2. Discription
Dumping is, in general, a situation of international price
discrimination, where the price of a product when sold in
the importing country is less than the price of that
product in the market of the exporting country. Thus, in
the simplest of cases, one identifies dumping simply by
comparing prices in two markets. However, the situation
is rarely, if ever, that simple, and in most cases it is
necessary to undertake a series of complex analytical
steps in order to determine the appropriate price in the
market of the exporting country (known as the “normal
value”) and the appropriate price in the market of the
importing country (known as the “export price”) so as to
be able to undertake an appropriate comparison.
3. Issue taken on dumping
LEGAL ISSUES
IF A COMPANY EXPORTS A PRODUCT AT A PRICE LOWER
THAN THE PRICE IT NORMALLY CHARGES IN ITS OWN
HOME MARKET, IT IS SAID TO BE "DUMPING" THE
PRODUCT. IT IS A SUB PART OF THE VARIOUS FORMS OF
PRICE DISCRIMINATION AND IS CLASSIFIED AS THIRD
DEGREE PRICE DISCRIMINATION. OPINIONS DIFFER AS
TO WHETHER OR NOT SUCH PRACTICE
CONSTITUTES UNFAIR COMPETITION, BUT MANY
GOVERNMENTS TAKE ACTION AGAINST DUMPING TO
PROTECT DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. THE WTO AGREEMENT
DOES NOT PASS JUDGMENT. ITS FOCUS IS ON HOW
GOVERNMENTS CAN OR CANNOT REACT TO DUMPING — IT
DISCIPLINES ANTI-DUMPING ACTIONS, AND IT IS OFTEN
CALLED THE "ANTI-DUMPING AGREEMENT". (THIS FOCUS
ONLY ON THE REACTION TO DUMPING CONTRASTS WITH
THE APPROACH OF THE SUBSIDIES AND
COUNTERVAILING MEASURES AGREEMENT.)
4. Action taken against dumping
IN THE UNITED STATES, DOMESTIC FIRMS CAN FILE AN
ANTIDUMPING PETITION UNDER THE REGULATIONS
DETERMINED BY THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
COMMERCE, WHICH DETERMINES "LESS THAN FAIR VALUE"
AND THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION, WHICH
DETERMINES "INJURY". THESE PROCEEDINGS OPERATE ON
A TIMETABLE GOVERNED BY U.S. LAW. THE DEPARTMENT
OF COMMERCE HAS REGULARLY FOUND THAT PRODUCTS
HAVE BEEN SOLD AT LESS THAN FAIR VALUE IN U.S.
MARKETS. IF THE DOMESTIC INDUSTRY IS ABLE TO
ESTABLISH THAT IT IS BEING INJURED BY THE DUMPING,
THEN ANTIDUMPING DUTIES ARE IMPOSED ON GOODS
IMPORTED FROM THE DUMPERS' COUNTRY AT A
PERCENTAGE RATE CALCULATED TO COUNTERACT THE
DUMPING MARGIN.
RELATED TO ANTIDUMPING DUTIES ARE "COUNTERVAILING
DUTIES". THE DIFFERENCE IS THAT COUNTERVAILING
DUTIES SEEK TO OFFSET INJURIOUS SUBSIDIZATION WHILE
ANTIDUMPING DUTIES OFFSET INJURIOUS DUMPING.
5. Consequences faced by
dumping
WASTE WATER DUMPING IS HARMFUL
BECAUSE THE WASTES WE EMIT FROM THE
HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS WE USE, AS WELL
AS THAT FROM OUR BODIES, WORK THEIR
WAY INTO OUR FOOD CHAIN. ACCORDING TO
THE YOUTHCANWORLD WEB PAGE, WHEN
SUCH TOXINS INVADE OUR WATER, THEY
WILL DISSOLVE INTO THE WATER, COME TO
REST ON THE BED OF THE WATER BODY, OR
BEGIN TO SEEP DOWNWARD. IN TURN, THAT
POLLUTION WORKS ITS WAY INTO OUR
OCEANS AND RIVERS.
6. Diseases caused by dumping
WHEN SEWAGE CONTAMINATES WATER, IT
CAUSES WHAT YOUTH CAN WORLD CALLS
UTROPHICATION . THE WEB PAGE DEFINES
THIS PROCESS AS THE INCREASE IN
CONCENTRATION OF THE ELEMENTS
NECESSARY FOR LIFE. THE CHEMICALS
THAT ARE NATURALLY A PART OF HUMAN
WASTE WILL SERVE AS FOOD FOR ALGAE
AND OTHER HARMFUL ORGANISMS. THESE
LIFE FORMS WILL OVERPOPULATE AND
HOARD THE OXYGEN SUPPLY. THIS UPSETS
THE NATURAL ECOLOGICAL BALANCE,
BECAUSE CREATURES THAT CALL THE
WATER HOME WILL BEGIN TO DIE.
7. Food poisoning
THE DUMPING OF WASTE WATER INTO OUR WATER
SUPPLY ALSO AFFECTS HUMANS TOO. WHEN WE EAT
SEA FOOD THAT THE WASTES IN THE WATER HAS
CONTAMINATED, THOSE TOXINS MAKE THEIR WAY INTO
OUR BODIES, AS THE THINKQUEST WEBSITE SUGGESTS.
THE RESULTS CAN BE HARMFUL. GIARDIASIS,
DYSENTERY AND CHOLERA ARE AMONG THE DISEASES
YOUTHCANWORLD CITES AS THE RESULT OF CONTACT
WITH WATER THAT HAS COME INTO CONTACT WITH
HUMAN WASTE. MOREOVER, THE SITE ALSO SAYS THAT
DETERGENT-LACED WATER CAN CAUSE LIVER AND
KIDNEY DAMAGE.
8. How can we control dumping
ILLEGAL DUMPING AND OVERSEEING THE ONE -BAG GARBAGE
LIMIT ARE STRETCHING HAMILTON’S ENFORCEMENT POWERS
TO THE LIMIT.
THE CITY IS RECEIVING MORE THAN FOUR TIMES AS MANY
COMPLAINTS ABOUT ILLEGAL DUMPING OF GARBAGE THAN IT
DID IN 2007.
AND THE COMPLAINTS, COMBINED WITH ENFORCING THE
ONE-BAG LIMIT THAT WENT FULLY INTO EFFECT LAST YEAR,
HAVE OUTSTRIPPED STAFF’S BYLAW ENFORCEMENT
CAPACITY.
IN ADDITION, THE COST OF CLEANING UP ILLEGAL DUMPING
IS NOW PEGGED AT $700,000 A YEAR.
THOSE ARE SOME OF THE FINDINGS IN A REPORT ON ROGUE
DUMPING AND LITTER WHICH CITY COUNCILLORS WILL
CONSIDER AT A WASTE MANAGEMENT WORKSHOP JULY 6.
9. Efforts taken on dumping
COMMUNITY OUTREACH AND INVOLVEMENT
THIS MAY BE THE MOST IMPORTANT TOOL IN ENSURING THAT
THIS PRACTICE IS EFFECTIVE. THE ORGANIZATION OF
SPECIAL CLEANUP EVENTS WHERE COMMUNITIES ARE
PROVIDED WITH THE RESOURCES TO PROPERLY DISPOSE OF
ILLEGALLY DUMPED MATERIALS INCREASES THE
UNDERSTANDING AMONG RESIDENTS OF ILLEGAL DUMPING
IMPACTS AND SUPPLIES OPPORTUNITIES TO CORRECTLY
DISPOSE OF MATERIALS WHICH MAY OTHERWISE BE
ILLEGALLY DUMPED. INTEGRATION OF ILLEGAL DUMPING
PREVENTION INTO COMMUNITY POLICING PROGRAMS OR USE
OF PROGRAMS SUCH AS CRIME STOPPERS MAY ALSO BE AN
EFFECTIVE WAY TO INCREASE ENFORCEMENT OPPORTUNITIES
WITHOUT THE ADDITIONAL COST OF HIRING NEW STAFF.
PRODUCING SIMPLE MESSAGES RELATING THE COST OF
ILLEGAL DUMPING ON LOCAL TAXES AND PROPER DISPOSAL
SITES WILL AID IN ELIMINATING THE PROBLEM. HAVING A
HOTLINE WHERE CITIZENS CAN REPORT ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES
AND EDUCATING THE PUBLIC ON THE CONNECTION BETWEEN
THE STORM DRAIN AND WATER QUALITY WILL DECREASE
DISPOSAL OF WASTE INTO STORM DRAIN INLETS.
