This document summarizes solid waste management in Southeast Asian nations, focusing on municipal and construction waste in Malaysia. It finds that rapid urbanization has increased municipal solid waste generation, which commonly gets disposed of through open dumping. Open dumping pollutes groundwater and air. While governments are developing sanitary landfills and using incineration and composting, transportation costs and pollution remain issues. Construction waste is also a major problem, with disposal sites often improperly managed. Sustainable solutions are needed to address waste management challenges.
Political ecology of environmental management; a critical review of some rele...caxtonk2008
Introduction
The tremendous increase in the scale of human impact on earth together with our increased although imperfect understanding of ecological processes means that the environment can no longer viewed as a relatively stable background factor. Rather the interaction between economic development and complex and often fragile ecosystems on which that development depends has become a major political issue both locally and globally (Maigua & Musyimi, n.d.).
It is no longer possible to treat ecology and politics as separate spheres. The institutions that matter most are no longer specifically environmental but rather are the core institutions that govern or at least seek to govern the workings of the world politics and economy. A major focus is actually the integration of environmental concerns into the sphere of economic planning and policy making rather than the development of an entirely separate thus peripheral sphere (Maigua & Musyimi, n.d.).
This study therefore aims to make a critical analysis of some important aspects regarding the political ecology of environmental management. Political ecology informs political makers and organizations about the complexities surrounding environment and development thereby contributing to better environmental governance. It helps understand the decisions that communities make about the natural environment in the context of their political environment, economic pressures and societal regulations. Political ecology also looks at how unequal relations in and among societies affects the environment especially in the context of government policy (Grieber, 2009).
The study therefore at various political aspects and their influence on environmental management. Firstly it looks at the issue of environmental democracy and how it influences environmental management. This includes the aspects of participation, environmental justice and information access. It then elaborates environmental governance including global environmental governance and implications on environmental management.
The study then looks at other political aspects of relevance to environmental management including: the global commons, geopolitics, environmental movements and the conduct of politicians. It then looks at trends in the political ecology of Africa and then Kenya specifically. Policy making and how it influences environmental management is then explained. The study then winds up with a review of. The legal and policy frameworks for environmental management in Kenya.
This document discusses various topics related to environmental governance including definitions of governance, good governance, global governance, and environmental governance. It contrasts the realist and liberalist perspectives on these topics. Some key issues of environmental governance are identified such as soil degradation, climate change, biodiversity loss, water issues, and ozone depletion. The roles of various environmental actors like international institutions, states, businesses, and NGOs are outlined. International environmental politics and the global environmental movement are also briefly described.
The document discusses Demographic Transition Theory, including its key characteristics and causes. It outlines population evolution stages according to Blacker involving initially high birth and death rates, then lower mortality rates preceding lower birth rates. Karl Marx's demographic stages and Adolplardary's demographic stages are also presented. The document concludes by noting criticisms of Demographic Transition Theory involving unequal population stages, misconceptions about urban population growth, and issues of birth discrimination.
Labor migration in Bangladesh is an important livelihood strategy and source of remittances. There are several types of migration, including internal, international, and seasonal labor migration. International labor migration provides economic benefits like remittances, which contribute to poverty reduction, but faces challenges like low wages, long working hours, and safety issues abroad. The document recommends improving access to training opportunities and legal migration channels to maximize the benefits of labor migration.
This presentation is targeted to the community development practitioners who are working in various field of human welfare as livelihood improvement, human health, water and sanitation, renewable energy etc. this presentation intends to expand their understanding on climate change. Climate change issues are multisectoral and require a multi-stakeholder consultation and action in order to apply adaption and mitigation schemes. It needs to be thought broadly that the problem they are addressing might be the impacts of climate change. Community development workers are the agents of change. They must start advocating on 2°C warmer world as their dissemination of information are quite effective than other means and media.
This document presents a summary of a presentation on local government reform in Bangladesh called Upazila Parishad (UZP). The UZP was introduced in 1982 to decentralize governance and development functions to the local level, but was abandoned in 1991 and reintroduced in 2009. While the reform aimed to improve public services and make government more accountable, it has faced challenges including lack of financial autonomy and true decentralization from the central government. As a result, the reform has had limited success in achieving its goals and making the government and people happier.
Political ecology of environmental management; a critical review of some rele...caxtonk2008
Introduction
The tremendous increase in the scale of human impact on earth together with our increased although imperfect understanding of ecological processes means that the environment can no longer viewed as a relatively stable background factor. Rather the interaction between economic development and complex and often fragile ecosystems on which that development depends has become a major political issue both locally and globally (Maigua & Musyimi, n.d.).
It is no longer possible to treat ecology and politics as separate spheres. The institutions that matter most are no longer specifically environmental but rather are the core institutions that govern or at least seek to govern the workings of the world politics and economy. A major focus is actually the integration of environmental concerns into the sphere of economic planning and policy making rather than the development of an entirely separate thus peripheral sphere (Maigua & Musyimi, n.d.).
This study therefore aims to make a critical analysis of some important aspects regarding the political ecology of environmental management. Political ecology informs political makers and organizations about the complexities surrounding environment and development thereby contributing to better environmental governance. It helps understand the decisions that communities make about the natural environment in the context of their political environment, economic pressures and societal regulations. Political ecology also looks at how unequal relations in and among societies affects the environment especially in the context of government policy (Grieber, 2009).
The study therefore at various political aspects and their influence on environmental management. Firstly it looks at the issue of environmental democracy and how it influences environmental management. This includes the aspects of participation, environmental justice and information access. It then elaborates environmental governance including global environmental governance and implications on environmental management.
The study then looks at other political aspects of relevance to environmental management including: the global commons, geopolitics, environmental movements and the conduct of politicians. It then looks at trends in the political ecology of Africa and then Kenya specifically. Policy making and how it influences environmental management is then explained. The study then winds up with a review of. The legal and policy frameworks for environmental management in Kenya.
This document discusses various topics related to environmental governance including definitions of governance, good governance, global governance, and environmental governance. It contrasts the realist and liberalist perspectives on these topics. Some key issues of environmental governance are identified such as soil degradation, climate change, biodiversity loss, water issues, and ozone depletion. The roles of various environmental actors like international institutions, states, businesses, and NGOs are outlined. International environmental politics and the global environmental movement are also briefly described.
The document discusses Demographic Transition Theory, including its key characteristics and causes. It outlines population evolution stages according to Blacker involving initially high birth and death rates, then lower mortality rates preceding lower birth rates. Karl Marx's demographic stages and Adolplardary's demographic stages are also presented. The document concludes by noting criticisms of Demographic Transition Theory involving unequal population stages, misconceptions about urban population growth, and issues of birth discrimination.
Labor migration in Bangladesh is an important livelihood strategy and source of remittances. There are several types of migration, including internal, international, and seasonal labor migration. International labor migration provides economic benefits like remittances, which contribute to poverty reduction, but faces challenges like low wages, long working hours, and safety issues abroad. The document recommends improving access to training opportunities and legal migration channels to maximize the benefits of labor migration.
This presentation is targeted to the community development practitioners who are working in various field of human welfare as livelihood improvement, human health, water and sanitation, renewable energy etc. this presentation intends to expand their understanding on climate change. Climate change issues are multisectoral and require a multi-stakeholder consultation and action in order to apply adaption and mitigation schemes. It needs to be thought broadly that the problem they are addressing might be the impacts of climate change. Community development workers are the agents of change. They must start advocating on 2°C warmer world as their dissemination of information are quite effective than other means and media.
This document presents a summary of a presentation on local government reform in Bangladesh called Upazila Parishad (UZP). The UZP was introduced in 1982 to decentralize governance and development functions to the local level, but was abandoned in 1991 and reintroduced in 2009. While the reform aimed to improve public services and make government more accountable, it has faced challenges including lack of financial autonomy and true decentralization from the central government. As a result, the reform has had limited success in achieving its goals and making the government and people happier.
Presentation on REDD application for Pakistan Saadullah Ayazsaadayaz
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD/REDD+) has the potential to help Pakistan mitigate climate change. Forests represent a significant carbon stock and sink, but Pakistan is losing about 2,700 hectares of forest per year through deforestation. If this deforestation could be fully avoided and compensated through REDD+, it could generate $94.74 million to $315.8 million annually for Pakistan depending on the price of carbon credits. However, there are also risks involved and Pakistan would need to improve its capacity and address drivers of deforestation before implementing a REDD+ program.
The document discusses the importance of proper management of natural resources like forests, wildlife, water, coal and petroleum. It states that as population, industrialization and urbanization increase, the demand for natural resources is also increasing while their availability is limited. Therefore, there needs to be judicious use of resources, long-term planning for use, and equal distribution of resources for present and future generations. It provides details on various methods of conserving forests, wildlife and water resources like afforestation, preventing deforestation, banning poaching, rainwater harvesting, and constructing dams with their advantages and disadvantages. It also notes that coal and petroleum are non-renewable resources that will last only 40-200 more years and
Deviprasad Goenka Management college of Media Studies
http://www.dgmcms.org.in/
Subject:Environment and Development
Lesson : Environment and Development
Faculty Name: Saurabh Deshpande
The Human-Environment Relationship: Key Concepts and ModelsSteve Zavestoski
Lecture delivered at ABV Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India, as part of HUMANS | ENVIRONMENT | DEVELOPMENT lecture series as U.S. Fulbright Specialist, 30 Jan to 12 March, 2014.
This document provides an overview of Outcome Mapping, a method for planning, monitoring, and evaluating development projects and programs. It focuses on changes in behaviors, relationships, and activities of direct stakeholders, rather than attributing overall development impacts. Key aspects of Outcome Mapping include defining boundary partners and progress markers, using a contribution rather than attribution approach, and emphasizing social learning and adaptive management.
This document discusses the importance of good governance for economic growth and well-being. It summarizes research finding that improving governance can significantly increase GDP growth rates over time by enabling greater physical and human capital accumulation. At the firm level, less corruption is associated with higher sales growth and productivity gains. The document also finds that better governance has a direct, positive impact on life satisfaction, above and beyond its effects on income levels. Residents in countries with weaker governance are also more likely to express an intention to emigrate. While governance has strengthened over time in many regions, significant gaps remain compared to advanced economies.
POVERTY AND THEORIES USED TO EXPLAIN POVERTYDevine Espante
This document discusses different aspects and definitions of poverty. It begins by defining poverty as a lack of financial resources to meet basic needs. The World Bank further describes poverty as lacking access to food, shelter, healthcare, education, jobs and security. Global poverty lines are mentioned as measuring those living below $1.90, $3.20 and $5.50 per day. Statistics on global poverty rates and the countries with the most extreme poverty are provided. The document also discusses different types of poverty including situational, generational, absolute, relative, urban and rural poverty. Finally, it briefly outlines some major theories for explaining poverty, such as classical, neoclassical, Keynesian, and Marxian approaches.
1) Climate change directly and indirectly affects land degradation through changes in temperature, precipitation, and soil properties. 2) Both climate change and human activities like intensive agriculture and fossil fuel use contribute to increased greenhouse gas emissions and rising global temperatures. 3) Addressing land degradation and climate change requires international cooperation to reduce emissions, as well as measures to help local communities adapt through sustainable land management practices.
The document summarizes population trends in Bangladesh over time. It notes that Bangladesh currently has a population of 165.2 million, which is the 8th largest in the world. The population density is 1265/km2 and 35.7% live in urban areas. Fertility and mortality rates have declined over time while life expectancy has increased to 72.7 years. The population is forecast to continue growing in the coming decades according to UN projections.
The document summarizes Bangladesh's national environment policy. It was established in 1992 based on principles from the 1972 Stockholm and 1992 Rio conferences. The policy's objectives are to maintain ecological balance, protect against natural disasters, regulate pollution, ensure sustainable resource use, and engage in international cooperation. Relevant government agencies coordinate implementation, and challenges include ensuring environmental priorities despite regime changes and strengthening policy enforcement.
The document discusses Integrated Environmental Management (IEM). It provides definitions of IEM, outlines its basic principles such as informed decision making and public participation. The history and reasons for IEM are presented. Key issues IEM aims to address are improving water quality, waste management, and energy efficiency. The document concludes with proposed environmental strategies and programs to implement IEM including legislation, education, conservation and community involvement.
This document discusses levels and typologies of public policy. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to identify the levels of policies, classify policies, identify policy types, and describe examples of public policy types. It then defines four levels of policy: individual, family, organizational, and government (public policy). The document goes on to classify policies as either substantive or procedural. It identifies and provides examples of four major types of public policy: distributive, redistributive, regulatory, and constituent. Group assignments related to public policy analysis are also listed.
Globalization refers to the trend toward countries joining together economically, through education, society and politics, and viewing themselves not only through their national identity but also as part of the world as a whole.
The document provides information about world population trends, including definitions of key demographic concepts. It discusses topics like population growth rates, birth and death rates, life expectancy, fertility rates, rural vs urban populations, and UN Millennium Development Goals. Data on population figures, distributions and projections for different countries and world regions are presented.
The document summarizes Economic Base Theory, which proposes that a region's economic growth is determined by increases in exports from that region. It states that the theory divides an economy into basic and non-basic sectors, with the basic sector comprising activities that bring money in from outside the region through exports or preventing imports. It provides examples of basic and non-basic sectors and outlines assumptions of the theory, including that the export sector drives local growth and all activities fit into basic or non-basic categories. It also defines and provides an example of how the base multiplier is used to estimate a basic sector's impact on the local economy.
Population data provides vital information for studying human populations and making decisions regarding social and economic issues. It is collected through population censuses, sample surveys, and vital registration. A population census counts all individuals in a defined geographic area to collect demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. It is usually conducted every 10 years and is the primary source of population data in many countries, including Ethiopia's three censuses in 1984, 1994, and 2007. Sample surveys collect data from a sample of the population and can provide more detailed information than censuses. Vital registration continuously records life events like births and deaths from official documents. While valuable sources of data, censuses and surveys still face challenges to data quality from issues like inadequate funding
Presentation On Green Economy For Sustainable DevelopmentAsif A. Kabani
The document discusses transitioning to a green economy. It defines a green economy as one that improves human well-being and equity while reducing environmental risks. A green economy is low-carbon, resource efficient, and socially inclusive. It explores the relationship between sustainable development and poverty reduction. The document also discusses greenhouse gases, their sources, and their impact on climate change. It notes that human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation have increased the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases.
This document provides a summary of women's participation in politics in India based on a case study. It finds that women make up around 50% of Indian society but face numerous cultural, religious, and procedural barriers to participating in politics. Women represent just 14.35% of the Lok Sabha and 10.5% of the Rajya Sabha. The document analyzes strategies that could be used to expand women's political participation, such as quota systems, reforms to party nominations, education programs, and increasing financial support for women candidates. It also presents global data finding that on average only 24.3% of national parliamentarians are women.
This document provides an overview of the ecological footprint, a tool created by William Rees and Mathis Wackernagel to measure human demand on the biosphere. The ecological footprint measures the amount of biologically productive land and sea area required to support human consumption and waste absorption. It indicates that humanity is currently in global ecological overshoot, using more than what the Earth can regenerate. The document discusses the methodology, components, and implications of ecological footprint accounting.
SUSTAINABLE PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT- A CASE STUDY OF THANE MUNICIPAL CORPORA...ijiert bestjournal
Thane Municipal Corporation is located near to Mumbai City in M aharashtra State of India. Thane is growing rapidly since last few decades. The total area of Thane city is 128 Sq. Km. According to census 2011,total Population of city is 18.41 Lakhs and floating population is about 3 lakhs. The Solid Waste generation in the TMC area is around 650 MT per day. Out of which Plastic waste g eneration is about 60-70 MT per day. TMC don�t have any system for processing this plastic waste. This paper suggests a sustainable and one of the most emerging technologies of Plastic waste pyrolysis to TMC. Pl astic Waste Pyrolysis is an ideal technology which is eco-friendly as well as generates furnace oil,carbon and hydrocarbon gas as productive output.
This document discusses simulating a carbon hedge fund and the potential for carbon emission trading to provide economic benefits from municipal solid waste management in Malaysia. It analyzes issues related to carbon emissions trading and solid waste management using literature and empirical evidence. The document suggests that an appropriate carbon trading system could provide economic value and a sustainable way to generate future income in the environmental sector in Malaysia. It also outlines how carbon emissions from waste can be estimated and traded, and discusses the potential for carbon hedge funds to specialize in "carbon" as a new asset class and focus on green investments.
Presentation on REDD application for Pakistan Saadullah Ayazsaadayaz
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD/REDD+) has the potential to help Pakistan mitigate climate change. Forests represent a significant carbon stock and sink, but Pakistan is losing about 2,700 hectares of forest per year through deforestation. If this deforestation could be fully avoided and compensated through REDD+, it could generate $94.74 million to $315.8 million annually for Pakistan depending on the price of carbon credits. However, there are also risks involved and Pakistan would need to improve its capacity and address drivers of deforestation before implementing a REDD+ program.
The document discusses the importance of proper management of natural resources like forests, wildlife, water, coal and petroleum. It states that as population, industrialization and urbanization increase, the demand for natural resources is also increasing while their availability is limited. Therefore, there needs to be judicious use of resources, long-term planning for use, and equal distribution of resources for present and future generations. It provides details on various methods of conserving forests, wildlife and water resources like afforestation, preventing deforestation, banning poaching, rainwater harvesting, and constructing dams with their advantages and disadvantages. It also notes that coal and petroleum are non-renewable resources that will last only 40-200 more years and
Deviprasad Goenka Management college of Media Studies
http://www.dgmcms.org.in/
Subject:Environment and Development
Lesson : Environment and Development
Faculty Name: Saurabh Deshpande
The Human-Environment Relationship: Key Concepts and ModelsSteve Zavestoski
Lecture delivered at ABV Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India, as part of HUMANS | ENVIRONMENT | DEVELOPMENT lecture series as U.S. Fulbright Specialist, 30 Jan to 12 March, 2014.
This document provides an overview of Outcome Mapping, a method for planning, monitoring, and evaluating development projects and programs. It focuses on changes in behaviors, relationships, and activities of direct stakeholders, rather than attributing overall development impacts. Key aspects of Outcome Mapping include defining boundary partners and progress markers, using a contribution rather than attribution approach, and emphasizing social learning and adaptive management.
This document discusses the importance of good governance for economic growth and well-being. It summarizes research finding that improving governance can significantly increase GDP growth rates over time by enabling greater physical and human capital accumulation. At the firm level, less corruption is associated with higher sales growth and productivity gains. The document also finds that better governance has a direct, positive impact on life satisfaction, above and beyond its effects on income levels. Residents in countries with weaker governance are also more likely to express an intention to emigrate. While governance has strengthened over time in many regions, significant gaps remain compared to advanced economies.
POVERTY AND THEORIES USED TO EXPLAIN POVERTYDevine Espante
This document discusses different aspects and definitions of poverty. It begins by defining poverty as a lack of financial resources to meet basic needs. The World Bank further describes poverty as lacking access to food, shelter, healthcare, education, jobs and security. Global poverty lines are mentioned as measuring those living below $1.90, $3.20 and $5.50 per day. Statistics on global poverty rates and the countries with the most extreme poverty are provided. The document also discusses different types of poverty including situational, generational, absolute, relative, urban and rural poverty. Finally, it briefly outlines some major theories for explaining poverty, such as classical, neoclassical, Keynesian, and Marxian approaches.
1) Climate change directly and indirectly affects land degradation through changes in temperature, precipitation, and soil properties. 2) Both climate change and human activities like intensive agriculture and fossil fuel use contribute to increased greenhouse gas emissions and rising global temperatures. 3) Addressing land degradation and climate change requires international cooperation to reduce emissions, as well as measures to help local communities adapt through sustainable land management practices.
The document summarizes population trends in Bangladesh over time. It notes that Bangladesh currently has a population of 165.2 million, which is the 8th largest in the world. The population density is 1265/km2 and 35.7% live in urban areas. Fertility and mortality rates have declined over time while life expectancy has increased to 72.7 years. The population is forecast to continue growing in the coming decades according to UN projections.
The document summarizes Bangladesh's national environment policy. It was established in 1992 based on principles from the 1972 Stockholm and 1992 Rio conferences. The policy's objectives are to maintain ecological balance, protect against natural disasters, regulate pollution, ensure sustainable resource use, and engage in international cooperation. Relevant government agencies coordinate implementation, and challenges include ensuring environmental priorities despite regime changes and strengthening policy enforcement.
The document discusses Integrated Environmental Management (IEM). It provides definitions of IEM, outlines its basic principles such as informed decision making and public participation. The history and reasons for IEM are presented. Key issues IEM aims to address are improving water quality, waste management, and energy efficiency. The document concludes with proposed environmental strategies and programs to implement IEM including legislation, education, conservation and community involvement.
This document discusses levels and typologies of public policy. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to identify the levels of policies, classify policies, identify policy types, and describe examples of public policy types. It then defines four levels of policy: individual, family, organizational, and government (public policy). The document goes on to classify policies as either substantive or procedural. It identifies and provides examples of four major types of public policy: distributive, redistributive, regulatory, and constituent. Group assignments related to public policy analysis are also listed.
Globalization refers to the trend toward countries joining together economically, through education, society and politics, and viewing themselves not only through their national identity but also as part of the world as a whole.
The document provides information about world population trends, including definitions of key demographic concepts. It discusses topics like population growth rates, birth and death rates, life expectancy, fertility rates, rural vs urban populations, and UN Millennium Development Goals. Data on population figures, distributions and projections for different countries and world regions are presented.
The document summarizes Economic Base Theory, which proposes that a region's economic growth is determined by increases in exports from that region. It states that the theory divides an economy into basic and non-basic sectors, with the basic sector comprising activities that bring money in from outside the region through exports or preventing imports. It provides examples of basic and non-basic sectors and outlines assumptions of the theory, including that the export sector drives local growth and all activities fit into basic or non-basic categories. It also defines and provides an example of how the base multiplier is used to estimate a basic sector's impact on the local economy.
Population data provides vital information for studying human populations and making decisions regarding social and economic issues. It is collected through population censuses, sample surveys, and vital registration. A population census counts all individuals in a defined geographic area to collect demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. It is usually conducted every 10 years and is the primary source of population data in many countries, including Ethiopia's three censuses in 1984, 1994, and 2007. Sample surveys collect data from a sample of the population and can provide more detailed information than censuses. Vital registration continuously records life events like births and deaths from official documents. While valuable sources of data, censuses and surveys still face challenges to data quality from issues like inadequate funding
Presentation On Green Economy For Sustainable DevelopmentAsif A. Kabani
The document discusses transitioning to a green economy. It defines a green economy as one that improves human well-being and equity while reducing environmental risks. A green economy is low-carbon, resource efficient, and socially inclusive. It explores the relationship between sustainable development and poverty reduction. The document also discusses greenhouse gases, their sources, and their impact on climate change. It notes that human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation have increased the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases.
This document provides a summary of women's participation in politics in India based on a case study. It finds that women make up around 50% of Indian society but face numerous cultural, religious, and procedural barriers to participating in politics. Women represent just 14.35% of the Lok Sabha and 10.5% of the Rajya Sabha. The document analyzes strategies that could be used to expand women's political participation, such as quota systems, reforms to party nominations, education programs, and increasing financial support for women candidates. It also presents global data finding that on average only 24.3% of national parliamentarians are women.
This document provides an overview of the ecological footprint, a tool created by William Rees and Mathis Wackernagel to measure human demand on the biosphere. The ecological footprint measures the amount of biologically productive land and sea area required to support human consumption and waste absorption. It indicates that humanity is currently in global ecological overshoot, using more than what the Earth can regenerate. The document discusses the methodology, components, and implications of ecological footprint accounting.
SUSTAINABLE PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT- A CASE STUDY OF THANE MUNICIPAL CORPORA...ijiert bestjournal
Thane Municipal Corporation is located near to Mumbai City in M aharashtra State of India. Thane is growing rapidly since last few decades. The total area of Thane city is 128 Sq. Km. According to census 2011,total Population of city is 18.41 Lakhs and floating population is about 3 lakhs. The Solid Waste generation in the TMC area is around 650 MT per day. Out of which Plastic waste g eneration is about 60-70 MT per day. TMC don�t have any system for processing this plastic waste. This paper suggests a sustainable and one of the most emerging technologies of Plastic waste pyrolysis to TMC. Pl astic Waste Pyrolysis is an ideal technology which is eco-friendly as well as generates furnace oil,carbon and hydrocarbon gas as productive output.
This document discusses simulating a carbon hedge fund and the potential for carbon emission trading to provide economic benefits from municipal solid waste management in Malaysia. It analyzes issues related to carbon emissions trading and solid waste management using literature and empirical evidence. The document suggests that an appropriate carbon trading system could provide economic value and a sustainable way to generate future income in the environmental sector in Malaysia. It also outlines how carbon emissions from waste can be estimated and traded, and discusses the potential for carbon hedge funds to specialize in "carbon" as a new asset class and focus on green investments.
An Integrated Parametric Approach To Landfill Site Selection Fuzzy GIS-Based ...IJERA Editor
Landfill site selection in an urban area is a critical issue in the urban planning process because of enormous
impact on the economy, ecology, and the environmental health of the region with the growth of the
urbanization, larger amount of wastes are produced and unfortunately the problem gets bigger every day. A
selection of proper waste disposal site is a function of many parameters can be involved under the Environment,
Planning & Social Functions. GIS based mapping and subsequent image analysis is proposed to be done for
each of the correlating criteria for each parameter. The fuzzy multi criteria decision making (FMCDM) is used
to rank different land fill sites based on decisions given by a group of experts. The selected site can be further
confirmed through GIS application. This paper highlights the explained approach.
A REVIEW ON THE SUCCESS FACTORS FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN SOLID WASTE MA...Kelly Lipiec
Community participation is key to the success of solid waste management. Effective communication among
stakeholders and welcoming new community participants are important success factors. Communication allows
understanding of issues to develop and identification of conflicts. Welcoming participants openly and valuing their
contributions encourages ongoing involvement.
Municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the Douala m...Premier Publishers
The study evaluates municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the Douala municipality of Cameroon at landfill level. Load count analysis was used for the systematic assessment of the flows and stocks of materials within the landfill in space and time. Descriptive and inferential statistics methods were used to draw conclusions. The results show that, on average, municipal solid waste composition in the municipality has been changing over time. On average 490194580 Kg of wastes are generated per month, giving a per capita generation rate of 0.54 ± 0.071 kg person-1month-1. While inert (7.4±0.8), metal (2.6 ± 0.8), glass (3.5% ± 1.3), and paper (14.5% ± 0.9) wastes (2.0% ± 0.1) had higher proportions in the dry season, plastic (16.1% ± 2.6), organic (49.8.3% ± 3.1) and special wastes (2.0% ± 0.1) had higher proportions in the rainy season. However, at α = 0.05, all waste categories resulted in P > α, with extreme critical values for the test statistic t, suggesting that waste composition do not significantly differ from season to season. Similar results were observed for the mean generation rates across the different districts.Forecasting generation rates could be important for proper planning of operations related to solid waste management.
IRJET- A Comprehensive Study of Solid Waste Management in Mangalore City-Case...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on solid waste management in Mangalore City, India. It finds that Mangalore generates approximately 226 tons of solid waste per day, with per capita waste generation of 0.4524 kg per day and household per capita generation of 0.2095 kg per day. Though generation levels are not alarming, waste management practices need improvement. Currently there is some segregation, door-to-door collection, and processing via windrow composting and vermicomposting. However, most waste is ultimately landfilled. The study calls for better segregation, collection, and use of decentralized waste-to-energy technologies to reduce burden on landfills and improve sustainability of Mangalore's solid waste
Carbon Trading Advantage From The Municipal Solid Waste Managementguest04a35d
This document discusses simulating a carbon hedge fund and the potential for carbon emission trading to provide economic benefits from municipal solid waste management in Malaysia. It provides background on solid waste generation and composition in Malaysia. The document then presents a methodology for estimating the carbon emissions reductions and economic value from different waste management strategies like recycling, composting, and landfilling. It proposes using this carbon valuation tool to simulate a carbon hedge fund that could invest in waste management projects to generate tradable carbon credits for sale on carbon markets. The flexibility of hedge funds to specialize in new asset classes like carbon credits makes the carbon hedge fund structure suitable for this proposed investment approach.
A study of commercial solid waste generation and compositionAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on commercial solid waste generation and composition in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The following key points are made:
1. Commercial waste was collected from 52 sources over a period of one month and sorted into 23 categories. The composition was found to be 56.7% biodegradable, 19.32% plastic, and 14.84% paper.
2. Food waste made up the largest portion at 51.34%. Waste generation rates varied by source, with internet cafes and restaurants generating the most at 1.31 and 1.04 kg/capita/day, respectively.
3. Generation amounts fluctuated slightly by day of the week, with beer
THE STUDY OF EFFECTIVENESS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AT RESI...Firdaurs Abdullah
THIS IS MY BDP TECHNICAL REPORT SUBMITTED FOR ORAL EXAMINATION IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Application of an integrative approach for municipal solid waste management a...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an article that assesses municipal solid waste management in Abuja, Nigeria and Putrajaya, Malaysia using an integrated solid waste management system approach. The study aims to adopt a conceptual model for efficient and sustainable solid waste management in Abuja based on comparing it to Putrajaya. The integrated solid waste management system recognizes three important dimensions: stakeholders, waste system elements like collection and disposal, and sustainability.
This document is a project report submitted by Qazi Maaz Arshad to Lovely Professional University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Computer Science and Engineering. The report covers Municipal Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries, based on a course taken through Coursera provided by EPFL. The report includes an introduction to solid waste classification, an overview of municipal solid waste management systems and factors affecting them, the current scenario of waste management in India and other developing countries, and the future outlook for solid waste management globally and in India.
Current status of commercial solid waste generation, composition and manageme...Premier Publishers
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Environmental issues due to improper plastic disposal in indian cities
Solid Waste Management Final Essay FINAL(1).pdf
1.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
SAURABHA IYER (0320569)
MUHAMMAD MUBARAK (0319984)
MELISSA ANNE MEI HONG LI (0320729)
5TH
JUNE 2015
SUBJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SUSTAINABLE DESIGN (BLD 60203)
PROJECT 1
TUTOR: MRS. TAMIL SALVI MARI
3. 2
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Composition of municipal solid waste in South East Asian nations ……………….4
Table 2. Composition of municipal solid waste (percentage of wet weight) ………………..5
in Malaysia for 1975-2005.
Table 3. Generation of municipal solid waste in major urban areas in ……………………. 5
Peninsular Malaysia (1970-2006).
Table 4. Methods of municipal solid waste disposal in Malaysia …………………………...7
Table 5. Causes of waste in different project phases ………………………………………..8
Table 6. Generation of construction waste and predicted amounts in ……………………..8
Kuala Lumpur
Table 7. Summary of construction waste generation rates at sites A, B and C ………….. 9
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1. Dumpsite for municipal solid waste ……………………………………………………..4
Fig 2. Disposal of construction waste …………………………………………………………..7
Fig 3. Wood for formwork ……………………………………………………………………...10
Fig 4. Broken bricks that have been discarded ……………………………………………....10
Fig 5. RCC reinforcement poorly stored ……………………………………………………...11
4. 3
1.0 Introduction
Solid Waste according to (Smith 2013, p. 393), “is generally made up of objects or particles that
accumulate on the site where they are produced as opposed to water and airborne wastes that
are carried away from the site of production.” (Smith, 2013) further states that solid waste is
divided into the sector of economy responsible for producing it. Municipal, agricultural, mining
and construction are some such sectors. It includes items that people or companies no longer
have any use for, which they either intend to get rid of or have already discarded (Nguyen Ngoc
& Schnitzer, 2009).
Solid waste has become a fairly serious environmental problem among South East Asian
Nations (ASEANs) in particular the urban areas. There has been a rapid rate of urban growth
since the late 1980’s. Increase in population, economic development, urbanization and
industrialization have all resulted in the increase of solid waste generation (Nguyen Ngoc &
Schnitzer, 2009).
Some governments have already formulated policies that help protect the environment but in
reality only national capital cities have begun implementing them. Many cities still find it difficult
to manage produced waste due to shortcomings in financial support, technical capability,
adequate knowledge and public participation. The result is major environmental damage due to
improper solid waste disposal techniques. In rural areas, the situation is far more concerning as
open dumping is still one of the most practiced methods of solid waste disposal (Nguyen Ngoc
& Schnitzer, 2009). Not only is this method of disposal harmful to the environment, obtaining
land for such disposal sites also comes at a very high cost. Moreover, the public are unwilling to
accept landfill sites near to their location due to the many inconveniences caused such as
reduction in values of housing etc.
1.1 Objectives
This essay aims to focus on two types of solid waste: Municipal and Construction waste
generated in some South East Asian Nations in particular Malaysia. While addressing these two
types of solid waste, their methods of disposal and the impact made on the environment too will
be discussed. Furthermore, the essay also provides sustainable solutions for the management
of solid waste.
5. 4
2.0 Municipal Solid Waste
Fig.1: Dumpsite for municipal solid waste
Source: (Khor, 2014)
(Smith, 2013) defines Municipal Solid Waste as materials that have no further use that are
generated from residences, commercial establishments and different institutions such as shops,
hotels, schools etc. According to (Nguyen Ngoc & Schnitzer, 2009), municipal solid waste does
not include waste generated by mining, construction or demolition processes. Food waste,
paper, plastic, metal and glass are some types of municipal solid waste. Table 1 below, shows
the different types/compositions of municipal solid waste generated in South East Asian
Nations. As indicated, high amounts of organic waste is produced by these nations and their
respective cities in particular the more urbanized cities. Table 2 highlights the composition of
waste generated in Malaysia for the years 1975-2005.
Country Waste Composition (%)
Organic
waste
Paper
Cardboard
Plastic Glass Metal Others
Brunei 44 22 12 4 5 13
Cambodia 55 3 10 8 7 17
Indonesia 62 6 10 9 8 4
Laos 46 6 10 8 12 21
Malaysia 62 7 12 3 6 10
Myanmar 54 8 16 7 8 7
Philippines 41 19 14 3 5 18
Singapore 44 28 12 4 5 7
Thailand 48 15 14 5 4 14
Vietnam 60 2 16 7 6 9
Table 1: Composition of municipal solid waste in South East Asian nations.
Source: (Nguyen Ngoc & Schnitzer 2009, p. 1984)
6. 5
Waste Composition
(% of weight)
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Organic 63.7 54.4 48.3 48.4 45.7 43.2 44.8
Paper 7.0 8.0 23.6 8.9 9.0 23.7 16.0
Plastic 2.5 0.4 9.4 3.0 3.9 11.2 15.0
Glass 2.5 0.4 4.0 3.0 3.9 3.2 3.0
Metal 6.4 2.2 5.9 4.6 5.1 4.2 3.3
Others 0.9 0.3 8.8 32.1 4.3 12.3 8.4
Table 2: Composition of municipal solid waste (percentage of wet weight) in Malaysia for 1975-
2005.
Source: (Mohd. Dinie & Mashitah 2013, p. 96)
Malaysia’s urban population constitutes about 65% of its total population. And like many other
countries its urban population generates a great amount of municipal solid waste (Jalil, 2010).
This increase in municipal solid waste generation is due to the rapid urbanization, increase in
income and in turn, increase in consumption rates. Table 3 shows the amount of waste
generated in some urban areas of Malaysia from the years 1970-2006. What is interesting to
note is, that there is a 90% increase in the generation of residential and supermarket waste
every decade in the country’s major urban cities (Jalil, 2010). With the increase in amounts of
solid waste generated around South East Asia including Malaysia, concerning questions
regarding where all this municipal solid waste is sent to and the impact it has on the
environment are brought to mind.
Urban Centre Solid Waste Generated (tons/day)
1970 1980 1990 2002 2006
Kuala Lumpur 98.9 310.5 586.8 2754.0 3100.0
Johor Bharu (Johor) 41.1 99.6 174.8 215.0 242.0
Ipoh (Perak) 22.5 82.7 162.2 208.0 234.0
Georgetown (P. Pinang) 53.4 83.0 137.2 221.0 249.0
Klang (Selangor) 18.0 65.0 122.8 478.0 538.0
Kuala Terengganu (Terengganu) 8.7 61.8 121.0 137.0 154.0
Kota Bharu (Kelantan) 9.1 56.5 102.9 129.5 146.0
Kuantan (Pahang) 7.1 45.2 85.3 174.0 196.0
Seremban (N. Sembilan) 13.4 45.1 85.2 165.0 186.0
Melaka 14.4 29.1 46.8 562.0 632.0
Table 3: Generation of municipal solid waste in major urban areas in Peninsular Malaysia
(1970-2006).
Source: (Jalil 2010, p. 101)
2.1 Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste
Due to the large amounts of municipal solid waste being produced in South East Asian
countries, the open landfill method is the most common method of waste disposal. It has been
used for many years as it is one of the cheapest means of disposal and easiest in terms of the
large quantity of inorganic waste produced by these countries. On the contrary, many such open
landfill sites prove to be unsanitary and have no proper leachate management systems (Nguyen
Ngoc & Schnitzer, 2009). This results in leachate leaking through the waste and contamination
of ground water. Furthermore decomposing waste turns toxic and produces methane gas that is
harmful to the air (Smith, 2013). It is true however, that governments are starting to develop
7. 6
sanitary landfill sites in urban cities but the usage of these sites proves to be difficult for a
number of reasons. One being that they are located too far from generators as opposed to open
landfills, and the other being that there are no proper ways to transport the waste to such far off
locations and as a result, additional cost for transportation is incurred. The result is that waste
gets dumped into public areas such as rivers and roadways. This is also where much damage
to the environment is caused (Nguyen Ngoc & Schnitzer, 2009).
Another method of disposal common to these countries is incineration. (Smith, 2013) defines
incineration as “the process of burning refuse in a controlled manner.” Singapore makes use of
incineration effectively. Malaysia too has a municipal waste incinerator and is planning for
another in Kuala Lumpur (Nguyen Ngoc & Schnitzer, 2009). Despite this, there is much concern
over the use of incineration as a disposal technique. (Nguyen Ngoc & Schnitzer, 2009) further
elaborates that there are toxic compounds such as POPs-dioxins, furan, PCBs and hexane that
are emitted during the process of incineration.
Composting is a technique that requires less technology to be carried out. According to (Nguyen
Ngoc & Schnitzer, 2009), it is not very common among South East Asian countries because of
the high cost required for operation and maintenance. However, governments like Malaysia are
still in favour of this particular method of disposal.
Recycling is another eco-friendly method used by high income countries like Singapore. About
44.4% of Singapore’s municipal solid waste is recycled. For middle income nations the
percentage is about 12% and for low income nations, 8-11% (Nguyen Ngoc & Schnitzer, 2009).
The process of recycling involves removal of valuable materials from waste by ‘waste-pickers.’
These valuable materials are then sold to mills where they are recycled into new products.
Recycling of materials is always improving and is predicted to grow so that it can be of
beneficial economic impact on the nations that make use of it (Nguyen Ngoc & Schnitzer, 2009).
2.11 Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste in Malaysia
In Malaysia, segregation of waste is not practiced in households. Instead, one bag is used for all
types of solid waste. Once waste is collected from homes, offices or other industries, the public
are unaware of how it is being disposed. Waste is transported in collection vehicles to transfer
stations and loaded into compacting containers for the distant journey to landfills (Solid Waste
Management-Issues and Challenges in Asia, 2007).This is where the major problem lies, for
Malaysia is facing serious landfill problems. There are concerns regarding shortage and over-
usage of landfills, poor management etc.
During recent times, Malaysia has been committed to minimizing waste and has begun
implementing methods of organized management and disposal. Recycling has been given
priority but very little is being done to reuse and reduce waste generated. (Solid Waste
Management-Issues and Challenges in Asia, 2007) further elaborates that government
programs regarding recycling were initiated in the 1900’s with the first official recycling
campaign being launched in October 1991 by the Minister of Housing and Local Government.
The government re-launched the national recycling campaign in December 2000 with the
second phase being implemented in November two years later. Each time the participation of
local authorities increased. “The target was to reduce waste generation to a minimum rate of
22% by the year 2020” (Solid Waste Management-Issues and Challenges in Asia 2007, p.133).
Table 4 shows the methods of municipal solid waste treatment since 2002 in Malaysia and a
proposed target of waste disposed by the year 2020. What is very promising to note is the use
of recycling as a disposal method, for the impacts caused to the environment are minimal in
comparison to methods like incineration which can be of risk.
8. 7
Treatment Waste Disposed (%)
2002 2006 Target 2020
Recycling 5.0 5.5 22.0
Composting 0.0 1.0 8.0
Incineration 0.0 0.0 16.8
Inert landfill 0.0 3.2 9.1
Sanitary landfill 5.0 30.9 44.1
Other disposal methods 90.0 59.4 0.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Table 4: Methods of municipal solid waste disposal in Malaysia
Source: (Jalil 2010, p. 101)
Therefore, after the many campaigns carried out by the government, non-governmental
organizations and many other institutions, Malaysians have begun to understand the importance
of waste management and with regard to recycling. However, in order to move forward at a
better pace, the number of recycling industries must also increase.
3.0 Construction Waste
Fig.2: Disposal of construction waste
Source: (Khor, 2014)
“Construction waste are in the forms of building debris, rubble, earth, concrete, steel, timber and
mixed site clearance materials, arising from various construction activities including land
excavation or formation, civil and building construction, site clearance, demolition activity,
roadwork and building renovation.” (Shan 2011, p. 25)
According to (Shafii, 2007), the composition of construction waste basically includes concrete,
metal, gypsum wallboard, asphalt, roofing material and wood. About 10% of materials delivered
to a construction site go unused. (Shan, 2011) further elaborates stating that construction and
demolition waste is made of about 40-50% materials like concrete, brick, and blocks, 20-30%
wood related materials like pallets, forming and framing lumber, 20-30% miscellaneous wastes
like plaster, glass, tar based products and insulation materials. (Shafii, 2007) continues stating
that South East Asian countries have their own definition of construction waste in terms of
components of construction waste in their respective construction industries.
Construction and demolition activities generate large quantities of solid waste. This mainly
occurs in areas where urbanization is on the rise (Shan, 2011). This type of waste is generated
9. 8
right throughout the entire construction process from site clearing to the end of the building’s
roof construction process. (Shafii, 2007) states that the construction industry makes a significant
negative impact on the environment. Table 5 lists some of the phases in projects where
construction waste is likely generated.
Project Phase Cause of waste
Design Plan errors
Detail errors
Design changes
Procurement Shipping error
Ordering error
Materials handling Improper storage
Deterioration
Improper handling on and off site
Construction/Renovation Human error
Tradesperson
Other labour
Equipment error
Demolition Tipping
Table 5: Causes of waste in different project phases
Source: (Shan 2011, p. 36)
In Malaysia too, due to the increase in urbanization and hence commercial building and housing
development, a large quantity of construction waste is generated. This has not only affected the
country’s natural environment but also the health of the public. In the city of Kuala Lumpur,
construction waste takes up about 4% of the total amount of solid waste produced (Mohd.
Osman, Mohd. Nasir, & Abdul Mujeebu, n.d.)Table 6 shows the amount of construction waste
generated per day from the year 2009 to the amounts predicted to be produced in the year
2023. It can be observed that since there is an increment in the generation of construction
waste, its potential effect on the environment would also be magnified.
Year Amount of Construction Waste Generated
(tons/day)
2009 161.19
2011 181.39
2013 204.12
2015 299.69
2017 258.86
2019 290.86
2021 327.30
2023 368.31
Table 6: Generation of construction waste and predicted amounts in Kuala Lumpur
Source: (Mohd. Osman et al. n.d., p. 4)
Case Study
The information below shows data collected via a case study to find out the composition,
characteristics and amount of waste generated in a residential construction project in Miri City,
Sarawak. Shown below is a summary of the construction waste generated at the 3 sites.
“The three main pilot-study sites selected are located at Desa Senadin Housing Estate, Promin
Jaya Development and Piasau Residential Development. They are labelled as Sites A, B and C,
10. 9
respectively. Generation of construction waste covers almost every construction stage.
Common causes of construction waste generation observed on the studied sites are off cuts
from cutting materials to desired length, improper handling, stacking and storage, end of life
cycles, spillage and leftover materials.” (Lau, Whyte & Law 2008, p. 262)
Site A B C
Waste type Rate (t/ha)
Wood 97.99 55.28 80.71
Concrete 18.37 17.91 85.71
Brick 19.28 7.87 42.50
Metal 4.29 2.12 3.57
Others 1.03 3.16 17.22
Total 140.95 86.34 229.72
Table 7: Summary of construction waste generation rates at sites A, B and C
Source: (Lau, Whyte & Law 2008, p. 265)
3.1 Disposal of Construction Waste.
In most South East Asian countries in particular urban cities, the 3R principles have been
implemented in the management of construction waste. There is awareness raised by
respective governments for their countries. These 3R practices focus on technology,
management and the involvement of key organizations. However, these South East Asian
nations are still very much in the process of development in terms of technology. On the aspect
of Management, Singapore has shown good demonstration of its 3R practices. Thailand,
Indonesia, Philippines and Vietnam are still in the process of forming guidelines in terms of
management (Shafii, 2007).
3.11 Disposal of Construction Waste in Malaysia.
Malaysia’s problem with illegal dumping of construction waste is quite evident. (Nagapan,
Rahman & Asmi, n.d.) indicates that according to a study conducted in the Johor district, out of
46 illegal dumping sites, 42% consists of construction waste. Furthermore, there was also an
instance where around 30 tons of construction waste was illegally dumped into a mangrove
swamp in Malacca. (Nagapan et al., n.d.) also stresses that there is great damage caused to the
environment and human health due to these methods of dumping. Again, such illegal cases are
prevalent due to the distance of the landfill site from the project location. Transportation costs
are avoided and profits maximized due to such illegal actions.
Case Studies
A survey was conducted to focus on the amounts of construction waste generated at three sites
in the Batu Pahat District. A copy of this case study can be found in Appendix A. Two of these
sites were residential projects while the other was an administration block consisting of two
swimming pools. After observing and collecting data for a few months the types and amounts of
construction waste generated were obtained. Of all the waste materials generated, the amount
of timber wasted was the highest - 46%, 50% and 80% for sites A, B and C respectively. The
second highest was bricks followed by packaging material.
The project managers at these sites regarded poor handling and management of materials as
the one of main causes for such amounts of waste to be produced. Furthermore they also said
that ordering of construction materials is important in terms of expenditure and the amounts that
end up not being used. Therefore, ordering of the correct quantity of materials is vital. Workers
11. 10
also need to be aware of how they handle, use these materials and store them. In terms of
waste management strategy, attention was paid to on-site sorting, recycling and reusing of only
certain construction materials. However, sites A and B preferred to burn the rest of their waste
material which makes a negative impact on the environment. Site C made use of another
temporary dumpsite to dispose of its unwanted waste. The most concerning factor amongst all
was that site C also made use of an illegal dumping site to dispose its soil waste which again
reveals the problems Malaysia faces with illegal dumping. The study concluded that these
methods used are not sustainable and cause negative impacts on the environment.
In addition to the case study given in Appendix A, a construction site was also visited and an
interview was conducted with the contractor in order to get a better understanding of how
construction waste is handled. The site, Desa Villa Hills consists of 165 units all of which are at
different levels of construction. Waste components found on site were earth excavates,
granules, cement, timber, iron and bricks. Again, timber was the main component among the
waste materials produced. According to the interview as given in Appendix B, timber is used in
formwork and to make temporary structures and in doing so can be later dismantled and reused
again. Earth extracts too are saved up and reused for other purposes or projects like in the
making of retaining walls etc. The figures shown below show some of the construction waste
generated at the site. Fig 3 shows the timber that is used as formwork. According to the
contactor, the timber used cannot be made use of more than three times. Fig 4 depicts how
broken bricks have been wasted. Due to the lack of proper supervision and handling of such
materials an unwanted amount of waste is generated. Fig 5 also shows the improper storage
methods of materials. Here, metal reinforcement needed for concrete beams and columns has
turned rusty due to its exposure to rain.
Fig 3: Wood for formwork Fig 4: Broken bricks that have been discarded
Fig 5: RCC reinforcement poorly stored
12. 11
Therefore, from this site visit it can be observed that Malaysia does not give the necessary
priority to correct means of disposal of construction waste. It is an area that needs serious
consideration as there is a major impact caused on the environment.
4.0 Sustainable Solutions - The Waste Management Hierarchy
Sustainable construction focuses on 3 aspects: environmental, economic and social. One such
sustainable method is Prevention, the highest level in the sustainable waste management
hierarchy. In construction, architects/designers must be aware of technical information and
processes of construction during the design stage so that changes in design will not occur.
Malaysia is currently making use of the prefabrication technique in order to try and prevent
wastage. This process must be carefully planned or else the risk of more waste being generated
rises. Minimization is also important as reducing factors of waste generation can be helpful and
also help minimize damage caused to the environment. Reusing of waste requires the correct
technology to implement, which can be quite costly as well. Malaysia rarely practices reusing.
Recycling however, is used by Malaysia, though not fully developed. Many recycling campaigns
are underway and spreading awareness within the country. Recovery is the removal of certain
materials from the waste so that they can be kept in their original form and reused. This method
reduces the amount of waste being sent into landfills and also reduces the impact made on the
environment. Lastly is Disposal, the lowest method to reaching sustainability. This is because
the role of sustainability is to reduce the quantity of waste discharged to the environment.
Disposal is currently the most common method of waste management in Malaysia which proves
that the country like many other South East Asian Nations is still far behind the journey towards
sustainability (Nagapan, et al., 2012).
5.0 Conclusion
As discussed previously, the effect of solid waste on the environment is a deeply concerning
matter. The rates at which the amount of municipal solid waste and construction waste being
generated are alarming and do not show any signs of slowing down in the immediate future.
Many South East Asian nations have begun addressing the issues of solid waste management
and are well on their way into implementation. However it is only the urbanized cities of these
nations that have the resources and ways to implement proper waste management systems.
For the rest, it must all begin with their respective authorities creating public awareness and
getting the public to actively participate in such practices.
Unlike its ever improving urbanization, the level of solid waste management in Malaysia in
particular is still behind. There is much room for improvement. The country’s solid waste
disposal methods are still poor and this in turn is keeping it from moving forward with green
practices such as the 3R system.
“Solid waste management in Malaysia has a long way to go and this does not mean that we
have to switch to capital-intensive and sophisticated systems because they are not necessarily
more effective and efficient. At the end of the day, we may have to go back to the basics.”
(Hassan, Chong, Rahman, Salleh, Zakaria & Awang, 2001)
13. 12
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Smith, E. (2013). Environmental Science: A Study of Interrelationships (13th ed.). New York:
McGraw-Hill.
(2007). Solid Waste Management: Issues and Challenges in Asia. Mumbai: Asian Productivity
Organization.
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Appendix A
Three sites of construction projects in Batu Pahat District had been selected for this study. Two
sites were residential housing and the other, a building that contained 2 swimming pools. All the
sites were under construction phase during the survey. For confidential purposes, the entire
sites are labeled as Site A, Site B and Site C.
Site A
Site A is a construction project for residential housing as
in Figure 1. This development was confined in an area
about 2 acres and had a contract period of 17 months.
About 20 units of semi D houses, 7 units of low cost
houses and 2 units of bungalow houses were to be built
in site A. This development project was constructed by
the contractor Class B which was already established for
about 12 years. The project development had started on
2011 and was expected to finish in 2013.The project
manager of this project had 11 years of construction
experience.
Site B
Site B is a construction project for residential house as in
Figure 2. This development was confined to 4 acres and
had a contract period of 17 months. This development
project was constructed by the contractor Class B. This
project development had started on 2011 and was
expected to finish in 2013. Project site B comprised of
49 units of terrace houses and 10 units of double storey
houses. The project manager for this site was the same
person in charge at site A.
Site C
Site C is a building project which was constructed by
contractor Class A. The size of the development is about
10,000 acre which comprises of 2 swimming pools and
one administration block. The contract duration was 18
months which started from 2009 and was to be
completed in 2010. However, until now the project is still
incomplete due to financial problems. Two people in-
charge at this site are the project manager and site
supervisor. The project manager had 10 years
experience in construction field.
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After studying the site for months they found the different types of waste, how much do they
amount to and their reasons.
There are several causes of waste generation identified and mentioned by the project managers
of the three sites. The causes are as follows:
1. Wrong material storage
2. Poor materials handling
3. Poor quality of materials
4. Ordering errors
5. Mistakes in quantity surveys
6. Poor attitudes of workers
7. Poor supervision
8. Lack of waste management plans
Waste Management Strategy (WMP)
All the sites were identified as implementing partial WMP in their construction waste
management strategy. They applied on-site sorting and also recycled and reused certain
construction materials such as timber and metal. Despite of that, site A and B tend burn all
waste material that cannot be reused or recycled and whereas site C dumped these unwanted
waste at a temporary dumpsite which is located near to it. It was also observed that at site C,
they dumped soil waste illegally in an area nearby. Thus, it can be summarized that the
methods adopted by the three sites are not sustainable which causes negative impact to the
environment. “
Source: (Nagapan et al., 2013, pp.100-103)
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Appendix B
Our interview with the contractor Mr. Chin Laww who has 8 years of experience in construction:
Q- What constitutes the largest non-renewable construction waste?
A- Timber, since it is used to make the columns beams and walls can only be used for certain
amount of time.
Q- How do you use the earth extracts?
A- The excessive mud, stone, earth extraction etc. are stored at different site for other project
and used to make retaining walls at sloppy site. This earth is also used for garden beautification
at last stage of construction.
Q- Why do think lot construction waste is produced?
A- Sometimes unskilled labor leads to wrong construction and hence has to be demolished.
Demolish of preexisting buildings, damage to the pipelines during construction needs
replacements, faults in planning.
Q- What have you done to reduce this waste?
A- We try to use the wood at places for temporary structures. Temporary structures like toilets,
site office, contractor’s office, engineer office etc. are usually temporary and can be dismantled.
We try to hire skilled labor for skilled requiring jobs to reduce unwanted demolitions.
(Chin Laww, personal communication, April 24, 2015)