The document discusses various techniques for improving transient response and steady-state error in control systems using root locus analysis and cascade compensation. It describes using derivative, integral, lead, and lag compensators individually or together in PID or lag-lead configurations to meet both transient and steady-state specifications. Design procedures are provided and examples given of applying these methods to solve problems of compensating systems to achieve certain performance criteria.
Frequency response techniques allow analysis of systems in the frequency domain. Key applications include modeling transfer functions from data, designing compensators, analyzing stability, and investigating transient and steady-state response. Frequency response is obtained by plotting the magnitude and phase of a system's transfer function evaluated at various frequencies. Bode plots provide asymptotic approximations of frequency response on logarithmic scales and are useful for analysis and design.
The document describes an ELEC3114 control systems course. It provides information on the course convener, contact hours, assessment, and textbook. The course consists of lectures, tutorials, and laboratories. It covers topics such as modeling, time response, stability, and design techniques. Students will be assessed based on a final exam, lab test, and quizzes. The prescribed textbook is Control Systems Engineering by Norman Nise.
The document discusses several key concepts in state space control system design including:
1) Pole placement controller design using state feedback to meet transient response specifications.
2) Observer design for systems where not all states are measurable to estimate unmeasured states.
3) Techniques for designing steady-state error characteristics using state space representations.
The document discusses stability analysis and steady-state error analysis for control systems. It defines stability for linear time-invariant systems using natural response and bounded-input bounded-output. It describes how to determine stability using the Routh-Hurwitz criterion, eigenvalues of the system matrix, and pole locations. It also discusses how to evaluate and find sources of steady-state error, and steady-state error for unity feedback systems and non-unity feedback systems.
1) The document discusses using frequency response techniques to design cascade compensators to improve steady-state error, transient response, or both.
2) It provides procedures for using lag compensation to improve steady-state error and lead compensation to improve transient response by increasing phase margin.
3) The last section notes that lag-lead compensation can be used to first improve steady-state error with lag compensation, and then meet a phase margin specification with lead compensation.
The document discusses time response analysis of control systems using poles and zeros. It describes how to determine the natural and forced responses of first and second order systems from their transfer functions. For second order systems, it explains the different response types based on the damping ratio and discusses how to calculate key response parameters like rise time and overshoot percentage. It also addresses approximating higher order systems and the effects of additional poles and zeros on system response.
1) The document discusses modeling systems using state-space representations, which can represent nonlinear, time-varying systems using matrices of state variables, equations, and inputs/outputs.
2) Key aspects of state-space models are selecting state variables, writing the system as first-order differential equations of the states, and relating states to inputs and outputs with matrix equations.
3) Examples show how to develop state-space models from electrical networks and mechanical systems by selecting energy-storage elements or positions/velocities as states.
The document discusses several methods for representing and analyzing systems composed of multiple subsystems, including:
1) Reducing block diagrams of cascaded and parallel subsystems into a single transfer function.
2) Representing feedback systems using open-loop transfer functions and loop gains.
3) Converting between state-space and signal-flow graph representations.
4) Expressing systems in different state-space forms like phase variable, cascade, and parallel forms.
Frequency response techniques allow analysis of systems in the frequency domain. Key applications include modeling transfer functions from data, designing compensators, analyzing stability, and investigating transient and steady-state response. Frequency response is obtained by plotting the magnitude and phase of a system's transfer function evaluated at various frequencies. Bode plots provide asymptotic approximations of frequency response on logarithmic scales and are useful for analysis and design.
The document describes an ELEC3114 control systems course. It provides information on the course convener, contact hours, assessment, and textbook. The course consists of lectures, tutorials, and laboratories. It covers topics such as modeling, time response, stability, and design techniques. Students will be assessed based on a final exam, lab test, and quizzes. The prescribed textbook is Control Systems Engineering by Norman Nise.
The document discusses several key concepts in state space control system design including:
1) Pole placement controller design using state feedback to meet transient response specifications.
2) Observer design for systems where not all states are measurable to estimate unmeasured states.
3) Techniques for designing steady-state error characteristics using state space representations.
The document discusses stability analysis and steady-state error analysis for control systems. It defines stability for linear time-invariant systems using natural response and bounded-input bounded-output. It describes how to determine stability using the Routh-Hurwitz criterion, eigenvalues of the system matrix, and pole locations. It also discusses how to evaluate and find sources of steady-state error, and steady-state error for unity feedback systems and non-unity feedback systems.
1) The document discusses using frequency response techniques to design cascade compensators to improve steady-state error, transient response, or both.
2) It provides procedures for using lag compensation to improve steady-state error and lead compensation to improve transient response by increasing phase margin.
3) The last section notes that lag-lead compensation can be used to first improve steady-state error with lag compensation, and then meet a phase margin specification with lead compensation.
The document discusses time response analysis of control systems using poles and zeros. It describes how to determine the natural and forced responses of first and second order systems from their transfer functions. For second order systems, it explains the different response types based on the damping ratio and discusses how to calculate key response parameters like rise time and overshoot percentage. It also addresses approximating higher order systems and the effects of additional poles and zeros on system response.
1) The document discusses modeling systems using state-space representations, which can represent nonlinear, time-varying systems using matrices of state variables, equations, and inputs/outputs.
2) Key aspects of state-space models are selecting state variables, writing the system as first-order differential equations of the states, and relating states to inputs and outputs with matrix equations.
3) Examples show how to develop state-space models from electrical networks and mechanical systems by selecting energy-storage elements or positions/velocities as states.
The document discusses several methods for representing and analyzing systems composed of multiple subsystems, including:
1) Reducing block diagrams of cascaded and parallel subsystems into a single transfer function.
2) Representing feedback systems using open-loop transfer functions and loop gains.
3) Converting between state-space and signal-flow graph representations.
4) Expressing systems in different state-space forms like phase variable, cascade, and parallel forms.
The document discusses modeling systems using transfer functions in the frequency domain. It provides an overview of the Laplace transform and how it can be used to derive a transfer function from a system's differential equation. Specifically, it reviews properties of the Laplace transform like tables, theorems and the partial fraction expansion technique. It also discusses how to find the transfer function of a general linear time-invariant system represented by a differential equation. The transfer function is defined as the ratio of the Laplace transform of the output to the Laplace transform of the input.
The document discusses root locus techniques, which provide a graphical representation of how the closed-loop poles of a system change with variations in system parameters like gain. It covers how to sketch root loci based on properties like starting/ending points and asymptotes. Design techniques are presented for using the root locus to meet transient response specifications by selecting gain values that place pole locations for good damping. Higher-order systems can be approximated as second-order to design gain for desired overshoot, settling time, etc.
1) The document describes digital signal detection techniques at the receiver of a digital communication system.
2) It discusses the maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) and maximum likelihood (ML) detection criteria. The ML criterion reduces to choosing the signal that minimizes the Euclidean distance between the received signal vector and possible transmitted signals.
3) Detection errors occur when the received signal, distorted by noise, falls inside the decision region of another signal. The probability of error depends on the noise distribution around the actual transmitted signal.
This document discusses an integrate-and-dump detector used in digital communications. It describes the operation of the integrate-and-dump detector, showing how it integrates the received signal plus noise over each symbol interval. The output of the integrator is used to detect whether a 1 or 0 was transmitted. An expression is derived for the probability of detection error in terms of the signal amplitude, noise power spectral density, and symbol interval. An example is also provided to calculate the error probability for a given binary signaling scheme and system parameters.
The document provides an overview of digital passband modulation techniques. It discusses binary modulation schemes including amplitude-shift keying (ASK), frequency-shift keying (FSK), and phase-shift keying (BPSK). It also covers differential phase-shift keying (DPSK), which removes phase ambiguity in BPSK using differential encoding and decoding. Key aspects like signal representation, spectrum, and detection methods are described for each technique.
1. This document discusses M-ary modulation techniques, which allow more than two amplitude, phase, or frequency levels to transmit more bits per symbol. This increases transmission rate or reduces bandwidth compared to binary modulation.
2. M-ary modulation techniques discussed include M-ASK, M-PSK, M-FSK, and M-QAM. M-ASK maps k bits to one of M amplitude levels. M-PSK maps k bits to one of M phase shifts of the carrier. M-QAM combines M-ASK with quadrature carriers to modulate both amplitude and phase.
3. Higher order modulation like M-QAM can significantly increase transmission rate but requires more transmission power and complex
Solution includes design of systems architectures and mechanical and electrical installations, instrumentation of the integrated systems, and certification for ground and flight tests. visit for more info @ http://www.qinetiq.com/services-products/air/Pages/aircraft-system-integration-and-upgrades.aspx
QinetiQ solution includes design of systems architectures and mechanical and electrical installations, instrumentation of the integrated systems, and certification for ground and flight tests.
RF Basics & Getting Started Guide by AnarenAnaren, Inc.
This document provides an overview of parameters and considerations for selecting a low-power wireless solution. It highlights products from Anaren's Integrated Radio module line, including how they fit into a typical low-power design. Development tools and evaluation modules are also discussed. Stack considerations cover aspects like application and protocol design freedom across various standards.
This document discusses problems involving modulation techniques and signal detection. Problem 1 asks to sketch modulated waves for 8-ary ASK, 4-ary PSK, and 4-ary FSK modulation of a binary sequence. Problem 2 provides a formula for probability of error for 4-ary PAM and asks to calculate average power. Problem 3 does similarly for 4-ary QAM. Problem 4 describes a binary system with an integrate-and-dump detector and asks to analyze the detector and find minimum error probability.
This document provides definitions and explanations of basic electronics concepts. It discusses conductors, semiconductors, and insulators. It also defines the atom as the basic unit of matter, and describes the parts of an atom including protons, neutrons, electrons, and quarks. Additional concepts covered include voltage, current, direct and alternating current, resistors, diodes, transistors, capacitors, transformers, inductors, LEDs, solar cells, switches, magnetic flux, and logic gates. Boolean equations are also introduced.
Maui EMC Presents: An Electical Engineers Guide to EMC/EMI. This show helps with some basic concepts of Electromagnetic Compliance and Interference. This is a great starting point for engineers looking for some basic definitions about EMC/EMI.
This document summarizes basic RF concepts including decibels, antenna gain, free-space propagation, RF attenuation, noise, and signal-to-noise ratio. It explains that decibels measure power ratios on a logarithmic scale and are commonly used in wireless networking. Free-space propagation and RF attenuation cause signals to decrease in strength over distance due to factors like materials and frequency. Noise comes from thermal and receiver sources and establishes a noise floor. Signal-to-noise ratio compares signal strength to noise to determine reliable reception.
Overview Of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)Mark Lewellen
The document provides an overview of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), including their history and evolution from remote piloted vehicles (RPV) to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to today's unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). It describes various UAS including the Raven, Shadow, Predator, and Global Hawk and discusses their missions, features, and technical specifications. It also discusses spectrum needs and challenges for integrating UAS into national airspace, including the need for protected aeronautical frequency allocations to ensure their safe operation.
USB 3.0 provides faster data transfer speeds of up to 5Gbps compared to USB 2.0's maximum of 480Mbps. It allows for quicker transfer of large files such as videos and storage drives. While retaining backward compatibility, USB 3.0's increased bandwidth and power delivery enables uses like high-definition video transfer and faster charging of mobile devices. The new standard aims to support emerging applications requiring high-speed data access and transmission.
This document provides an overview of satellite communication and satellite systems. It discusses different types of transmission systems including radio, coaxial cable, and optical fiber systems. It describes how radio systems use electromagnetic waves to transmit signals and the portions of the frequency spectrum used. The document outlines the layers of the atmosphere and how the ionosphere and troposphere can propagate radio waves. It also categorizes different types of radio communication including ionosphere communication, line of sight microwave communication, and troposphere scatter communication. The document discusses advantages of satellite communication and components of a satellite communication network including the space and ground segments. It covers topics like satellite orbits, frequency bands used, and multiple access techniques in satellite systems.
This document contains 4 problems related to digital and analog communications techniques:
1) It describes Delta Modulation and how it works to encode analog signals, including issues with slope overload. It also introduces Adaptive Delta Modulation as an improvement.
2) It compares Differential Pulse Code Modulation to standard Pulse Code Modulation.
3) It provides exercises on encoding a binary sequence using BPSK, DPSK, and 4-ary ASK modulation. It also covers removing phase ambiguity in DPSK.
4) It presents a problem on time division multiplexing analog and digital sources at different data rates.
The document discusses problems related to analogue and digital communications. It contains 5 problems:
1) Drawing the spectrum of a message signal sampled at different rates and specifying the cutoff frequency to fully recover the original signal from its sampled version.
2) Sketching the resulting pulse code modulation (PCM) wave for one cycle of an input signal that is quantized using a 4-bit binary system.
3) Determining the number of quantizing levels, quantizer step size, average quantizing noise power, and output signal-to-noise ratio for a sinusoidal modulating wave quantized using an n-bit code word.
4) Finding the Nyquist sampling rate for two signals.
This document provides a tutorial on analogue and digital communications. It contains 5 questions about Fourier transforms and frequency domain analysis of signals. Question 1 asks about the Fourier transform and spectra of a continuous time signal. Question 2 finds the Fourier transform and spectra of another signal. Question 3 analyzes a signal composed of two sinusoidal components. Questions 4 and 5 determine the Fourier transforms of rectangular and truncated sinusoidal signals.
This document contains two questions about FM signals and phase-locked loops (PLL). Question 1 asks about the instantaneous frequency, modulation index, effective bandwidth using Carson's rule and universal rule, and Fourier transform of an FM signal. Question 2 provides a block diagram of a PLL and asks the student to show equations for the voltage controlled oscillator output, input to the VCO, and how the PLL locks into the input signal's phase. It also asks how the input to the VCO would be related to the message signal for an FM input.
1) The document discusses different modulation techniques including AM, DSB-SC, SSB, and VSB.
2) It provides examples of carrier and message signals for AM and DSB-SC modulation. Equations for the modulated signals and corresponding spectra are given.
3) Questions are asked about modulation index, bandwidth requirements, power efficiency for AM, and the block diagram and output for coherent detection of DSB-SC.
The document discusses modeling systems using transfer functions in the frequency domain. It provides an overview of the Laplace transform and how it can be used to derive a transfer function from a system's differential equation. Specifically, it reviews properties of the Laplace transform like tables, theorems and the partial fraction expansion technique. It also discusses how to find the transfer function of a general linear time-invariant system represented by a differential equation. The transfer function is defined as the ratio of the Laplace transform of the output to the Laplace transform of the input.
The document discusses root locus techniques, which provide a graphical representation of how the closed-loop poles of a system change with variations in system parameters like gain. It covers how to sketch root loci based on properties like starting/ending points and asymptotes. Design techniques are presented for using the root locus to meet transient response specifications by selecting gain values that place pole locations for good damping. Higher-order systems can be approximated as second-order to design gain for desired overshoot, settling time, etc.
1) The document describes digital signal detection techniques at the receiver of a digital communication system.
2) It discusses the maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) and maximum likelihood (ML) detection criteria. The ML criterion reduces to choosing the signal that minimizes the Euclidean distance between the received signal vector and possible transmitted signals.
3) Detection errors occur when the received signal, distorted by noise, falls inside the decision region of another signal. The probability of error depends on the noise distribution around the actual transmitted signal.
This document discusses an integrate-and-dump detector used in digital communications. It describes the operation of the integrate-and-dump detector, showing how it integrates the received signal plus noise over each symbol interval. The output of the integrator is used to detect whether a 1 or 0 was transmitted. An expression is derived for the probability of detection error in terms of the signal amplitude, noise power spectral density, and symbol interval. An example is also provided to calculate the error probability for a given binary signaling scheme and system parameters.
The document provides an overview of digital passband modulation techniques. It discusses binary modulation schemes including amplitude-shift keying (ASK), frequency-shift keying (FSK), and phase-shift keying (BPSK). It also covers differential phase-shift keying (DPSK), which removes phase ambiguity in BPSK using differential encoding and decoding. Key aspects like signal representation, spectrum, and detection methods are described for each technique.
1. This document discusses M-ary modulation techniques, which allow more than two amplitude, phase, or frequency levels to transmit more bits per symbol. This increases transmission rate or reduces bandwidth compared to binary modulation.
2. M-ary modulation techniques discussed include M-ASK, M-PSK, M-FSK, and M-QAM. M-ASK maps k bits to one of M amplitude levels. M-PSK maps k bits to one of M phase shifts of the carrier. M-QAM combines M-ASK with quadrature carriers to modulate both amplitude and phase.
3. Higher order modulation like M-QAM can significantly increase transmission rate but requires more transmission power and complex
Solution includes design of systems architectures and mechanical and electrical installations, instrumentation of the integrated systems, and certification for ground and flight tests. visit for more info @ http://www.qinetiq.com/services-products/air/Pages/aircraft-system-integration-and-upgrades.aspx
QinetiQ solution includes design of systems architectures and mechanical and electrical installations, instrumentation of the integrated systems, and certification for ground and flight tests.
RF Basics & Getting Started Guide by AnarenAnaren, Inc.
This document provides an overview of parameters and considerations for selecting a low-power wireless solution. It highlights products from Anaren's Integrated Radio module line, including how they fit into a typical low-power design. Development tools and evaluation modules are also discussed. Stack considerations cover aspects like application and protocol design freedom across various standards.
This document discusses problems involving modulation techniques and signal detection. Problem 1 asks to sketch modulated waves for 8-ary ASK, 4-ary PSK, and 4-ary FSK modulation of a binary sequence. Problem 2 provides a formula for probability of error for 4-ary PAM and asks to calculate average power. Problem 3 does similarly for 4-ary QAM. Problem 4 describes a binary system with an integrate-and-dump detector and asks to analyze the detector and find minimum error probability.
This document provides definitions and explanations of basic electronics concepts. It discusses conductors, semiconductors, and insulators. It also defines the atom as the basic unit of matter, and describes the parts of an atom including protons, neutrons, electrons, and quarks. Additional concepts covered include voltage, current, direct and alternating current, resistors, diodes, transistors, capacitors, transformers, inductors, LEDs, solar cells, switches, magnetic flux, and logic gates. Boolean equations are also introduced.
Maui EMC Presents: An Electical Engineers Guide to EMC/EMI. This show helps with some basic concepts of Electromagnetic Compliance and Interference. This is a great starting point for engineers looking for some basic definitions about EMC/EMI.
This document summarizes basic RF concepts including decibels, antenna gain, free-space propagation, RF attenuation, noise, and signal-to-noise ratio. It explains that decibels measure power ratios on a logarithmic scale and are commonly used in wireless networking. Free-space propagation and RF attenuation cause signals to decrease in strength over distance due to factors like materials and frequency. Noise comes from thermal and receiver sources and establishes a noise floor. Signal-to-noise ratio compares signal strength to noise to determine reliable reception.
Overview Of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)Mark Lewellen
The document provides an overview of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), including their history and evolution from remote piloted vehicles (RPV) to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to today's unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). It describes various UAS including the Raven, Shadow, Predator, and Global Hawk and discusses their missions, features, and technical specifications. It also discusses spectrum needs and challenges for integrating UAS into national airspace, including the need for protected aeronautical frequency allocations to ensure their safe operation.
USB 3.0 provides faster data transfer speeds of up to 5Gbps compared to USB 2.0's maximum of 480Mbps. It allows for quicker transfer of large files such as videos and storage drives. While retaining backward compatibility, USB 3.0's increased bandwidth and power delivery enables uses like high-definition video transfer and faster charging of mobile devices. The new standard aims to support emerging applications requiring high-speed data access and transmission.
This document provides an overview of satellite communication and satellite systems. It discusses different types of transmission systems including radio, coaxial cable, and optical fiber systems. It describes how radio systems use electromagnetic waves to transmit signals and the portions of the frequency spectrum used. The document outlines the layers of the atmosphere and how the ionosphere and troposphere can propagate radio waves. It also categorizes different types of radio communication including ionosphere communication, line of sight microwave communication, and troposphere scatter communication. The document discusses advantages of satellite communication and components of a satellite communication network including the space and ground segments. It covers topics like satellite orbits, frequency bands used, and multiple access techniques in satellite systems.
This document contains 4 problems related to digital and analog communications techniques:
1) It describes Delta Modulation and how it works to encode analog signals, including issues with slope overload. It also introduces Adaptive Delta Modulation as an improvement.
2) It compares Differential Pulse Code Modulation to standard Pulse Code Modulation.
3) It provides exercises on encoding a binary sequence using BPSK, DPSK, and 4-ary ASK modulation. It also covers removing phase ambiguity in DPSK.
4) It presents a problem on time division multiplexing analog and digital sources at different data rates.
The document discusses problems related to analogue and digital communications. It contains 5 problems:
1) Drawing the spectrum of a message signal sampled at different rates and specifying the cutoff frequency to fully recover the original signal from its sampled version.
2) Sketching the resulting pulse code modulation (PCM) wave for one cycle of an input signal that is quantized using a 4-bit binary system.
3) Determining the number of quantizing levels, quantizer step size, average quantizing noise power, and output signal-to-noise ratio for a sinusoidal modulating wave quantized using an n-bit code word.
4) Finding the Nyquist sampling rate for two signals.
This document provides a tutorial on analogue and digital communications. It contains 5 questions about Fourier transforms and frequency domain analysis of signals. Question 1 asks about the Fourier transform and spectra of a continuous time signal. Question 2 finds the Fourier transform and spectra of another signal. Question 3 analyzes a signal composed of two sinusoidal components. Questions 4 and 5 determine the Fourier transforms of rectangular and truncated sinusoidal signals.
This document contains two questions about FM signals and phase-locked loops (PLL). Question 1 asks about the instantaneous frequency, modulation index, effective bandwidth using Carson's rule and universal rule, and Fourier transform of an FM signal. Question 2 provides a block diagram of a PLL and asks the student to show equations for the voltage controlled oscillator output, input to the VCO, and how the PLL locks into the input signal's phase. It also asks how the input to the VCO would be related to the message signal for an FM input.
1) The document discusses different modulation techniques including AM, DSB-SC, SSB, and VSB.
2) It provides examples of carrier and message signals for AM and DSB-SC modulation. Equations for the modulated signals and corresponding spectra are given.
3) Questions are asked about modulation index, bandwidth requirements, power efficiency for AM, and the block diagram and output for coherent detection of DSB-SC.
This document discusses quantization in analog-to-digital conversion. It describes how an analog signal is sampled, quantized by representing samples with discrete levels, and encoded into a digital signal. Quantization introduces noise that can be reduced by using more quantization levels or a smaller step size between levels. Non-uniform quantization allocates more levels to signal amplitudes that occur more frequently to improve efficiency compared to uniform quantization.
This document discusses multiplexing techniques used in communications systems. It describes frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), and digital multiplexing used for digital telephone systems. FDM combines signals by assigning each a unique portion of the frequency spectrum. TDM combines signals by assigning each a unique time slot within a repeating time frame. Digital telephone systems use TDM to combine 24 digitized voice channels into a 193-bit frame transmitted every 125 microseconds.
This document discusses pulse code modulation (PCM) for analog to digital conversion. PCM involves sampling an analog signal, quantizing the sample values, and encoding the quantized levels into binary codes. The sampling rate must be at least twice the bandwidth of the analog signal. More bits per code provide higher quality but require more bandwidth. PCM is used in telephone systems with 8-bit coding at 8 kHz sampling, and in compact discs with 16-bit coding at 44.1 kHz sampling.
This document discusses delta modulation and adaptive delta modulation techniques for analogue to digital conversion.
Delta modulation encodes the difference between the input signal and a reference signal into a single bit per sample, creating a staircase-like approximation of the original signal. Adaptive delta modulation varies the step size according to the input signal level to prevent slope overload. Differential pulse code modulation encodes the difference between the current and predicted sample values, sending this difference value instead of absolute sample amplitudes.
This document discusses quantization in analog-to-digital conversion. It describes how an analog signal is sampled, quantized by representing samples with discrete levels, and encoded into a digital signal. Quantization introduces noise that can be reduced by using more quantization levels or a smaller step size between levels. Non-uniform quantization allocates more levels to signal amplitudes that occur more frequently to more efficiently represent the signal.
This document discusses quantization in analog-to-digital conversion. It describes how an analog signal is sampled, quantized by representing samples with discrete levels, and encoded into a digital signal. Quantization introduces noise that can be reduced by using more quantization levels or a smaller step size between levels. Non-uniform quantization allocates more levels to signal amplitudes that occur more frequently to more efficiently represent the signal.
This document discusses pulse modulation techniques in communications. It begins by reviewing continuous-wave modulation techniques studied previously, such as amplitude modulation and angle modulation. It then previews that pulse modulation will be studied next, including analog pulse modulation where a pulse feature varies continuously with the message, and digital pulse modulation using a sequence of coded pulses. The document provides explanations and equations regarding sampling of continuous-time signals, the sampling theorem, and recovery of the original analog signal from its samples. It also introduces pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) using natural and flat-top sampling, as well as pulse duration modulation (PDM) and pulse position modulation (PPM).
This document describes the operation of a phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit for demodulating frequency modulated (FM) signals. It contains 6 pages describing:
1) The basic block diagram of a PLL including a voltage controlled oscillator, multiplier, loop filter, and voltage controlled oscillator.
2) The mathematical equations showing how the PLL locks the phase and frequency of the voltage controlled oscillator to that of the incoming FM signal.
3) When the PLL is in phase lock and near phase lock based on the phase error between the signals.
4) How the PLL can be used to demodulate an FM signal and recover the original message signal by matching the phase and frequency of the voltage controlled
This document discusses the transmission of frequency modulated (FM) waves. It explains that the bandwidth of an FM wave is theoretically infinite but is effectively limited in practice. Carson's rule provides an estimate of the bandwidth but is not always accurate. The document also describes Armstrong's method for generating FM waves using narrowband phase modulation and frequency multiplication, and demodulating FM waves using envelope detection after taking the derivative of the received signal.
This document discusses angle modulation techniques for communications. It begins by defining phase modulation (PM) and frequency modulation (FM), where the carrier angle or frequency varies with the modulating signal. Key differences between PM and FM are outlined. Properties of angle modulation like constant transmitted power and irregular zero crossings are described. Narrowband FM is analyzed using sinusoidal modulation. Generation of narrowband FM using an integrator is also shown.
This document discusses vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation, which is a modulation technique that lies between single sideband (SSB) and double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC). VSB modulation involves transmitting a vestige, or portion, of the sideband to reduce bandwidth usage compared to DSB-SC. The key aspects covered are:
1) VSB modulation achieves a transmission bandwidth of BW + fv, where fv is the vestige bandwidth which is typically 25% of the message bandwidth BW.
2) A VSB modulator uses a product modulator and VSB shaping filter to generate the modulated signal.
3) VSB demodulation involves product
This document discusses single sideband (SSB) modulation. It begins by reviewing double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) modulation and how SSB modulation is derived from DSB-SC by suppressing one of the sidebands. It then provides the mathematical expressions for upper SSB and lower SSB modulation. The document also covers the Hilbert transform and how it relates to SSB modulation. It describes the spectra of upper and lower SSB signals and two methods for modulating SSB: frequency discrimination and phase discrimination. Finally, it discusses demodulation of SSB signals.
This document discusses wideband frequency modulation (FM) and its properties. It begins by introducing the concept of FM and defining terms like modulation index and frequency deviation. It then shows that the FM signal can be expressed as a complex Fourier series involving Bessel functions. The spectrum of the FM signal is derived and shown to consist of sidebands spaced at multiples of the modulating frequency away from the carrier frequency. For small modulation indices, the spectrum reduces to the carrier and first sidebands, corresponding to narrowband FM.
The document is an introduction to communications lecture material that covers:
1) The history of radio through three phases - experimentation with electromagnetic waves in the 19th century, the development of wireless communication in the late 19th century, and the commercialization of radio broadcasting in the early 20th century.
2) The basic components of a communication system including message signals, transducers, transmitters, channels, receivers, and output transducers.
3) Fundamental communication concepts such as signal-to-noise ratio, bandwidth, link budgets, random signals, noise, probability, and random processes.
1. The document provides an overview of Fourier analysis techniques including Fourier series, Fourier transforms, and their applications to signal representation and analysis.
2. Key concepts covered include representing periodic and aperiodic signals in the time and frequency domains, properties of linear and time-invariant systems, Parseval's theorem relating signal energy in the time and frequency domains, and the Fourier transforms of basic functions like impulses and complex exponentials.
3. The document establishes essential mathematical foundations for further study of analog and digital communications techniques that involve signal processing and transmission in the frequency domain.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
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Article: https://pecb.com/article
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)