ever changing based on the technology that is also ever changing. When companies use specific tools, we see there’s a concise process for measuring these events as well as the effectiveness of such tools within. The research process is the same in that a very specific list and concise data must be depicted. Within this article we see that measurement scales were used to show how corporate communication is measured within that of its use and the processes of cost versus monetary purposes. Within this we see that the telecommunication services that companies use are dramatically changing. We se that through statistical data, the way this service works is going down in price as well an increase in reliability. The data in this, which was my cause for choosing this article shows the spread of use across the gambit of business and society alike. We see that through Internet and beyond, 70 percent of the world has access to Internet and companies in the corporate paradigm are helping spread this ability for people to connect with each other and even the companies promoting this societal advantage. A simple way to look at this is by seeing how quantifiable data is within the realm of business, science and all the objectives in between. When it comes to understanding this we see this article discusses the survey technique to get an idea from the internal and external stimuli affecting business. Companies who sell communication and use it are often inundated with this method to show effectiveness of tools. When it comes to corporate communication, this idea is one in the same. We see that this type of dat.
Here is a summary of the key points about the generic qualitative approach:
The generic qualitative approach is used when existing qualitative methodologies do not fully apply to the research topic or questions being explored. It provides flexibility to draw upon techniques from multiple established qualitative approaches rather than adhering strictly to one particular methodology.
The generic approach falls under two broad genres: qualitative description and interpretive description. Qualitative description aims to produce a straightforward descriptive summary of experiences or events in the everyday terms of those involved. Interpretive description adds some interpretation of the data by analyzing themes or patterns in the perspectives and experiences described.
The generic approach prioritizes an accurate descriptive account over developing new theories or models. It seeks to understand how people make
Running head QUANTITATIVE DESIGNS1Quantitative DesignsStu.docxcharisellington63520
Running head: QUANTITATIVE DESIGNS
1
Quantitative Designs
Student Name Here
Walden University
Quantitative Designs
Provide a brief introduction to your paper here. The title serves as your introductory heading no need for a heading titled “Introduction.”
Two Designs
Select two peer reviewed journal articles that utilized different types of quantitative research designs. Briefly describe each of the designs that you selected. Remember to focus on how the research was done not what was studied. Always provide credit for your sources.
Sampling
Include the types of sampling used in each study to conduct the chosen research methods. Sampling is “how” the researchers recruited participants. What type of sampling method was used? Where and how did the recruitment occur? Who needed to give permission?
Comparison of Designs
Similarities and Differences
Explain two similarities and two differences between the designs you selected. Described the similarities and then discuss the differences.
Strengths and Weaknesses
Describe at least one strength and one limitation of each design. Clearly identify which design has what strength or weakness. Support your points.
Comparison Insights
Describe an insight or conclusion you can draw from the comparison. For example, how might you use the designs? What populations, interventions, or research problems might be better suited for one or the other design?
Ethical, Legal and Socio-Cultural Considerations
Explain any ethical, legal, and socio-cultural considerations that may be relevant for the designs you selected. Remember this section is ethical, legal, and sociocultural so you need to discuss all three. In addition, you need to support your points with scholarly support, such as the ethical code, laws, etc.
Conclusion
Your conclusion section should recap the major points you have made in your work. However, perhaps more importantly, you should interpret what you have written and what the bigger picture is. Remember your paper should be 2 - 3 pages not counting your title page and reference page. Please do not exceed three pages of content.
Save your Application as a ".doc" or ".rtf" file with the filename APP4+your first initial+last name. For example, Sally Ride’s assignment filename would be "APP4SRide". Use the "Submit an Assignment" link, choose the Week 4: Application basket, and then add your Application as an attachment.
References
Always include references. Be sure every reference is in APA format with a hanging indent. Also, every citation should have a reference and vice versa. Use the APA manual, the Citation Guide or some source to verify your format. APA is very specific about punctuation and how elements of the reference are presented.
Running head: QUANTITATIVE DESIGNS
1
Quantitative Designs
Cynthia Morris
Walden University
Quantitative Designs
The two most common sources of information using qualitative research are interviews and sampling methods
. Int.
Annotated BibliographyLeierer, S. J., Blackwell, T. L., Strohmer.docxrossskuddershamus
Annotated Bibliography
Leierer, S. J., Blackwell, T. L., Strohmer, D. C., Thompson, R. C., & Donnay, D. C. (2008). The Newly Revised Strong Interest Inventory: A Profile Interpretation for Rehabilitation Counselors. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 51(2), 76-84
The Newly Revised Strong Interest Inventory: A Profile Interpretation for Rehabilitation Counselors
This peer reviewed scholarly journal article seeks to examine the interest patterns that are predictive of success and satisfaction as a rehabilitation counselor using the Strong Interests Inventory. The strength of the SII lies in the variety of which is useful in counseling and provide information that is usually not found with other interest inventories. Interpreting the SII profile begins by looking at the individual's GOT scores. The data and ideas from this interpretation can be used to improve the selection and recruitment of rehabilitation counselors. These findings can help career counselors predict which students and workers will be interested in a particular field.
Abstract from the author:
Using aggregate scores from 281 female and 133 male rehabilitation counselors, the researchers developed prototypical "Strong Interest Inventory" (SII) profiles. They used these profiles to explore the interests, preferences, and professional identity of rehabilitation counselors. Using the General Occupational Themes (GOTs), Basic Interest Scales (BISs), Occupational Scales (OSs), and Personal Style Scales (PSSs), which make up the newly revised SII, the authors obtained empirically defined prototypical profiles for female and male rehabilitation counselors. The Social-Artistic Holland-code dyad was a reoccurring theme across the each profile. Although there are differences in each of the SII scales across genders, the authors found congruence not only within the scales of a particular gender but also across genders. Consistencies and inconsistencies among the GOTs, BISs, OSs, and PSSs are discussed. Implications for counselor recruitment and practice are also discussed.
Day, M. A., & Luzzo, D. A. (1997). Effects of Strong Interest Inventory Feedback on Career Beliefs.
Effects of Strong Interest Inventory Feedback on Career Beliefs
This scholarly article explored the most frequently used career interest inventory SSI. The purpose of the investigation was to evaluate the effects of SII completion and participation an feedback and interpretation on the social cognitive career beliefs of first-year college students. Application of self-efficacy theory to the career decision- tasks and behaviors, whereas high levels of CDMSE lead to increased participation in career decision-making activities. The use of a group interpretation strategy that incorporated sources of performance accomplishments and verbal persuasion as means of providing SI feedback increased participants' CDMSE.
Abstract from the author:
A study evaluated the effects of Strong Interest Inventory (SII) completion and particip.
Here are the key characteristics of correlational research:
- Shows the relationship or connection between two or more variables or factors. It indicates if a relationship exists but does not determine causation.
- Measures the extent to which two variables are related through statistical analysis. This allows researchers to predict changes in one variable based on changes in another.
- Relationships can be positive (changes in one variable correspond to changes in the same direction for the other), negative (changes correspond in opposing directions), or there may be no correlation.
- Does not describe causal relationships like experimental research or determine what specifically causes changes like descriptive research. It can only indicate a relationship exists.
Some examples of correlational research questions include examining
Social Psychology Research Project Grading Rubric W18CATEGORY5.docxsamuel699872
This document provides a grading rubric for a social psychology research project. It outlines five categories for grading: introduction/thesis statement, focus and sequencing in the body, conclusion, quantity and quality of sources, and APA style. Each category is graded on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest score. The rubric provides detailed descriptions of the criteria for each score in each category. For example, for the introduction, a score of 5 indicates a strong introduction with a clear thesis statement that is highly relevant to social psychology, while a 1 indicates the topic is not adequately conveyed or a social psychology topic. The rubric will be used to grade students' social psychology group research projects out of a total of
Social Psychology Research Project Grading Rubric W18CATEGORY5.docxrosemariebrayshaw
Social Psychology Research Project Grading Rubric W18
CATEGORY
5
4
3
2
1
Introduction, thesis statement & social psych relevance
Strong introduction of topic’s key question(s), terms. Clearly delineates subtopics to be reviewed. Specific thesis statement. Relevant to social psych.
Conveys topic and key question(s) adequately. Clearly delineates most of the subtopics to be reviewed. General thesis statement. Mostly relevant to social psych.
Conveys topic, but not key question(s). Describes some of the subtopics to be reviewed. General thesis statement. Some relevance to social psych.
Problems in two of the following areas: the articulation of the topic, the key questions, subtopics or the thesis statement. Minor relevance to social psych.
Does not adequately convey topic. Does not describe subtopics to be reviewed. Lacks adequate thesis statement. Not a social psychology topic.
Focus & sequencing in the body of the paper
All material clearly related to subtopic, main topic. Strong organization and integration of material within subtopics. Strong transitions linking subtopics, and main topic. Borrowed material is clearly explained.
All material clearly related to subtopic, main topic and logically organized within subtopics. Clear, varied transitions linking subtopics, and main topic. Some of the borrowed material is not adequately/clearly explained.
Most material clearly related to subtopic, main topic. Material may not be organized within subtopics. Attempts to provide variety of transitions. Some problems with borrowed material not being adequately/clearly explained leading to some gaps or confusion.
Only some of the material is logically organized into topic, subtopics. Some of the material is related to the main topic/thesis. Some transitions are unclear or nonexistent. Many theories, terms, concepts & studies are left unexplained
Little evidence material is logically organized into topic, subtopics or related to topic. Many transitions are unclear or nonexistent. Significant portions of borrowed material are not clearly/adequately explained, leading to reader confusion.
Conclusion
Strong review of key conclusions. Strong integration with thesis statement. Insightful discussion of impact of the researched material on topic
Good review of key conclusions. Good integration with thesis statement. Good discussion impact of researched material on topic.
Review of key conclusions. Some integration with thesis statement. Discusses impact of researched material on topic
Some review of key conclusions. Minor integration with thesis statement. Little discussion of impact of researched material on topic.
Does not summarize evidence with respect to thesis statement.
Does not discuss the impact of researched material on topic.
Assessment Rubric for Social Psych Group Research Project PG2
CATEGORY
A (5)
B (4)
C (3)
D (2)
F (1)
Quantity of sources
Document cites 5 academic sources.
Document cites 4 academic sou.
There are two common rater errors that can occur during performance appraisals: the halo effect and rater bias. The halo effect is when a rater allows one positive trait of an employee to influence their ratings of other traits, so they rate the employee highly overall based primarily on that one trait. Rater bias is when a rater allows personal feelings, preferences, or prejudices to influence their ratings and evaluations of an employee, rather than basing ratings solely on job-related criteria and performance. Both errors can negatively impact the validity and usefulness of performance appraisals for employees and organizations.
Running Head DEVELOPING A THESIS STATEMENT1DEVELOPING A THES.docxcharisellington63520
Running Head DEVELOPING A THESIS STATEMENT 1
DEVELOPING A THESIS STATEMENT 2
Developing a Thesis Statement
Elizabeth Morgan
ENG/102 Research Writing
Instructor: William Scheeren
February 25, 2015
Thesis Statement
Good ethical conduct is essential in success of an organization; however, everyone does not have the same values.
· Explain what strategies you used to formulate a viable argument.
I used a strategy that would create an argument that make sense, and that link in a logical and practical way, I am using the logos strategy which is the logical appeal, strategic use of logic, claims, and evidence to persuade an audience of a certain point. That way my argument will have strong, clear claims, warrants that are valid, and clear explanations for claims, and strong evidence.
· Explain how you plan to support your thesis statement with compelling arguments and counterarguments
I plan to support my thesis with compelling arguments and counter arguments by looking for opposing viewpoints and finding evidence to contradict them. I am going to address any prejudice or fallacies that I may come upon. I am going to find the strongest possible proof to support my claims. I will also make sure I take detailed notes while gathering information for my research and make sure the information is current.
Running Head DEVELOPING A THESIS STATEMENT
1
Developing a Thesis Statement
Elizabeth Morgan
ENG/102 Research Writing
Instructor:
William Scheeren
February 2
5
, 201
5
Running Head DEVELOPING A THESIS STATEMENT 1
Developing a Thesis Statement
Elizabeth Morgan
ENG/102 Research Writing
Instructor: William Scheeren
February 25, 2015
Appendix J
ENG/102 Version 4
1
Associate Level Material
Appendix J
Quoting, Summarizing, and Paraphrasing Sources
Summarize:
· Be brief.
· Reflect key facts or ideas.
· Help readers understand context.
· Do not insert personal views.
· Write in your own words, except for quotations.
· Create an APA-formatted parenthetical citation for this summary.
· Insert the APA article reference.
<Insert full article summary.>
Ethics in business begin as far back as Plato and Aristotle. Responsibilities at work, which include adherence to duty, self-control and transparency against those who want to bribe or make secret deals are good ethics and values. For many people, religion provides the basis of an ethical code. “Thou shalt not steal” obviously this also applies in the workplace.
Haggerty, M. (2011, May 6). Business ethics. CQ Researcher, 21, 409-432. Retrieved from CQ Research database
<Insert APA article reference.>
Paraphrase:
· Use details.
· Reflect the structure of the source.
· Reflect the ideas of the original author.
· Do not insert personal views.
· Write in your own words, except for quotations.
· Create an APA-formatted parenthetical citation for this paraphrase.
· Insert the APA article reference.
Business experts and law.
This document discusses correlational research, which examines relationships between variables without manipulating them. It defines correlational research and describes its non-experimental design, purpose to test associations between variables with limited control, and high external validity. Examples of positive, negative, and no correlations are provided. Characteristics like being non-experimental and backward-looking are outlined. Common data collection methods include surveys, observations, and secondary data. Correlation and regression analyses can quantify and predict relationships between variables, though correlation does not imply causation due to directionality and third variable problems.
Sole reliance on citation data provides an incomplete understanding of research. Although citation analysis may be simple to apply, it should be used with caution to avoid it coming under disrepute through uncritical use. Ideally, citation analysis should be performed to supplement, not replace, a robust system of expert review to determine the actual quality and impact of published research.
There are key differences between qualitative and quantitative research. Quantitative research generates numerical/statistical data through tools like questionnaires and focuses on measuring and analyzing target concepts precisely. Qualitative research generates non-numerical data like words through interviews and focuses on understanding human behavior and reasons for it through a subjective approach. While quantitative research aims to generalize findings, qualitative research provides in-depth descriptions and explores phenomena. The choice depends on the research question - qualitative is used for exploratory studies, while quantitative is used for conclusive studies later in the research process.
"Knowing about the user’s feedback can come to a greater aid in knowing the user as well as improving the organization. Here an example of student’s data is taken for study purpose. Analyzing the student feedback will help to help to address student related problems and help to make teaching more student oriented. Prashali S. Shinde | Asmita R. Kanase | Rutuja S. Pawar | Yamini U. Waingankar ""Sentiment Analysis of Feedback Data"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Fostering Innovation, Integration and Inclusion Through Interdisciplinary Practices in Management , March 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23090.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/23090/sentiment-analysis-of-feedback-data/prashali--s-shinde"
IntroductionThe methodology of a study refers to the procedure.docxDioneWang844
Introduction
The methodology of a study refers to the procedures that are followed in order to collect and analyze data. Qualitative and quantitative are two broad categories of research methods (Erford, 2015, p. 17). Distinguishing between them is a theme that runs throughout this course. This unit discusses several of the methodological issues, or steps, to be addressed when planning a study. Some of these issues include:
What kind of data to collect (such as participants' perceptions).
How to best collect the data (for example, in-depth semi-structured interviews).
How to select participants.
What kinds of treatments or conditions they will experience.
How to analyze the data.
These decisions determine the research design. "Research designs are types of inquiry within qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches that provide specific direction for procedures in a research design" (Creswell, 2014, p. 12).
Validity, Credibility, and Reliability
Scholar-practitioners are concerned with the overall validity and trustworthiness of the research they read. In quantitative studies, internal validity refers to the degree to which one can infer cause and effect relationships between the independent and dependent variables, while external validity relates to the generalizability of findings. Both are important issues. In qualitative studies, the term validity is less frequently used when discussing the quality or trustworthiness of the research. Rather, the critical consumer of qualitative research is concerned with credibility, dependability, confirmability, verification, and transferability. This unit provides an introduction to methodological issues in counseling research. These issues will be revisited when you study specific research designs. As you develop your pre-proposal assignment, you will consider methodological issues as they apply to the research design you have chosen.
Reviewing the Literature
In this unit, you will continue locating current empirical articles, which will be used to write the literature review section of your pre-proposal assignment. An annotated bibliography is a tool for organizing the main ideas of the sources you have read. A detailed annotated bibliography can contribute greatly to the ease of writing a literature review. A well-written literature review is a coherent narrative that provides readers with the status of the knowledge base as it relates to your topic. This works best when literature reviews are organized by main ideas. The writer should not present a laundry list of article summaries with no connections being made among them. Instead, think of the literature review as telling the story of your topic, using the studies as support. There will probably be subheadings in the literature review section to indicate the main ideas for the reader. When you write your literature review, think of the main ideas that you want to get across and organize your writing around them.
References
Creswell, .
The document discusses interrater reliability, which is a statistical method used to quantify agreement between independent raters when making subjective assessments. It is important for research that involves ratings by multiple researchers to establish interrater reliability to ensure reliability of measurements and results. Examples provided include psychologists observing autistic children and referees in various sports who must agree on subjective calls. Establishing interrater reliability through training and calibration is crucial for the validity of research and sports officiating.
OVERVIEWWrite a 3–4-page assessment in which you use research ar.docxkarlacauq0
OVERVIEW
Write a 3–4-page assessment in which you use research articles to examine how social connections and support can promote physical and mental health.
Social psychology can help us understand our relationships with others.
SHOW LESS
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
•
Competency 2: Apply social psychological research and theory to examine social perception, social interaction, and social influence.
•
Explain how research findings in the field of social psychology can help individuals understand relationships with others.
•
Competency 4: Examine the research methods frequently used in the study of social psychology.
•
Describe the data collection methods used in research studies in the field of social psychology.
•
Describe the designs used in research studies in the field of social psychology.
•
Explain arguments made by researchers in the field of social psychology.
•
Explain research findings in the field of social psychology.
•
Competency 7: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and consistent with expectations for professionals in the field of psychology.
•
Write coherently to support a central idea with correct grammar, usage, and mechanics as expected of a psychology professional.
Use APA format and style.
CONTEXT
What causes people to be drawn to one another? What happens when one experiences rejection? Human beings are wired for relationships. Unlike some species that do not organize socially, such as koalas and jaguars, humans need relationships. We are what Baumeister and Bushman refer to as cultural animals, immersing ourselves within social groups. Humans engage in relationships of all kinds from family, acquaintances and friends, to romantic partners. Belonging is a basic human need (Baumeister & Bushman, 2014).
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER
•
To deepen your understanding, you are encouraged to consider the questions below and discuss them with a fellow learner, a work associate, an interested friend, or a member of the business community.
•
What causes people to be drawn to one another?
•
What happens when one experiences rejection?
RESOURCES
Resources
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Suggested Resources
The following optional resources are provided to support you in completing the assessment or to provide a helpful context. For additional resources, refer to the Research Resources and Supplemental Resources in the left navigation menu of your courseroom.
Library Resources
The following e-books or articles from the Capella University Library are linked directly in this course.
Note
: Some of the articles listed are fairly old and are included here because they are considered seminal works in the field.
•
Cockshaw, W. D., Shochet, I. M., & Obst, P. L. (2013).
General belongingness.
Assignment 2 RA Annotated BibliographyThe foundation of a rese.docxrock73
Assignment 2: RA: Annotated Bibliography
The foundation of a research study comes from an understanding of the theory and from knowledge that is set forth by the literature in the field. Before a researcher can develop a sound and needed research design, he or she must first determine what is already known, how the topic has previously been studied, and where there are gaps in the knowledge and/or techniques that have been used to study the research problem.
In this module, you will further explore the research topic that you chose in M1 Assignment 2. Additionally, this will be the time to make any needed changes to your research question before you submit your proposal in M5 Assignment 2 RA 2. For this assignment, you will create a 3- to 4-page document following the directions given below.
Using the Argosy University online library resources and the Internet, locate 6 peer-reviewed articles that could be used for the literature review portion of the research proposal in M5 Assignment 2 RA 2. The articles should fall into the following categories:
· 2 quantitative studies
· 2 qualitative studies
· 1 mixed-methods study
· 1 theoretical or research design of your choice
For each article, cover the following points in 250–350 words:
· The problem to be studied
· The rationale for the study
· The type of research that was conducted (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-methods)
· The data collection strategy
· The data analysis tools that were used
· A summary of the findings
· A statement of how this article will support your proposed study
Present your work in a 3- to 5-page Microsoft Word document that follows the following format:
· Reference the source in APA format.
· Follow the reference with a single block paragraph of 250–350 words comprising your annotation (summary, evaluation, and reflection).
· The whole block should be double-spaced and indented.
· Repeat for the next article—don’t forget that your articles should be listed in alphabetical order just as you would on a standard APA reference page.
All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules for attributing sources.
Submission Details:
· By Wednesday, September 20, 2017, save your document as M3_A2_Lastname_Firstname.doc and submit it to the M3 Assignment 2 RA Dropbox.
RA is worth 200 points and will be graded according to the following rubric.
Running head: EVALUATING QUANTITATIVE DESIGN 1
EVALUATING QUANTITATIVE DESIGN 2
Evaluating Quantitative Design
Sherry L. Crowe
Dr. Cynthia Palmisano
Research and Evaluation
FP6030
September 13, 2017
Evaluating Quantitative Research
PART 1: Comparing Methods
Experimental Research Method
In the experimental research method, research is approached or viewed as a systematic and scientific process through which a researcher manipulates one or more variables while controlling and measuring any variations in other variables (Stangor, 2011). The variables being manipulated are called the independent variables while ...
Running head: SELF ESTEEM: METHODS
1
SELF ESTEEM: METHODS
3
Self Esteem:Methods Comment by Gregory G. Bolich: Spacing. Otherwise everything is okay.
Self Esteem: Methods
The methodical approach that is applied in understanding self-esteem is empirical research. Many controversial debates have been done to understand the concept and truth about self-esteem. Many people just get around the fact that self-esteem can influence the ability of the children to study and succeed in education (Franck, 2007). Other people just claim with the new hypothesis that has been drawn from the research conclusions of the studies that have been done so far about self-esteem (Govier, 2013). Comment by Gregory G. Bolich: This is an interesting start though the sentence doesn’t actually say much. Still, it works. Comment by Gregory G. Bolich: Okay. This additional material helps create a stronger introduction.
However, in getting the results of self-esteem, research can be done by both qualitative and quantitative methods (Govier, 2013). These methods of research can be applied in trying to understand self-esteem where the experiments that ask the respondents how favorably they can regard themselves. Questionnaires are used to collect data in this case that have questions that ask the respondents to agree or not agree with statements such as “I feel I can make it in life.” Comment by Gregory G. Bolich: Yes, but . . . what are these different approaches about? Comment by Gregory G. Bolich: You offer a couple of examples but don’t pair wither experiments or questionnaires with either approach.
The statements are directed to the fact that self-esteem is based on what the subjects says about themselves and it worthwhile to note that self-report measures are rather problematic(Franck, 2007). Sometimes they can tell us about someone’s wishes but not their real status. However, since the other methods that have been suggested to understand self-esteem are yet to be empirically validated, the only addition method is an analysis of other research that has been done by other researchers. There is experimental research that has been done so far on the impact and the working of self-esteem and variables that influence this change can provide very interesting resources. The resources that will be required will be a list of questionnaires, respondents and around a period of one month to gather data that has been collected through research (Franck, 2007). Comment by Gregory G. Bolich: say Comment by Gregory G. Bolich: What would be the value of analyzing all the research if none of it has been empirically validated? Comment by Gregory G. Bolich: additional Comment by Gregory G. Bolich: I don’t quite follow you. I don’t know what hypothesis is being tested or what design you propose to use. Much better clarification is needed.
References
Franck, E., & De Raedt, R. (2007). Self-esteem reconsidered: Unstable self-esteem outperforms level of self-esteem as vulnera.
M3 ch12 discussionConnecting Eligible Immigrant Families to Heal.docxjeremylockett77
M3 ch12 discussion
Connecting Eligible Immigrant Families to Health Coverage
Instructions:
Read the report
Connecting Eligible Immigrant Families to Health Coverage and Care
.
Write a one page post offering solutions to the problem from the nurse's standpoint.
.
Loudres eats powdered doughnuts for breakfast and chocolate that sh.docxjeremylockett77
Loudres eats powdered doughnuts for breakfast and chocolate that she can get out of the vending machines before class. Between classes , she grabs some chips and a caffine drink for lunch. By the end of the day, she is exhauted and cannot study very long before she falls asleep for a few hours. Then, she stays up untils 2.A.M to finish her work and take care of things she could not do during the day. She feels that she has to eat sugary foods and caffeinated drinks to keep her schedule going and to fit in all her activities. What advice would you give her?
.
Lori Goler is the head of People at Facebook. Janelle Gal.docxjeremylockett77
Lori Goler is the head
of People at Facebook.
Janelle Gale is the head
of HR Business Partners
at Facebook. Adam Grant
is a professor at Wharton,
a Facebook consultant,
and the author of Originals
and Give and Take.
ZS
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IN
HBR.ORG
Let’s Not Kill
Performance
Evaluations Yet
Facebook’s experience shows
why they can still be valuable.
BY LORI GOLER, JANELLE GALE, AND ADAM GRANT
November 2016 Harvard Business Review 91
LET’S NOT KILL PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS YET
tThe reality is, even when companies get rid of performance evaluations, ratings still exist. Employees just can’t see them. Ratings are done sub-jectively, behind the scenes, and without input from the people being evaluated.
Performance is the value of employees’ contribu-
tions to the organization over time. And that value
needs to be assessed in some way. Decisions about
pay and promotions have to be made. As research-
ers pointed out in a recent debate in Industrial and
Organizational Psychology, “Performance is always
rated in some manner.” If you don’t have formal
evaluations, the ratings will be hidden in a black box.
At Facebook we analyzed our performance man-
agement system a few years ago. We conducted fo-
cus groups and a follow-up survey with more than
300 people. The feedback was clear: 87% of people
wanted to keep performance ratings.
Yes, performance evaluations have costs—but
they have benefits, too. We decided to hang on
to them for three reasons: fairness, transparency,
and development.
Making Things Fair
We all want performance evaluations to be fair. That
isn’t always the outcome, but as more than 9,000
managers and employees reported in a global sur-
vey by CEB, not having evaluations is worse. Every
organization has people who are unhappy with their
bonuses or disappointed that they weren’t pro-
moted. But research has long shown that when the
process is fair, employees are more willing to accept
undesirable outcomes. A fair process exists when
evaluators are credible and motivated to get it right,
and employees have a voice. Without evaluations,
people are left in the dark about who is gauging their
contributions and how.
At Facebook, to mitigate bias and do things sys-
tematically, we start by having peers write evalua-
tions. They share them not just with managers but
also, in most cases, with one another—which reflects
the company’s core values of openness and transpar-
ency. Then decisions are made about performance:
Managers sit together and discuss their reports
face-to-face, defending and championing, debating
and deliberating, and incorporating peer feedback.
Here the goal is to minimize the “idiosyncratic rater
effect”—also known as personal opinion. People
aren’t unduly punished when individual managers
are hard graders or unfairly rewarded when they’re
easy graders.
Next managers write the performance reviews.
We have a team of analysts who examine evalua-
tions f.
Looking for someone to take these two documents- annotated bibliogra.docxjeremylockett77
Looking for someone to take these two documents- annotated bibliography and an issue review(outline)
to conduct an argumentative paper about WHY PEOPLE SHOULD GET THE COVID-19 VACCINE
Requirements:
Length: 4-6 pages (not including title page or references page)
1-inch margins
Double spaced
12-point Times New Roman font
Title page
References page
.
Lorryn Tardy – critique to my persuasive essayFor this assignm.docxjeremylockett77
Lorryn Tardy – critique to my persuasive essay
For this assignment I’ll be workshopping the work of Lisa Oll-Adikankwu. Lisa has chosen the topic of Assisted Suicide; she is against the practice and argues that it should be considered unethical and universally illegal.
Lisa appears to have a good understanding of the topic. Her sources are well researched and discuss a variety of key points from seemingly unbiased sources. Her sources are current, peer reviewed and based on statistical data.
Lisa’s summaries are well written, clear and concise. One thing I noticed is that the majority of her writing plan is summarized and cited at the end of each paragraph. I might suggest that she integrate more synthesis of the different sources, by combining evidence from more than one source per paragraph and using more in text citations or direct quotes to reinforce her key points.
I think that basic credentialing information could be provided for Lisa’s sources, this is something that looking back, I need to add as well. I think this could easily be done with just a simple “(Authors name, and their title, i.e. author, statistician, physician etc.…)”, when the source is introduced into the paper might provide a reinforced credibility of the source.
As far as connection of sources, as previously mentioned, I think that in order to illustrate a stronger argument, using multiple sources to reinforce a single key point would solidify Lisa’s argument. I feel that more evidence provided from a variety of different sources, will provide the reader with a stronger sense of credibility and less room for bias that could be argued if the point is only credited to one source.
One area that stuck out to me for counter argument, being that my paper is in favor of this issue, is in paragraph two where Lisa states that “physicians are not supposed to kill patients or help them kill themselves, and terminally ill patients are not in a position of making rational decisions about their lives.” I’d like to offer my argument for this particular statement. In states where assisted suicide (or as I prefer to refer to it, assisted dying) is legal, there are several criteria that a patient has to meet in order to be considered a candidate. These criteria include second, even third opinions to determine that death is imminent, as well psychological evaluation(s) and an extensive informed consent process that is a collaborative effort between the patient, the patient’s family, physicians, psychologists and nurses. It is a process that takes weeks to months. Patients that wish to be a candidate, should initiate the process as soon as they have been diagnosed by seeking a second opinion. As an emergency room nurse, I have been present for a substantial amount of diagnoses that are ‘likely’ terminal. Many of these patients presented to the emergency for a common ailment and have no indication that they don’t have the capacity to make such a decision. Receiving a terminal diagnos.
M450 Mission Command SystemGeneral forum instructions Answ.docxjeremylockett77
M450 Mission Command: System
General forum instructions: Answer the questions below and provide evidence to support your claims (See attached slides). Your answers should be derived primarily from course content. When citing sources, use APA style. Your initial posts should be approximately 150-500 words.
1. Describe and explain two of the Warfighting Functions.
2. How do commanders exercise the Command and Control System?
.
Lymphedema following breast cancer The importance of surgic.docxjeremylockett77
Lymphedema following breast cancer: The importance of
surgical methods and obesity
Rebecca J. Tsai, PhDa,*, Leslie K. Dennis, PhDa,b, Charles F. Lynch, MD, PhDa, Linda G.
Snetselaar, RD, PhD, LDa, Gideon K.D. Zamba, PhDc, and Carol Scott-Conner, MD, PhD,
MBAd
aDepartment of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
bDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ, USA.
cDepartment of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
dDepartment of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer-related arm lymphedema is a serious complication that can
adversely affect quality of life. Identifying risk factors that contribute to the development of
lymphedema is vital for identifying avenues for prevention. The aim of this study was to examine
the association between the development of arm lymphedema and both treatment and personal
(e.g., obesity) risk factors.
Methods: Women diagnosed with breast cancer in Iowa during 2004 and followed through 2010,
who met eligibility criteria, were asked to complete a short computer assisted telephone interview
about chronic conditions, arm activities, demographics, and lymphedema status. Lymphedema was
characterized by a reported physician-diagnosis, a difference between arms in the circumference
(> 2cm), or the presence of multiple self-reported arm symptoms (at least two of five major arm
symptoms, and at least four total arm symptoms). Relative risks (RR) were estimated using
logistic regression.
Results: Arm lymphedema was identified in 102 of 522 participants (19.5%). Participants treated
by both axillary dissection and radiation therapy were more likely to have arm lymphedema than
treated by either alone. Women with advanced cancer stage, positive nodes, and larger tumors
along with a body mass index > 40 were also more likely to develop lymphedema. Arm activity
level was not associated with lymphedema.
*Correspondence and Reprints to: Rebecca Tsai, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway,
R-17, Cincinnati, OH 45226. [email protected] Phone: (513)841-4398. Fax: (513) 841-4489.
Authorship contribution
All authors contributed to the conception, design, drafting, revision, and the final review of this manuscript.
Competing interest
Conflicts of Interest and Source of Funding: This study was funded by the National Cancer Institute Grant Number: 5R03CA130031.
All authors do not declare any conflict of interest.
All authors do not declare any conflict of interest.
HHS Public Access
Author manuscript
Front Womens Health. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2018 December 14.
Published in final edited form as:
Front Womens Health. 2018 June ; 3(2): .
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Love Beyond Wallshttpswww.lovebeyondwalls.orgProvid.docxjeremylockett77
Love Beyond Walls
https://www.
lovebeyondwalls
.org
Provide a brief background of your chosen nonprofit entity using evidence from their publications or any other published materials. Then evaluate the factors, which may include economic, political, historic, cultural, institutional conditions, and changes that contributed to the creation and growth (decline) of the nonprofit organization. Justify your response.
.
Longevity PresentationThe purpose of this assignment is to exami.docxjeremylockett77
Longevity Presentation
The purpose of this assignment is to examine societal norms regarding aging and to integrate the concepts of aging well and living well into an active aging framework that promotes longevity.
Using concepts from the Hooyman and Kiyak (2011) text and the Buettner (2012) book, consider the various perspectives on aging.
Identify the underlying values or assumptions that serve as the basis for longevity, including cultural, religious, and philosophical ideas.
Present an overview of three holistic aging theories.
Integrate the values, assumptions, and theories to indicate what is necessary for an active aging framework where individuals both live well and age well.
Presentations should be 10-15 minutes in length, use visual aids, and incorporate references from the course texts and 5 additional scholarly journal articles.
.
Look again at the CDCs Web page about ADHD.In 150-200 w.docxjeremylockett77
The CDC's page on ADHD aims to educate the general public about Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder by providing facts and information on symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It presents ADHD as a real disorder with neurological causes in order to increase understanding and help those affected. As the nation's leading health protection agency, the CDC's role is to inform the public about health issues like ADHD.
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There are two common rater errors that can occur during performance appraisals: the halo effect and rater bias. The halo effect is when a rater allows one positive trait of an employee to influence their ratings of other traits, so they rate the employee highly overall based primarily on that one trait. Rater bias is when a rater allows personal feelings, preferences, or prejudices to influence their ratings and evaluations of an employee, rather than basing ratings solely on job-related criteria and performance. Both errors can negatively impact the validity and usefulness of performance appraisals for employees and organizations.
Running Head DEVELOPING A THESIS STATEMENT1DEVELOPING A THES.docxcharisellington63520
Running Head DEVELOPING A THESIS STATEMENT 1
DEVELOPING A THESIS STATEMENT 2
Developing a Thesis Statement
Elizabeth Morgan
ENG/102 Research Writing
Instructor: William Scheeren
February 25, 2015
Thesis Statement
Good ethical conduct is essential in success of an organization; however, everyone does not have the same values.
· Explain what strategies you used to formulate a viable argument.
I used a strategy that would create an argument that make sense, and that link in a logical and practical way, I am using the logos strategy which is the logical appeal, strategic use of logic, claims, and evidence to persuade an audience of a certain point. That way my argument will have strong, clear claims, warrants that are valid, and clear explanations for claims, and strong evidence.
· Explain how you plan to support your thesis statement with compelling arguments and counterarguments
I plan to support my thesis with compelling arguments and counter arguments by looking for opposing viewpoints and finding evidence to contradict them. I am going to address any prejudice or fallacies that I may come upon. I am going to find the strongest possible proof to support my claims. I will also make sure I take detailed notes while gathering information for my research and make sure the information is current.
Running Head DEVELOPING A THESIS STATEMENT
1
Developing a Thesis Statement
Elizabeth Morgan
ENG/102 Research Writing
Instructor:
William Scheeren
February 2
5
, 201
5
Running Head DEVELOPING A THESIS STATEMENT 1
Developing a Thesis Statement
Elizabeth Morgan
ENG/102 Research Writing
Instructor: William Scheeren
February 25, 2015
Appendix J
ENG/102 Version 4
1
Associate Level Material
Appendix J
Quoting, Summarizing, and Paraphrasing Sources
Summarize:
· Be brief.
· Reflect key facts or ideas.
· Help readers understand context.
· Do not insert personal views.
· Write in your own words, except for quotations.
· Create an APA-formatted parenthetical citation for this summary.
· Insert the APA article reference.
<Insert full article summary.>
Ethics in business begin as far back as Plato and Aristotle. Responsibilities at work, which include adherence to duty, self-control and transparency against those who want to bribe or make secret deals are good ethics and values. For many people, religion provides the basis of an ethical code. “Thou shalt not steal” obviously this also applies in the workplace.
Haggerty, M. (2011, May 6). Business ethics. CQ Researcher, 21, 409-432. Retrieved from CQ Research database
<Insert APA article reference.>
Paraphrase:
· Use details.
· Reflect the structure of the source.
· Reflect the ideas of the original author.
· Do not insert personal views.
· Write in your own words, except for quotations.
· Create an APA-formatted parenthetical citation for this paraphrase.
· Insert the APA article reference.
Business experts and law.
This document discusses correlational research, which examines relationships between variables without manipulating them. It defines correlational research and describes its non-experimental design, purpose to test associations between variables with limited control, and high external validity. Examples of positive, negative, and no correlations are provided. Characteristics like being non-experimental and backward-looking are outlined. Common data collection methods include surveys, observations, and secondary data. Correlation and regression analyses can quantify and predict relationships between variables, though correlation does not imply causation due to directionality and third variable problems.
Sole reliance on citation data provides an incomplete understanding of research. Although citation analysis may be simple to apply, it should be used with caution to avoid it coming under disrepute through uncritical use. Ideally, citation analysis should be performed to supplement, not replace, a robust system of expert review to determine the actual quality and impact of published research.
There are key differences between qualitative and quantitative research. Quantitative research generates numerical/statistical data through tools like questionnaires and focuses on measuring and analyzing target concepts precisely. Qualitative research generates non-numerical data like words through interviews and focuses on understanding human behavior and reasons for it through a subjective approach. While quantitative research aims to generalize findings, qualitative research provides in-depth descriptions and explores phenomena. The choice depends on the research question - qualitative is used for exploratory studies, while quantitative is used for conclusive studies later in the research process.
"Knowing about the user’s feedback can come to a greater aid in knowing the user as well as improving the organization. Here an example of student’s data is taken for study purpose. Analyzing the student feedback will help to help to address student related problems and help to make teaching more student oriented. Prashali S. Shinde | Asmita R. Kanase | Rutuja S. Pawar | Yamini U. Waingankar ""Sentiment Analysis of Feedback Data"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Fostering Innovation, Integration and Inclusion Through Interdisciplinary Practices in Management , March 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23090.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/23090/sentiment-analysis-of-feedback-data/prashali--s-shinde"
IntroductionThe methodology of a study refers to the procedure.docxDioneWang844
Introduction
The methodology of a study refers to the procedures that are followed in order to collect and analyze data. Qualitative and quantitative are two broad categories of research methods (Erford, 2015, p. 17). Distinguishing between them is a theme that runs throughout this course. This unit discusses several of the methodological issues, or steps, to be addressed when planning a study. Some of these issues include:
What kind of data to collect (such as participants' perceptions).
How to best collect the data (for example, in-depth semi-structured interviews).
How to select participants.
What kinds of treatments or conditions they will experience.
How to analyze the data.
These decisions determine the research design. "Research designs are types of inquiry within qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches that provide specific direction for procedures in a research design" (Creswell, 2014, p. 12).
Validity, Credibility, and Reliability
Scholar-practitioners are concerned with the overall validity and trustworthiness of the research they read. In quantitative studies, internal validity refers to the degree to which one can infer cause and effect relationships between the independent and dependent variables, while external validity relates to the generalizability of findings. Both are important issues. In qualitative studies, the term validity is less frequently used when discussing the quality or trustworthiness of the research. Rather, the critical consumer of qualitative research is concerned with credibility, dependability, confirmability, verification, and transferability. This unit provides an introduction to methodological issues in counseling research. These issues will be revisited when you study specific research designs. As you develop your pre-proposal assignment, you will consider methodological issues as they apply to the research design you have chosen.
Reviewing the Literature
In this unit, you will continue locating current empirical articles, which will be used to write the literature review section of your pre-proposal assignment. An annotated bibliography is a tool for organizing the main ideas of the sources you have read. A detailed annotated bibliography can contribute greatly to the ease of writing a literature review. A well-written literature review is a coherent narrative that provides readers with the status of the knowledge base as it relates to your topic. This works best when literature reviews are organized by main ideas. The writer should not present a laundry list of article summaries with no connections being made among them. Instead, think of the literature review as telling the story of your topic, using the studies as support. There will probably be subheadings in the literature review section to indicate the main ideas for the reader. When you write your literature review, think of the main ideas that you want to get across and organize your writing around them.
References
Creswell, .
The document discusses interrater reliability, which is a statistical method used to quantify agreement between independent raters when making subjective assessments. It is important for research that involves ratings by multiple researchers to establish interrater reliability to ensure reliability of measurements and results. Examples provided include psychologists observing autistic children and referees in various sports who must agree on subjective calls. Establishing interrater reliability through training and calibration is crucial for the validity of research and sports officiating.
OVERVIEWWrite a 3–4-page assessment in which you use research ar.docxkarlacauq0
OVERVIEW
Write a 3–4-page assessment in which you use research articles to examine how social connections and support can promote physical and mental health.
Social psychology can help us understand our relationships with others.
SHOW LESS
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
•
Competency 2: Apply social psychological research and theory to examine social perception, social interaction, and social influence.
•
Explain how research findings in the field of social psychology can help individuals understand relationships with others.
•
Competency 4: Examine the research methods frequently used in the study of social psychology.
•
Describe the data collection methods used in research studies in the field of social psychology.
•
Describe the designs used in research studies in the field of social psychology.
•
Explain arguments made by researchers in the field of social psychology.
•
Explain research findings in the field of social psychology.
•
Competency 7: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and consistent with expectations for professionals in the field of psychology.
•
Write coherently to support a central idea with correct grammar, usage, and mechanics as expected of a psychology professional.
Use APA format and style.
CONTEXT
What causes people to be drawn to one another? What happens when one experiences rejection? Human beings are wired for relationships. Unlike some species that do not organize socially, such as koalas and jaguars, humans need relationships. We are what Baumeister and Bushman refer to as cultural animals, immersing ourselves within social groups. Humans engage in relationships of all kinds from family, acquaintances and friends, to romantic partners. Belonging is a basic human need (Baumeister & Bushman, 2014).
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER
•
To deepen your understanding, you are encouraged to consider the questions below and discuss them with a fellow learner, a work associate, an interested friend, or a member of the business community.
•
What causes people to be drawn to one another?
•
What happens when one experiences rejection?
RESOURCES
Resources
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Suggested Resources
The following optional resources are provided to support you in completing the assessment or to provide a helpful context. For additional resources, refer to the Research Resources and Supplemental Resources in the left navigation menu of your courseroom.
Library Resources
The following e-books or articles from the Capella University Library are linked directly in this course.
Note
: Some of the articles listed are fairly old and are included here because they are considered seminal works in the field.
•
Cockshaw, W. D., Shochet, I. M., & Obst, P. L. (2013).
General belongingness.
Assignment 2 RA Annotated BibliographyThe foundation of a rese.docxrock73
Assignment 2: RA: Annotated Bibliography
The foundation of a research study comes from an understanding of the theory and from knowledge that is set forth by the literature in the field. Before a researcher can develop a sound and needed research design, he or she must first determine what is already known, how the topic has previously been studied, and where there are gaps in the knowledge and/or techniques that have been used to study the research problem.
In this module, you will further explore the research topic that you chose in M1 Assignment 2. Additionally, this will be the time to make any needed changes to your research question before you submit your proposal in M5 Assignment 2 RA 2. For this assignment, you will create a 3- to 4-page document following the directions given below.
Using the Argosy University online library resources and the Internet, locate 6 peer-reviewed articles that could be used for the literature review portion of the research proposal in M5 Assignment 2 RA 2. The articles should fall into the following categories:
· 2 quantitative studies
· 2 qualitative studies
· 1 mixed-methods study
· 1 theoretical or research design of your choice
For each article, cover the following points in 250–350 words:
· The problem to be studied
· The rationale for the study
· The type of research that was conducted (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-methods)
· The data collection strategy
· The data analysis tools that were used
· A summary of the findings
· A statement of how this article will support your proposed study
Present your work in a 3- to 5-page Microsoft Word document that follows the following format:
· Reference the source in APA format.
· Follow the reference with a single block paragraph of 250–350 words comprising your annotation (summary, evaluation, and reflection).
· The whole block should be double-spaced and indented.
· Repeat for the next article—don’t forget that your articles should be listed in alphabetical order just as you would on a standard APA reference page.
All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules for attributing sources.
Submission Details:
· By Wednesday, September 20, 2017, save your document as M3_A2_Lastname_Firstname.doc and submit it to the M3 Assignment 2 RA Dropbox.
RA is worth 200 points and will be graded according to the following rubric.
Running head: EVALUATING QUANTITATIVE DESIGN 1
EVALUATING QUANTITATIVE DESIGN 2
Evaluating Quantitative Design
Sherry L. Crowe
Dr. Cynthia Palmisano
Research and Evaluation
FP6030
September 13, 2017
Evaluating Quantitative Research
PART 1: Comparing Methods
Experimental Research Method
In the experimental research method, research is approached or viewed as a systematic and scientific process through which a researcher manipulates one or more variables while controlling and measuring any variations in other variables (Stangor, 2011). The variables being manipulated are called the independent variables while ...
Running head: SELF ESTEEM: METHODS
1
SELF ESTEEM: METHODS
3
Self Esteem:Methods Comment by Gregory G. Bolich: Spacing. Otherwise everything is okay.
Self Esteem: Methods
The methodical approach that is applied in understanding self-esteem is empirical research. Many controversial debates have been done to understand the concept and truth about self-esteem. Many people just get around the fact that self-esteem can influence the ability of the children to study and succeed in education (Franck, 2007). Other people just claim with the new hypothesis that has been drawn from the research conclusions of the studies that have been done so far about self-esteem (Govier, 2013). Comment by Gregory G. Bolich: This is an interesting start though the sentence doesn’t actually say much. Still, it works. Comment by Gregory G. Bolich: Okay. This additional material helps create a stronger introduction.
However, in getting the results of self-esteem, research can be done by both qualitative and quantitative methods (Govier, 2013). These methods of research can be applied in trying to understand self-esteem where the experiments that ask the respondents how favorably they can regard themselves. Questionnaires are used to collect data in this case that have questions that ask the respondents to agree or not agree with statements such as “I feel I can make it in life.” Comment by Gregory G. Bolich: Yes, but . . . what are these different approaches about? Comment by Gregory G. Bolich: You offer a couple of examples but don’t pair wither experiments or questionnaires with either approach.
The statements are directed to the fact that self-esteem is based on what the subjects says about themselves and it worthwhile to note that self-report measures are rather problematic(Franck, 2007). Sometimes they can tell us about someone’s wishes but not their real status. However, since the other methods that have been suggested to understand self-esteem are yet to be empirically validated, the only addition method is an analysis of other research that has been done by other researchers. There is experimental research that has been done so far on the impact and the working of self-esteem and variables that influence this change can provide very interesting resources. The resources that will be required will be a list of questionnaires, respondents and around a period of one month to gather data that has been collected through research (Franck, 2007). Comment by Gregory G. Bolich: say Comment by Gregory G. Bolich: What would be the value of analyzing all the research if none of it has been empirically validated? Comment by Gregory G. Bolich: additional Comment by Gregory G. Bolich: I don’t quite follow you. I don’t know what hypothesis is being tested or what design you propose to use. Much better clarification is needed.
References
Franck, E., & De Raedt, R. (2007). Self-esteem reconsidered: Unstable self-esteem outperforms level of self-esteem as vulnera.
Similar to 1 CONGRATULATIONS, CASEY, I had to read the last pa.docx (11)
M3 ch12 discussionConnecting Eligible Immigrant Families to Heal.docxjeremylockett77
M3 ch12 discussion
Connecting Eligible Immigrant Families to Health Coverage
Instructions:
Read the report
Connecting Eligible Immigrant Families to Health Coverage and Care
.
Write a one page post offering solutions to the problem from the nurse's standpoint.
.
Loudres eats powdered doughnuts for breakfast and chocolate that sh.docxjeremylockett77
Loudres eats powdered doughnuts for breakfast and chocolate that she can get out of the vending machines before class. Between classes , she grabs some chips and a caffine drink for lunch. By the end of the day, she is exhauted and cannot study very long before she falls asleep for a few hours. Then, she stays up untils 2.A.M to finish her work and take care of things she could not do during the day. She feels that she has to eat sugary foods and caffeinated drinks to keep her schedule going and to fit in all her activities. What advice would you give her?
.
Lori Goler is the head of People at Facebook. Janelle Gal.docxjeremylockett77
Lori Goler is the head
of People at Facebook.
Janelle Gale is the head
of HR Business Partners
at Facebook. Adam Grant
is a professor at Wharton,
a Facebook consultant,
and the author of Originals
and Give and Take.
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HBR.ORG
Let’s Not Kill
Performance
Evaluations Yet
Facebook’s experience shows
why they can still be valuable.
BY LORI GOLER, JANELLE GALE, AND ADAM GRANT
November 2016 Harvard Business Review 91
LET’S NOT KILL PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS YET
tThe reality is, even when companies get rid of performance evaluations, ratings still exist. Employees just can’t see them. Ratings are done sub-jectively, behind the scenes, and without input from the people being evaluated.
Performance is the value of employees’ contribu-
tions to the organization over time. And that value
needs to be assessed in some way. Decisions about
pay and promotions have to be made. As research-
ers pointed out in a recent debate in Industrial and
Organizational Psychology, “Performance is always
rated in some manner.” If you don’t have formal
evaluations, the ratings will be hidden in a black box.
At Facebook we analyzed our performance man-
agement system a few years ago. We conducted fo-
cus groups and a follow-up survey with more than
300 people. The feedback was clear: 87% of people
wanted to keep performance ratings.
Yes, performance evaluations have costs—but
they have benefits, too. We decided to hang on
to them for three reasons: fairness, transparency,
and development.
Making Things Fair
We all want performance evaluations to be fair. That
isn’t always the outcome, but as more than 9,000
managers and employees reported in a global sur-
vey by CEB, not having evaluations is worse. Every
organization has people who are unhappy with their
bonuses or disappointed that they weren’t pro-
moted. But research has long shown that when the
process is fair, employees are more willing to accept
undesirable outcomes. A fair process exists when
evaluators are credible and motivated to get it right,
and employees have a voice. Without evaluations,
people are left in the dark about who is gauging their
contributions and how.
At Facebook, to mitigate bias and do things sys-
tematically, we start by having peers write evalua-
tions. They share them not just with managers but
also, in most cases, with one another—which reflects
the company’s core values of openness and transpar-
ency. Then decisions are made about performance:
Managers sit together and discuss their reports
face-to-face, defending and championing, debating
and deliberating, and incorporating peer feedback.
Here the goal is to minimize the “idiosyncratic rater
effect”—also known as personal opinion. People
aren’t unduly punished when individual managers
are hard graders or unfairly rewarded when they’re
easy graders.
Next managers write the performance reviews.
We have a team of analysts who examine evalua-
tions f.
Looking for someone to take these two documents- annotated bibliogra.docxjeremylockett77
Looking for someone to take these two documents- annotated bibliography and an issue review(outline)
to conduct an argumentative paper about WHY PEOPLE SHOULD GET THE COVID-19 VACCINE
Requirements:
Length: 4-6 pages (not including title page or references page)
1-inch margins
Double spaced
12-point Times New Roman font
Title page
References page
.
Lorryn Tardy – critique to my persuasive essayFor this assignm.docxjeremylockett77
Lorryn Tardy – critique to my persuasive essay
For this assignment I’ll be workshopping the work of Lisa Oll-Adikankwu. Lisa has chosen the topic of Assisted Suicide; she is against the practice and argues that it should be considered unethical and universally illegal.
Lisa appears to have a good understanding of the topic. Her sources are well researched and discuss a variety of key points from seemingly unbiased sources. Her sources are current, peer reviewed and based on statistical data.
Lisa’s summaries are well written, clear and concise. One thing I noticed is that the majority of her writing plan is summarized and cited at the end of each paragraph. I might suggest that she integrate more synthesis of the different sources, by combining evidence from more than one source per paragraph and using more in text citations or direct quotes to reinforce her key points.
I think that basic credentialing information could be provided for Lisa’s sources, this is something that looking back, I need to add as well. I think this could easily be done with just a simple “(Authors name, and their title, i.e. author, statistician, physician etc.…)”, when the source is introduced into the paper might provide a reinforced credibility of the source.
As far as connection of sources, as previously mentioned, I think that in order to illustrate a stronger argument, using multiple sources to reinforce a single key point would solidify Lisa’s argument. I feel that more evidence provided from a variety of different sources, will provide the reader with a stronger sense of credibility and less room for bias that could be argued if the point is only credited to one source.
One area that stuck out to me for counter argument, being that my paper is in favor of this issue, is in paragraph two where Lisa states that “physicians are not supposed to kill patients or help them kill themselves, and terminally ill patients are not in a position of making rational decisions about their lives.” I’d like to offer my argument for this particular statement. In states where assisted suicide (or as I prefer to refer to it, assisted dying) is legal, there are several criteria that a patient has to meet in order to be considered a candidate. These criteria include second, even third opinions to determine that death is imminent, as well psychological evaluation(s) and an extensive informed consent process that is a collaborative effort between the patient, the patient’s family, physicians, psychologists and nurses. It is a process that takes weeks to months. Patients that wish to be a candidate, should initiate the process as soon as they have been diagnosed by seeking a second opinion. As an emergency room nurse, I have been present for a substantial amount of diagnoses that are ‘likely’ terminal. Many of these patients presented to the emergency for a common ailment and have no indication that they don’t have the capacity to make such a decision. Receiving a terminal diagnos.
M450 Mission Command SystemGeneral forum instructions Answ.docxjeremylockett77
M450 Mission Command: System
General forum instructions: Answer the questions below and provide evidence to support your claims (See attached slides). Your answers should be derived primarily from course content. When citing sources, use APA style. Your initial posts should be approximately 150-500 words.
1. Describe and explain two of the Warfighting Functions.
2. How do commanders exercise the Command and Control System?
.
Lymphedema following breast cancer The importance of surgic.docxjeremylockett77
Lymphedema following breast cancer: The importance of
surgical methods and obesity
Rebecca J. Tsai, PhDa,*, Leslie K. Dennis, PhDa,b, Charles F. Lynch, MD, PhDa, Linda G.
Snetselaar, RD, PhD, LDa, Gideon K.D. Zamba, PhDc, and Carol Scott-Conner, MD, PhD,
MBAd
aDepartment of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
bDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ, USA.
cDepartment of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
dDepartment of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer-related arm lymphedema is a serious complication that can
adversely affect quality of life. Identifying risk factors that contribute to the development of
lymphedema is vital for identifying avenues for prevention. The aim of this study was to examine
the association between the development of arm lymphedema and both treatment and personal
(e.g., obesity) risk factors.
Methods: Women diagnosed with breast cancer in Iowa during 2004 and followed through 2010,
who met eligibility criteria, were asked to complete a short computer assisted telephone interview
about chronic conditions, arm activities, demographics, and lymphedema status. Lymphedema was
characterized by a reported physician-diagnosis, a difference between arms in the circumference
(> 2cm), or the presence of multiple self-reported arm symptoms (at least two of five major arm
symptoms, and at least four total arm symptoms). Relative risks (RR) were estimated using
logistic regression.
Results: Arm lymphedema was identified in 102 of 522 participants (19.5%). Participants treated
by both axillary dissection and radiation therapy were more likely to have arm lymphedema than
treated by either alone. Women with advanced cancer stage, positive nodes, and larger tumors
along with a body mass index > 40 were also more likely to develop lymphedema. Arm activity
level was not associated with lymphedema.
*Correspondence and Reprints to: Rebecca Tsai, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway,
R-17, Cincinnati, OH 45226. [email protected] Phone: (513)841-4398. Fax: (513) 841-4489.
Authorship contribution
All authors contributed to the conception, design, drafting, revision, and the final review of this manuscript.
Competing interest
Conflicts of Interest and Source of Funding: This study was funded by the National Cancer Institute Grant Number: 5R03CA130031.
All authors do not declare any conflict of interest.
All authors do not declare any conflict of interest.
HHS Public Access
Author manuscript
Front Womens Health. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2018 December 14.
Published in final edited form as:
Front Womens Health. 2018 June ; 3(2): .
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Love Beyond Wallshttpswww.lovebeyondwalls.orgProvid.docxjeremylockett77
Love Beyond Walls
https://www.
lovebeyondwalls
.org
Provide a brief background of your chosen nonprofit entity using evidence from their publications or any other published materials. Then evaluate the factors, which may include economic, political, historic, cultural, institutional conditions, and changes that contributed to the creation and growth (decline) of the nonprofit organization. Justify your response.
.
Longevity PresentationThe purpose of this assignment is to exami.docxjeremylockett77
Longevity Presentation
The purpose of this assignment is to examine societal norms regarding aging and to integrate the concepts of aging well and living well into an active aging framework that promotes longevity.
Using concepts from the Hooyman and Kiyak (2011) text and the Buettner (2012) book, consider the various perspectives on aging.
Identify the underlying values or assumptions that serve as the basis for longevity, including cultural, religious, and philosophical ideas.
Present an overview of three holistic aging theories.
Integrate the values, assumptions, and theories to indicate what is necessary for an active aging framework where individuals both live well and age well.
Presentations should be 10-15 minutes in length, use visual aids, and incorporate references from the course texts and 5 additional scholarly journal articles.
.
Look again at the CDCs Web page about ADHD.In 150-200 w.docxjeremylockett77
The CDC's page on ADHD aims to educate the general public about Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder by providing facts and information on symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It presents ADHD as a real disorder with neurological causes in order to increase understanding and help those affected. As the nation's leading health protection agency, the CDC's role is to inform the public about health issues like ADHD.
M8-22 ANALYTICS o TEAMS • ORGANIZATIONS • SKILLS .fÿy.docxjeremylockett77
M8-22 ANALYTICS o TEAMS • ORGANIZATIONS • SKILLS .fÿy' ÿ,oÿ ()V)g
The Strategy That Wouldn't Travel
by Michael C. Beer
It was 6:45 P.M. Karen Jimenez was reviewing the
notes on her team-based productMty project tbr
what seemed like the hundredth time. I31 two days,
she was scheduled to present a report to the senior
management group on the project's progress. She
wasn't at all sure what she was going to say.
The project was designed to improve productiv-
it3, and morale at each plant owned and operated by
Acme Minerals Extraction Company. Phase one--
implemented in early 1995 at the site in Wichita,
I(amsas--looked like a stunning, success by the mid-
dle of 1996. Productivity and mo[ÿale soared, and
operating and maintenance costs decreased signifi-
cantly. But four months ago, Jimenez tried to
duplicate the results at the project's second
target--the plant in Lubbock, Texas--and some-
thing went wrong. The techniques that had worked
so well in Wichita met with only moderate success
in Lubbock. ProductMty improved marginally and
costs went down a bit, but morale actually seemed
to deteriorate slightl): Jimenez was stumped,
approach to teamwork and change. As it turned
out, he had proved a good choice. Daniels was a
hands-on, high-energy, charismatic businessman
who seemed to enjoy media attention. Within his
first year as CEO, he had pretty much righted the
floundering company by selling oft:some unrelated
lines of business. He had also created the share-
services deparnnent--an internal consulting organ-
ization providing change management, reengineer-
ing, total quailB, management, and other
services--and had rapped Jimenez to head the
group. Her first priority Daniels told her, would be
to improve productiviB, and morale at the com-
pany's five extraction sites. None of them were
meeting their projections. And although Wichita
was the only site at which the labor-management
conflict was painfiflly apparent, Daniels and Jimenez
both thought that morale needed an all-around
boost. Hence the team-based productivity project.
She tried to "helicopter up" and think about
the problem in the broad context of the com-
pany's history. A few ),ears ago, Acme had been in
bad financial shape, but what had really brought
things to a head--and had led to her current
dilemma--was a labor relations problem. Acme
had a wide variety of labor requirements For its
operations. The company used highly sophisti-
cated technologB employing geologists, geophysi-
cists, and engineers on what was referred to as the
"brains" side of the business, as well as skilled and
semi-skilled labor on the "brawn" side to run the
extraction operations. And in the summer of
1994, brains and brawn clashed in an embarrass-
ingly public way. A number of engineers at the
Wichita plant locked several union workers out of
the offices in 100-degree heat. Although most
Acme employees now felt that the incident had
been blown out of propo,'tion by the press, .
Lombosoro theory.In week 4, you learned about the importance.docxjeremylockett77
Lombosoro theory.
In week 4, you learned about the importance of theory, the various theoretical perspectives and the ways in which theory help guide research in regards to crime and criminal behavior.
To put this assignment into context, I want you to think about how Lombroso thought one could identify a criminal. He said that criminals had similar facial features. If that was the case you would be able to look at someone and know if they were a criminal! Social theories infer that perhaps it is the social structures around us that encourage criminality. Look around your city- what structures do you think may match up to something you have learned about this week in terms of theory? These are just two small examples to put this assignment into context for you. The idea is to learn about the theories, then critically think about how can one "show" the theory without providing written explanation for their chosen image.
Directions: With the readings week 4 in mind, please do the following:
1. Choose a theoretical perspective (I.e., biological, psychological sociological)
2. Look through media images (this can be cartoons, magazines, newspapers, internet stories, etc...) and select 10 images that you think depict your chosen theory without written explanation.
3. Provide a one paragraph statement of your theory, what kinds of behavior it explains and how it is depicted through images. Be sure to use resources to support your answer.
4. You will copy and paste your images into a word document, along with your paragraph. You do not need to cite where you got your images, but you do need to cite any information you have in number 3.
Format Directions:
Typed, 12 point font, double spaced
APA format style (Cover page, in text citations and references)
.
Looking over the initial material on the definitions of philosophy i.docxjeremylockett77
Looking over the initial material on the definitions of philosophy in
the course content section, which definition (Aristotle, Novalis,
Wittgenstein) would you say gives you the best feel for philosophy? What
is it about the definition that interests you? do you find there to be any problems with the definition? what other questions do you have regarding the meaning of philosophy?
ARISTOTLE :
Definition 1: Philosophy begins with wonder. (Aristotle)
Our study of philosophy will begin with the ancient Greeks. This is not because the Greeks were necessarily the first to philosophize. They were the first to address philosophical questions in a systematic manner. Also, the bodies of works which survive from the Greeks is quite substantial so in studying philosophy we have a lot to go on if we start with the Greeks.
Philosophy is, in fact, a Greek word. Philo is one of the Greek words for love: in this case the friendship type of love. (What other words can you think of that have "philo" as a part?) Sophia, has a few different uses in Greek. Capitalized it is the name of a woman or a Goddess: wisdom. Philosophy, then, etymologically, (that is from its roots) means love of wisdom.
But what exactly is wisdom? Is it merely knowledge? Intelligence? If I know how to perform a given skill does this necessarily imply that I also have wisdom or am wise?
The word "wise" is not in fact a Greek word. Remember for the Greeks that's "Sophia". Wise is Indo-European and is related to words like "vision", "video", "Veda" (the Indian Holy scriptures). The root has something to do with seeing. Wisdom then has to do with applying our knowledge in a meaningful and practically beneficial way. Perhaps this is the reason why philosophy is associated with the aged. Aristotle believes that philosophy in fact is more suitably studied by the old rather than the young who are inclined to be controlled by the emotions. Do you think this is correct? Nevertheless, whether Aristotle is correct or not, typically the elderly are more likely to be wise as they have more experience of life: they have seen more and hopefully know how to respond correctly to various situations.
Philosophy is not merely confined to the old. Aristotle also says that philosophy begins with wonder and that all people desire to know. Children often are paradigm cases of wondering. Think about how children (perhaps a young sibling or a son or daughter, niece or nephew of your acquaintance) inquistively ask their parents "why" certain things are the case? If the child receives a satisfying answer, one that fits, she is satisfied. If not there is dissatisfaction and frustration. Children assume that their elders know more than they do and thus rely on them for the answers. Though there is a familiar cliche that ignorance is bliss, (perhaps what is meant by this is that ignorance of evil is bliss), Aristotle sees ignorance as painful, a wonder that I would rather fill with knowledge. After all wha.
Lucky Iron Fish
By: Ashley Snook
Professor Phillips
MGMT 350
Spring 2018
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
Introduction
Human Relations Theory
Communications Issues
Intercultural Relations
Ethics Issues
Conclusion
Works Cited
Executive Summary
The B-certified organization that I chose is Lucky Iron Fish Enterprise which is located in Guelph, Ontario Canada. The company distributes iron fish that are designed to solve iron deficiency and anemia for the two billion people who are affected worldwide.
The human relations model is comprised of McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, and theories from Peters and Waterman. These factors focus on the organizational structure of the company as it relates to the executives, the staff, and the customers. The executives provide meaningful jobs for the staff which gives them high levels of job satisfaction. Together, they are able to provide a product that satisfies the thousands of customers they have already reached.
Communication in this company flows smoothly. They implement open communication, encourage participation, and have high levels of trust among employees. Each of their departments are interconnected through teamwork.
Their intercultural relations, although successful, require a significant amount of time. They need to emphasize to the high context cultures that they are willing to understand their culture and possibly adopt some aspects of it. Additionally, they face barriers such as language dissimilarity and lack of physical store locations.
Ethics remains a top priority for this organization. They have high ethical standards that are integrated into their operations. They make decisions that do the most good for the most people, they do not take into consideration financial or political influence, and they strive to protect the environment through their sustainability measures.
Every employee is dedicated to improving the lives of those who suffer from iron deficiency
and anemia. As their organization grows, they continue to impact thousands of lives around the world. They are on a mission to put “a fish in every pot” (Lucky Iron Fish).
Introduction
Lucky Iron Fish, located in Guelph Canada, is a company that is dedicated to ending worldwide iron deficiency and anemia. They do this by providing families with iron fish that release iron when heated in food or water. They sell this product in developed countries in order to support their business model of buy one give one. Each time an iron fish is purchased, one is donated to a family in a developing country. They designed their product to resemble the kantrop fish of Cambodia; in their culture this fish is a symbol of luck. Another focus of theirs is to remain sustainable, scalable, and impactful (Lucky Iron Fish). Each of their products is made from recycled material and their packaging is biodegradable. Their organization has a horizontal stru.
Lucky Iron FishBy Ashley SnookMGMT 350Spring 2018ht.docxjeremylockett77
Lucky Iron Fish
By: Ashley Snook
MGMT 350
Spring 2018
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6Rx3wDqTuI
Table of Contents
Case Overview
Introduction
Human Relations
Communications
Intercultural Relations
Ethics
Conclusion
Works Cited
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iY0D-PIcgB4
Video ends at 1:45
2
Case Overview
Company located in Guleph, Ontario Canada
Mission is to end iron deficiency and anemia
A fish in every pot
Gavin Armstrong, Founder/CEO
Introduction
Idea originated in Cambodia
Distribute fish through buy one give one model
Sustainable, scalable, impactful
Human Relations
McGregor’s Theory X and Y
-X: employees focused solely on financial gain
-Y: strive to improve worldwide health
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
-Affiliation: desire to be part of a unit, motivated by connections
-Self-esteem: recognition for positive impact
Peters and Waterman
-Close relations to the customer
-Simple form & lean staff
Communications
Time and Distance
-Make product easily and quickly accessible
Communication Culture
-Encourages active participation
Teamwork
-Each role complements the overall mission
Gavin Armstrong Kate Mercer Mark Halpren Melissa Saunders Ashley Leone
Founder & CEO VP Marketing Chief Financial Officer Logistics Specialist Dietician
Intercultural Relations
High/Low Context
-Targets high context cultures
Barriers
-Language dissimilarity
Overcoming Barriers
-Hire a translator
Ethics
Utilitarianism
-Targets countries where majority of people will benefit
Veil of Ignorance
-Not concerned with financial influence
Categorical Imperative
-Accept projects only if environmentally friendly
Conclusion
Buy one give one model
Expansion
Sustainability
Works Cited
Guffey, Mary. “Essentials of Business Communication.” Ohio: Erin Joyner. 2008. Print.
“Lucky Iron Fish.” Lucky Iron Fish. Accessed 30 May 2018. https://luckyironfish.com/
“Lucky Iron Fish Enterprise.” B Corporation.net. Accessed 30 May 2018. https://www.bcorporation.net/community/lucky-iron-fish-enterprise
Lucky Iron Fish. “Lucky Iron Fish: A Simple
Solution
for a global problem.” Youtube. 28 October 2014. Accessed 4 June 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iY0D-PIcgB4
“Lucky little fish to fight iron deficiency among women in Cambodia.” Grand Challenges Canada. Accessed 6 June 2018. http://www.grandchallenges.ca/grantee-stars/0355-05-30/
Podder, Api. “Lucky Iron Fish Wins 2016 Big Innovation Award.” SocialNews.com. 5 February 2016. Accessed 4 June 2018. http://mysocialgoodnews.com/lucky-iron-fish-wins-2016-big-innovation-award/
Zaremba, Alan. “Organizational Communication.” New York: Oxford University Press Inc. 2010. Print.
Lucky Iron Fish
By: Ashley Snook
Professor Phillips
MGMT 350.
look for a article that talks about some type of police activity a.docxjeremylockett77
look for a article that talks about some type of police activity and create PowerPoint and base on the history describe
-What is the role of a police officer in society? (general statement )
-how are they viewed by society?
what is the role of the police in this case?
how it is seems by society?
Article
An unbelievable History of Rape
An 18-year-old said she was attacked at knifepoint. Then she said she made it up. That’s where our story begins.
by T. Christian Miller, ProPublica and Ken Armstrong, The Marshall Project December 16, 2015
https://www.propublica.org/article/false-rape-accusations-an-unbelievable-story
.
Look at the Code of Ethics for at least two professional agencies, .docxjeremylockett77
Look at the Code of Ethics for at least two professional agencies, federal agencies, or laws that would apply to Health IT professionals. In two pages (not including the reference list), compare and contrast these standards. How much overlap did you find? Is one reference more specific than the other? Does one likely fit a broader audience, etc... Would you add anything to either of these documents?
.
Locate an example for 5 of the 12 following types of communica.docxjeremylockett77
Locate
an example for 5 of the 12 following types of communication genres:
Business card
Resume/CV
Rules and regulations
Policy handbook
Policy manual
Policy guide
Policy or departmental memorandum
Public policy report
Government grant
Government proposal
Departmental brochure or recruitment materials
Governmental agency social media (Twitter, Facebook, etc...)
Write
a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you refer to your examples for each of the above listed communication genres. Be sure to address the following in your paper:
How does the purpose of the communication relate to the particular communication genre? In what ways does the genre help readers grasp information quickly and effectively? In what way is the genre similar or different than the other genres you chose?
What role has technology played in the development of the genre? How is it similar or different than the other genres you chose?
How does the use of these conventions promote understanding for the intended audience of the communication? How is it similar or different than the other genres you chose?
Is the communication intended for external or internal distribution? Describe ethical and privacy considerations used for determining an appropriate method of distribution. How is it similar or different than the other genres you chose?
Cite
at least three academic sources in your paper.
Format
your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
.
Locate and read the other teams’ group project reports (located .docxjeremylockett77
Locate and read the other teams’ group project reports (located in Doc Sharing).
Provide some comments for two reports in terms of what you think they did right, what you learned from these reports, as well as what else they could have done.
In addition, read the comments that other students made about your team’s report and respond to at least one of them.
Review ATTACHMENTS!!!!
.
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
1 CONGRATULATIONS, CASEY, I had to read the last pa.docx
1. 1
CONGRATULATIONS, CASEY,
I had to read the last part of your post a few times. I just want
to say that you
have a great way of writing when you paraphrase or summarize.
I remember
telling you that I believed you could actually write well. You
just proved it
here.
As good as your writing is in this post, I have to mention a
couple of things:
• There is no validity to Part 2 because you need to cite and
reference
your sources.
• Your post was put through TURNITIN. I looked through the
report it
generated and there is plagiarism in Part 1. However, it really
seems
like it is more of a citing, quoting, and APA issue.
2. • Please see the yellow highlight in your post below. Much of
what is
highlighted needs to be put into your own words (paraphrased)
with a
citation and reference. Notice I didn’t mention quotations.
That’s because
quotations are not allowed for any post or assignment.
• Given your improved work, I will let you rewrite this
discussion, but
please correct these items and resubmit by 3:00 PM CST on
Friday,
February 7, 2020. Email me when you upload it and I will re-
grade it.
Be very purposeful in looking at each area that is highlighted
(except for
the references - which is normal to be highlighted by the
system).
Again, I am really pleased to see how much you improved,
Dr. Schneider
3. 2
Casey O'Neill
11:12am Local: Jan 30 at 11:12am<br>Course: Jan 30 at
10:12am
Part 1
Qualitative research is a method of research which does not use
statistics to
understand the reason for a particular event whereas
quantitative research method
uses statistics to explain a particular phenomenon. The key
differences between
qualitative and quantitative research include:
1. Quantitative research is expressed in graphs and numbers
whereas
qualitative research is expressed in words. [Used the words or
ideas of
others without properly citing the source; did not use quotation
as
required by the APA; in addition, this is not in your own words
and it can
be considered to be plagiarized0
4. 2. Qualitative research is utilized to test and confirm
assumptions whereas
qualitative research is utilized to comprehend experiences and
concepts.
3. In quantitative research data is collected using methods such
as content
analysis, surveys, experimental and observational research
while in
qualitative research data is collected through discourse analysis,
case studies,
interviews and focus groups.
4. Quantitative research is analyzed through statistical methods
whereas
qualitative research is analyzed through summarizing and
interpretation.[Used the words or ideas of others without
properly citing
the source; did not use quotation as required by the APA; in
addition, this
is not in your own words and it can be considered to be
plagiarized]
5. Quantitative research utilizes probability sampling techniques
while
qualitative research utilizes non probability sampling
techniques.[Used the
5. words or ideas of others without properly citing the source; did
not use
quotation as required by the APA; in addition, this is not in
your own
words and it can be considered to be plagiarized]
https://ashford.instructure.com/courses/59147/users/49244
3
Experimental research is carried out when the researcher
manipulates a predictor
variable so as to study a cause and effect relationship of given
variables. On the
other hand, non-experimental research is a research where the
researcher relies on
observation to come to a conclusion and describe the
relationship between two
variables.as they cannot interpret the predictor variable.
Experimental researchers
manipulate the predictor variable whereas in non-experimental
research,
6. researchers use observations. In addition, experimental research
investigates a
cause-effect relationship but Non-experimental research is used
in correlational or
descriptive research as it describes the relationship between two
variables.
Part 2
Correlational research can be explained as a non-experimental
research measuring
two variables to understand their relationship statistically.
Correlation research
explains the directional relationship of two variables, the form
of the relationship,
whether linear or nonlinear, and the magnitude of the
relationship. Correlational
research is carried out when a researcher wants to find out the
relationship of two
variables which do not have a causal effect. It can also be used
whereby
conducting an experimental research would manipulate one
variable when the
researcher is researching the causal effect of two variables.
Data may be collected using naturalistic observation, surveys or
alternatively use
7. archival data. Naturalistic observation involves observing the
behavior of people in
their natural setting to collect data. On the other hand archival
data is data that has
been collected previously concerning the research in question
and has been stored.
Surveys may be conducted in person, through mail, online or via
phone. For
instance, the study conducted by DonKeysser (2020) utilized
online surveys which
were distributed via mail to 375 members of a local trade
association. Correlation
research can be analyzed through various data analysis tools
such as ANOVA,
regression analysis, path analysis, Pearson product moment, and
various non-
parametric test analysis. Correlation research uses quantitative
data collection and
analysis techniques (Becker, 2016)
Mention one or more of the specific research designs that fall
into your category.
Commented [SS1]: I had to read the last part of your post
a few times. I just want to say that you have a great way of
writing when you paraphrase or summarize. I remember
8. telling you that I believed you could actually write well. You
just proved it here.
As good as your writing is there is no validity to it because
you need to cite your sources.
4
Correlational research can be used in studying the correlation
between marriage
and happiness. For instance, if marriage has a positive
correlation with happiness it
means that married people are likely to be happy. However, it
does not mean that
marriage directly causes happiness as correlational research is
not used to establish
facts.
References
Becker, T. E., Atinc, G., Breaugh, J. A., Carlson, K. D.,
Edwards, J. R., & Spector,
P. E. (2016). Statistical control in correlational studies: 10
essential
recommendations for organizational researchers. Journal of
Organizational
9. Behavior, 37(2), 157-167.
DonKeysser, R. (2020). Study of the Export Behavior of Small
and Medium-Sized
Manufacturers in Minnesota Using Quantitative Correlational
Analysis.
http://methods.sagepub.com.proxy-
library.ashford.edu/case/export-behavior-small-
medium-sized-manufacturers-minnesota-quant-corr
http://methods.sagepub.com.proxy-
library.ashford.edu/case/export-behavior-small-medium-sized-
manufacturers-minnesota-quant-corr
http://methods.sagepub.com.proxy-
library.ashford.edu/case/export-behavior-small-medium-sized-
manufacturers-minnesota-quant-corr
Itzell Moreno
22 Jan 202022 Jan at 17:33
Manage discussion entry
Qualitative research falls under descriptive designs; in which
the descriptions being made are in an attempt to make
comparisons or display samples of people's opinions.
Furthermore, descriptive designs are considered qualitative in
specific circumstances. In addition, this type of research uses
mathematical models to analyze the hypothesis. On the other
hand, qualitative research uses prior research and knowledge to
interpret data in a subjective matter. In essence, qualitative
research is exploratory in order to attain underlying reasons,
ideas, opinions, trends, thought process and the sample size is
generally small. Correlational Research intends to "predict"
10. phenomenons in order to understand the "relationships" of
thoughts feelings and behaviors (Newman, 2016, p. 2.1). The
data used in correlational research uses numerical data to
compare variables and find a relationship; it does not determine
causation. The designs that are part of correlational research
are, "association[s] between the scores that provide information
about the form, direction, degree, and strength of the
association. Although the form can be linear (positive or
negative linear
association) or nonlinear (curvilinear), the direction, degree,
and strength of the association also can be presented on a scale"
(Seeram, 2019, p.177).
Resources
Newman, M. (2016). Research methods in psychology (2nd ed.).
San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.
Seeram, Euclid. “An Overview of Correlational
Research.” Radiologic Technology, vol. 91, 1 Nov. 2019, pp.
177–179., http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.proxy-
library.ashford.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1&[email prot
ected]
Ashley Henderson
Wednesday29 Jan at 20:07
Manage discussion entry
In the text, quantitative research falls under descriptive designs
along with qualitative research. Quantitative research is when
“descriptions attempt to make a comparison or present a random
sampling of people's opinions” (Newton, 2016, p. 2.1).
Qualitative research focuses on a descriptive approach seeking
information by understanding an individual’s thoughts and
behaviors on more than a personal level to better understand the
individual’s experiences more in-depth. Qualitative research
appears to be more in-depth when it involves the analysis of
11. data that is not a number. When performing qualitative
research, you will realize that the sample size will be smaller
than it would be in quantitative research. Both methods are
used to collect, analyze, and interpret data through experimental
and non-experimental designs.
In experimental research, it describes when researchers can
manipulate and predict the variables. Experimental research has
the goal of causation. The research will be conducted in a
laboratory with a group placement with one group being
experimental and the other group is controlled. Non-
experimental research is categorized as descriptive or
correlation between variables.
A research design is the “blueprint or plan” researchers use to
answer specific research questions (Bloomfield & Fisher,
2019). Prior to conducting research, we must first form a
hypothesis. As such, quantitative research seeks to find the true
answer by testing hypotheses using objective and impartial
scientific methods (Davies & Fisher, 2018). Quantitative
research describes and focuses on the mental process and
behavior. Things that could be utilized during quantitative
research are surveys, questionnaires, statistical measurements,
generated reports, etc. This research produces or generates
numerical data and control must be maintained. Quantitative
data are “not just numbers, they are numbers with a context”
(Hannigan, 2018). The types of researches that fall under s
quantitative are descriptive, correlational, quasi-experimental,
and experimental. Quantitative research plays a very
tremendous role when it comes to nursing and healthcare.
References
Newman, M. (2016). Research methods in psychology (2nd ed.).
San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.
Bloomfield, J., & Fisher, M. J. (2019). Quantitative research
design. Journal of the Australasian Rehabilitation Nurses’
Association (JARNA), 22(2), 27–30. https://doi-org.proxy-
library.ashford.edu/10.33235/jarna.22.2.27-30 (Links to an
external site.)
12. Hannigan, A. (2018). Public and patient involvement in
quantitative health research: A statistical perspective. Health
Expectations, 21(6), 939–943. https://doi-org.proxy-
library.ashford.edu/10.1111/hex.12800
Marsha Stafford
Thursday30 Jan at 18:34
Part 1 Compare and contrast characteristics of qualitative and
quantitative research approaches
Quantitative research is an empirical and systematic appeal
that tries to conclude outcomes in different situations and
phenomenons. The population can undergo a survey by using a
controlled set of scale, a statistical analysis. The values are
measured on an interval, ordinal, or ratio scale and used a
histogram. Qualitative research uses hypotheses as to the
beginning point for research. Quantitative analysis has large
sample sizes, techniques for sampling are vast and random to
get a good sampling of the population. Variables are in
numerical form, data analysis uses statistical approach, and
reliability and validity are the bases of the value. A
psychologist could research life happenings and addiction in
general (Newman, 2016).
In contrast, qualitative methods of research methods are
more expressive in the approach to gain greater knowledge of
specific contexts and cases. Qualitative research does not
necessarily use hypotheses and the hypotheses of the result of
the study. Qualitative research has small sample sizes, use
specific sampling, use historical facts like pictures and words,
data analysis uses particular coding techniques, and value
derived from trustworthiness. Bar graphs are useful for nominal
or qualitative categories. A psychologist would learn more
information from persons who experienced addition through an
interview process (Newman, 2016).
Qualitative and quantitative research approaches
traditionally are more popular with different social science
13. disciplines. An example of this contrast is most of the research
done is quantitative in the field of psychology. The research
seeks knowledge that is general concerning mental and
behavioral processes. However, most of the research done is
qualitative in the field of government and sociology, aiming for
a deep understanding of a specific context. The difference
between nonexperimental and experimental research is that the
nonexperimental explained as being scientific. There is a
control group or variable that can not be manipulated by the
researcher. Experimental research can manipulate the subjects,
predictor, and variable (Newman, 2016).
Part 2 investigates correlational research based on my first
name Marsha.
Correlational research is a kind of descriptive analysis that
is nonexperimental, facilitates explanation, and predicts the
association amidst variables. Those that conduct research using
correlational research as a yardstick to investigate how two or
more factors are related to each other, without directing either
one of the elements. The descriptive analysis seeks to
systematically and accurately describe a situation, phenomenon,
or population. Qualitative and quantitative methods can be used
to explore one or many of the factors in the research study.
Correlational research also discovers factors that are interacting
with each other and what kind of interaction is happening. The
process helps make predictions by the researchers based on the
uncovered relationships. Researchers measure and observe the
factors involved in the research. For example, not smoking has
a negative correlation with cancer, and there are two variables,
not smoking and cancer. The negative correlation means that
people who do not smoke are less likely to bring about cancer.
A zero correlation indicates that no relationship exists between
the factors. A positive correlation means that the factors are
changing in a similar projection. A negative correlation means
that the factors are changes in an opposite projection. Some of
the data collection and data analysis methods that are used in
correlational research are observations, surveys, archival facts
14. (Seeram, 2019). Some examples of correlational research are,
does second-hand smoke cause asthma in children? Do light
brand cigarettes reduce the tar and nicotine in smokers?
Correlation does not mean causation, and this is understood to
say that when factor A predicts factor B that does not correlate
to A causing B. Directional and third variable problems are the
reason for the lack of correlation (Newman, 2016).
Resources
Newman, M. (2016). Research methods in psychology (2nd ed.).
San Diego, CA:
Bridgepoint
Seeram, E. (2019). An Overview of Correlational
Research. Radiologic Technology, 91(2),
176–179.
Study of the Export Behavior of Small and
Medium-Sized Manufacturers in Minnesota
Using Quantitative Correlational Analysis
Contributors: R. Don Keysser
Pub. Date: 2020
Product: SAGE Research Methods Cases
Methods: Correlation, Survey research, Research questions
Disciplines: Business and Management
Access Date: January 30, 2020
16. Export” and the “Intensity of Exporting” were
developed and then correlated with five characteristics that are
theorized to affect the export development
process of SMBs: the nature of the management structure of the
SMBs, the size of the SMBs, the location of
the SMB (rural vs. urban), the industry cluster of the SMBs, and
the access SMBs perceive they have to the
external resources they need for export development. The
results were used to develop recommendations
on the development of exporting by manufacturing SMBs and on
the opportunities for stakeholders who
work with SMBs. This case reviews the process of conducting
research using an Internet-based survey
and quantitative correlational analysis, provides several factors
that can contribute to the success of this
approach, and discusses the relative merits of a quantitative
versus qualitative method of research.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this case, students should be able to
• Develop an understanding of some of the technical challenges
when conducting quantitative
research in support of an advanced degree, including a doctoral
dissertation
17. • Understand the mechanics and processes of conducting a
quantitative research process, using an
email-based survey tool and mathematical statistical analysis
tools
• Understand the distinction between causality and correlation,
and how to structure a quantitative
analysis to focus on correlation
• Understand the difference between a quantitative analysis and
a qualitative analysis
Introduction
My study into the export development process and exporting
behavior of small and medium-sized businesses
(SMBs) began with the following question: Why do U.S. SMBs
export at a relatively low rate, when compared
with larger U.S. corporations, and even when compared with
non-U.S. SMBs? The estimate of the number
of U.S. SMBs that engage in some level of exporting ranges
from 5% to 15%, depending on the survey, the
percentage of exporting sales considered significant, and the
sector of the economy (EIM, 2010). Given the
potential benefits to exporting, and the strong emphasis on
promoting exporting by SMBs at the governmental
SAGE
18. 2020 SAGE Publications, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
SAGE Research Methods Cases
Page 2 of 12
Study of the Export Behavior of Small and Medium-Sized
Manufacturers in
Minnesota Using Quantitative Correlational Analysis
level, the question then becomes what factors, or company
characteristics, might be related to the exporting
behavior of U.S. SMBs, which (a) represent over 90% of
employer firms; (b) generate over 64% of net new
jobs in private sector; (c) represent over 40% of total private-
sector payroll; (d) provide 46% of private-sector
output; and (e) create the majority of growth and innovation
(Dennis, 2004).
As a consultant to manufacturing SMBs, I regularly encounter
SMBs that do not engage in a significant level
of exporting, whether out of disinterest, an exclusive focus on
domestic markets, or a fear of the unknown
complexities inherent in initiating exporting. While there are
certainly valid reasons for hesitating to engage
actively in exporting, there is considerable evidence in the
literature, both academic and business, of the
19. advantages that can accrue to an SMB that does engage in
exporting (McCracken, 2013; Soroka, 2011).
These advantages include an increase in enterprise value;
expanded market opportunities and exposure
to a new customer base; improved cash flow and increased
revenues; mitigation of single-market risk, as
exporters diversify into other economies and countries; a gain in
knowledge of new technologies and ideas;
decrease in production costs through greater economies of scale
and improved global supply chain; and
extension of product life cycle, and increased net margins.
None of these outcomes are assured or panaceas; exporting is a
complex and risky enterprise. However,
over 90% of the world’s population and 70% of the world’s
purchasing power lie outside the United States,
and several recent studies (Baily, 2012; Daud, 2013; Freund,
2014; Gootman, Slo, Shenkar, & Stewart, 2014;
McCracken, 2013) have shown an increased interest by U.S.
SMBs in exporting, suggesting the importance
of identifying how SMBs can be assisted in increasing their
level of exporting. Business consultants regularly
advise their manufacturing SMB clients to give serious
consideration to exporting, and to defining the internal
and external resources needed for such a strategic choice.
20. Project Overview and Context
My study was not intended to answer the question of “why don’t
SMBs export at a higher rate?” That answer
would suggest causality, and a different type of analysis and
mathematics. Causality would be measured by
such instruments as regression analysis, and the use of control
groups, whereby the researcher can show
empirically and through data that “A” causes “B,” especially in
a temporal sense. Given all of the complexities
in measuring cause-and-effect in a field as complex and multi-
tiered as international exporting, it is likely not
a sound exercise to attempt to prove causality.
Instead, my study focused on correlations between sets of
characteristics. Its purpose was to examine the
correlation between the levels of interest SMBs have in
exporting (propensity), and their actual engagement
in exporting (intensity), controlling for specific company
characteristics, to assist in understanding the factors
affecting export development for Minnesota manufacturing
SMBs.
Research Design
SAGE
21. 2020 SAGE Publications, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
SAGE Research Methods Cases
Page 3 of 12
Study of the Export Behavior of Small and Medium-Sized
Manufacturers in
Minnesota Using Quantitative Correlational Analysis
The first step in developing my research program was to make a
decision about conducting a quantitative
or a qualitative analysis. These two choices are not the stark
opposites they may seem, but should instead
be seen as two points on a continuum. Studies tend to be more
quantitative or more qualitative, rather than
absolute. One distinction between the two is in the choice of
expression: quantitative analyses are typically
expressed in numerical terms while qualitative analyses are
expressed in words. A quantitative analysis,
as I chose here, is “a means of testing objective theories by
examining the relationships among variables”
(Creswell, 2009, p. 4), where those variables are expressed in
numerical form. In an ideal world, one in
which I had the time to do an extensive research project, I
would have preferred to conduct a mixed-methods
22. research, in which the qualitative analysis would have added
more subjective “color commentary” and depth
to the quantitative analysis.
Once I selected a quantitative approach, my study then began
with the creation of two quantitative indices:
“Propensity to Export” (interest in exporting) and “Intensity of
Exporting” (actual level of exporting), creating
a 2 × 2 matrix of companies based on these two indices, which
were then measured among the Minnesota
manufacturing SMBs that participated in an online survey, and
the relationship between those two variables,
and to determine the extent to which such a relationship is
changed by specific company characteristics: type
of management structure, size, location, industrial cluster, and
access to outside resources. In this way, the
study was intended to consider factors that may be associated
(correlated) with levels of exporting intensity,
as an explanation, rather than “causing” export behavior. These
indices were developed partly from my
literature review of the prevailing knowledge and research that
has already been conducted on SMB export
development.
Method in Action
23. I began this research by making several methodological
decisions. First, I focused on a target with which I
am familiar, and for which there are numerous candidates:
SMBs, primarily family-owned, in Minnesota. This
is a group with which I, as a business finance consultant, work
on a regular basis. Second, as discussed
earlier, I did not seek to establish causality, to answer the
question of “why,” but rather focused on correlations
between company characteristics and patterns of exporting
behavior, to answer the question “what.” While it
may be tempting to further imply causality from the
correlations, and a deep understanding of the dynamics
of small-firm exporting may lead one in that direction
intuitively, it is very important to make a clear distinction
in the research findings between causality and correlation.
Third, I chose to employ a quantitative analysis, since I had
access to a very robust database, rather than
attempt to do a qualitative analysis through a series of one-on-
one interviews. Perhaps I am more comfortable
dealing with the perceived precision of numbers than I am with
the more subjective nature of interviews,
something that any researcher needs to understand about himself
or herself. Part of the reason for my focus
on a quantitative analysis of survey data is that I had the very
24. strong support of a trade association; more
on that later. Fourth, I decided to use an online survey tool
because of its ease of use, low cost, and relative
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speed, and because the data generated by this survey tool were
easily accommodated in my statistical tools:
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and
Microsoft Excel.
Fifth, to accommodate a quantitative analysis and obtain a high
return rate, the survey was limited to only
11 questions, all but one of which were structured as closed-
ended multiple choice questions, and some
structured on a Likert-type scale, resulting in nominal or ordinal
scale data. It was also my understanding
(as well as that of my dissertation committee) that anything
much larger than 10 questions runs the risk of
25. fewer responses. Sixth, based on my understanding of the
dynamics of small firm management and on my
literature review, I selected a series of company characteristics
that I thought could have a logical relationship
to exporting behavior, including questions on company
management structure, size, industrial sector, and
location. For example, I have repeatedly observed, and the
literature on the subject supports this perspective,
that family-owned businesses, when actively managed by family
members, respond differently to situations of
risk and new market challenges than do family-owned
businesses where senior management is from outside
the family.
For this study, I used an online survey, through the
SurveyMonkey platform, distributed through email to all
375 members of a local trade association, the Manufacturers
Alliance (MA), which consists almost exclusively
of family-owned Minnesota-based manufacturing SMBs. In most
instances, the survey was sent directly to the
CEO of these companies. I choose SurveyMonkey because of its
ease of use in structuring the survey and
in responding to it online, its strong data tracking capabilities,
its ability to export data directly into statistical
26. software, and its low cost.
There were 79 responses, for a response rate of 21.1%, in part
due to the strong active support by the MA of
this research. For an online survey through email, particularly
when I had no immediate relationship with the
individuals in the database (other than the sponsorship of the
trade association, as discussed later), this is a
relatively high response rate. A response rate of 10% would
have been more the norm. It is to the researcher’s
advantage, however, to do whatever is possible to obtain as high
a return rate as feasible, as that adds to the
validity of the research and the conclusions he or she draws
from it.
I analyzed the data using SPSS, for which I purchased a 6-
month license. As I later came to understand,
I could have just as easily performed these analyses using the
Statistical Add-in package for Excel, which
is free. However, SPSS does have the advantage of making it
easier to import survey data directly into the
software.
First, I generated a series of cross-tabulations on the bivariate
distribution of the participant population by
the two indices I had created, Intensity of Exporting and
Propensity to Export, and by the previously selected
27. company characteristics. Cross-tabulation analysis uses data
tables that present the results of an entire
population of respondents, as well as results from sub-groups
within that population, allowing the researcher
to examine relationships within the data among the respondents.
It can be used to quantitatively analyze the
relationships between multiple variables and sets of variables
for levels of correlation.
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Second, I calculated a series of Pearson’s correlation
coefficients (PCCs), both for the relationship between
Propensity and Intensity on their own, and then for this
relationship controlled by the series of five company
characteristics identified above. PCC is a technique for
investigating the relationships between two
28. quantitative scaled variables, and a measure of the strength of
association between those two variables.
To accommodate the cross-tabulation and Pearson analyses, the
questions in the survey instrument were
structured on an ordinal or nominal scale, in some instances
using a Likert-type scale. This is a tool that poses
a subjective question, but then gives the respondent a choice of
5 to 10 responses, all scaled, to provide
some measure of ordinality.
As an example of a question posed on a Likert-type scale, one
of the questions asked was, “What is your
company’s level of interest in engaging in exporting?” The
possible answers were (a) not engaged, not
interested; (b) not engaged, interested in pursuing it; (c) already
engaged, not interested in expanding; (d)
already engaged, interested in further expanding; and (e)
already actively engaged, fully committed. By
scaling the responses in these five steps of increasing level of
interest, the responses can then be correlated
against other questions. For example, a non-scaled question
asked was, “Where is your primary Minnesota
facility?” The possible responses were (a) Twin Cities metro
area (Minneapolis/St. Paul) and (b) out-state
Minnesota (non-metro). A correlation between these two sets of
29. responses can lead to an understand of
whether or not there is a correlation between a company’s
location (urban vs. out-state) and Propensity to
Export.
A critical element to this research’s success was the strong
active support of the survey sponsor, the MA, who
made its entire database available to me. The MA sent out a
notice through email under its letterhead and
signature and through its newsletter about the forthcoming
survey, urging full cooperation from their members.
A follow-up email was sent out about 5 days later, again urging
a quick response to the survey. This level of
active support from a trusted professional trade group
contributed to a 21% response rate.
Summary of Frequency Distributions and Cross-Tabulation
Distributions
Two indices were created, using the questions and responses
from this survey: the Propensity to Export
and the Intensity of Exporting. “Propensity” explored the
interest a respondent company had in engaging
in exporting (whether or not it actually did export), and
“Intensity” measured the actual level of exporting in
which the company engaged, aside from its level of interest.
30. Several of the survey questions were directed
at determining the level of interest by companies in exporting,
as well as actual levels of exporting. One of
the areas about which I was curious was the extent of
“accidental exporting,” something discussed in the
literature, in which a company has a very robust e-commerce
website and picks up international business
without any overt effort at marketing overseas, such as hiring
sales representatives and attending trade
shows.
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Some of the results from this analysis are summarized here.
When measuring company size against both
Propensity and Intensity, a modest correlation emerged that the
larger SMBs tended to have a higher
31. intensity of exporting and a higher propensity to export.
Approximately half of the participating SMBs reported
a management structure that was either mostly or 100% outside
management, and there was a modest
association between that management structure and a higher
intensity. The pattern between management
structure and propensity was less clear; if anything, there
seemed to be a weak relationship between
propensity and the family-management structure, while there
was a stronger relationship between intensity
and the outside management form of management structure. It is
possible that family-managed SMBs have
an interest in exporting but have failed to follow-up on this
interest, while outside-managed SMBs have taken
more of the steps needed to initiate exporting and are therefore
starting to record international sales.
There was a similar pattern for both Propensity and Intensity
when paired with the use of resources. The
majority of the SMBs never or rarely used the governmental
resources available to them, but made fairly
regular use of the private resources of local financial
institutions and private service providers. A similar
pattern for both Propensity and Intensity held for the perceived
access to resources, as did for the use
32. of resources. Almost all of the respondents did not view the
public resources as being accessible, but a
significant percentage of them found the private resources to be
accessible.
The discussion on the association between Level of Interest and
other characteristics showed some
interesting patterns. There was a clear association between the
level of interest and management structure,
where outside-managed firms (and balanced/mixed management
firms) presented a stronger level of interest
in exporting than the family-managed firms. The participating
SMBs in the general manufacturing category
indicated a higher level of interest, relative to their total sample
size, compared with the medical device SMBs.
There was also an association between level of interest and
perceived access to resources, with a higher
percentage of participating SMBs showing a link between an
interest in exporting and relatively accessible
resources.
Summary of Correlational Analysis
The essence of this analysis was to determine the correlations
between company characteristics (e.g., extent
of family management) and both Propensity and Intensity. There
is a fairly extensive literature on the general
33. topic of small-business export development, although most of it
is focused on emerging markets rather than
established Western markets.
Several issues in the literature were supported by the results of
the study. First, the reasonably strong
correlation between Propensity and Intensity suggests that there
is a higher level of interest of SMBs in
exporting than in the actual level of engagement in exporting.
The correlation would suggest that a higher
level of interest should result in a higher level of activity. Yet,
it is reasonable to conclude from the data that
there are more SMBs interested in exporting than are engaged in
exporting. It is not apparent whether these
data mean that there are SMBs who are interested in exporting
but have not yet made the decision to initiate
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34. exporting, or SMBs that are interested and have started
exporting, but so far without success (since intensity
only measures successful results, not efforts). The question then
becomes what company characteristics are
correlated with engagement in exporting.
Second, the type of the management structure seemed to
influence exporting behavior, in that the correlation
between Propensity and Intensity varied by form of management
structure. As suggested in the literature,
SMBs that bring in at least some outside management had
stronger correlations between Propensity and
Intensity than SMBs that had 100% family management, a
finding that also emerged from the cross-
tabulations. There appears to be an advantage, in terms of
facilitating exporting behavior, in bringing in
outside management, in terms of new skill sets and experience,
and a heightened willingness to accept the
risks of exporting.
Third, there was a relationship between the perceived access to
resources, and the correlation between
propensity and intensity. SMBs seemed to engage in exporting
to the extent that they perceived a reasonable
35. level of access to those external technical resources needed to
engage in exporting successfully. At the
same time, it was interesting to note how few of these resources
are actually used by SMBs. Governmental
resources, including the Small Business Administration (SBA),
the Export-Import Bank, the Trade Office, and
the U.S. Commercial Services, are virtually unused by SMBs.
The only resources used by SMBs on a regular
basis were the private resources: local financial institutions, for
capital, and professional service providers, for
technical assistance.
Finally, there is a moderate correlation between Propensity and
Intensity with SMBs in the medical device
cluster, suggesting that these firms, being very high-tech and
engaged in an industry that is global by its
nature, are successfully engaged in exporting. However, the
cross-tabulation analysis showed a slightly
higher level of interest in exporting among general
manufacturing SMBs.
The importance of this analysis, from my perspective, was
threefold. First, it provides valuable insights to
governmental agencies charged with the promotion of small-
business exporting (e.g., the SBA, the ExIm
Bank) on what some of the elements of a successful export
36. development process should include. Second,
it can provide useful information, for example, on the
availability of government resources, to SMBs that are
considering engaging in exporting. Third, it becomes a valuable
tool for the bankers and consultants who
serve the SMB market, in providing insights on how best to
assist their clients.
Primary Success Factors in Conducting This Quantitative
Research
There were several elements of my dissertation process that I
think contributed to the success of the effort.
Writing a dissertation is a grueling process, taking many months
(in my case, about 12 months). Now that I
am serving on two doctoral dissertation committees myself, I
am seeing both the perils of a poorly planned
process and the rewards of a well-planned process.
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37. Engage a Supportive Sponsor
A critical element for the success of this study was the active
support of my sponsor, the MA. The MA’s
support included (a) providing its entire database; (b) emailing
its membership to alert them that the survey
was coming via email and was important to the MA; (c) sending
out the survey under its name and letterhead;
and (d) sending a follow-up email 5 days later reminding the
recipients of the importance of the email. In
return, I provided the MA, and other economic development
agencies in the state, with a summary of my final
report. I can’t overestimate the value of this strong active
support from a sponsor; it is hard to imagine as high
a response rate (21%) as I received without their support.
I was able to develop the MA’s support because I was already a
member of the trade group, as a service
provider, and as a trainer for some of their programs and as a
host and sponsor of their events. I also built a
very good relationship with their senior program manager,
whose enthusiasm for this project was invaluable.
To find a similar sponsor, I suggest that a researcher become
very active in whatever professional community
38. in which he or she is involved.
Define Your Study Question Carefully
Create a narrow and specific research question that lends itself
to a clear definition and to straight-forward
answers for which there is good data and that can be quantified
and measured. For this study, the research
question was as follows: What is the relationship between the
propensity to export and the intensity of
exporting of Minnesota manufacturing SMBs, based on specific
company characteristics (management
structure, perceived access to resources, risk aversion, size, and
industry)? Each of these variables is defined
in the study and is inherently measurable on a quantitative
scale, which then makes a cross-tabulation and
PCC study feasible.
Use a Short Online Survey
I chose to use the SurveyMonkey platform for its ease of use
and simplicity. The survey itself was short,
written in non-technical language, and easy to understand: 10
questions, structured on a 4-point Likert-type
scale, plus one open-ended question. I used the Likert-type
scale technique because it allows a nuanced
39. scaled response rather than a simple yes/no or true/false
response. Yet, it results in data that are structured
on a nominal or ordinal scale, permitting quantitative analysis.
My respondents were CEOs of manufacturing firms and would
likely not be receptive to a lengthy survey. I
used the open-ended question to analyze the frequency with
which specific words were used. For example,
the words “capital” and “funds” came up frequently, suggesting
that for many would-be exporting companies,
the perceived lack of capital is a major obstacle. As an
incentive to the recipients, I offered them a free 2-hr
consulting session on international trade; to me, this seemed a
more meaningful inducement than a USD 50
prepaid credit card. Several of the respondents took me up on
my offer, which had the side benefit of giving
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40. me a new client.
Use Appropriate Statistical Techniques
It is important to distinguish between causality and correlation,
as discussed earlier. We naturally tend to
think of phenomena as being causally related, but that is a
difficult analysis, and too often makes incorrect
assumptions about the phenomena being studied. Correlation
research, in comparison, determines the
degree or extent to which a relationship exists between two or
more variables, without implying a causal
relationship. It is one thing to say that “company size is
correlated with exporting behavior,” and quite a
different thing, and far more difficult to prove, to say that
“company size causes export behavior.” Another term
for correlational research is associational research—when the
relationships between two or more variables
are analyzed without any attempt to influence or control them.
Link the Research Question With the Literature Review
I began my literature review very broadly, without a predefined
research question, and the question I ended
up with flowed naturally from my readings. I came across
specific findings from earlier research that I decided
41. to test within the specific population I had available. This
explicit link between the literature review and the
research question is essential for a meaningful and viable
research study. As it turned out, the findings
from this study strongly supported several of the theories in the
current literature, including the correlation
between company family ownership/management and exporting
behavior. However, some of my findings did
not support the literature, including the possible correlation
between company location (metro vs. non-metro)
and Propensity to Export.
Exercises and Discussion Questions
1. Considering the research question posed in this study, discuss
the merits of using the
quantitative correlational approach. Could this study have been
structured as a qualitative or
mixed-methods study? Explain your answer.
2. Discuss the implications of using different approaches for a
quantitative analysis: for example,
a different survey platform, more or fewer questions.
3. What is the distinction between correlation and causality?
Explain the advantages and
disadvantages of approaching your research question from each
42. perspective.
4. Considering your own research or a research topic of your
choice, how would you structure
the quantitative correlation analysis? What indices would you
create? Explain your answer.
Further Reading
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Alreck, P. L., & Settle, R. B. (2004). The survey research
handbook (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2011). Designing and
conducting mixed methods research (2nd ed.).
Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
References
Baily, M. N. (2012, February 1). The state of American small
businesses: Testimony before the House
43. Committee on Small Business. Retrieved from
https://www.brookings/edu/research/testimony/2012/02/01
Bonsu, N. O. (2010). An empirical analysis of the
internationalization process of small-medium sized
manufacturing enterprises (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).
Aalto University School of Economics,
Helsinki, Finland.
Campaniaris, C., Hayes, S., Jeffrey, M., & Murray, R. (2010).
The applicability of cluster theory to Canada’s
small and medium-sized apparel companies. Journal of Fashion
Marketing and Management, 15, 8–26.
Cantwell, J. (2004). Revisiting international business theory: A
capabilities-based theory of the MNE. Journal
of International Business Studies, 45, 1–7.
Cerrato, D., & Piva, M. (2012). The internationalization of
small and medium-sized enterprises: The effect
of family management, human capital and foreign ownership.
Journal of Management Governance, 16,
617–644.
Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative,
quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed.).
Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
44. Daud, N. (2013). Benefits of exporting for small business.
Startup Overseas. Retrieved from
http://ww.startupoverseas.co.uk/news/
Dennis, W. J. (2004). The voice of small business: National
Small Business Poll. National Federation of
Independent Business, 4. Retrieved from
https://www.411sbfacts.com/sbpoll.php
Fernandez, Z., & Nieto, M. J. (2006). Impact of ownership on
the international involvement of SMEs. Journal
of International Business Studies, 37, 340–351.
Freund, C. (2014, February). Rethinking the national export
initiative. Retrieved from http://www.iie.com/
publications/pb/pb14-7.pdf
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2010). SPSS for Windows (17th
update). Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon.
Gootman, M., Slo, B., Shenkar, O., & Stewart, T. A. (2014,
October). Accelerating exports in the middle
market. Retrieved from
http://www.middlemarketcenter.org/media/documents/
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https://www.brookings/edu/research/testimony/2012/02/01
http://ww.startupoverseas.co.uk/news/
https://www.411sbfacts.com/sbpoll.php
http://www.iie.com/publications/pb/pb14-7.pdf
http://www.iie.com/publications/pb/pb14-7.pdf
http://www.middlemarketcenter.org/media/documents/
McCracken, T. O. (2013). Small business exporting survey
2013. Available from www.nsba.biz
Ruiz-Fuensanta, M. J. (2010). A predictive model of the export
behavior of small and medium sized firms:
An application to the case of Castilla-La Mancha. Cuadernos de
Gestion, 11, 89–110.
Shaughnessy, J. J., Zechmeister, E. B., & Zechmeister, J. S.
(2002). Research methods in psychology
(5th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Steinberg, W. J. (2008). Statistics alive. Thousand Oaks, CA:
SAGE.
Taylor, R. (1990). Interpretation of the correlation coefficient.
Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography, 6,
35–39.
46. SAGE
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http://www.nsba.biz/Study of the Export Behavior of Small and
Medium-Sized Manufacturers in Minnesota Using Quantitative
Correlational AnalysisAbstract
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Learning Outcomes
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
Outline the major areas of research in the �ield of psychology.
Explain the process of testing research ideas through the
scienti�ic method.
Describe what it means to turn an idea into a testable
hypothesis.
Identify the criteria for a good theory.
Search online databases for previous research studies.
Summarize the key ethical principles that apply to conducting
47. research on human and non-human animals.
In an article in Wired magazine, journalist Amy Wallace (2009)
described her visit to the annual conference
sponsored by Autism One, a nonpro�it group organized around
the belief that autism is caused by mandatory
childhood vaccines:
I �lashed more than once on Carl Sagan’s idea of the power of
an “unsatis�ied medical need.” Because a
massive research effort has yet to reveal the precise causes of
autism, pseudoscience has stepped in to
the void. In the hallways of the Westin O’Hare hotel, helpful
salespeople strove to catch my eye . . .
pitching everything from vitamins and supplements to gluten-
free cookies . . . hyperbaric chambers, and
neuro-feedback machines. (p. 134)
The “pseudoscience” to which Wallace refers is the claim that
vaccines generally do more harm than good and
speci�ically that they cause children to develop autism. In fact,
an extensive statistical review of epidemiological
studies, including tens of thousands of vaccinated children,
found no evidence of a link between vaccines and
autism (Madsen et al., 2002). The reality is this: Research tells
us that vaccines bear no relation to autism, but
people still believe that they do. Because of these beliefs,
increasing numbers of parents are foregoing
vaccinations, and many communities are seeing a resurgence of
rare diseases like measles and mumps.
So what does it mean to say that “research” has reached a
conclusion? Why should we trust this conclusion over
parents’ personal experience with their own child? One of the
biggest challenges in starting a course on research
methods is learning how to think like a scientist—that is, to
48. frame questions in testable ways and to make decisions
by weighing the evidence. The more personal these questions
become, and the bigger their consequences, the
harder it is to put feelings aside. However, as we will see
throughout this course, in these cases precisely, listening
to the evidence becomes most important.
Understanding the importance of scienti�ic thinking matters for
several reasons, even if a student never takes
another psychology course. First, at a practical level, critical
thinking is an invaluable skill in a wide variety of
careers. Employers of all types appreciate the ability to reason
through the decision-making process. Second,
understanding the scienti�ic approach tends to make people
more skeptical consumers of news reports. Someone
who reads in Newsweek that the planet is warming, or cooling,
or staying the same will be able to decipher and
evaluate how the author reached this conclusion and possibly
reach a different one. Third, understanding science
makes a person a more informed participant in debates about
public policy. To know whether the planet is truly
getting warmer requires carefully weighing the scienti�ic
evidence rather than trusting the loudest pundit on a
cable news network.
1 Psychology as a Science
Children playing on a convex, green labyrinth.
VisitBritain/Jason Knott/Getty Images
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Where does psychology �it into this picture? Objectivity can be
a particular challenge in studying our own behavior
and mental processes because we are intimately familiar with
the processes we are trying to understand. The
psychologist William C. Corning (1968) captured this sentiment
over 40 years ago: “In the study of brain functions,
we rely upon a biased, poorly understood, and frequently
unpredictable organ in order to study the properties of
another such organ; we have to use a brain to study a brain” (p.
6). (Or, in the words of comedian Emo Phillips, “I
used to think that the brain was the most wonderful organ in my
body. Then I realized who was telling me this”
[Jarski, 2007].) The trick, then, is learning to take a step back
and apply scienti�ic thinking to issues we encounter
and experience every day.
This textbook provides an introduction to the research methods
used in the study of psychology. It introduces the
full spectrum of research designs, from observing behavior to
carefully controlling conditions in a laboratory. The
text will cover the key issues and important steps for each type
of design, as well as the analysis strategies most
appropriate for each one. This chapter begins with an overview
of the different areas of psychological science. It
then introduces the research process by discussing the key
features of the scienti�ic approach and the process of
forming testable research questions. The �inal section discusses
the importance of adhering to ethical principles at
all stages of the research.
Research: Making an Impact
The Vaccines and Autism Controversy
50. In a 1998 paper published in the well-respected medical journal
The Lancet, British physician Andrew
Wake�ield and his colleagues studied the link between autism
symptoms and the measles, mumps, and
rubella (MMR) vaccine in a sample of twelve children. Based
on a review of these cases, the authors
reported that all twelve experienced adverse effects of the
vaccine, including both intestinal and behavioral
problems. The �inding that grabbed the headlines was the
authors’ report that nine of the twelve children
showed an onset of autism symptoms shortly after they received
the MMR vaccine.
Immediately after the publication of this paper, the scienti�ic
community criticized the study for its small
sample and its lack of a comparison group (i.e., children in the
general population). Unfortunately, these
issues turned out to be only the tip of the iceberg (Godlee,
Smith, & Marcovitch, 2011). British journalist
Brian Deer (2004) conducted an in-depth investigation of
Wake�ield’s study and discovered some startling
information. First, the study had been funded by a law �irm
that was in the process of suing the
manufacturers of the MMR vaccine, thereby threatening
researchers’ objectivity. Second, Deer’s
investigation showed clear evidence of scienti�ic misconduct:
The data had been falsi�ied and altered to �it
Wake�ield’s hypothesis—many of the children had shown
autism symptoms before receiving the vaccine. In
his report, Deer stated that every one of the twelve cases
showed evidence of alteration and
misrepresentation.
Ultimately, The Lancet withdrew the article in 2010,
effectively removing it from the scienti�ic record and
declaring the �indings no longer trustworthy. But in many
51. respects, the damage was already done.
Vaccination rates in Britain dropped to 80% following
publication of Wake�ield’s article, and these rates
remain below the recommended 95% level recommended by the
World Health Organization (Godlee et al.,
2011). Even though the article was a fraud, it made parents
afraid to vaccinate their children.
Vaccinations work optimally when most members of a
community receive the vaccines because this
minimizes the opportunity for an outbreak. When even a small
portion of a population refuses to vaccinate
children, it places the entire community at risk of infection
(National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases, n.d.). Thus, it should be no surprise that many
communities are seeing a resurgence of measles,
mumps, and rubella: In 2008, England and Wales declared
measles to be a prevalent problem for the �irst
time in 14 years (Godlee et al., 2011).
This scenario highlights the importance of conducting science
honestly. While disease outbreaks are the
most obvious impact of Wake�ield’s fraud, they are not the
only one. In a 2011 editorial in the British
Medical Journal condemning Wake�ield’s actions, British
doctor Fiona Godlee and colleagues captured this
rather eloquently: “But perhaps as important as the scare’s
effect on infectious disease is the energy,
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52. emotion, and money that have been diverted away from efforts
to understand the real causes of autism and
how to help children and families who live with it.”
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1.1 Major Research Areas in Psychology
Psychology is a diverse discipline, encompassing a wide range
of approaches to questions about why people do
the things that they do. The common thread among all of these
approaches is the scienti�ic study of human
behavior. So, while psychology might not be the only �ield to
speculate on the causes of human behavior—
philosophers have been doing this for millennia—psychology is
distinguished by its reliance on the scienti�ic
method to draw conclusions. Later, the chapter will examine the
meaning and implications of this scienti�ic
perspective. This section discusses the major research areas
within the �ield of psychology, along with samples of
the types of research questions asked by each one.
Biopsychology
Biopsychology, as the name implies, combines research
questions and techniques from both biology and
psychology. It is typically de�ined as the study of connections
between biological systems (including the brain,
hormones, and neurotransmitters) and thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors. As a result, the research conducted by
53. biopsychologists often overlaps research in other areas—but
with a focus on biological processes.
Biopsychologists are often interested in the way interactions
between biological systems and thoughts, feelings,
and behaviors affect the ability to treat disease, as the following
questions re�lect: What brain systems are involved
in the formation of memories? Can Alzheimer’s be cured or
prevented through early intervention? How does long-
term exposure to toxins such as lead in�luence our thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors? How easily can the brain
recover after a stroke?
In one example of this approach, Kim and colleagues (2010)
investigated changes in brain anatomy among new
mothers for the �irst three months following delivery. These
authors were intrigued by the numerous changes new
mothers undergo in attention, memory, and motivation; they
speculated that these changes might be associated
with changes in brain structure. As expected, new mothers
showed increases in grey matter (i.e., increased
complexity) in several brain areas associated with maternal
motivation and behavior. In addition, the more these
brain areas developed, the more positively these women felt
toward their newborn children. Thus, Kim et al.’s
study sheds light on the potential biological processes involved
in the mother–infant bond.
Cognitive Psychology
Whereas biopsychology focuses on studying the brain, cognitive
psychology studies the mind. It is typically
de�ined as the study of internal mental processes, including the
ways that people think, learn, remember, speak,
perceive, and so on. Cognitive psychologists are primarily
interested in the ways that people navigate and make
sense of the world. Research questions in this �ield might ask:
54. How do our minds translate input from the �ive
senses into a meaningful picture of the world? How do we form
memories of emotional versus mundane
experiences? What draws our attention in a complex
environment? What is the best way to teach children to read?
In one example of this approach, Foulsham, Cheng, Tracy,
Henrich, and Kingstone (2010) were interested in what
kinds of things people pay attention to in a complex social
scene. The world around us is chock-full of information,
but we can only pay attention to a relatively thin slice of it.
Foulsham and colleagues were particularly interested in
where our attention is directed when we observe groups of
people. They answered this question by asking people
to watch videos of a group discussion and using tools to track
eye movements. It turned out that people in this
study spent most of their time looking at the most dominant
member of the group, suggesting that individuals are
wired to pay attention to those in positions of power. Thus, this
study sheds light on one of the ways that people
make sense of the world.
Developmental Psychology
Developmental psychology is de�ined as the systematic study
of physical, social, and cognitive changes over the
human life span. Although this �ield initially focused on
childhood development, many researchers now study
changes and key stages over a person’s entire life span.
Developmental psychologists look at a wide range of
phenomena related to physical, social, and cognitive change,
including: How do children bond with their primary
caregiver(s)? What are our primary needs and goals at each
stage of life? Why do some cognitive skills decline in
old age? At what ages do infants develop basic motor skills?
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Thomas Northcut/Photodisc/Thinkstock
Social psychologist Norman Triplett’s
study of competition among cyclists
led to conclusions about how people
in�luenceone another.
In one example of this approach, Hill and Tyson (2009)
explored the connection between children’s school
achievement and their parents’ involvement with the school. In
other words: Do children perform better when
their parents are actively involved in school activities? The
authors addressed this question by combining results
from several studies into one data set. Across 50 studies, the
answer to this question was yes—children do better
in school if their parents are involved. Hill and Tyson’s study
sheds light on a key predictor of academic
achievement during an important developmental period.
Social Psychology
Social psychology, which attempts to study behavior in a
broader
social context, is typically de�ined as the study of the ways
humans’
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are shaped by other people.
This
broad perspective allows social psychologists to tackle a wide
56. range of
research questions, such as: What kinds of things do individuals
look
for in selecting romantic partners? Why do people stay in bad
relationships? How do other people shape individuals’ sense of
who
they are? When and why do people help in emergencies?
Norman Triplett (1898) conducted the �irst published social
psychology
study at the end of the 19th century. Triplett had noticed that
professional cyclists tended to ride faster when racing against
other
cyclists than when competing in solo time trials. He tested this
observation in a controlled laboratory setting, asking people to
do a
number of tasks either alone or next to another person. His
results (and
countless other studies since) revealed that people worked faster
in
groups, suggesting that other people can have de�inite and
concrete
in�luences on human behavior.
Clinical Psychology
The area of clinical psychology focuses on understanding the
best
ways to treat psychological disorders. It is typically de�ined as
the study
of best practices for understanding, treating, and preventing
distress
and dysfunction. Clinical psychologists engage in both the
assessment
and the treatment of psychological disorders, as the following
research questions suggest: What is the most
57. effective treatment for depression? How can we help people
overcome post-traumatic stress disorder following a
traumatic event? Should anxiety disorders be treated with drugs,
therapy, or a combination? What is the most
reliable way to diagnose schizophrenia?
A study by Kleim and Ehlers (2008) offers an example of this
approach. The study attempted to understand the
risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder, a prolonged
reaction to a severe traumatic experience. Kleim and
Ehlers found that assault victims who tend to form less speci�ic
memories about life in general might be more likely
to develop a disorder in response to trauma than victims who
tend to form detailed memories. People who tend to
form vague memories may have fewer resources to draw on in
trying to reconnect with their daily life after a
traumatic event. This study, then, sheds light on a possible
pathway contributing to the development of a
psychological disorder.
Applied Research Areas
The research areas listed thus far represent the majority of basic
research within psychology, but the list is not
exhaustive. A great deal of additional psychological research
focuses on understanding human behavior in a more
applied context. For example, the �ield of health psychology
applies psychological principles to the study of health,
wellness, and illness. Health psychologists often have a
background in either clinical or social psychology and use
these insights toward a broader understanding of why people get
sick. One major insight from this �ield is that the
quality and quantity of our relationships with other people can
actually have a dramatic impact on our physical
health. Close relationships can provide practical support in
times of need (e.g., making it easier to get to the
58. doctor), as well as making stressful events seem less stressful
(for review, see Newman & Roberts, 2012).
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Similarly, the �ield of industrial–organizational psychology
(often abbreviated as I/O psychology) applies
psychological principles to the scienti�ic study of human
behavior in the workplace. I/O psychologists often have a
background in social or cognitive psychology and generally help
organizations function more effectively by
improving employee satisfaction, performance, and safety of
employees. One major insight from this �ield shows
that people are often more productive in the workplace if given
more freedom over their time. This model started
in the high-tech industry. For example, Google employees have
game rooms around the of�ice; the company
requires workers to spend time each week developing “side”
projects unrelated to their main responsibilities. This
approach makes employees feel more valued as individuals,
more dedicated to the company, and thus more
industrious in completing their work.
As a �inal example, the �ield of school psychology applies
psychological principles to the goal of helping children
learn effectively. School psychologists, who are typically
trained in developmental, clinical, and educational
psychology, work to meet the learning and behavioral health
needs of students. More so than the previous
examples, school psychologists play a “practitioner” role,
59. applying their broad knowledge base to provide
psychological diagnosis, conduct health promotions, evaluate
services, and conduct interventions with individual
students as needed.
To learn more about all of these areas, see the American
Psychological Association’s collection of web resources:
http://www.apa.org/ about/division/index.aspx
(http://www.apa.org/about/division/index.aspx) .
http://www.apa.org/about/division/index.aspx
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1.2 The Research Process
With a broad understanding of the major research areas in
psychology, we now turn our attention to the research
process. How do psychologists conduct research? What are their
goals? This section will answer these questions.
This section will also compare quantitative and qualitative
research, two different approaches to scienti�ic inquiry.
The Scienti�ic Method
What does it mean to draw conclusions based on science?
Scientists across all quantitative disciplines use the same
process of forming and testing their ideas. The overall goal of
this research process—also known as the scienti�ic
method—is to draw conclusions based on empirical
observations. In this section, we cover the four steps of the
research process—hypothesize, operationalize, measure, and
60. explain, abbreviated with the acronym HOME.
Step 1—Hypothesize
The �irst step in the research process turns an initial research
question into a testable prediction, or hypothesis. A
hypothesis is a speci�ic statement about the relationship
between two or more variables. For example, if we start
with a question about the link between smoking and cancer, our
hypothesis might be that smoking causes lung
cancer. Or, if we want to know whether a new drug will be
helpful in treating depression, we might hypothesize that
drug X will lead to a reduction in depression symptoms. The
next section of this chapter will cover hypotheses in
more detail, but for now it is important to understand that the
way a hypothesis is framed guides every other step
of the research process.
Step 2—Operationalize
Once a researcher develops a hypothesis, the next step is to
decide how to test it. The process of
operationalization involves choosing measurable variables to
represent the elements of the hypothesis. In the
depression-drug example, we need to decide how to measure
both cause and effect; in this case we de�ine the
cause as the drug and the effect as reduced symptoms of
depression. That is, what doses of the drug should we
investigate? How many different doses should we compare?
And, how will we measure depression symptoms? Will
it work to have people complete a questionnaire? Or do we need
to have a clinician interview participants before
and after they take the drug?
An additional complication for psychology studies is that many
of research questions deal with abstract concepts.
Turning these concepts into measurable variables requires some
art. For example, the abstract concept of
61. happiness could be de�ined in countless different ways—being
“happy” likely means something different to one
individual than it does to his neighbors. To include happiness in
a research study, we need to translate it into a
more concrete concept, measured by a person’s score on a
happiness scale or by the number of times a person
smiles in a �ive-minute period, or perhaps even by a person’s
subjective experience of happiness during an
interview. Chapter 2 (2.2) will cover this process in more detail,
with a discussion of guidelines for making these
important decisions about the study.
Step 3—Measure
Now that we have developed both our research question and our
operational de�initions, it is time to collect some
data. The text will cover this process in great detail, dedicating
Chapters 3 through 5 to the three primary
approaches to data collection. Collection of data is a critical
step in the research process, as researchers gather
empirical observations that will help address their hypothesis.
As Chapter 2 will explain, these observations can
range from questionnaire responses to measures of brain
activity, and they can be collected in a variety of ways,
from online questionnaires to carefully controlled experiments.
Regardless of the details of data collection,
investigators will ultimately use these observations to make a
decision.
Step 4—Explain
After data have been collected, the �inal step is to analyze and
interpret the results. The goal of this step is to
return full circle to the initial research question and determine
whether the results support the hypothesis. Recall
the hypothesis that drug X should reduce depression symptoms.
If we �ind at the end of the study that people who
took drug X showed a 70% decrease in symptoms, this result
62. would be consistent with the hypothesis. However,
the explanation stage also involves thinking about alternative
explanations and planning for future studies. What if
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depression symptoms dropped simply due to the passage of
time? How could we address this concern in a future
study? As it turns out, a fairly easy way of �ixing this problem
exists; Chapter 5 will cover that solution.
As Table 1.1 summarizes, the research process involves four
stages: forming a hypothesis, deciding how to test it,
collecting data, and interpreting the results. This process is used
to draw conclusions across all scienti�ic
disciplines, regardless of whether research questions involve
depression drugs, reading speed, or the speed of
light in a vacuum.
Table 1.1 The HOME method
Stage of
Process Main Idea Example
Hypothesize Take a research question, turn it into atestable
prediction
Question: Will my new drug help depression
patients?
Hypothesis: Drug X will reduce depression
63. symptoms.
Operationalize Turn the key concepts from yourhypothesis into
measurable variables
Depression can be measured using clinician
interviews
Measure Choose and implement the best researchdesign for your
hypothesis
Compare two groups of people over time, half of
whom have been given the new drug
Explain
Interpret your �indings and make a
decision about the state of your
hypothesis
If the people who take the new drug are less
depressed at the end, that supports our
hypothesis
Research: Applying Concepts
Examples of the Research Process
To make the steps of the scienti�ic method a bit more concrete,
the following two examples show how they
could be applied to speci�ic research topics.
Example 1—Depression and Heart Disease
Depression affects approximately 20 million Americans, and
16% of the population will experience it at
some time in their lives (NIMH, 2007). Depression is associated
with a range of emotional and physical
symptoms, including feelings of hopelessness and guilt, loss of
64. appetite, sleep disturbance, and suicidal
thoughts. This list has recently been expanded even further to
include an increased risk of heart disease.
Individuals who are otherwise healthy but suffering from
depression are more likely to develop and to die
from cardiovascular disease than those without depression.
According to one study, patients who
experience depression following a heart attack experience a
fourfold increase in �ive-year mortality rates
(research reviewed in Glassman et al., 2011).
Research Question
Based on these �indings, we could ask the question, “Would it
make sense to treat heart attack patients with
antidepressant drugs?”
Recall that the goal of the scienti�ic method is to take this
research question, turn it into a testable
hypothesis, and conduct a study that will test it. The following
steps use the HOME method discussed earlier.
Step 1: Form a testable hypothesis from the
research question.
We might predict that, “People who have had heart attacks and
take prescribed antidepressants are more
likely to survive in the years following the heart attack than
those who do not take antidepressants.” We
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have taken a general idea about the bene�its of a drug and
stated it in a way that a research study can
directly test.
Step 2: Decide how to operationalize theconcepts in
the study into measurable variables.
First, we would need to decide who quali�ies as a “heart attack
patient”: Would we include only those who
had been hospitalized with severe heart attacks, or anyone with
abnormal cardiac symptoms? These types
of decisions will have implications for how we interpret the
results.
We would also need to decide on the doses of antidepressant
drugs to use and the time period to measure
survival rates. How long would we need to follow patients to
obtain an accurate sense of mortality rates? In
this case, earlier research had focused on �ive-year mortality
rates, so that would be a reasonable time
period for this study as well.
Step 3: Measure the key concepts based on the
decisions made in Step 2.
This step involves collecting data from participants and then
conducting statistical analyses to test the
hypothesis. We will cover the speci�ics of research designs
beginning in Chapter 2 (2.1), but one good
option would be to give antidepressant drugs to half of our
sample and compare their survival rates with
the half not given these drugs.
Step 4: Explain the results and tie the statistical
66. analyses back into the hypothesis.
We would want to know whether antidepressant drugs did,
indeed, bene�it heart-attack patients and
increase their odds of survival for �ive years. If so, our
hypothesis is supported. If not, we would go back to
the drawing board and try to determine whether a) something
went wrong with the study, or b)
antidepressant drugs actually do not have any bene�its for this
population. Answering these kinds of
questions often involves conducting additional studies. Either
way, the goal of this �inal step is to return to
our research question and discuss the implications of
antidepressant drug treatment for heart-attack
patients.
Example 2—Language and Deception
In 1994, Susan Smith appeared on television claiming that her
two young children had been kidnapped at
gunpoint. Eventually, authorities discovered she had drowned
her children in a lake and fabricated the
kidnapping story to cover her actions. Before Smith was a
suspect in the children’s deaths, she had told
reporters, “My children wanted me. They needed me. And now I
can’t help them” (The Washington Post,
November 5, 1994, A15). Normally, relatives speak of a missing
person in the present tense. The fact that
Smith used the past tense in this context suggested to trained
FBI agents that she already viewed them as
dead (Adams, 1996).
Research Question
The story about Susan Smith highlights one way that people
communicate differently when they are lying—
67. they use past tense when present tense is more natural. This
observation might lead us to ask, more
broadly, “How do people communicate differently when they
are lying versus when they are telling the
truth?” We will again apply the HOME paradigm (or scienti�ic
method) to design a study that will ideally
provide insight into this question.
Step 1: Form a testable hypothesis from the
research question.
This example is somewhat more challenging because
“communicating” can be de�ined in many ways. Thus,
we need a hypothesis that will narrow the focus of our study. It
turns out several studies have been
conducted on the ways that people communicate when they are
lying, ranging from variations in speech
rate to differences in the use of certain types of words (for a
review, see Depaulo et al., 2003). Based on one
of these studies, we could offer the following speci�ic
prediction: “Liars communicate using more negative
emotion (e.g., anger, fear) than truth-tellers do” (e.g., Newman,
Pennebaker, Berry, & Richards, 2003). We
have taken a general idea (“communicate differently”) and
stated it in a way that can be directly tested in a
research study (“use more negative emotion”).
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Three young people prepare shots of tequila.
68. Stockbyte/Thinkstock
Before a phenomenon can be explained it must
�irstbe described.For example, a survey might
be used to collect information to describe the
phenomenon of binge drinking.
Step 2: Decide how to operationalize theconcepts in
our study into measurable variables.
To determine measurable variables, we need to decide what
counts as “using more negative emotion.” We
could take the approach used in a previous study (Newman et
al., 2003) and scan the words people use,
looking for those re�lecting emotions such as anger, anxiety,
and fear. The theory behind this approach
posits that the words people use re�lect something about their
underlying thought processes. In this case,
people who are trying to lie will be more anxious and fearful as
a result of the lie, and therefore use more
words indicative of these negative emotions.
Step 3: Measure the key concepts based on the
decisions made in Step 2.
To measure the variables identi�ied in Step 2, we must devise a
way to determine whether and when people
are lying. One way to do this in a research study is to instruct
some people to lie and others to be truthful
and then compare differences in the amount of negative emotion
language between these groups.
Step 4: Explain the results and tie the statistical
analyses back into the hypothesis.
We want to know whether people who were instructed to lie
69. indeed used more words suggestive of
negative emotion. If so, this outcome supports our hypothesis.
If not, we would go back to the drawing
board and try to determine whether a) the study design was
�lawed, or b) people in fact do not use more
negative emotion when they lie. Either way, the goal of this
�inal step is to return to our research question
and discuss the implications for understanding language-based
indicators of deception.
Goals of Science
In addition to sharing an overall approach to answering
questions, all forms of scienti�ic inquiry tend to adopt one
of four overall goals. This section provides an overview of these
goals, with a focus on how they apply to
psychological research. We will encounter the �irst three goals
throughout the course and use them to organize
our discussion of different research methods.
Description
One of the most basic research goals is to describe a
phenomenon, including descriptions of behavior, attitudes,
and emotions. Most people are probably very familiar with
this type of research because it tends to crop up in
everything from the nightly news to their favorite magazine.
For example, if CNN reports that 60% of Americans approve
of the president, it is describing a trend in public opinion.
Descriptive research should always be the starting point when
studying a new phenomenon. That is, before we
start trying to explain why college students binge drink, we
need to know how common the phenomenon is. We
might, therefore, start with a simple survey that asks college
students about their drinking behavior, and we might
�ind that 29% of them show signs of dangerous binge drinking.
Having described the phenomenon, we are in a
70. better position to conduct more sophisticated research. (See
Chapter 3 for more detail on descriptive research.)
Prediction
A second goal of research is predicting a phenomenon. This
goal takes us from describing the occurrence of binge
drinking among college students to attempting to understand
when and why they do it. Do students give in to peer
pressure? Is drinking a way to deal with the stress of school?
We could address these questions by using a more
detailed survey that asked people to elaborate on the reasons
that they drink. The goal of this approach is to
understand the factors that make something more likely to
occur. (See Chapter 4 for more detail on the process of
designing surveys and conducting predictive research.)
Explanation
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A third, and much more powerful, goal of research is to attempt
to explain a phenomenon. This goal moves from
predicting relationships to drawing stronger conclusions about
causal links. Whereas predictive research attempts
to �ind associations between two phenomena (e.g., college
student drinking is more likely when students are
stressed), explanatory research attempts to make causal
statements about the phenomenon of interest (e.g., stress
causes college students to drink more). This distinction may
seem subtle at this point, but it is an important one,
71. and closely related to the way that psychologists design their
studies. (See Chapter 5 for more detail on
explanatory research.)
Change
The fourth and �inal goal of research is generally limited to
psychology and other social-science �ields: When we
are dealing with questions about behaviors, attitudes, and
emotions, we can sometimes conduct research to try to
change the phenomenon of interest. Researchers who attempt to
change behaviors, attitudes, or emotions are
essentially applying research �indings towards the goal of
solving real-world problems.
In the 1970s, Elliot Aronson, a social psychologist at the
University of Texas at Austin, was interested in ways to
reduce prejudice in the classroom. Research conducted at the
time was discovering that prejudice is often
triggered by feelings of competition; in the classroom, students
competed for the teacher’s attention. Aronson and
his colleagues decided to change the classroom structure in a
way that required students to cooperate in order to
�inish an assignment. Essentially, students worked in small
groups, and each person mastered a piece of the
material. Aronson found that using this technique, known as the
“jigsaw classroom,” both enhanced learning and
decreased prejudice among the students (Aronson, 1978). Read
the details of Aronson’s study here:
http://www.jigsaw.org/ (http://www.jigsaw.org/) .
Aronson’s research also illustrates the distinction between two
categories of research. The �irst three goals we
have discussed fall mainly under the category of basic
research, in which the primary goal is to acquire
knowledge, with less focus on how to apply the knowledge.
Scientists conducting basic research might spend their
72. time trying to describe and understand the causes of binge
drinking but stop short of designing interventions to
stop binge drinking. Researchers more often involve for this
fourth goal of research in applied research, in which
the primary goal is to solve a problem, with less focus on why
the solution works. Scientists conducting applied
research might spend their time trying to stop binge drinking
without becoming caught up in the details of why
these interventions are effective. Aronson’s research serves as a
great example of how these two categories can
work together. The basic research on sources of prejudice
informed his applied research on ways to reduce
prejudice, which in turn informed further basic research on why
this technique is so effective.
One �inal note on changing behavior: Any time researchers set
out with the goal of changing what people do, their
values enter the picture. Inherent in Aronson’s research was the
assumption that prejudice was a bad thing that
needed to be changed. Although few people would disagree with
him, he risked the dif�iculty of remaining
objective throughout the research project. As we suggested
earlier, the more emotionally involved we are in the
research question, the more we have to be aware of the potential
for bias, and the more closely we must pay
attention to the data.
Approaches to Science: Quantitative versus
Qualitative Research
Imagine for a moment that a psychologist wants to study
depression across the life span. The researcher might
approach this research question in one of two ways. She could
design a survey that asked people to report their
experiences with depression, as well as how often they had
experienced various positive and negative life events.
73. By conducting statistical analyses of these reports, she could
gain a broad understanding of the relationships
between life events and the development of depression.
Alternatively, the investigator could spend her resources
interviewing people who had been diagnosed with depression.
Her goal is trying to understand what the
experience felt like and whether people believed that it started
in response to some major life event. This approach
would provide a very deep understanding of the experience of
depression from the inside out.
These alternative approaches highlight the differences between
quantitative research and qualitative research,
respectively. Quantitative research is a systematic and
empirical approach that attempts to generalize results to
other contexts. By surveying the population using structured
scales, our hypothetical psychologist could learn
about depression and life events in general. Qualitative
research, in contrast, is a more descriptive approach that
attempts to gain a deep understanding of particular cases and
contexts. By interviewing depressed people in detail,
the hypothetical psychologist could learn a great deal about how
individuals experience depression.
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The two approaches have traditionally been popular with
different social science �ields. For example, much of the
current research in psychology is quantitative because the
74. research aims for generalizable knowledge about behavior
and mental processes. In contrast, much of the current
research in sociology and political studies tends to be
qualitative because research aims for a rich understanding
of a particular context. To understand why college students
around the country suffer from increased depression,
quantitative methods are the better choice. To understand
why the citizens of Egypt revolted against their government,
then qualitative methods are more appropriate. However,
many psychological phenomena are best understood by
starting from the ground up, with a rich, qualitative
understanding of people’s experiences. As later chapters
will discuss, the qualitative approach has been used to gain
insight into questions ranging from forming stigmatized
identities to helping children cope with traumatic events.
In an ideal world, a true understanding of any phenomenon
requires the use of both methods. That is, researchers can best
understand depression if they both study statistical
trends and conduct in-depth interviews with depressed people.
Researchers can best understand binge drinking
by conducting both surveys and focus groups. And investigators
can best understand the experience of being
bullied in school by both talking to the victims and collecting
school-wide statistics. This text will discuss the ways
that both approaches are used to shed light on pressing
questions throughout the �ield of psychology. Table 1.2
compares the quantitative and qualitative approaches.
Table 1.2 Comparing quantitative and qualitative
approaches
Quantitative Qualitative
Main
Approach
75. Systematic, empirical, tries to generalize to
other contexts
Descriptive, tries to gain rich understanding of
a single context or example
Use of
Hypotheses Starting point for all quantitative research
Not necessary; hypotheses sometimes the
result of qualitative study
Examples of
Research
Study depression by surveying the
population
Study bullying by comparing
reported incidents between schools
Study depression by interviewing
patients
Study bullying by interviewing bullies to
understand their motivation
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76. Getty Images/Handout
Nazi Lieutenant Colonel Adolf
Eichmann’s claims during his trial
that he was just “following orders”
throughout the Holocaust inspired
Stanley Milgram to conduct a
groundbreaking study about
obedience to authority.
1.3 Hypotheses and Theories
The use of hypotheses is one of the key distinguishing features
of quantitative research. Rather than making things
up as they go along, scientists develop a hypothesis ahead of
time and design a study to test this hypothesis.
(Qualitative research, in contrast, often starts by gathering
information and ends with a hypothesis for future
inquiries.) This section covers the process of turning rough
ideas about the world into testable hypotheses. We
discuss the primary sources of hypotheses as well as several
criteria for evaluating hypotheses. Watch the
following video for an entertaining introduction to hypotheses
and theories, which the chapter will then explore in
detail: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqk3TKuGNBA
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqk3TKuGNBA) .
Sources of Research Ideas
Every study starts with an idea that researchers frame as a
question. But where do all of these great ideas come
from in the �irst place? Students are often nervous about
starting a career in research for fear that they might not
be able to come up with great ideas to test. In reality, though,
ideas are easy to come by, a person knows where to
look. The following material suggests some handy sources for
developing research ideas.
77. Real-World Problems
A great deal of research in psychology and other social sciences
is
motivated by a desire to understand—or even solve—a problem
in the
world. This process involves asking a big question about some
phenomenon and then trying to think of answers based on
psychological mechanisms.
In 1961, Adolf Eichmann was on trial in Jerusalem for his role
in
orchestrating the Holocaust. Eichmann’s repeated statements
that he
was only “following orders” caught the attention of Stanley
Milgram, a
young social psychologist who had just earned a Ph.D. from
Harvard
University and who began to wonder about the limits of this
phenomenon. To understand the power of obedience, Milgram
designed
a well-known series of experiments that asked participants to
help with
a study of “punishment and learning.” The protocol required
them to
deliver shocks to another participant—actually an accomplice of
the
experimenter—every time he got an answer wrong. Milgram
discovered
that two-thirds of participants would obey the experimenter’s
commands to deliver dangerous levels of shocks, even after the
victim of
these shocks appeared to lose consciousness. These results
revealed
that all people have a frightening tendency to obey authority.
We will
78. return to this experiment in our discussion of ethics later in the
chapter.
Read more about Milgram and his landmark study on this
website:
http://www.experiment-resources.com/stanley-milgram-
experiment.html (http://www.experiment-
resources.com/stanley-milgram-
experiment.html) .
Reconciliation and Synthesis
Ideas can also spring from resolving con�licts between existing
ideas.
The process of resolving an apparent con�lict involves both
reconciliation, or �inding common ground among the
ideas, and synthesis, or merging all the pieces into a new
explanation. In the late 1980s, psychologists Jennifer
Crocker and Brenda Major noticed an apparent con�lict in the
prejudice literature. Based on everything then
known about the development of self-esteem, members of racial
and ethnic minority groups would have been
expected to have lower-than-average self-esteem because of the
prejudice they faced. However, study after study
demonstrated that, in particular, African-American college
students had equivalent or higher self-esteem than
European-American students. Crocker and Major (1989) offered
a new theory to resolve this con�lict, suggesting
that the existence of prejudice actually grants access to a
number of “self-protective strategies.” For example,
minority group members can blame prejudice when they receive
negative feedback, making the feedback much
less personal and therefore less damaging to self-esteem. The
results of this synthesis were published in a 1989
review paper, which many people credit with launching an
entire research area on the targets of prejudice.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqk3TKuGNBA