The document provides step-by-step instructions for properly aligning rotating equipment using dial gauges. It discusses key concepts like identifying and correcting for soft foot, pipe strain, thermal growth, and sag in alignment clamps. The document outlines the reverse periphery alignment method using dial gauges to measure and correct for parallel and angular misalignment. It provides examples of misaligned conditions and how to interpret dial gauge readings to determine the necessary shim corrections. Quizzes are included to test the reader's understanding of applying this alignment method.
Diploma sem 2 applied science physics-unit 1-chap 3 measuring instrumentsRai University
The document discusses various measuring instruments used in applied science physics, including the vernier caliper, micrometer, dial caliper, spherometer, thermometer, and galvanometer. It explains how to use each instrument, read measurements, and determine the least count or smallest unit of measurement. Examples are provided for measuring length, diameter, depth, and other quantities. References for additional information on the instruments are listed at the end.
The document discusses welding symbols and weld joint design according to ISO standards. It covers elementary weld symbols, supplementary symbols, dimensioning of welds, examples of weld joint applications, edge preparation, basic joint types including butt, tee, lap and corner joints, applicable welds for each joint type, and welding positions.
Understanding - different welding process, how to specify welding details in drawing, selection of different welding process, selection of shielding gas
Type of threads - How to identify threadsTeesing BV
This document provides information about different types of threads, including metric (M), BSPP, BSPT, NPT, UNC, and UNF threads. It discusses the key characteristics that define each type of thread such as diameter, pitch, taper angle, and flank angle. Examples are given for various common thread sizes of each type. In addition, the document addresses frequently asked questions about identifying threads, determining if threads are tapered or parallel, differences between BSPP and BSPT, thread sealing, and thread compatibility.
This document provides instructions for properly aligning coupled machinery. It outlines important checks to perform before starting alignment like ensuring low shaft and coupling runout. It describes taking initial alignment readings and calculating required movement if misalignment is found. The key steps are correcting for radial and axial misalignment separately, then total alignment by adding or removing shims at the machine legs as needed. The final step confirms alignment is within tolerance by taking a last reading. Overall the document stresses performing top-bottom alignment before side-to-side for best results.
The document discusses different types of gauges used to check part dimensions, including:
1) Limit gauges which check that dimensions fall within upper and lower limits using "go" and "not go" gauges.
2) Plug, ring, taper, thread, form, radius, and feeler gauges which are used to check specific geometric features like holes, diameters, tapers, threads, profiles, radii, and clearances.
3) Indicating gauges which magnify dimensional deviations from specifications to precisely measure geometry and positioning of surfaces.
WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY-Drills and drilling processLearnwithus2
This document discusses drilling machines and drilling processes. It describes different types of drilling machines such as portable, sensitive, radial, upright, and multi-spindle machines. It also discusses the parts of a drilling machine like the base, column, arm, worktable, drill head, spindle, and chuck. Sensitive upright drilling machines are used for light-duty drilling of holes up to 15mm and can only be hand fed. Upright drilling machines are for medium and heavy-duty drilling of holes up to 50mm and can be hand or power fed. Radial arm drill machines allow the operator to position the spindle directly over the workpiece. Multi-spindle and gang-type drill machines can drill multiple holes simultaneously
The document discusses various types of wrenches used to install and remove nuts and bolts. It describes open-end wrenches, box-end wrenches, combination wrenches, line wrenches, socket wrenches, adjustable wrenches, and pipe wrenches. Socket wrenches come in various drive sizes and point configurations and are used with ratchet handles, breaker bars, speed handles, T-handles, torque wrenches, and extensions. Proper wrench size selection and safe usage techniques are also outlined.
Diploma sem 2 applied science physics-unit 1-chap 3 measuring instrumentsRai University
The document discusses various measuring instruments used in applied science physics, including the vernier caliper, micrometer, dial caliper, spherometer, thermometer, and galvanometer. It explains how to use each instrument, read measurements, and determine the least count or smallest unit of measurement. Examples are provided for measuring length, diameter, depth, and other quantities. References for additional information on the instruments are listed at the end.
The document discusses welding symbols and weld joint design according to ISO standards. It covers elementary weld symbols, supplementary symbols, dimensioning of welds, examples of weld joint applications, edge preparation, basic joint types including butt, tee, lap and corner joints, applicable welds for each joint type, and welding positions.
Understanding - different welding process, how to specify welding details in drawing, selection of different welding process, selection of shielding gas
Type of threads - How to identify threadsTeesing BV
This document provides information about different types of threads, including metric (M), BSPP, BSPT, NPT, UNC, and UNF threads. It discusses the key characteristics that define each type of thread such as diameter, pitch, taper angle, and flank angle. Examples are given for various common thread sizes of each type. In addition, the document addresses frequently asked questions about identifying threads, determining if threads are tapered or parallel, differences between BSPP and BSPT, thread sealing, and thread compatibility.
This document provides instructions for properly aligning coupled machinery. It outlines important checks to perform before starting alignment like ensuring low shaft and coupling runout. It describes taking initial alignment readings and calculating required movement if misalignment is found. The key steps are correcting for radial and axial misalignment separately, then total alignment by adding or removing shims at the machine legs as needed. The final step confirms alignment is within tolerance by taking a last reading. Overall the document stresses performing top-bottom alignment before side-to-side for best results.
The document discusses different types of gauges used to check part dimensions, including:
1) Limit gauges which check that dimensions fall within upper and lower limits using "go" and "not go" gauges.
2) Plug, ring, taper, thread, form, radius, and feeler gauges which are used to check specific geometric features like holes, diameters, tapers, threads, profiles, radii, and clearances.
3) Indicating gauges which magnify dimensional deviations from specifications to precisely measure geometry and positioning of surfaces.
WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY-Drills and drilling processLearnwithus2
This document discusses drilling machines and drilling processes. It describes different types of drilling machines such as portable, sensitive, radial, upright, and multi-spindle machines. It also discusses the parts of a drilling machine like the base, column, arm, worktable, drill head, spindle, and chuck. Sensitive upright drilling machines are used for light-duty drilling of holes up to 15mm and can only be hand fed. Upright drilling machines are for medium and heavy-duty drilling of holes up to 50mm and can be hand or power fed. Radial arm drill machines allow the operator to position the spindle directly over the workpiece. Multi-spindle and gang-type drill machines can drill multiple holes simultaneously
The document discusses various types of wrenches used to install and remove nuts and bolts. It describes open-end wrenches, box-end wrenches, combination wrenches, line wrenches, socket wrenches, adjustable wrenches, and pipe wrenches. Socket wrenches come in various drive sizes and point configurations and are used with ratchet handles, breaker bars, speed handles, T-handles, torque wrenches, and extensions. Proper wrench size selection and safe usage techniques are also outlined.
MET 304 Mechanical joints riveted_jointshotman1991
Riveting was commonly used to join metal parts before welding but is now less common. Rivets are cylindrical shafts inserted through holes in materials to be joined and formed into heads on both ends. Riveted joints can fail due to bending, shearing of rivets, crushing of rivets or plates, or tearing of materials. The document provides equations to calculate load capacities of riveted joints based on factors like rivet material properties, number of rivets, and whether rivets are in single or double shear. Design of riveted joints involves selecting rivet size, number and layout to optimize strength and load distribution.
Seals are used to prevent fluid leakage. Mechanical seals specifically use two flat faces in contact that rotate to create a tight seal against leakage. They have primary sealing faces and secondary seals. Mechanical seals come in various types classified by design and arrangement, such as single or double seals, and balanced or unbalanced designs. Proper material selection, installation, maintenance, and flushing plans are required for mechanical seals to function effectively.
The document provides an overview of shaft lateral analysis. It discusses:
1) Performing shaft alignment calculations and positioning bearings to fulfill loading criteria.
2) Modeling the shaft system accounting for loads and thermal expansion.
3) Analyzing shaft deflection, stresses, and ensuring adequate lubrication film thickness.
4) Verifying bearing loads are within criteria and seals/components are compatible.
5) Describing bearing positioning using the reliable GAP/SAG method within tolerances.
Here are the major responsibilities of a project engineer summarized:
- Oversee all construction activities to ensure they are completed as per approved plans, schedule and budget.
- Coordinate with different project departments like safety, procurement, contracts and quality.
- Ensure materials are available on time and resolve any technical or design issues that arise.
- Lead meetings and ensure contractor action plans and schedules are understood.
- Review invoices, punch lists and change orders for approval.
- Oversee commissioning, documentation handover and project closeout.
- Monitor project progress and address any delays by expediting work or investigating causes.
This document discusses various types of welding defects and imperfections including lack of fusion, porosity, slag inclusions, and solidification cracking. It describes how to identify each type, their causes, best practices for prevention, acceptance standards, and methods for detection and remediation. The key types of imperfections are classified as fabrication defects occurring during welding or service defects that form during use, and guidelines are provided for minimizing defects and producing quality welds.
The Certified Welding Inspector (CWI) plays an important role during any welded construction activities ensuring the required specifications and standards are followed. Due to the numerous materials and processes associated with metal joining (welding) THIS PRESENTATION SHALL SHOW ONLY THE BASIC WELDING PROCESSES AND EXAMINATION METHODS (NDE). National and International Codes and Specifications along with measuring devices are the Inspector’s tools. Hopefully the following presentation shall give an insight into basic welding inspection.
The document is a training manual on radiographic interpretation of welds. It contains multiple radiographic images of welds with defects labeled, asking the reader to identify the defects shown. The defects illustrated include lack of root penetration, porosity, undercutting, cracking, incomplete fusion, excess penetration, spatter, slag inclusions and others. The purpose is to help trainees learn to identify various weld defects from radiographic images.
The document discusses various aspects of screw threads and their measurement. It defines key screw thread terminology like pitch, lead, major diameter, minor diameter, effective diameter, flank angle, etc. It describes different types of threads and their uses. It then explains various methods to measure elements of a screw thread like major diameter, minor diameter, pitch, effective diameter and flank angle. These include using a micrometer, bench micrometer, pitch measuring machine, toolmaker's microscope and different wire methods. The concept of best wire size for effective diameter measurement is also introduced.
This document discusses optical flats and optical squares. It defines them as precision instruments used for measurement and alignment. Optical squares use the principle of double reflection to turn a line of sight by 90 degrees, while optical flats have two highly polished, flat surfaces used to test the flatness of other precision surfaces by observing interference patterns. The document describes the different types of optical squares and flats and their uses in measurement applications like surveying.
Unit 4 Design of Power Screw and Screw JackMahesh Shinde
The document discusses power screws, including their terminology, types of threads, torque analysis, and efficiency. It defines key terms like nominal diameter, pitch, lead, and lead angle. It describes common types of threads like square, ACME, and buttress threads. It discusses torque required to raise and lower loads, including expressions for self-locking and overhauling screws. The document also covers screw efficiency and collar friction torque, providing expressions to calculate overall efficiency. An example calculation is given to find maximum load lifted, efficiency, and overall efficiency of a screw jack.
This document discusses limits, tolerances, and fits in manufacturing. It defines limits as the maximum and minimum permissible sizes of a component. Tolerance is the permissible variation from the nominal or basic size of a component. There are different types of fits between holes and shafts, including clearance fits, interference fits, and transition fits. The document also discusses hole basis and shaft basis systems for specifying fits and interchangeability in manufacturing.
This document provides lecture notes on workshop practice II, covering drilling operations and welding processes. It discusses drilling machine types, drilling geometry, cutting conditions, feed and speed, operations like drilling and reaming. It also covers welding principles like fusion and pressure welding, classification into oxy-acetylene, shielded metal arc, MIG and TIG welding. Key details are provided on welding processes, inert gas shielding, and consumable electrodes.
This document discusses bearings and lubrication. It defines bearings as any support in direct contact with a moving machine part that is designed to minimize friction. The main types of bearings are described as anti-friction bearings, which provide rolling contact, and plain bearings, which have sliding contact. Anti-friction bearings like ball and roller bearings are advantageous because they have lower starting friction than plain bearings. Plain bearings can use materials like bronze and are simpler but have higher wear. Proper lubrication is also discussed, including different lubrication systems like oil misting which has advantages like lower temperatures and positive pressure prevention of contamination.
This document discusses tolerances, limits, and fits between machine elements. It defines tolerance as the permissible variation in a component's dimensions, with upper and lower deviation limits. Three common fits are defined - clearance fit which always provides space, transition fit which may provide clearance or interference, and interference fit which always overlaps. Hole and shaft basis systems are described for specifying tolerances. Different grades of fits are explained for various machine applications like loose running, precision, and press fits. Objective problems on fit selection and calculations are presented.
The document discusses the history and development of chocolate over centuries. It details how cocoa beans were first used by Mesoamerican cultures before being introduced to Europe, where it became popular in drinks and confections. The document also notes that modern chocolate production methods were established in the 19th century to allow chocolate to be consumed on a larger scale.
This document provides information on various types of drilling machines and their parts and operations. It describes portable, sensitive, upright, radial, gang, multiple spindle, automatic and deep hole drilling machines. It outlines the main parts of an upright drilling machine including the base, column, table, head, spindle assembly, and drive and feed mechanisms. It also discusses workholding devices, toolholding devices, and common drilling machine operations such as drilling, reaming, boring, counterboring, countersinking, spot facing and tapping.
This document discusses different types of machine keys used to connect rotating elements like shafts, gears, and pulleys. It describes saddle keys, sunk keys, taper keys, parallel keys, and feather keys. Design considerations for keys include preventing slippage while transmitting torque. Keys are designed based on withstanding shear and compressive stresses. Sample problems demonstrate how to calculate the required key dimensions given input torque and shaft dimensions. Splines are also discussed as an alternative to keys, with their torque capacity determined by factors like spline area, mean radius, and permissible pressure.
This document provides information on machinery alignment including definitions, types of misalignment, symptoms, causes, methods, and tools. It defines alignment as positioning rotating shafts so their centerlines match under operating conditions. The two main types of misalignment are radial, where shafts are parallel but offset, and axial, where one shaft is angled relative to the other. Methods discussed include rough alignment using straight edges or wires, and precision alignment using rim and face, reverse/graphical, or laser techniques. Tolerances, symptoms like vibration, and effects like increased wear are also covered.
This document provides an overview of position analysis techniques for linkages and mechanisms. It discusses coordinate systems, position and displacement concepts, and methods for graphical and algebraic position analysis. Graphical methods involve drawing the linkage to scale based on given parameters and measuring positions. Algebraic methods develop vector loop equations in terms of complex numbers and solve for unknown positions and angles. Specific techniques are presented for common linkages including fourbars, slider-cranks, and geared fivebars.
This document provides instructions for aligning a heating oil pump coupling. It describes the key components involved in shaft alignment and outlines the steps to prepare the coupling halves, check for parallel and angular misalignment, make any necessary adjustments, and reassemble the coupling. The steps include locating a datum point, loosening the coupling clamp, removing interfering parts, cleaning the coupling rims, using measurements and shims to correct offsets, and ensuring smooth rotation upon completion. Quizzes are included at the end to test understanding of concepts like datum selection, leveling techniques, and resolving various misalignment issues.
This document discusses shaft couplings and alignment. It describes different types of shaft couplings like flange, sleeve, muff couplings. It discusses the requirements of good shaft couplings and problems that can occur in couplings. The document also covers alignment of shafts, methods to detect and correct misalignment like soft foot. It describes different alignment methods including dial gauge, reverse indicator and laser alignment. It discusses the effects of misalignment on vibration and characteristics to identify different types of misalignments.
MET 304 Mechanical joints riveted_jointshotman1991
Riveting was commonly used to join metal parts before welding but is now less common. Rivets are cylindrical shafts inserted through holes in materials to be joined and formed into heads on both ends. Riveted joints can fail due to bending, shearing of rivets, crushing of rivets or plates, or tearing of materials. The document provides equations to calculate load capacities of riveted joints based on factors like rivet material properties, number of rivets, and whether rivets are in single or double shear. Design of riveted joints involves selecting rivet size, number and layout to optimize strength and load distribution.
Seals are used to prevent fluid leakage. Mechanical seals specifically use two flat faces in contact that rotate to create a tight seal against leakage. They have primary sealing faces and secondary seals. Mechanical seals come in various types classified by design and arrangement, such as single or double seals, and balanced or unbalanced designs. Proper material selection, installation, maintenance, and flushing plans are required for mechanical seals to function effectively.
The document provides an overview of shaft lateral analysis. It discusses:
1) Performing shaft alignment calculations and positioning bearings to fulfill loading criteria.
2) Modeling the shaft system accounting for loads and thermal expansion.
3) Analyzing shaft deflection, stresses, and ensuring adequate lubrication film thickness.
4) Verifying bearing loads are within criteria and seals/components are compatible.
5) Describing bearing positioning using the reliable GAP/SAG method within tolerances.
Here are the major responsibilities of a project engineer summarized:
- Oversee all construction activities to ensure they are completed as per approved plans, schedule and budget.
- Coordinate with different project departments like safety, procurement, contracts and quality.
- Ensure materials are available on time and resolve any technical or design issues that arise.
- Lead meetings and ensure contractor action plans and schedules are understood.
- Review invoices, punch lists and change orders for approval.
- Oversee commissioning, documentation handover and project closeout.
- Monitor project progress and address any delays by expediting work or investigating causes.
This document discusses various types of welding defects and imperfections including lack of fusion, porosity, slag inclusions, and solidification cracking. It describes how to identify each type, their causes, best practices for prevention, acceptance standards, and methods for detection and remediation. The key types of imperfections are classified as fabrication defects occurring during welding or service defects that form during use, and guidelines are provided for minimizing defects and producing quality welds.
The Certified Welding Inspector (CWI) plays an important role during any welded construction activities ensuring the required specifications and standards are followed. Due to the numerous materials and processes associated with metal joining (welding) THIS PRESENTATION SHALL SHOW ONLY THE BASIC WELDING PROCESSES AND EXAMINATION METHODS (NDE). National and International Codes and Specifications along with measuring devices are the Inspector’s tools. Hopefully the following presentation shall give an insight into basic welding inspection.
The document is a training manual on radiographic interpretation of welds. It contains multiple radiographic images of welds with defects labeled, asking the reader to identify the defects shown. The defects illustrated include lack of root penetration, porosity, undercutting, cracking, incomplete fusion, excess penetration, spatter, slag inclusions and others. The purpose is to help trainees learn to identify various weld defects from radiographic images.
The document discusses various aspects of screw threads and their measurement. It defines key screw thread terminology like pitch, lead, major diameter, minor diameter, effective diameter, flank angle, etc. It describes different types of threads and their uses. It then explains various methods to measure elements of a screw thread like major diameter, minor diameter, pitch, effective diameter and flank angle. These include using a micrometer, bench micrometer, pitch measuring machine, toolmaker's microscope and different wire methods. The concept of best wire size for effective diameter measurement is also introduced.
This document discusses optical flats and optical squares. It defines them as precision instruments used for measurement and alignment. Optical squares use the principle of double reflection to turn a line of sight by 90 degrees, while optical flats have two highly polished, flat surfaces used to test the flatness of other precision surfaces by observing interference patterns. The document describes the different types of optical squares and flats and their uses in measurement applications like surveying.
Unit 4 Design of Power Screw and Screw JackMahesh Shinde
The document discusses power screws, including their terminology, types of threads, torque analysis, and efficiency. It defines key terms like nominal diameter, pitch, lead, and lead angle. It describes common types of threads like square, ACME, and buttress threads. It discusses torque required to raise and lower loads, including expressions for self-locking and overhauling screws. The document also covers screw efficiency and collar friction torque, providing expressions to calculate overall efficiency. An example calculation is given to find maximum load lifted, efficiency, and overall efficiency of a screw jack.
This document discusses limits, tolerances, and fits in manufacturing. It defines limits as the maximum and minimum permissible sizes of a component. Tolerance is the permissible variation from the nominal or basic size of a component. There are different types of fits between holes and shafts, including clearance fits, interference fits, and transition fits. The document also discusses hole basis and shaft basis systems for specifying fits and interchangeability in manufacturing.
This document provides lecture notes on workshop practice II, covering drilling operations and welding processes. It discusses drilling machine types, drilling geometry, cutting conditions, feed and speed, operations like drilling and reaming. It also covers welding principles like fusion and pressure welding, classification into oxy-acetylene, shielded metal arc, MIG and TIG welding. Key details are provided on welding processes, inert gas shielding, and consumable electrodes.
This document discusses bearings and lubrication. It defines bearings as any support in direct contact with a moving machine part that is designed to minimize friction. The main types of bearings are described as anti-friction bearings, which provide rolling contact, and plain bearings, which have sliding contact. Anti-friction bearings like ball and roller bearings are advantageous because they have lower starting friction than plain bearings. Plain bearings can use materials like bronze and are simpler but have higher wear. Proper lubrication is also discussed, including different lubrication systems like oil misting which has advantages like lower temperatures and positive pressure prevention of contamination.
This document discusses tolerances, limits, and fits between machine elements. It defines tolerance as the permissible variation in a component's dimensions, with upper and lower deviation limits. Three common fits are defined - clearance fit which always provides space, transition fit which may provide clearance or interference, and interference fit which always overlaps. Hole and shaft basis systems are described for specifying tolerances. Different grades of fits are explained for various machine applications like loose running, precision, and press fits. Objective problems on fit selection and calculations are presented.
The document discusses the history and development of chocolate over centuries. It details how cocoa beans were first used by Mesoamerican cultures before being introduced to Europe, where it became popular in drinks and confections. The document also notes that modern chocolate production methods were established in the 19th century to allow chocolate to be consumed on a larger scale.
This document provides information on various types of drilling machines and their parts and operations. It describes portable, sensitive, upright, radial, gang, multiple spindle, automatic and deep hole drilling machines. It outlines the main parts of an upright drilling machine including the base, column, table, head, spindle assembly, and drive and feed mechanisms. It also discusses workholding devices, toolholding devices, and common drilling machine operations such as drilling, reaming, boring, counterboring, countersinking, spot facing and tapping.
This document discusses different types of machine keys used to connect rotating elements like shafts, gears, and pulleys. It describes saddle keys, sunk keys, taper keys, parallel keys, and feather keys. Design considerations for keys include preventing slippage while transmitting torque. Keys are designed based on withstanding shear and compressive stresses. Sample problems demonstrate how to calculate the required key dimensions given input torque and shaft dimensions. Splines are also discussed as an alternative to keys, with their torque capacity determined by factors like spline area, mean radius, and permissible pressure.
This document provides information on machinery alignment including definitions, types of misalignment, symptoms, causes, methods, and tools. It defines alignment as positioning rotating shafts so their centerlines match under operating conditions. The two main types of misalignment are radial, where shafts are parallel but offset, and axial, where one shaft is angled relative to the other. Methods discussed include rough alignment using straight edges or wires, and precision alignment using rim and face, reverse/graphical, or laser techniques. Tolerances, symptoms like vibration, and effects like increased wear are also covered.
This document provides an overview of position analysis techniques for linkages and mechanisms. It discusses coordinate systems, position and displacement concepts, and methods for graphical and algebraic position analysis. Graphical methods involve drawing the linkage to scale based on given parameters and measuring positions. Algebraic methods develop vector loop equations in terms of complex numbers and solve for unknown positions and angles. Specific techniques are presented for common linkages including fourbars, slider-cranks, and geared fivebars.
This document provides instructions for aligning a heating oil pump coupling. It describes the key components involved in shaft alignment and outlines the steps to prepare the coupling halves, check for parallel and angular misalignment, make any necessary adjustments, and reassemble the coupling. The steps include locating a datum point, loosening the coupling clamp, removing interfering parts, cleaning the coupling rims, using measurements and shims to correct offsets, and ensuring smooth rotation upon completion. Quizzes are included at the end to test understanding of concepts like datum selection, leveling techniques, and resolving various misalignment issues.
This document discusses shaft couplings and alignment. It describes different types of shaft couplings like flange, sleeve, muff couplings. It discusses the requirements of good shaft couplings and problems that can occur in couplings. The document also covers alignment of shafts, methods to detect and correct misalignment like soft foot. It describes different alignment methods including dial gauge, reverse indicator and laser alignment. It discusses the effects of misalignment on vibration and characteristics to identify different types of misalignments.
This document provides information about a laboratory manual for a Mechanics of Machines course, including safety notices, report guidelines, and descriptions of 5 experiments involving gears, clutches, mechanisms, gyroscopes, and balancing. It introduces the laboratory coordinator and demonstrators, and provides details about the equipment and procedures for experiments on gears, clutches, and epicyclic gear systems.
This document discusses shaft alignment and the benefits of precision alignment. It defines shaft alignment as reducing misalignment between two connected shafts so their centers of rotation are collinear during operation. Good alignment reduces vibration and wear, lowering costs. Methods like dial indicators and laser alignment are described. Laser alignment is generally more accurate as it eliminates errors from sag or runout. The document also discusses measuring thermal growth between offline and running conditions using OL2R fixtures to precisely align shafts accounting for expansion.
The document describes solving an unbalanced assignment problem to minimize total time for jobs. It involves 6 jobs and 5 workers, so a dummy job is added. The Hungarian method is used. The optimal assignment minimizes total time to 14 units, with worker assignments: A to job 4, B to job 1, C to job 6, D to job 5, E to job 2, and F to job 3. The document also explains prohibitive assignment problems and provides an example of solving a balanced, prohibitive problem to maximally meet pilot preferences for flight assignments.
Jcb jcb140 excavator service repair manual (sn 2575981 and up)fujsjfskekmm
This service manual provides instructions for maintenance and repair of excavator components. The summarized section discusses maintenance of the tipping linkage, including checking components for wear and replacing bushes, pins, seals and grease. The procedure for removing and installing the tipping linkage is outlined in detail with references to other sections and use of special tools.
Jcb jcb140 excavator service repair manual (sn 2575981 and up)dujjsjfkksekm
This service manual provides instructions for servicing and maintaining an excavator model JCB140. It contains sections covering the entire machine including the body and framework, attachments, engine, hydraulic and electrical systems. The document provides detailed removal and installation instructions for components like the tipping linkage, slew ring bearing, and pivot pins. Safety information is provided throughout advising technicians to fully understand instructions before operating or maintaining the machine.
Jcb jcb140 excavator service repair manual (sn 2575981 and up)fikskefjsekfsem
This service manual provides instructions for maintenance and repair of excavator components. The document outlines procedures for inspecting and replacing components of the tipping linkage such as links, bushes, and pivot pins. It also provides instructions for lubricating and checking the condition of the slew ring bearing and gear. Safety information is included throughout advising technicians to follow proper safety procedures when working on the machine.
Jcb jcb140 excavator service repair manual (sn 2575981 and up)fjjskeqwekfksmemm
This service manual provides instructions for maintenance and repair of excavator components. The summarized section discusses maintenance of the tipping linkage, including checking components for wear and replacing bushes, pins, seals and grease. The procedure for removing and installing the tipping linkage is outlined in detail with references to other sections and use of special tools.
Jcb jcb140 excavator service repair manual (sn 2575981 and up)ujdfjjsjekfkkem
This service manual provides instructions for servicing and maintaining an excavator model JCB140. It contains sections covering the entire machine including the body and framework, attachments, engine, hydraulic and electrical systems. The document provides detailed removal and installation instructions for components like the tipping linkage, slew ring bearing, and pivot pins. Safety information is provided throughout advising technicians to fully understand instructions before operating or maintaining the machine.
Jcb jcb140 excavator service repair manual (sn 2575981 and up)fjjskmdmem
This service manual provides instructions for maintenance and repair of excavator components. The summary focuses on maintenance of the tipping linkage and slew ring.
The tipping linkage section describes procedures to check the condition of the linkage and its components for wear or damage. It provides instructions for removal and installation of the linkage, including use of special tools and applying grease to pivot pins.
The slew ring sections cover checking the condition of the bearing by measuring backlash and vertical lift, lubricating the bearing at scheduled intervals, and lubricating the slew ring gear teeth by removing old grease and applying new grease through access ports.
This document provides an introduction and overview of break even analysis (BEA) for engineering economics and management. It defines BEA as the production level that results in no profit or loss. It presents an example of a company that breaks even at a production level of 2000 units. It also explains that BEA can be presented algebraically or graphically, with fixed costs plotted on the y-axis and quantity on the x-axis. Strategies to shift the break even point to the left for increased efficiency are increasing selling price, decreasing variable costs, and decreasing fixed costs.
Hyundai 20 l(g) 7a forklift truck service repair manualkmdddmm
This section describes the disassembly and assembly procedures for the hydraulic gear pump. It outlines the necessary tools and safety precautions. The steps include draining the oil, marking parts for reassembly, removing the mounting bolts, end cover, gear housing, shafts, bearing blocks, seals and pins. Proper cleaning and protection of parts is emphasized.
Hyundai 20 l(g) 7a forklift truck service repair manualfjsekkxszdmmem
This document provides instructions for disassembling and assembling a hydraulic gear pump and main control valve.
For the hydraulic gear pump: Clean all parts thoroughly before inspection. Replace all seals during reassembly. Lubricate seals with petroleum jelly and install in correct orientation. Assemble bearing blocks, gears, housing and end cover, ensuring proper alignment. Tighten bolts to specified torque.
For the main control valve: Stack sections with work ports facing up and spool ends aligned. Insert tie rods and tighten nuts progressively to specified torque to press sections together without damaging seals.
Hyundai 15 l 7a forklift truck service repair manualfjsekkxszdmmem
This section describes the disassembly and assembly procedures for the hydraulic gear pump. It outlines the necessary tools and safety precautions. The steps include draining the oil, marking parts for reassembly, removing the mounting bolts, end cover, gears, shafts, bearing blocks, seals and pins. Proper cleaning and protection of parts is emphasized.
Hyundai 18 l 7a forklift truck service repair manualfjsekkxszdmmem
This document provides instructions for disassembling and assembling a hydraulic gear pump and main control valve.
For the hydraulic gear pump:
- Mark the pump components before disassembly for proper reassembly.
- Inspect parts for wear and replace seals during reassembly.
- Assemble in the correct order, ensuring proper seal installation.
For the main control valve:
- Stack the valve sections with ports facing up and spool ends in the same direction.
- Insert tie rods and tighten nuts progressively and uniformly to a specified torque.
Hyundai 18 l 7a forklift truck service repair manualkmdddmm
This document provides instructions for disassembling and assembling a hydraulic gear pump and main control valve.
For the hydraulic gear pump: Clean all parts thoroughly before inspection. Replace all seals during reassembly. Install seals and bearing blocks, ensuring seals are properly seated. Assemble gears, shafts and housing, aligning dowel pins. Tighten bolts to specified torque.
For the main control valve: Stack valve sections with ports facing up and spool ends aligned. Insert tie rods and tighten nuts progressively to specified torque range.
Hyundai 15 l 7a forklift truck service repair manualkmdddmm
This document provides instructions for disassembling and assembling a hydraulic gear pump and main control valve.
For the hydraulic gear pump:
- Mark the pump components before disassembly for proper reassembly.
- Inspect parts for wear and replace seals during reassembly.
- Assemble in the correct order, ensuring proper installation of seals and bearings.
For the main control valve:
- Stack the valve sections with ports facing up and spool ends in the same direction.
- Insert tie rods and tighten nuts progressively and uniformly to a specified torque.
Hyundai 18L-7A Forklift Truck Service Repair Manualudfjjdksekmm
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Group 3 Periodic replacement
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Group 1 Structure
Group 2 Removal and installation of unit
SECTION 3 POWER TRAIN SYSTEM
Group 1 Structure and Operation
Group 2 Troubleshooting
Group 3 Disassembly and assembly
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Group 1 Structure and function
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Group 1 Structure and function
Group 2 Operational checks and troubleshooting
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Group 1 Structure and function
Group 2 Operational checks and troubleshooting
Group 3 Disassembly and assembly
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
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Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
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2. Pii
Learning
MOTOR
PUMP
Dial Gauge 1
Dial Gauge 2
Pipe strain
Off-set
TIR / 2
Thermal
growth
Step by step Alignment lessons,
starting from the basics,
Not by confusing write-up,
or by mere words, but by
Models and Visuals
a programme by
a well experienced
Rotating equipment
engineer.
3. Pii
Learning Types of flexible couplings
• Which of the following couplings you have?
• Of them which are close couplings and which have spool
piece?
•Chain Coupling
•Diaphragm Coupling
•Elastomeric Coupling
•Flexible Disk Coupling
•Flexible Link Coupling
•Gear Coupling
•Leaf Spring
•Metallic Grid Coupling
•Pin Drive Coupling
Spool
Close
4. Pii
Learning
The need for proper Alignment
Misalignment causes undesirable effects like:
• High vibration
• Joint leaks
• Internal rubbing
• Cracks
• Coupling failure
• Bearing failures
• Mechanical Seal failures
• Oil seal failures
How do you align your equipment in your company?
• Straight edge?
• Use Dial gauge?
• With dial gauge reading, how do you proceed?
• Trial and error?
• Mathematical formula?
• Graphical method?
• Electronic gadgets, like Calculator or Laser?
5. Pii
Learning How shafts get mis-aligned?
MOTOR
PUMP
Parallel Misalignment
PUMP MOTOR
Angular Misalignment
6. Pii
Learning
MOTOR
PUMP
In reality, on any equipment, both parallel & angular
misalignment exists. Why?
• Improper foundation, base-plate.
• Imperfect pump, motor dimensions.
• Improper pipe support.
• Thermal expansion of pipe line affects
alignment.
• Defective concrete base or support.
• Loose or broken foundation bolts.
• Soft foot.
• Shim related problems (loose, rusty, painted,
etc)
+
Unclear
knowledge on
proper alignment
practice.
8. Pii
Learning
Using Straight edge (Scale) and Feeler gauge or taper
gauge.
• Make faces of coupling parallel. (Remove angular
misalignment)
• Then, make the flanges on one line.(Remove parallel
misalignment) How?
DRIVEN
MOTOR
Close Coupling Alignment
for Low speed drives
(1,500 rpm and less)
9. Pii
Learning
Insert feeler gauge at top and at bottom. Record the gap.
If gap not equal, then the faces are not parallel.
Case 1: Top more gap. Remove shim from front foot or add
shim at back foot.
Case 2: Bottom more gap: Remove shim from back foot or
add shim at front foot.
Now the faces will be parallel, but not the center lines.
MOTOR
How to remove angular
misalignment
Front foot Back foot
Feeler gauge
10. Pii
Learning
Case1: Gap, Top more,
bottom less.
Case2: Gap, Bottom more,
top less.
After adjusting the faces parallel, both the couplings need
not be at the same level.
More
More
Less
Less
M
M
P P
P
M P M
Up Up
Dn Dn
11. Pii
Learning
Case1: Remove shim from motor or add shim to pump.
Case2: Remove shim from pump or add shim to motor.
P
M P M
Case1 Case2
How much shims to add or remove?
Straight edge
Using a feeler gauge
measure the gap
Add or remove shim equal to the gap.
12. Pii
Learning
Review 1 - Straight edge method.
Step 1: Remove angular misalignment.
Step 2: Remove parallel misalignment.
Why so?
How to remove angular misalignment?
How to remove parallel misalignment?
While removing parallel misalignment, on a particular
equipment, you need to remove shims at the back foot
of motor, But there is no shims at that foot. What can
be done?
Can dial gauge be used for a better result?
What is dial gauge?
13. Pii
Learning
1. Pushing dial gauge
stem / plunger will show a
+ve reading.
2. Releasing the stem
will show a -ve reading.
3. Dial can be rotated.
+
+
-
-
OUT
Dial
Needle /
Pointer
DIAL
GAUGE
IN
Stem /
Plunger
14. Pii
Learning
Rim and Face Method.
MOTOR
PUMP
Dial Gauge
Radial
Dial Gauge
Axial
Dial gauges can be
used for close
coupling, if adequate
space available for
fixing gauges.
If the coupling has
spool piece, the axial
gauge can
be fixed if spool is
removed.
MOTOR
PUMP
Dial Gauge 1
Dial Gauge 2
15. Pii
Learning
Limitations:
• Needs space for fixing axial dial.
• Having taken readings, correction need to be
calculated, using similar triangles geometry.
• Excess end float will lead to erroneous reading.
Reverse Periphery Alignment method does not have
these limitations
MOTOR
PUMP
Dial Gauge 1
Dial Gauge 2
Rim and Face
Method.
16. Pii
Learning
Reverse Periphery Alignment method
• Set the clamps as shown.
• Always keep the pump - dial at the top & motor - dial
at the bottom position.
MOTOR
PUMP
Dial Gauge 1
Dial Gauge 2
17. Pii
Learning
The following are two typical misaligned conditions.
Which do you consider is the better?
Case1: Coupling
faces are not
parallel, but shaft
center lines are
collinear.
Case2: Coupling
faces are parallel, but
shaft center line are
not on one line.
Note: Rotating both couplings together while taking
reading will ensure best alignment, even though faces
are not parallel.
18. Pii
Learning
If driver’s center line and driven’s center line
are in one line, then the dial gauge readings will
be zero all around
Reading = 0
Reading = 0
19. Pii
Learning
If driver center line and driven center line are not in one
line then, the dial gauge readings will not be zero all
around
Off-set
+ 0.3
0.0
+ 0.2
+ 0.5 + 0.2
+ 0.5
+ 0.3
0
12
3
6
9
20. Pii
Learning
If there is only vertical misalignment, then the Offset is
equal to half of TIR ( Total Indicator Reading )
+ 0.25
0.0
+ 0.25
+ 0.5 + 0.25
+ 0.25
Off-set
TIR = + 0.5
12
3
6
9
TIR / 2
+0.25
21. Pii
Learning
0
+ 0.5
+ 0.3
PUMP
COUPLING
0
+ 0.2
MOTOR
COUPLING
- 0.7
- 0.4 - 0.3
STEP1:
• Set the clamps as shown.
• Always keep the pump - dial at the
top & motor - dial at the bottom
position.
• Adjust both the gauges to Zero.
• Take a set of dial gauge readings.
# Remember to set zero at the top for pump &
zero at the bottom for motor.
22. Pii
Learning
+ 0.5
+ 0.3
PUMP
COUPLING
0
+ 0.2
MOTOR
COUPLING
- 0.7
- 0.4 - 0.3
0
Let us understand what does these reading mean.
Horizontal addition has to be equal to Vertical addition.
H: (+ 0.3) + (+ 0.2) = + 0.5
V: ( 0 ) + (+ 0.5) = + 0.5
H: (-0.4) + (-0.3) = -0.7
V: (-0.7) + ( 0 ) = -0.7
Note: If sum of horizontal readings are not equal to vertical
readings, some thing is wrong, may be the dial gauge or the
alignment clamp.
23. Pii
Learning Following are two sets of readings, in which pump
readings are OK, but motor readings are not correct.
+ 0.5
+ 0.3
PUMP
COUPLING
0
+ 0.3
MOTOR
COUPLING
- 0.7
- 0.4 + 0.2
0
(+0.3) + (+0.3) = +0.6
is approximately equal to
( 0 ) + (+0.5) = +0.5
(-0.4) + (+0.2) = -0.2
is not equal to
(-0.7) + ( 0 ) = -0.7
24. Pii
Learning
• Set the alignment clamps such that the dial gauges
read the rims of the couplings.
• Always keep the pump dial gauge at the top and the
motor dial gauge at the bottom position.
• Adjust both dial gauges to zero.
• Rotate both the flanges together along with their dial
gauges through 360 degree.
• Note down the readings at 12, 3, 6 and 9 o’ clock
positions.
• If the sum of horizontal readings are not equal to
vertical readings suspect erroneous dial gauges or
improper clamping system.
• Now we have two sets of dial gauge readings.
REVIEW
25. Pii
Learning
QUIZ - 1
• In a dial gauge, pressing the plunger will show a -ve reading -True
or False ?
• Releasing the plunger will show a -ve reading - True or False ?
• Are these readings Right or Wrong ?
0
-0.5 -0.7
-1.2 0
+1.0 +0.3
+0.4
0
-1.4 +0.7
-0.8
• Fill in the blanks:
0
-0.6 -0.8
? 0
? +0.7
-2.6 ?
-0.6 +0.4
-0.5
26. Pii
Learning
PUMP
D 1 D 2
a
b
c
F1 F2
D1: Dial Gauge 1
D2: Dial Gauge 2
F1: Motor Front
foot
F2: Motor Back
foot
STEP: 2- Measure the distances: a,b, & c., using a measuring tape.
a= (D1 to D2), b= (D1 to F1), & c = (D1 to F2)
27. Pii
Learning
D 1 D 2
a
b
c
F1 F2
Graph Sheet
Zero Line
Datum
D1 D2 F1 F2
0
STEP:3-
Take a Graph sheet.
• Mark a datum line at 0
• Take suitable scale for ‘a, b, & c and
transfer these distances to the graph.
eg:
a = 24cm
b = 56cm
c =102cm
29. Pii
Learning
D1 D2 F1 F2
0
Y1 Y2 H1 H2
• Now we have marked Y1 on line D1 and Y2 on line D1.
• Next, join Y1 and Y2 and produce until this new line Intersects F1
and F2.
• Measure H1 and H2.
• Remove Shims equivalent to H1 and H2 at motor feet.
• Depending upon Y1 and Y2, +ve or -ve, H1, and H2 will also be +ve
or -ve.
• If H1 and H2 are -ve equivalent shims are to be added.
In our example H1 &
H2 are +ve, hence
0.48 mm shims at foot
F1 & 0.67mm shims at
F2 are to be removed
for making alignment
corrections.
30. Pii
Learning
Quiz - 2: In following four figures, guess the required corrections.
D1 D2 F1 F2
0
Y1 Y2 H1 H2
D1 D2 F1 F2
0
Y1 Y2 H1 H2
D1 D2 F1 F2
0
Y1 Y2 H1 H2
D1 D2 F1 F2
0
Y1 Y2 H1 H2
Fig1: F1- add/remove
F2- add/remove
Fig2: F1- add/remove
F2- add/remove
Fig4: F1- add/remove
F2- add/remove
Fig3: F1- add/remove
F2- add/remove
31. Pii
Learning
Quiz 3 - Draw graphs for the following 3 sets of dial gauge
readings.
PUMP
D 1
D 2
a
b
c
F1 F2
a = 24 cm
b = 56 cm
c = 102 cm
D1
PUMP
D2
MOTOR
0
0
+0.4
-0.3
Case 1: +0.4 -0.3
Case 2: -1.2 -0.8
Case 3: +2.4 +1.6
D1 D2
32. Pii
Learning Side correction (Horizontal misalignment)
• After correcting vertical mis-
alignment, the final step is to
correct horizontal
misalignment.
• You can either use graphical method
or proper judgement.
• Graphical method is similar to
vertical correction procedure. The
gauges are to be set at left and right,
instead of at top and bottom.
• Alternately, side correction can be easily corrected by judgement.
• Keeping the gauges in position, adjust the side jack bolts such that
the dial gauge readings gradually reduces to half of the existing.
• Finally secure the holding down bolts using the proper torque.
0
0
+0.3
-0.5
D1 D2
D1
D2
Top view
33. Pii
Learning
Having familiarized with alignment method, we
shall now look at some important requirements
for starting alignment.
• Soft foot
• Pipe strain
• Thermal growth
• Sag of alignment clamps
• Dial gauge errors
Preconditions for alignment:
34. Pii
Learning
PUMP
Unlike tripod, in
four legged objects
like motor all the legs
may not touch the floor
uniformly.
Some times there could
be a gap under one of
its legs. This particular
leg is called Soft foot
D 1 D 2
F1 F2
Soft foot
How to identify the existence of Soft foot ?
Keeping the dial gauges in position, loose the motor holding down
bolts one by one. If soft foot exists under a foot, while loosening
you will notice a huge variation in dial gauge reading !
35. Pii
Learning Pipe strain
How to identify the existence of Pipe strain ?
Keeping the dial gauges in position, debolt the suction flange,
then the discharge flange. If the dial gauge indicate a huge variation,
then pipe strain exists. Re-adjust the pipe supports such that the
tightening of the flanges will not cause a huge variation in dial gauge
reading.
36. Pii
Learning
Thermal growth
Alignment is done in
cold condition. Some hot
equipment will grow under
operation.
A quick reading
immediately after shutting
down such equipment will
reveal the existence of
Thermal growth.
For such hot equipment
Thermal growth
compensation has to be
considered.
37. Pii
Learning
If sag exists, even if driver and driven are in one line, the
dial gauge readings will not show zero all around.
Hence, the clamping system must be strong enough, if
DBSE is more, say 200 mm and above.
DBSE
Too much
Sag
Sag
SAG: If DBSE-Distance Between Shaft Ends- is more, the
alignment clamp would bend because of the weight of dial
gauge. This bending is called Sag.
38. Pii
Learning
Dial gauge error:
Do you remember the following discussion?
Horizontal addition has to be equal to Vertical addition.
+ 0.6
+ 0.3
PUMP
COUPLING
0
+ 0.2
MOTOR
COUPLING
- 0.7
+ 0.6 - 0.3
0
H: (+ 0.3) + (+ 0.2) = + 0.5
V: ( 0 ) + (+ 0.6) = + 0.6
H: (+0.6) + (-0.3) = ?
V: (-0.7) + ( 0 ) = -0.7
Note: If sum of horizontal readings are not equal to vertical
readings, some thing is wrong, may be the dial gauge or the
alignment clamp.
39. Pii
Learning
Advanced Graphical solutions.1: Adjusting driver / driven.
Steps:
• Fix the clamps, set the dials.
• Important note:
• Set both gauges to zero at
bottom and rotate together
to the top position.
• Note D1 and D2.
• Measure the distances
between a,b,c,d,e,and f.
• Take a graph sheet and
transfer these points
a,b,c,d,e, and f, using a
suitable scale.
• Mark one half of D1 on line
c, half of D2 on line d. +ve
reading at top and -ve
reading at bottom.
a b c d e f
D1 D2
a b c d e f
Zero
Datum
40. Pii
Learning
a b c d e f
D1 D2
Example:
D1 D2
0 0
+14 +12
MOTOR
PUMP
+14/2
= +7
+12/2
= +6
y1
y2
• D1/ 2=y1, D2/ 2= y2
• Mark y1 on line c
• Mark y2 on line d
• Join c and y2, then
extend
• Join d and y1, then
extend
• With this graph
innumerous moves are
possible!
c d
y1 y2
HOW?
41. Pii
Learning
In this example let us discuss three (or more) possible corrections:
• Motor can be brought down, by removing shims under motor.
• Pump can be brought down, by removing shims under pump.
• With out altering out-board feet of motor and pump, add shims at in-
board feet of motor and pump, as shown by the dotted line.
• Can you think of some more possible adjustments?
c d
y1 y2
Add Add
42. Pii
Learning
Advanced Graphical solutions. 2:
Equipment with long spool piece -Cooling tower motor / gear box.
a b c d e f g h
45 15 45 135 45 50 65
D1 D2
a b c d e f g h
MOTOR
GEAR
BOX
LONG
SPOOL
• Transfer the points a,b,c,d,e,f,g, and h to the graph
using a suitable scale.
• Set both dial
gauges at
bottom.
• Adjust them
to zero.
• Rotate to top
position.
• Note D1 and
D2.
43. Pii
Learning
• In this example D1 (TIR) = -50, and D2 = -40.: D1/2= y1, D2/2= y2.
• Mark y1 on line C , and y2 on line F. (points where clamps is
fixed on hubs)
• Join y1 and d, then extend, join y2 and e, then extend.
• Now you have numerous options to align, move motor or gear
box or the both!
a c d
b e
f
g h
0 0
-50 -40
D1 D2
-50/2
= -25
-40/2
= -20
y1 y2
Zero
Datum
44. Pii
Learning
MOTOR
PUMP
Dial Gauge 1
Radial (Rim)
Dial Gauge 2
Axial (Face)
Rim and Face Method,
- by calculation.
• If driven equipment can not be rotated, Rim and face method
may be applied.
• Mount the dial gauges as indicated, one touching the face and
the other touching the rim.
• Rotate the motor coupling along with the dial gauges and ensure
the gauge stems touches all around.
45. Pii
Learning
- ve reading
Zero
P M P M
Zero
+ ve reading
Let us first understand axial misalignment.
Case: 1- Open at top Case: 2- Close at top
• Set zero at bottom
• Rotate 180
• Top -ve reading means, top
is more open than bottom.
• To make the faces parallel
motor has to be shimmed
up.
• Set zero at bottom
• Rotate 180
• Top +ve reading means, top
is more close than bottom.
• To make the faces parallel,
shims are to be removed.
46. Pii
Learning
How much shims are to be removed or added to make
faces parallel
Note:
•If Df is -ve
add shims.
•If Df is +ve
remove shims.
Zero
M
A
a
b
Df
F1 F2
F1 = + Df / A * a F2 = + Df / A * b If Df shows +ve reading
(Shims to be added)
F1 = - Df / A * a F2 = - Df / A * b If Df shows -ve reading
(Shims to be removed)
47. Pii
Learning
How much shims are to be removed or added to
remove radial misalignment.
Note:
•If Df is -ve
add shims.
•If Df is +ve
remove
shims.
F1 = + Dr F2 = + Dr Add shims if Dr shows +ve reading
F1 = - Dr F2 = - Dr Remove shims if Dr shows -ve reading
Understanding radial correction is fairly simpler, unlike axial.
It is direct addition or removal of what the radial dial gauge (Dr),
indicates
Zero
A
a
b
Dr
F1 F2
48. Pii
Learning
Now, what is the combined correction of axial &
radial misalignment ?
Note:
•If Df is -ve
add shims.
•If Df is +ve
remove
shims.
F1 = + Df / A * a + Dr F2 = + Df / A * b + Dr
Note: The assessment of + has to be done very carefully. If the axial
gauges are mounted on the back side of coupling flanges because of
non-availability of coupling gap, then further care has to be excised.
Zero
A
a
b
Dr
F1 F2
Df
Zero