07 eng104-bai 3-v1.0

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
31
Unit 3: Financial statements
UNIT OBJECTIVES - MỤC TIÊU
DURATION (9 periods) - THỜI LƯỢNG HỌC (9 TIẾT)
• Provide students with the language and knowledge related to main types of financial
statements.
Cung cấp cho sinh viên vốn ngôn ngữ và kiến thức liên quan đến các loại báo cáo tài chính
cơ bản.
• Provide students with the language of describing a graph.
Cung cấp cho sinh viên ngôn ngữ dùng để mô tả biểu đồ.
• At the end of this unit, students will be able to tell and write about main types of financial
statements, the main characters of each type and the importance of studying them.
Sau khi kết thúc bài học này, sinh viên có thể nói và viết về các loại báo cáo tài chính cơ bản,
những đặc điểm của từng loại. và tầm quan trọng của việc nghiên cứu các báo cáo tài chính.
In this unit, we will learn the language and knowledge
related to main types of financial statements and their main
characteristics.
Trong bài học này chúng ta sẽ học về những kiến thức ngôn
ngữ và kế toán liên quan đến các loại báo cáo tài chính cơ
bản và các đặc điểm chính của từng loại báo cáo tài chính.
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32
Match the words or expressions in column A with their definitions in column B.
The suggested time to do this exercise is 10 minutes.
Column A Column B
1 Profit and loss account A A description of the ways a new business hopes
to make money, showing possible income and
expenditure
2 Balance sheet B Financial statement which shows a company’s
financial condition (amount of debits and credits) on
the last day of an accounting period
3 Share certificate C The net profit or net income line on a profit and loss
account or income statement
4 Capital expenditure D Items of value which are not easily changed into
cash but which the business needs
5 Bottom line E Cash and other liquid assets in excess of current
liabilities; the ease with which an asset can be spent
or sold
6 Business plan F Financial statement which shows the profit or loss
made by a company during the accounting period
7 Liquidity G Adocument which represents a part of the total stock
value of a company and which shows who owns it
8 Dividend H A share in the annual profits of a limited company,
paid to shareholders
9 Fixed assets I Those whose value can only be quantified or turned
into cash with difficulty (e.g. copyrights, trade
marks)
10 Intangible assets J Major spending on large items necessary for the
business, such as property or equipment
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33
Text A: Read text A below and do exercise 2.1. The suggested time for reading
the text and completing the exercise is 30 minutes
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Financial statements
I
f you can read a nutrition
label or a baseball box
score, you can learn to read
basic financial statements. If
you can follow a recipe or
apply for a loan, you can learn
basic accounting. The basics
aren’t difficult and they aren’t
science.
There are four main financial
statements. They are: (1) balance
sheets; (2) income statements;
(3) cash flow statements; and
(4) statements of shareholders’
equity. Balance sheets show
what a company owns and
what it owes at a fixed point in
time. Income statements show
how much money a company
made and spent over a period
of time. Cash flow statements
show the exchange of money
between a company and the
outside world also over a
period of time. The fourth
financial statement, called
a “statement of shareholders’
equity,” shows changes in the
interests of the company’s
shareholders over time.
The followings will look
into details of the first three
financial statements.
Balance Sheets
Abalance sheet provides
detailed information about
a company’s assets, liabilities
and shareholders’ equity.
Assets are things that a com-
pany owns that have value.
This typically means they can
either be sold or used by the
company to make products or
provide services that can be
sold. Assets include physical
property, such as plants, trucks,
equipment and inventory. It
also includes things that can’t
be touched but nevertheless
exist and have value, such as
trademarks and patents. And
cash itself is an asset. So are
investments a company makes.
Liabilities are amounts of
money that a company owes to
others. This can include all
kinds of obligations, like
money borrowed from a bank
to launch a new product, rent
for use of a building, money
owed to suppliers for materials,
payroll a company owes to
its employees, environmental
cleanup costs, or taxes owed to
the government. Liabilities also
include obligations to provide
goods or services to customers
in the future.
Shareholders’ equity is some-
times called capital or net
worth. It’s the money that
would be left if a company sold
all of its assets and paid off all
of its liabilities.
This leftover money belongs to
the shareholders, or the owners,
of the company.
A company’s balance sheet is
set up like the basic accounting
equation. On the left side of the
balance sheet, companies list
their assets. On the right side,
they list their liabilities and
shareholders’ equity. Some-
times balance sheets show
assets at the top, followed by
liabilities, with shareholders’
equity at the bottom.
A balance sheet shows a snap-
shot of a company’s assets,
liabilities and shareholders’
equity at the end of the report-
ing period. It does not show the
flows into and out of the
accounts during the period.
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34
Income Statements
A
n income statement is a
report that shows how
much revenue a company
earned over a specific time
period (usually for a year or
some portion of a year).
An income statement also
shows the costs and expenses
associated with earning that
revenue. The literal “bottom
line” of the statement usually
shows the company’s net
earnings or losses. This tells
you how much the company
earned or lost over the period.
Income statements also report
earnings per share (or “EPS”).
This calculation tells you how
much money shareholders
would receive if the company
decided to distribute all of the
net earnings for the period.
(Companies almost never dis-
tribute all of their earnings.
Usually they reinvest them in
the business.)
To understand how income
statements are set up, think of
them as a set of stairs. You start
at the top with the total amount
of sales made during the
accounting period. Then you
go down, one step at a time.
At each step, you make a
deduction for certain costs
or other operating expenses
associated with earning the
revenue. At the bottom of the
stairs, after deducting all of the
expenses, you learn how much
the company actually earned or
lost during the accounting
period. People often call this
“the bottom line.”
Cash Flow Statements
C
ash flow statements report
a company’s inflows and
outflows of cash. This is im-
portant because a company
needs to have enough cash on
hand to pay its expenses and
purchase assets. While an in-
come statement can tell you
whether a company made a
profit, a cash flow statement
can tell you whether the com-
pany generated cash.
A cash flow statement shows
changes over time rather than
absolute dollar amounts at a
point in time. It uses and re-
orders the information from a
company’s balance sheet and
income statement.
The bottom line of the cash
flow statement shows the net
increase or decrease in cash for
the period. Generally, cash
flow statements are divided
into three main parts. Each part
reviews the cash flow from one
of three types of activities: (1)
operating activities analyzes a
company’s cash flow from net
income or losses; (2) investing
activities shows the cash flow
from all investing activities,
which generally include pur-
chases or sales of long-term
assets; and (3) financing activ-
ities statement shows the
cash flow from all financing
activities.
Although this article discusses
each financial statement sepa-
rately, keep in mind that they
are all related. The changes in
assets and liabilities that you
see on the balance sheet are
also reflected in the revenues
and expenses that you see on
the income statement, which
result in the company’s gains or
losses. Cash flows provide
more information about cash
assets listed on a balance
sheet and are related, but not
equivalent, to net income shown
on the income statement. And
so on. No financial statement
tells the complete story. But
combined, they provide very
powerful information for
investors. And information is
the investor’s best tool when it
comes to investing wisely.
Source: Text A: From Beginners' Guide to Financial Statements, US Securities and Exchange Commission,
http://www.sec.gov/investor/pubs/begfinstmtguide.htm
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35
According to text A, which of the following sentences are true (T) or false (F)
In which kind of financial statements can you find the information about the
followings? Put them in the correct box
assets expenses inflows of cash
liabilities outflows of cash revenue cost
shareholders’ equity investing activities ESP
Below you will find answers to five different questions. Read the text again and
try to supply the missing questions
Example: What are the four main financial statements?
They are balance sheets, income statements, cash flow statements, and
statements of shareholders’equity.
1. ………………………………………………………………………………?
They can either sell or use them to make products or provide services for profit.
2.1
2.2
2.3
Questions T/F
1. Financial statements show financial information of a company from the
establishment to the present
2. Assets includes visible and invisible valuable things that a company owns.
3. Liabilities are amount of money that a company owns from others.
4. A balance sheet gives an overview of accounting equation.
5. Looking at the income statement, investors can estimate how much money
they might receive
6. The income statements are set up from the bottom to the top.
7. A cash flow statement shows how the company generates cash.
8. A cash flow statement is set up separately from the balance sheet and the
income statement.
9. A cash flow statement often analyzes the cash flow from three angles.
10. The financial statement, balance sheet and cash flow statement have no
relationship with each other.
Balance sheet Income statement Cash flow statement
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2. ………………………………………………………………………………?
Trademarks are intangible assets.
3. ………………………………………………………………………………?
It shows information about a company’s assets, liabilities and shareholders’ equity at the
end of the reporting period.
4. ………………………………………………………………………………?
The “bottom line”.
5. ………………………………………………………………………………?
To know whether it has enough cash on hand to pay its expenses and purchase asset.
Text B: Read text B and do exercices 2.4 and 2.5 below. The suggested time for
reading the text and completing the exercise is 30 minutes
THE INS AND OUTS OF CASH FLOW STATEMENTS
U
nderstanding your cash flow statement is key to
tracking your business's financial health.
Cash is what keeps your business functioning.You obviously
need profit, but equally as critical is your cash flow.
It's important to know the financial health of your
business, which is why you need to understand the
purposes of your different financial statements. Your
traditional financial statements include a balance sheet,
profit and loss statement, and cash flow statement. What
does the cash flow statement tell you that the others don't?
There's a difference between profitability and cash flow. You may be profitable and still have
a negative cash flow, which is a difficult concept to understand for most business owners.
Why? There are things that take cash out of the business that don't classify as expenses and
therefore don't appear on your profit and loss statement. These include:
• Payment of loan principal • Payment of credit card principal • Owner's draws
These transactions take cash out of the business and therefore show up on your cash flow
statement, but not on your profit and loss statement. When you borrow money from a lender
or credit card vendor, you don't count it as income. Therefore, when you pay it back, you
don't count it as an expense. The interest or finance charges you incur on borrowing that
money are an expense and will appear as an expense and use of cash. Similarly, when you
invest money in your own business as an owner's investment, it's not counted as income.
So when you take money out as an owner's draw, it doesn't count as an expense. Owner's
transactions affect your equity, not your revenue or expense accounts.
When looking at a cash flow statement, you have three main breakdowns that show where
cash is coming from and going to:
• Operations • Investing • Financing
36
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Operating activities include your day-to-day operations.
Increases and decreases in receivables and payables are
accounted for on your cash flow statement, as are other
activities from operating your business and selling your
products and services. The operating section is where your
main cash flow should be generated. Long-term business
health comes from having a good net profit and positive
cash flow from your operating activities.
Investing activities include the purchase and sale of your
long-term fixed assets, such as property, plant and equipment.
Financing activities include the borrowing and repayment of long-term liabilities.
Understanding what your cash flow statement is telling you about your business is critical.
All three of your main financial statements - balance sheet, profit and loss statement,
and cash flow statement - relay a different view of your business, and each is critical to the
overall health of your business.
Source: From The Ins and Outs of Cash Flow Statements, By Pam Newman, May 15, 2007 http://entrepreneur.com
Match the column A with column B to make meaningful statements
Fill in the blanks with the following words
assets and debts business plans expenses in the middle
movement on the left on the right
records revenue whether or not
Financial statements are ___(1)_____ that provide an indication of an individual’s,
organization’s, or business’ financial status. There are three basic types of financial
statements: balance sheet, income statement, and cash-flow statement. Typically, financial
statements are used in relation to business endeavors.
Balance sheet are used to provide insight into a company’s ____(2)____ at a particular
point in time. Information about the company’s shareholder equity is included as well.
Typically, a company lists its assets ____(3)____ side of the balance sheet and its debts
37
2.4
2.5
1 Although investors are making profit A but they are not classified as
expenses.
2 There are some transactions that take cash
out of the business,
B nor is it counted as expense when
paid back.
3 Money borrowed from a lender is not
considered income,
C and each is important to the
overall health of the business.
4 Interest paid for loans is counted as
expense,
D they may still have a negative cash
flow.
5 All the three main financial statements
give different angles of the business,
E and it will appear as an expense
and use of cash.
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38
and liabilities____(4)____. Sometimes, however, a balance sheet has assets listed at the top,
debts ___(5)_____, and shareholders’ equity at the bottom.
Income statement present information concerning the __(6)______ earned by a company
in a specified time period. Income statements also show the company’s __(7)______ in
attaining the income and shareholder earnings per share. At the bottom of the income
statement, a total of the amount earned or lost is included. Often, income statements provide
a record of revenue over a year’s time.
Cash-flow statements provide a look at the ___(8)_____ of cash in and out of a com-
pany. These financial statements include information from operating, investing, and
financing activities. The cash-flow statement can be important in determining ___(9)_____
a company has enough cash to pay its bills, handle expenses, and acquire assets. At the
bottom of a cash-flow statement, the net cash increase or decrease can be found.
The average individual does not typically have a use for financial statements. However,
sole proprietors may use them in the same manner as other businesses. High-net-worth
individuals may also use them for obtaining loans, participating in investment deals, and de-
veloping financial, tax, and ____(10)____. In some cases, personal financial statements may
be used when running for a government office.
Listening 1
Listen to a lecture about the Financial statements TWICE and decide if the
statements below are TRUE (T) or FALSE (F)
Listening 2
Listen to a lecture ONCE again and fill ONE word into each blank below
Now, let’s move on to the income statement. Income statement present (1) _________
concerning the (2) _________ earned by a company in a (3) _________ time
period. Income statement also show the company’s (4) _________ in attaining the income and
shareholder (5) _________ per share. At the bottom of the income statement, a total of
3.1
3.2
Questions T/F
1. The users of financial statements are quite various.
2. In order to use financial statements, users must know everything about
accounting.
3. Financial statements are classified into four main types.
4. The balance sheet shows assets and liabilities of a company.
5. In a typical balance sheet, assets are listed on the right, and liabilities on
the left.
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39
the amount (6) _________ or lost is included. Often, income statements provide a record of
revenue over a year’s time.
Ok, right. And next is the cash flow statement. Cash-flow statement provide the
(7) _______ of cash in and out of a company. These financial statements include information
from (8) _________, investing, and financing activities. The cash-flow statement can be
important in determining whether or not a company has enough cash to pay its bills, handle
(9) _________, and acquire assets. At the (10) _________ of a cash-flow statement, the net
cash increase or decrease can be found.
And finally, I will give you the overview of the last
basic type of financial statement. Shareholders’ equity show
(11) _________ in a company's or organization’s retained
earnings over a specific period of time. These statements
show the beginning and final balance of retained earnings,
as well as any adjustments to the (12) _________ that occur
during the reporting period. This information is sometimes
included as part of the balance sheet, or it may be (13)
_________ with an income statement. However, it is
frequently provided as a completely separate statement.
The average individual does not typically have a use for financial statements. However,
sole proprietors may use them in the same manner as other businesses. High-net-worth
individuals may also use them for the purpose of obtaining loans, participating in (14)
_________ deals, and developing financial, tax, and business plans. In some cases, personal
financial statements may be used when running for a (15) ______ office.
Select the correct choice to complete each sentence. The suggested time
for completing the exercise is 5 minutes
1. The income received by someone who lends money is called _____.
a. dividends b. interest c. loan
2. Last year we issued bonus shares and ______ $2 million.
a. raised b. rose c. arose
3. Assets are what you _____, liabilities are what you _____.
a. owe – own b. own – owe c. own - owl
4. A preference share receives a dividend _____ the other classes of share.
a. before b. when c. after
5. ESP is a company’s distributable profit divided by the number of _____.
a. shareholders b. dividends c. shares
4.1
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4.2
Fill in each gap with ONE word from the word list below. The suggested time for
doing this exercise is 5 minutes
balance sheet earning per share payroll cash flow statement
profit and loss account accounting period business plan dividend
1. A ............................... shows a company’s financial condition at the end of an accounting
period.
2. You can know how much the profit or loss of a company during a given period by looking
at the ...........................
3. A......................... reports a company’s inflows and outflows of cash.
4. The ............................ is caculated by dividing a company’s distributable profit by the num-
ber of shares.
5. The payments to a company’s employees are listed in a........................
6. The period of time reflected in financial statements, usually either the calendar year or a
quarter is called an ................................
7. Before setting up a company, the entrepreneur is expected to make a .................... which
shows the company’s possible income and expenditure.
8.All shareholders look forward to a high ................... as a return of their investment in shares.
Based on the information in the two texts above, answer the following questions
with your own words
1. What does a balance sheet provide?
……...............................................................………….
2. What does an income statement show?
……...............................................................………….
3. What are reported in a cash flow statement? Why?
……...............................................................………….
4. How do the financial statements relate to each other?
……...............................................................………….
Case study
Foward Investments (FI) has headquarter in Singapore.
It is run by a group of rich people who invest money in
companies. It is willing to take risks by buying shares
of start-up or small companies, but also puts money into
larger companies which have good prospects for growth.
5.1
5.1
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41
At present, it has $10 million to spend and it has chosen three companies as potential
investments.
1. TECHNOPRINT
Technoprint is a manufacture of office equipment, based in Warsaw, Poland. Its main
products are inkjet and laser printers.
Present share price: $4.14 High (last year): $5.42 Low (last year): $3.59
2. UNIBRAND
Unibrand is a fashion retailer based in Amsterdam selling a variety of international brands.
3. ONLINE FASHIONS
OLF is based on its website www.OLF.com. Its target audience is fashion-concious
women aged between 30 and 45 who want to keep up with the lastest trends in clothing
and accessories.
And here are the comments of the three companies’ CEOs to investors.
Turnover
($ million)
Pre-tax profit
($ million)
Earning per
share (cents)
Dividend per
share (cents)
Last year 90.8 10.9 51 5.7
2 years ago 88.3 9.9 42 3.9
3 years ago 69.4 4.8 24 0.6
Turnover for the first 6 months of this year: $64.5 million
Turnover
($ million)
Pre-tax profit
($ million)
Earning per
share (cents)
Dividend per
share (cents)
Last year 370 52.7 19.5 2.2
2 years ago 208 30.1 12.9 1.8
3 years ago 283 27.86 11.14 1.65
Turnover for the first 6 months of this year: $ 204 million
Turnover
($ million)
Pre-tax profit
($ million)
Earning per
share (cents)
Dividend per
share (cents)
Last year 19.3 2.1 0.38 nil
2 years ago 9.1 -2.561 3.8 nil
3 years ago 4.9 -2.862 -5.6 nil
Turnover for the first 6 months of this year: $ 204 million
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42
It’s been another excellent year for our inkjet sales. They increased
fourteen percent worldwide, even though prices generally for inkjets
have fallen because of competition. Our sales of cartridges increased
by over twelve percent. Our sales of laser printers remained steady.
Our new laser printer has great potential. We expect it to dominate the
market as it has several unique features. We will continue to
reduce costs by sourcing components from low cost countries.
Technoprint
I am delighted to report another outstanding performance. Visits to
our website have increased to 82,000 daily. We now have over
400,000 regular users. We are launching a multimedia advertising
campaign to promote our new ranges of jewellery and travel
accessories. We expect to increase our sales target by at least fifty
percent and become the leading online designer clothing company.
Olf
We plan to increase sales by at least ten percent this year. We have
excellent sales opportunities in South America and Asia. We are
opening twenty new sales offices in those areas and increasing our
marketing effort. We have already launched a new perfume and we
expect it to be very successful.
Unibrand
You are a financial executive of FI. Study all the statistics in the
reports above and make a short presentation to your Director about
which company/ companies FI should invest in and/or what
proportion of $10 million FI will invest in each company.
Task
Compare your decisions with your partner(s).
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43
6.1 Describing a Graph
1. Overview of a graph
A graph is a diagram, usually a line or curve, which shows
how two or more sets of numbers or measurements are
related.
The names of the axes on a graph are the vertical axis and
the horizontal axis. The vertical axis is sometimes called the
y axis, and the horizontal axis is sometimes called the x axis.
There are some types of lines used to present information on a graph.
_________________: solid line
……………………….: dotted line
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -: broken line
2. Language of writing
Here are some useful expressions for you to describe the graph
Expressing movement: verbs and nouns
Verbs (past tense)
Rose (to)
increased to
went up to
climbed to
boomed
fell (to)
declined (to)
decreased (to)
decreased to zero
dipped (to)
dropped (to)
went down (to)
reduced (to)
Nouns
a rise
an increase
growth
an upward trend
a boom (a dramatic rise)
a fall
a decline
a decrease
a drop
a slump (a dramatic fall)
a reduction
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* stood at (use this phrase to focus on a particular point, before we mention the movement,
for example: In the first year, unemployment stood at...)
Describing the speed of change
44
Describing the movement
dramatic
dramatically
huge
steep
steeply
considerable
considerably
marked
markedly
slight
slighty
minimal
minimally
Adjectives and adverbs
sharp
sharply
enormous
enormously
substantial
substantially
significant
significantly
moderate
moderately
small
Adjective
rapid
quick
swift
sudden
steady
gradual
slow
Adverbs
rapidly
quickly
swiftly
suddenly
steadily
gradually
slowly
Verbs (past tense)
levelled out (at)
did not change
remained stable (at)
remained steady (at)
stayed (at)
stayed constant (at)
maintained the same level
fluctuated (around)
peaked (at)
stood (at)*
Nouns
a levelling out
no change
a fluctuation
reached a peak (of)
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45
Writing Practice
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information in the graph
below. The suggested time for completing the exercise is 40 minutes
PROFITS OF AFC FROM 1990 TO 2005
Unit: billion dollars
6.2
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46
English temps Vietnamese equivalents
A
- Accounting period
B
- Balance sheet
C
- Cash flow statement
- Cleanup cost
E
- Equation
- Earnings per share
F
- Financial statement
I
- Income statement
- Intangble asset
P
- Physical property
- Payroll
S
- Shareholders’ equity
- Kỳ kế toán
- Bảng cân đối kế toán
- Báo cáo lưu chuyển tiền tệ
- Chi phí thanh lý
- Phương trình, công thức
- Lãi trên mỗi cổ phần
- Báo cáo tài chính
- Báo cáo thu nhập
- Tài sản vô hình
- Tài sản hữu hình
- Bảng lương, tổng quỹ lương
- Vốn chủ sở hữu
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