The document describes a computer method for determining the equivalent circuit of a bipolar microwave transistor. Measurements of the transistor's scattering parameters are taken over a frequency range and used to calculate the values of the equivalent circuit elements that minimize errors between measured and calculated scattering parameters. The equivalent circuit accounts for both intrinsic transistor elements and packaging elements. Optimization is performed using an adjoint network and gradient method to efficiently calculate sensitivity of the error function with respect to circuit element variations. Application of the method to a particular microwave transistor demonstrates accuracy.
A new approach for Reducing Noise in ECG signal employing Gradient Descent Me...paperpublications3
Abstract: ECG is the main tool used by the physicians for identifying and for interpretation of Heart condition. The ECG should be free from noise and of good quality for the correct diagnosis. In real time situations ECG are corrupted by many types of noises. The high frequency noise is one of them. In this thesis, analysis has been carried out the use of neural network for denoising the ECG signal. A multilayer artificial neural network (ANN) is designed. Here gradient descent method (GDM) is used for training of artificial neural network. The noisy ECG signal is given as input to the neural network. The output of neural network is compared with De-noised(original) ECG signal and value of Root Mean Square Error(RMSE) is computed. In training process the weights are updated until the value of RMSE is minimized. Several iteration has to be performed in order to find Minimum Mean Square Error(MMSE). At MMSE network weights are finalized. Subsequently, network parameters are used for Noise reduction. The comparison with other technique shows that the neural networks method is able to better preserve the signal waveform at system output with reduced noise. Our results shows better accuracy in terms of parameters root mean square error, signal to noise ratio and smoothness (RMSE,SNR and R) as compare to GOWT[18].The database has been collected from MIT-BIH arrhythmias database.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Analysis of Rake Receivers in IR–UWB System IOSR Journals
Suppression of interference in time domain equalizers is attempted for high data rate impulse
radio (IR) ultra wideband communication system. The narrow band systems may cause interference with UWB
devices as it is having very low transmission power and the large bandwidth. SRAKE receiver improves system
performance by equalizing signals from different paths. This enables the use of SRAKE receiver techniques in IR
UWB systems A semi analytical approach is used to investigate the BER performance of SRAKE receiver on
IEEE 802.15.3a UWB channel models. Study on non-line of sight indoor channel models (both CM3 and CM4)
illustrates that bit error rate performance of SRake receiver with NBI performs better than that of Rake receiver
without NBI
Fault detection and diagnosis ingears using wavelet enveloped power spectrum ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this work, automatic detection and diagnosis of gear condition monitoring technique is presented. The vibration signals in time domain wereobtained from a fault simulator apparatus from a healthy gear and an induced faulty gear. These time domain signals were processed using Laplace and Morlet wavelet based enveloped power spectrum to detect the faults in gears. The vibration signals obtained were filtered to enhance the signal components before the application of wavelet analysis. The time and frequency domain features extracted from Laplace wavelet based wavelet transform are used as input to ANN for gear fault classification. Genetic algorithm was used to optimize the wavelet and ANN classification parameters. The result shows the successful classification of ANN test process. Index Terms:Continuous wavelet transform, Envelope power spectrum, Wavelet, Filtering, ANN.
A new approach for Reducing Noise in ECG signal employing Gradient Descent Me...paperpublications3
Abstract: ECG is the main tool used by the physicians for identifying and for interpretation of Heart condition. The ECG should be free from noise and of good quality for the correct diagnosis. In real time situations ECG are corrupted by many types of noises. The high frequency noise is one of them. In this thesis, analysis has been carried out the use of neural network for denoising the ECG signal. A multilayer artificial neural network (ANN) is designed. Here gradient descent method (GDM) is used for training of artificial neural network. The noisy ECG signal is given as input to the neural network. The output of neural network is compared with De-noised(original) ECG signal and value of Root Mean Square Error(RMSE) is computed. In training process the weights are updated until the value of RMSE is minimized. Several iteration has to be performed in order to find Minimum Mean Square Error(MMSE). At MMSE network weights are finalized. Subsequently, network parameters are used for Noise reduction. The comparison with other technique shows that the neural networks method is able to better preserve the signal waveform at system output with reduced noise. Our results shows better accuracy in terms of parameters root mean square error, signal to noise ratio and smoothness (RMSE,SNR and R) as compare to GOWT[18].The database has been collected from MIT-BIH arrhythmias database.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Analysis of Rake Receivers in IR–UWB System IOSR Journals
Suppression of interference in time domain equalizers is attempted for high data rate impulse
radio (IR) ultra wideband communication system. The narrow band systems may cause interference with UWB
devices as it is having very low transmission power and the large bandwidth. SRAKE receiver improves system
performance by equalizing signals from different paths. This enables the use of SRAKE receiver techniques in IR
UWB systems A semi analytical approach is used to investigate the BER performance of SRAKE receiver on
IEEE 802.15.3a UWB channel models. Study on non-line of sight indoor channel models (both CM3 and CM4)
illustrates that bit error rate performance of SRake receiver with NBI performs better than that of Rake receiver
without NBI
Fault detection and diagnosis ingears using wavelet enveloped power spectrum ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this work, automatic detection and diagnosis of gear condition monitoring technique is presented. The vibration signals in time domain wereobtained from a fault simulator apparatus from a healthy gear and an induced faulty gear. These time domain signals were processed using Laplace and Morlet wavelet based enveloped power spectrum to detect the faults in gears. The vibration signals obtained were filtered to enhance the signal components before the application of wavelet analysis. The time and frequency domain features extracted from Laplace wavelet based wavelet transform are used as input to ANN for gear fault classification. Genetic algorithm was used to optimize the wavelet and ANN classification parameters. The result shows the successful classification of ANN test process. Index Terms:Continuous wavelet transform, Envelope power spectrum, Wavelet, Filtering, ANN.
Modelling And Miniaturization of A 2-Bits Phase Shifter Using Koch Fractal Sh...IJERA Editor
Phase shifter is a key component in phase array antenna for the Radar application and the wireless communication system. This paper presents a novel design of miniaturised 2bits phase shifter using Koch fractal shapes of one iteration orders. The 3-section branch line coupler is used to extend the bandwidth of the phase shifter,this type of coupler is characterised by a low cost and simplicity of fabrication.Using the Koch fractal geometry the circuit size of the coupler is reduced to 6.36cm ×2.14cm at 2.4GHz. The simulation results show a good performance. So, over 2.1GHz-2.7GHzThe novel design of 2bits fractal reflection phase shifter based on the 3section show a return loss less than -20dB and the phase error varied between 0.1° and 0.4°for the four output phases . The circuit size of the phase shifter is reduced to9.5cm×2.1cm.
Performance Analysis of a SIMO-OFDM System Using Different Diversity Combinin...theijes
The motive of any wireless communication system is to reduce BER for the corresponding SNR. Through this OFDM based receiver diversity system we analyze BER for different diversity combining techniques such as EGC, MRC, SC in a rayliegh faded environment. This model serves two benefits: first noise limited system performance is improved by combating ISI through OFDM and second use of diversity combining which helps combat multipath fading. We also try to achieve an optimum trade-off between BER improvement and increase in number of receiver antennas. This is just to make less-complex receiver as it requires only one DFT processor.
The Approach on Influence of Biasing Circuit in Wideband Low Noise Amplifier ...IJEACS
This proposed work investigates the effects of biasing
circuit in the ultra-wideband microwave low noise amplifier
which operates between 3GHz to 10GHz. The complete circuit is
visualized the importance of every component in the design with
respect to linear measurements like Gain, Noise Figure, Return
loss under unconditionally stable condition. The design and
realization are made by using Hybrid Microwave integrated
circuit in AWR microwave office. The thing that is absolutely
necessary and frequently the difficult step in the design of an
LNA is 'biasing circuit design'. The difficulty situation arises
because traditional methods LNA by using S-parameters data
files in EDA tools provides almost all linear measurements.
Hence a number of time consuming iterations of different biasing
circuits with optimization methods may be required to reach
targeted specifications with the fixed operating point at the
desired points in the load line. Considering this behavior, various
alternate biasing circuit schemes are prepared and founded the
results associated with it. Furthermore, this paper unmistakably
clarifies the impacts of the biasing circuit by utilizing
intermodulation and harmonics distortion technique for
portrayal characterization. Different cases and sorts of the
biasing circuits with various biasing focuses have been tested and given clear perspective of the biasing ideas.
Design and Realization of 2.4GHz Branch-line CouplerQuang Binh Pham
In the scope of this paper, a branch-line coupler working at 2.4GHz is designed and realized. The experiment results are consequently compared to the simulation results.
Investigation on energy harvesting enabled device-to-device networks in prese...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Energy harvesting from ambient radio-frequency (RF) sources has been a novel approach for extending the lifetime of wireless networks. In this paper, a cooperative device-to-device (D2D) system with the aid of energy-constrained relay is considered. The relays are assumed to be able to harvest energy from information signal and co-channel interference (CCI) signals broadcasted by nearby traditional cellular users and forward the source’s signal to its desired destination (D2D user) utilizing amplify-andforward (AF) relaying protocol. Time switching protocol (TSR) and power splitting protocol (PSR) are proposed to assist energy harvesting and information processing at the relay. The proposed approaches are applied in a model with three nodes including the source (D2D user), the relay and the destination (D2D user), the system throughput is investigated in terms of the ergodic capacity and the outage capacity, where the analytical results are obtained approximately. Our numerical results verify the our derivations, and also points out the impact of CCI on system performance. Finally, this investigation provide fundamental design guidelines for selecting hardware of energy harvesting circuits that satisfies the requirements of a practical cooperative D2D system.
A Probe-Fed Patch Antenna with a Step-Shaped Ground Plane for 2.4 GHz Access ...Saou-Wen Su
This Letter demonstrates a new design of a probe-fed patch antenna with a modified antenna ground, and a constructed prototype ideal for applications in a 2.4-GHz WLAN access point is presented. The antenna has a thick air substrate for broadband operation and is fed by an inclined probe pin at the edge of the patch bent portion. The antenna ground comprises different portions and is in the shape of a step. With the proposed probe feed and ground configuration, good impedance bandwidth with VSWR below 1.5 over the 2.4 GHz WLAN band can be obtained. In addition, good broadside radiation characteristics have also been observed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Enhancement Power Quality with Sugeno-type Fuzzy Logic and Mamdani-type Fuzzy...Mohamed Khaleeel
Power quality is closely related issues of most directly affect nowadays. It can be clear that electrical power quality is the degree of any deviation from the nominal rate of the voltage magnitude and frequency. Voltage sagis one of the most significant power quality problems challenging at present time. This paper discussed modeling of a DVR with PI controller, Sugeno-type Fuzzy Logic and Mamdani-type Fuzzy Logic using Matlab/Simulink in order to mitigate voltage sag. Then analyze the performance of DVR in order to solve the problem of voltage sag by installed DVR between the supply voltage and a sensitive load.
Optical power debugging in dwdm system having fixed gain amplifierseSAT Journals
Abstract
This article covers optical power measurement of light signal in DWDM network and debugging of optical power as per the specifications of DWDM system with fix gain amplifier. The measurement and calculations of each component of DWDM system is discussed individually. Optical power of individual optical channel, aggregate optical power of multiplexed signals, relation with amplifier gain, insertion loss and attenuation on signal are the key factors involved in design and operation of DWDM system. From transmitter to receiver, the working performance of the DWDM system depends on the optical strength of input light signal should be as per specifications of its components. A description of input and output optical power of light signal of each DWDM component and its relationship is discussed. If there is any deviation as per specifications is observed, process to calculate deviation and debug is given with working example in this article.
Keywords: Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM), Optical MUX/DEMUX, Optical transmitters/receivers, Optical amplifiers, Optical Fiber, Optical power, Attenuation, Optical Power Debugging
A Review Paper on Power Consumption Improvements in WSNIJERA Editor
Wireless Sensor network (WSN) is a network of low-cost, low-power, multifunctional, small
size sensor nodes which are densely deployed inside a physical environment to collect, process and transmit the
information to sink node. As Sensor nodes are generally battery-powered, it is necessary to balance between
power consumption and energy storage capacity to sustain sensor node's operational life. Therefore one of the
important challenge in WSN is to improve power consumption efficiently to prolong network lifetime by
minimizing the amount of data transmissions throughout the network and maximizing node's low power
residence time. In this paper, two energy optimization techniques, Cluster-Based energy efficient routing
(CBER) scheme and extension to IEEE 802.15.4 standard by dynamic rate adaption and control for energy
reduction (DRACER) protocol for wireless sensor networks has been reviewed. CBER technique increases
network lifetime by reducing Hot Spot problem and end-to-end energy consumption using multi-hop wireless
routing whereas DRACER protocol reduces network latency and average power consumption by minimizing
network overhead using automatic data rate selection process. So, both of these techniques, if utilized in
combination, it is possible to achieve very high energy efficiency in WSN
On limits of Wireless Communications in a Fading Environment: a General Param...ijeei-iaes
The reliable services along with high throughput can be achieved by using wireless communication systems. These systems also provides a wide coverage because of their features, no doubt MIMO Communication System [1] is one among them. Features provided by these systems ensure the improved system coverage and increased data transmission rate by considering multiple numbers of transmitter and receiver antennas. In this article, the concept of equalization has been considered and finally the performance of the MIMO Systems in Rician flat fading [5] channel is compared with the Rayleigh flat fading channel. It has also been observed that the performance of these Systems in Rician Flat Fading Channel is the best as compare to the Rayleigh Flat Fading Channel [10]. It has been concluded that the successive interference methods provide better performance as compare to others, but their complexity is high. Simulation results shows that ML provides the better performance in comparison to other equalizers but Sphere decoder provides the best performance.
Modelling And Miniaturization of A 2-Bits Phase Shifter Using Koch Fractal Sh...IJERA Editor
Phase shifter is a key component in phase array antenna for the Radar application and the wireless communication system. This paper presents a novel design of miniaturised 2bits phase shifter using Koch fractal shapes of one iteration orders. The 3-section branch line coupler is used to extend the bandwidth of the phase shifter,this type of coupler is characterised by a low cost and simplicity of fabrication.Using the Koch fractal geometry the circuit size of the coupler is reduced to 6.36cm ×2.14cm at 2.4GHz. The simulation results show a good performance. So, over 2.1GHz-2.7GHzThe novel design of 2bits fractal reflection phase shifter based on the 3section show a return loss less than -20dB and the phase error varied between 0.1° and 0.4°for the four output phases . The circuit size of the phase shifter is reduced to9.5cm×2.1cm.
Performance Analysis of a SIMO-OFDM System Using Different Diversity Combinin...theijes
The motive of any wireless communication system is to reduce BER for the corresponding SNR. Through this OFDM based receiver diversity system we analyze BER for different diversity combining techniques such as EGC, MRC, SC in a rayliegh faded environment. This model serves two benefits: first noise limited system performance is improved by combating ISI through OFDM and second use of diversity combining which helps combat multipath fading. We also try to achieve an optimum trade-off between BER improvement and increase in number of receiver antennas. This is just to make less-complex receiver as it requires only one DFT processor.
The Approach on Influence of Biasing Circuit in Wideband Low Noise Amplifier ...IJEACS
This proposed work investigates the effects of biasing
circuit in the ultra-wideband microwave low noise amplifier
which operates between 3GHz to 10GHz. The complete circuit is
visualized the importance of every component in the design with
respect to linear measurements like Gain, Noise Figure, Return
loss under unconditionally stable condition. The design and
realization are made by using Hybrid Microwave integrated
circuit in AWR microwave office. The thing that is absolutely
necessary and frequently the difficult step in the design of an
LNA is 'biasing circuit design'. The difficulty situation arises
because traditional methods LNA by using S-parameters data
files in EDA tools provides almost all linear measurements.
Hence a number of time consuming iterations of different biasing
circuits with optimization methods may be required to reach
targeted specifications with the fixed operating point at the
desired points in the load line. Considering this behavior, various
alternate biasing circuit schemes are prepared and founded the
results associated with it. Furthermore, this paper unmistakably
clarifies the impacts of the biasing circuit by utilizing
intermodulation and harmonics distortion technique for
portrayal characterization. Different cases and sorts of the
biasing circuits with various biasing focuses have been tested and given clear perspective of the biasing ideas.
Design and Realization of 2.4GHz Branch-line CouplerQuang Binh Pham
In the scope of this paper, a branch-line coupler working at 2.4GHz is designed and realized. The experiment results are consequently compared to the simulation results.
Investigation on energy harvesting enabled device-to-device networks in prese...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Energy harvesting from ambient radio-frequency (RF) sources has been a novel approach for extending the lifetime of wireless networks. In this paper, a cooperative device-to-device (D2D) system with the aid of energy-constrained relay is considered. The relays are assumed to be able to harvest energy from information signal and co-channel interference (CCI) signals broadcasted by nearby traditional cellular users and forward the source’s signal to its desired destination (D2D user) utilizing amplify-andforward (AF) relaying protocol. Time switching protocol (TSR) and power splitting protocol (PSR) are proposed to assist energy harvesting and information processing at the relay. The proposed approaches are applied in a model with three nodes including the source (D2D user), the relay and the destination (D2D user), the system throughput is investigated in terms of the ergodic capacity and the outage capacity, where the analytical results are obtained approximately. Our numerical results verify the our derivations, and also points out the impact of CCI on system performance. Finally, this investigation provide fundamental design guidelines for selecting hardware of energy harvesting circuits that satisfies the requirements of a practical cooperative D2D system.
A Probe-Fed Patch Antenna with a Step-Shaped Ground Plane for 2.4 GHz Access ...Saou-Wen Su
This Letter demonstrates a new design of a probe-fed patch antenna with a modified antenna ground, and a constructed prototype ideal for applications in a 2.4-GHz WLAN access point is presented. The antenna has a thick air substrate for broadband operation and is fed by an inclined probe pin at the edge of the patch bent portion. The antenna ground comprises different portions and is in the shape of a step. With the proposed probe feed and ground configuration, good impedance bandwidth with VSWR below 1.5 over the 2.4 GHz WLAN band can be obtained. In addition, good broadside radiation characteristics have also been observed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Enhancement Power Quality with Sugeno-type Fuzzy Logic and Mamdani-type Fuzzy...Mohamed Khaleeel
Power quality is closely related issues of most directly affect nowadays. It can be clear that electrical power quality is the degree of any deviation from the nominal rate of the voltage magnitude and frequency. Voltage sagis one of the most significant power quality problems challenging at present time. This paper discussed modeling of a DVR with PI controller, Sugeno-type Fuzzy Logic and Mamdani-type Fuzzy Logic using Matlab/Simulink in order to mitigate voltage sag. Then analyze the performance of DVR in order to solve the problem of voltage sag by installed DVR between the supply voltage and a sensitive load.
Optical power debugging in dwdm system having fixed gain amplifierseSAT Journals
Abstract
This article covers optical power measurement of light signal in DWDM network and debugging of optical power as per the specifications of DWDM system with fix gain amplifier. The measurement and calculations of each component of DWDM system is discussed individually. Optical power of individual optical channel, aggregate optical power of multiplexed signals, relation with amplifier gain, insertion loss and attenuation on signal are the key factors involved in design and operation of DWDM system. From transmitter to receiver, the working performance of the DWDM system depends on the optical strength of input light signal should be as per specifications of its components. A description of input and output optical power of light signal of each DWDM component and its relationship is discussed. If there is any deviation as per specifications is observed, process to calculate deviation and debug is given with working example in this article.
Keywords: Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM), Optical MUX/DEMUX, Optical transmitters/receivers, Optical amplifiers, Optical Fiber, Optical power, Attenuation, Optical Power Debugging
A Review Paper on Power Consumption Improvements in WSNIJERA Editor
Wireless Sensor network (WSN) is a network of low-cost, low-power, multifunctional, small
size sensor nodes which are densely deployed inside a physical environment to collect, process and transmit the
information to sink node. As Sensor nodes are generally battery-powered, it is necessary to balance between
power consumption and energy storage capacity to sustain sensor node's operational life. Therefore one of the
important challenge in WSN is to improve power consumption efficiently to prolong network lifetime by
minimizing the amount of data transmissions throughout the network and maximizing node's low power
residence time. In this paper, two energy optimization techniques, Cluster-Based energy efficient routing
(CBER) scheme and extension to IEEE 802.15.4 standard by dynamic rate adaption and control for energy
reduction (DRACER) protocol for wireless sensor networks has been reviewed. CBER technique increases
network lifetime by reducing Hot Spot problem and end-to-end energy consumption using multi-hop wireless
routing whereas DRACER protocol reduces network latency and average power consumption by minimizing
network overhead using automatic data rate selection process. So, both of these techniques, if utilized in
combination, it is possible to achieve very high energy efficiency in WSN
On limits of Wireless Communications in a Fading Environment: a General Param...ijeei-iaes
The reliable services along with high throughput can be achieved by using wireless communication systems. These systems also provides a wide coverage because of their features, no doubt MIMO Communication System [1] is one among them. Features provided by these systems ensure the improved system coverage and increased data transmission rate by considering multiple numbers of transmitter and receiver antennas. In this article, the concept of equalization has been considered and finally the performance of the MIMO Systems in Rician flat fading [5] channel is compared with the Rayleigh flat fading channel. It has also been observed that the performance of these Systems in Rician Flat Fading Channel is the best as compare to the Rayleigh Flat Fading Channel [10]. It has been concluded that the successive interference methods provide better performance as compare to others, but their complexity is high. Simulation results shows that ML provides the better performance in comparison to other equalizers but Sphere decoder provides the best performance.
Study Of The Fault Diagnosis Based On Wavelet And Fuzzy Neural Network For Th...IJRES Journal
In the fault diagnosis of the motor, the vibration signals can fully reflect the status of the motor. In this paper, on the basis of wavelet packet fault feature extraction, a new approach for motor fault diagnosis based on wavelet packet analysis and fuzzy RBF neural network was presented.The method gains the energy of characteristic channel of bearing failure vibration signals of asynchronous motor, which adopts the technology of wavelet packet analysis. It also composes the characteristics of the vector as input of fuzzy RBF neural network, used to diagnose the induction motor bearing failures. The method overcomes the slow convergence, a long training time, local minimum problems when using BP neural network. Experimental results shows that using fuzzy RBF neural network can improve the accuracy of the motor fault diagnosis.
All optical network design with even and odd nodeseSAT Journals
Abstract
We have studied the effects of OLTs and OADMs in WDM optical networks. All optical networks have proved to be cost efficient
and power saving in comparison to O-E-O networks. Cost of a network can further be reduced by minimizing the number of IP
router ports and the number of wavelengths required. It has been already studied the number of IP router ports required per node
and number of wavelengths required to carry a fixed amount of traffic, considering the network containing even and odd number
of routing nodes. And finally the result has been compared with other architectures like point to point WDM and hub networks,
finally all-optical networks proved to be most cost efficient in saving number of wavelength requirements and IP router port
requirements. In this paper we have compared all-optical network with itself, by taking even and odd number of nodes. That is we
have compared all-optical network containing even number of nodes with the same all-optical network containing odd number of
nodes. The result what we obtained is to honor same amount of traffic “t”, all-optical network containing odd number of nodes
require lesser number of wavelengths than its previous even number of nodes. We have here varied the number of nodes keeping
the amount of traffic fixed assuming static routing for simplicity of our work. Finally we observed the percentage of change in
wavelength requirements decreases on increasing number of nodes. That is for a large network number of wavelength
requirements are large for even number of nodes than odd number of nodes. But this difference is little more for a small network
size.
Keywords: Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), PPWDM (Point to point WDM), Light paths, traffic, alloptical,
Erlang(E).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
FPGA Design & Simulation Modeling of Baseband Data Transmission SystemIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper describes a study on a baseband data transmission system developed for undergraduate
students studying communication engineering. Theoretical material, developed in the lectures, is briefly
covered. A practical system is presented with pre-detection filtering being employed to improve the bit error
rate. A simulation of the complete system is carried out on a Sun work station using the MATLAB simulation
package. Simulation and theoretical results are compared.
Accurate modeling of cables is important to study the behavior of high frequency disturbances in power converter systems. This paper reviews and compares two popular methodologies to model energy cables – an improved per unit length parameters based model and a Laplace SPICE element based model. The two models presented take into account the frequency dependence of the parameters of the cable. A ladder network is used for this purpose in the per unit length based model. The Laplace SPICE element model is generated from from a rational function approximation for the admittance parameters that are frequency dependant. The rational function approximation is obtained using a well known vector fitting algorithm. The time and frequency domain solutions of a two wire energy cable, obtained from the two models, agree well.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*
01127694
1. IESE TRANSACTIONS
120
Computer-Aided
Signal
KARL
ON MfCROWAVE
THEORY
AND
TSCHNIQUES,
Determination
Equivalent
Microwave
HARTllIANN,
STUDENT
of the
IEEE,
J. O. STRUTT,
WILLI
KOTYCZKA,
FELLOW,
CIRCUIT
2, FEBRUARY
1972
SmaU-
MEMBER,
IEEE,
AND
IEEE
r-----+
%
C7
c ‘(couector)
II
b’(base)
0
R2
%= !1
EQUIVALENT
NO.
Clj
Abstract—The
actual technology for the production of transistors
is now suitable for bipolar transistors in the 1O-GHZ range. In order
to obtain amplifier circuits in this microwave range, the knowledge
of the exact equivalent circuit is essential. A computer method for
the determination
of the equivalent network is given. The final application and accuracy are shown for a particular microwave transistor.
1. THE
~-20,
Network
of a Bipolar
Transistor
MEMBER,
MAX
VOL.
OF AN INTRINSIC
u~e,
by
I’:Ya&.U~et
0
TRANSISTOR
IN COMMON
CONFIGURATION
EXTRINSIC
O
N THE
tion
imate
equivalent
which
BASIS
of the
only
neglected
RC line
of
direction
the
2). This
our
transistor
of the
[1],
capacitances
CI take
approx-
we
transistor
current
find
Im
into
connection
lows
CT).
’21 e’
at
Co and
CT are
the
in
the
backward
the
resistance
/
.
account
the
internal
base
Fig.
2.
increasing
frequency
Approximation
of the transadmittance
VZ1,’ is complex.
Im L
n
may
Because
4-to-8
GHz),
we
a circle
‘21e’
(Fig.
worse
want
to a defined
[3]
by
becomes
we only
relative
from
Pritchard
be approximated
Y21.’ by
zero
current
the
circle
the
frequency
approximate
the
(in
trans-
3, crossing
the
real
I
Fig.
(see Fig.
1) may
Re
equiv-
range
point.
I’
w
at increas-
to find
of Fig.
Y21.’.
zone,
aDOr
The
(C6,
1)
and
consideration
into
and
approximation
network
at its
elements
m
A
the
(Fig.
density
junction
RI takes
Yzl,’
admittance
axis
and extrinsic
slightly.
circle
case
Winkel
intrinsic
emitter-base
base
frequency.
alent
Te
The
transadmittance
that
Intrinsic
[10].
is doped
shows
1.
determina-
and
small
C6 and
resistance
between
ing
the
[2],
The
the
at
Fig.
experimental
elements
recombination,
elements.
which
the
by
of
valid
extrinsic
The
of
equations
e’(em[tter)
ELEMENTS
intrinsic
circuit
is
EMITTER
AND THE
be expressed
3.
as fol-
Oxtmate
fiiquency
range
Approximation
of the transadmittance
employed
in our computer
program.
rue’
as
:
~’ = Ul),e,” Y,I.I
This
equation
can
work
of Fig.
4. (It
= –
&
be represented
is possible
‘b’”’
=_
1/1
(1]
i- jwL7
by
the
to employ
additional
net-
additional
net-
Manuscript
received
January
18, 1971; revised
April
12, 1971.
The authors
are with
the Department
of Advanced
Electrical
Engineering,
Swiss Federal
Institute
of Technology,
Zurich, Switzerland.
Fig.
4.
Additional
network
for the transadmittance
Y21e/.
2. HAR’CMANN
et al.:
EQUNALF.!NT
NSTWORK
OF MICROWAVS
121
TRANSISTOR
II 1, COMPUTER-AIDED
EQUIVALENT
L,
L2
MEASURED
+
-+J)J=
A.
Relation
DETERMINATION
NETWORK
BASED
SCATTERING
Between
OF THE
ON THE
PARAMETERS
the Scattering
Parameters
awd the
Currents
As
0
Fig.
5. Equivalent
network
of microwave
transistor
package.
L1, and Lo—lead
inductances
between
the reference plane
(scattering
parameters)
and the package. L,, and L,—lead
inductances between the package edge and the gold wire connection. -&, Lf, and L-inductances
of the gold wires of the emitter,
base, and collector lead-in wires to the transistor
pill (L, = O,
because of the actual construction).
Cl, cZ, CS, and C4—capacltances of the package. C~—-capacitance between input and output.
is well
known
parameters
a pure
the
[6],
resistance
pedance,
In
of
our
source
output
terminals
value
Input
1)
Z
to
B. General
%
+
t-!!
n
1 V and
Additional
6.
First
the
are
I
1
I
based,
I
are
for
Relationship
between
s parameters
and
on
by
by
works
the
for
more
validity
The
complicated
of described
R8 and
elements
curves
without
impairing
the
method.)
transistor,
When
L7 are also
found
by
optimiza-
the
tion.
the
gold
including
this
first
complete
the
For
initial
this
proce-
values
said
element
of the
optimization
needed
only
complete
wires
are not
is
values
as initial
network
as,
as long
as in
pill.
optimization
network
con-
optimization
The
are
These
under
package,
The
of the
shorted
first
is
con-
optimization
the
method
pill)
wires.
range
the
The
later.
optimization
example,
this
gold
the
of
consecutive
and collector
short
estimation.
for
for
of the
measured
(without
frequency
which
we find
the
and
elements
error
the
two
base,
5 is used.
in detail
in
alone
obtaining
which
the currents.
sev-
range
the
with
comat
The
until
found
parameters
found
values.
very
the
values
7.
Fig.
is
using
elements,
a digital
measured
frequency
the emitter,
of Fig.
is described
using
are
package
within
used
(5)
limit.
transistor
scattering
– S,,).
are varied
circuit
shorted
are
(4)
calculated
a defined
values
network
dure
(2)
.s12
as compared
[11 ], while
package
50 Q, the
(3)
is found
circuit
the
sideration
the
the
equivalent
measured
of
with
is below
nections
for
to
.s21.
of a specified
parameters,
measured
network
Z. equal
parameters
points
equivalent
steps.
net’#Ork
Complete equivalent
circuit and additional
the complex transadmittance
I?z1,’.
network
compared
The
at the
of Optimization
scattering
frequency
ones,
R3
Fig.
equivalent
calculated
ug~
then
(1 – s,,)
= 0.01.(1
Procedure
The
of the
a voltage
and
Excitation:
1;’
are
“First
are valid.
11” = – 0.01
eral
by
im-
13xcitaiion:
Output
The
ports
reference
7).
12’ = – 0.01
puter.
the
terminals
11’ = 0.01
2)
scattering
at both
called
input
(see Fig.
equations
of the
Z== 20 = 50 ~.
at the
Uol = U02 is equal
If
definition
is terminated
case,
is applied
following
by
transistor
procedure
is taken
into
is terminated,
consideration
(Fig.
6),
11. EQUIVALENT
NETWORK
COMPLETE
In
FOR THE
the
elements
TRANSISTOR
package
For
microwave
influence
of the
transistors
package
parts
of the
leads
bining
Fig.
5 with
equivalent
network
(gold
we
as shown
wires)
Figs.
of the
1 and
have
may
4, we
transistor
to
in Fig.
consider
5. The
be neglected.
find
the
as shown
following
of the
alone
sections
entire
raises
only
the
transistor
optimization
is described
no special
of the
because
the
difficulties.
the
C. Determination
ohmic
Com-
complete
in Fiz.
Many
of the
6.
OJ the Elements
optimization
error
is based —on
function.
the
methods
The
corresponding
of the Transistor
are based
solution
on the gradient
of the
method
of
present
Fletcher
paper
and
3. 122
IEEE TRANSACTIONS
Powell
[4].
Because
culated
frequently,
it
use of computer
as
possible,
their
tance
by
has
to
between
For
four
two
culate
the
[5]
We
input
we
calculate
quency
the
value.
frequency
the sum
has
sum
values
to
of the
errors
be
current
with
of the
the
squared
minimum
errors
is 2n if n is the
number
–IR. @R
‘j@IL
‘+L
juVc#Z
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of the
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III-A).
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VL =jcoL. IL
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is
we
input
(see Section
over
This
First
Component
of AP
Note; V and 1 are the voltage and current
in the original
network;
~ and @ are the voltage
and current
in the adjoint
network,
of the
to be calculated.
output
integrate
The
only
Sensitivity
(component
of ~)
Branch
Relation in Adjoint
Resistance
Inductance
Capacitance
Current-controlled
voltage source
(see Fig. 11)
transadmit-
1972
I
Branch
Relation
the
However,
are
calculations.
respectively
not
the
on
FEBRUARY
plement
Type
Function
value
and
do
based
elements
TECHNIQUES,
economical
[5].
since
AND
TABLE
be as simple
is
THEORY
be calcu-
limits.
network
excitation,
to
for
Rohrer
pill
parameters
with
output
like
and
The
frequency
scattering
possible
important
calculation
of the Error
every
has
its determination
be extended,
defined
Formation
gradient
Director
Yzle’ is complex.
varied
D.
that
gradient
paper
theory
said
is very
time
Our
excellent
the
ON MICROWAVE
Network
fre-
1
1
individual
of the
variable
elements.
5o11
Sum
E of the squared
errors
‘Y[wl’(.iw) U1’(jh))c
= -+
~
?
Q
k=l
] (~2’(joJk))c
(~2’(j@k))m
–
[2
+
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+
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I (~1’’(j~k)).
–
(~,’’(j%))m
w,’’(jm)
] (l,’’(jcok))c
–
(l,’’(jok))m
l’]
Fig. 8.
(Li)lOWer
number
~2n;
k’
individual
m
measured
c
of
j~h)
, ~,’(
~1”
( jtih),
jo~)
and
This
of the
a further
second
error
sum
function
network
limit,
sum
current
with
would
output
rapidly
comes
near
if
its
excitation.
limit.
the
this
elements
process,
attain
as the
But
we
the
to E.
physical
limit.
it is very
essential
that
chosen
variation
upper
exact
limits
program
their
the
the
this
definition
elements
are only
at
values
choose
If
useful
limits
corresponding
may
the
subroutine
of EL is not
definition
cannot
yond
zation
(8)
function.
that
be infinite.
W
used,
EL is added
function
input
ET is
sum
argue
minimization
L; be-
limit
of EL is
in the
varied
the
of .E~
optimi-
between
the
Li.
or lower
E. Calculation
ET
respectively.
Error
with
excitation.
increases
elements
current
excitation;
input
ju,)
could
because
output
with
limit;
W is the weight
where
functions;
and
network
EY=E+EL.
value;
weight
input
error
value;
output
Now,
total
value;
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jak)
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upper
The
input
j+,),
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ith
and adjoint
values
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frequency
frequency
calculated
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ith
(LJ.PPe,
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Original
(6)
where
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Network
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IZ
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of the Error
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(-w..er
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.
z
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network
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method
[5]
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of the Error
on
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its mutually
makes
the
Sum
pairing
use
definition
Function
of
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of
E: The
originally
network
a theorem
calculaspecified
(see Fig.
of Tellegen
of E one can
derive
13).
[7].
the
fol-
equations:
~(~,’’(j~k))c
wl’’(jow))c
+
13p
the
Wz’’(jbk)
[ (~2’’*(j@k))c
–
(~2’’*(j@k))m]
ap
1}
(9)
4. et al.:
HARTMANN
---B ----Eir_3
EQUIVALENT
NETWORK
oF
MIC3Z01VAVFi
TRANSISTOR
c,
-----
RL
T
I’
I
q
Original
Fig.
12,
network
Relation
Adjoint
between
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and
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network
adjoint
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for
a
-----
----
Fig. 9.
r————
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ic..??.2u!2??_o
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123
Transformed
network
corresponding
to Fig. 10.
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I
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Fig.
10.
Part
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of the
original
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of
a broken line.
Fig.
6 as delimited
by
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1
AdJolnt
Additmr@{
netwc,rk
Fig. 13.
Complete
addltiona(
adjoint
[network
network
and adjoint
additional
network,
------------Fig. 11.
Transformed
network
corresponding
to Fig.
9.
where
Pth
P
network
Because
element;
for
=
ap
Re
~
(lo)
[s’+s”];
first-order
sensitivity
with
input
s“
Re
first-order
sensitivity
with
output
real
[5]
the
Now
[5],
directions
we must
Output
voltages
lated.
to
input
and
of Fig.
change
the
currents
the
measured
values,
8;
value,
the
UO1= 1 V,
U02 = O
necessary
branch
Fig.
original
network
output
currents
have
to
is not
work
and
we
line
network
of the
input
analyses,
excitation,
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of the
network
insert
are calcumust
the
have
very
8 are
sign
essential
of the
rela-
of the
been
may
Adjoint
In~at
sources
of Fig.
8.
part
deterorig-
by an interrupted
use of an additional
Y210’. The
to the
ad joint
original
9, its current
a further
The
of the
source
net-
network,
source
having
transformation
11.
source
voltage
voltage
to Fig.
UW., as a current-controlled
Ul, U2 as current-controlled
consider
voltage
of the
is equal
With
Fig.
is completely
network:
of the
is marked
because
part
transplaced.
We
following
network
6 which
10 is equivalent
w-e obtain
procedure
transadmittance
other
~’ is
one.
of the adjoint
simple
sensitivity
I.
This
previous
ad joint
the
The
to Table
in Fig.
for
+0.01.&.
excitation:
to the
inal
network
12’=
c) Determination
derived:
two
output
frequency
Because
I are
perform
excitation
every
and
of Table
have
Input
At
analogous
excitation;
i.e.,
according
mination
relations
with
a)
excitation;
part.
we
namely,
error
current
of 111-A;
b)
s’
the
tions
calculated
k=l
V.):
the
theory
k=n
dE
In
this
and
sources,
1’ depends
I)
(by
(by
l’)
on 1:
Network
Brarwh :
According
*elk’ =
((~1’’(jw))m
–
(Id’’),)
k
“ w’,’(jc.-%),
=
frequency
. point.
.
are
(11) .
.
treated
In
the
to
[5]
the
as shown
adjoint
current-controlled
in Fig.
network
voltage
sources
12.
we
must
insert
the
voltage
5. IEEE TRANSACTIONS
124
Q
ON MICROWAVE
THEORY
AND
TSCHNIQUJ=,
FEBRUARY
1972
d,
Read:
parameter
3) Initia(
values
b) Excitation-Response
situation
at thespeclfied
Apply
analysis
Cait
Uo, lvolt
=
store
-
program and
the branch
voltages
Form error excitation
and currents necessary
for gradierrt calculation
u~~=ovo(t
frequency points
{k )m ,(l;k )m,(l;k)m,(l;k)m
k=
r
the input excitation
L
~~1, ‘t’~2
1,.. ....n
!I
Calculate and store
part ial gradient
Form theerror
E;
relative to input excitation
components
excitation
the
Call analysis program
to calculate
the branch
—
for input
(grad’)
voltages
Appty error
excitation
to ad joint
and currents
V& ,$$2
network
!I
Cal[ anatysis
program and
store the branch vo(tage$
App[y the output excitation
u~, = o Vo(t
U02 = 1 volt
and currents
for
gradient
Apply error excitation %$,.’i’~2
Form error
necessary
excitation
‘i& ,4’~2
to ad joint network
calculation
1
,
r
Ca(culate
Calcu(ate the total
gradient
Form the error E;
relative to output excitation
partial
(grad’ + grad”)
and store
the
Cal 1 ana(ysis
partial gradient
components for output
excitation
(grad”)
—
-
program
to calcu(ate the branch
voltages
and currents
t
Yes
END
Adjust
network
parameters
according to
F(etcher - PoweN method
Fig.
source
(+)
into
source
of the
obtain
the
Except
I.
In
ad joint
for
gradient
the
controlling
controlled
network
case
must
“n
diagrams
The
be zero.
voltage
Thus
we
elements,
calculated
gradient
Go to r
for computer
the
according
component
partial
to Table
numerical
trast
would
Re
.
[S’+
Re
[
variable
have
verified
been
2)
Gradient
be determined
3) Normalization
For the
Elements:
OR1)’
–
(14)
(~Rl”@RI)”]O
gram
it
(in
the
our
sidered.
sensitivity
case
Thus
of the
I&),
the
the
controlling
controlled
relationship
branch
current
of (14)
has
has
elements
to
be con-
we
to unity
need
The
the
total
{ –
(~RiI[@R2
(1R2[@R2
+
+
method
leads
relationships
@R2’])’
@m’1)”}.
(15)
of this
EL:
Function
by a simple
analytical
of the Gradient
proper
that
(initial
normalized
normalized
axi
Re
by
the
con-
number
to
an
chapter
numerically.
dET
—
gradient
(n being
the
network
value
gradient
X~O) at
8E
—“t’”:
dxi
This
gradient
calculation.
and
optimization
of the Network
subroutine
elements
the
probe nor-
start.
Hence
components.
gradient
of the
dE
—+—
= ax{
ilEL
to be changed
as follows:
.
the
this
The
the Error
is essential
malized
For
Thus
saving.
Of
of
2n calculations
elements).
time
becomes
S”]
–(lR1o
determination
require
important
can
dlz
—.
8R1
optimization.
The
of
13.
branch
are
of RI the
Flow
of Fig.
the controlling
components
the
14.
branch.
branch
1
6’X;
error
function
is
6. HARTMANN
et Q1.:
EQUIVALENT
NETwORK
OF MICROWAVE
TRANSISTOR
125
1
—
78
-90”
Fig.
16.
Scattering
parameter
s,, (transistor
AT- IO IA:
Ic, 3 mA). A measured;
u calculated.
-1
Fig.
15.
AT-101A:
Scattering
parameters
su and siz (transistor
Avantek
UcE, 10V; lc, 3 mA).
A measured;
U calculated.
Ld
where
S,2
p’
initial
value
of the
P
actual
value
of the
This
computer
wave
transistor
Without
in
the
have
The
flow
in
Fig.
14.
the
Control
Data
Type
of Technology
bias
to
much
by
more
computer
used
for
which
of the
are
Collector—Base
Current
0165
0.023
.4
0.005
0.158
0,006
5
Im(SIZ)
laborious
17.
used
0 1s6
-00!5
6
-0026
0166
-0037
7
-0035
0162
-0050
8
—
Scattering
in
summarized
these
programs
is one
of the
computers
Swiss
Federal
Institute
computed
AT-101
BY
values
A)
is
This
final
model
C,=o. oll
C,=o. ool
C,= O.013
C,= O.005
C,= O.152
C,= O.316
C,=4.011
in the
frequency
AT-101A:
range
from
As a comparison,
and
those
shown
the
calculated
in
measured
with
Figs.
the
scattering
final
parameters,
computed
model,
15–17.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
of a microwave
at
the
following
The
authors
Laboratory,
wish
Swiss
to
Federal
of the
above
thank
Institute
U.
Gysel,
Microwave
of Technology,
for
work.
REFERENCES
10 V
3 mA
C,= O.085
is valid
su (transistor
3 mA).
4 to 8 GHz.
his discussions
L,=o. zl
L2=0.20
parameter
10V; Ic,
APPLICATION
given:
Voltage
-0013
METHOD
Capacitances
(pF)
.
0032
UCE,
been
OBTAINED
Inductances
(nH)
L,= O.09
L,=O.31
L,3=0.36
L,=O.42
(S12)
OIL6
are
Avantek
L,=O.16
R?
0 IL5
computer
Fig.
programs
have
PRESENTED
the
(Type
conditions
Im(s12)
0146
8
the
PROGRAMS
RESULTS
THE
an example,
Reverse
Collector
4
of Zurich.
OF
As
6500,
Center
ACTUAL
transistor
from
calculation
network
procedure
computer
Computer
SOME
of the
above
The
of the
T7.
range
been
COMPUTER
diagrams
out
[GHZ]
0136
a micro.
[9]).
lV.
carrying
to
gradient
equivalent
would
and
applied
frequency
described
f
R@ (5,2)
element.
been
CALCULATED
0.162
of
optimization
[8]
the
the
determination
has
~,2
—
element;
network
program
GHz.
(see
network
MEAsuRED
[1]
Resistors
(Q)
[2]
R,=
14.8
R,=279.8
R,=
7.7
R,=
0.3
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
J. Te Winkel,
“Drift
transistor
simplified
electrical
characterization, ” Electron.
Radio Eng., vol. 36, 1959, pp. 28@-288.
W. Baechtold,
“The small-signal
and noise properties
of bipolar
transistors
in the frequency
range 0.6 to 4 GHz/s”
(in German),
thesis 4207, Swiss Fed. Inst. Tech., Zurich,
Switzerland.
R. L. Pritchard,
Electrical
Characteristics
qf Transistors.
New
York:
McGraw-Hill,
1967.
R. Fletcher
and M. J. D. Powell,
“A rapidly
convergent
descent
method
for minimization,”
Cow@.d. ~., vol. 6, no. 2, 1963, pp.
. .
163-168.
S. IV, Director
and R, A. Rohrer,
“Automated
network
design—
The frequency-domain
case, ” IEEE
Trans. Givcwit Theory, vol.
CT-16,
Aug. 1969, pp. 330--337.
Hewlett-Packard,
“S-parameters-Circuit
al]alysis
and
de-
7. IEEE TRANSACTIONS
126
ON MICROWAVE
sign, ” Application
Note 95, Sept. 1968.
[7] C. A. Desoer and E. S. Kuh, Basic Ciwait
Theory, vol. 2.
New
York:
McGraw-Hill,
1967.
[8] W. Thommen
and M. J. 0. Strutt,
“Noise figure of UHF Transisters, ” IEEE
T?am. Electron Devices, vol. ED-12,
Sept. 1965,
pp. 499–500.
[9] W. Thommen,
“Contribution
to the signal- and noise equivalent
circuit
of UHF
bipolar
transistors”
(in German),
thesis 3658,
Cavity
Perturbation
of the
ISMAIL
MEMBER,
IEEE,
AND
Swiss Fed. Inst. Tech., 1965, Zurich,
Switzerland.
W. Beachtcld
and M. J. O. Strutt,
“Noise in microwave
tranTrans.
-kfic~owave Theo~y Tech., vol. MTT-16,
sisters, ” IEEE
Sept. 1968, pp. 578-585.
K. Hartmann,
W. Kotyczka,
and M. J. 0. Strutt,
“~quivalent
networks
for three different
microwave
bipolar
transwtor
packages in the 2-10 GHz range, ” E1.ctYon. Lett., no. 18, Sept. 1971,
pp. 51@511.
[10]
[11]
for
C(IM
PLEX
GEORGE
semiconductor
T
two
ductor
slab
been
or
fills
to
reported
by
recently
achieved
with
the
this
that
is
the
for
used
Nag
is very
section
lems.
First,
enough
problem
between
the
in
attenuators
sample
should
the
due
and
re-
ple
at
other
phase
has
has
precise,
since
the
20 dB)
hand,
and
when
the
ac-
commercial
shifters.
the
The
fact
transverse
[10].
quency
shift
in the
interaction
sample
surement
of
placed
Manuscript
received
January
28, 1971; revised
May
28, 1971.
This work was supported
by the National
Aeronautics
and Space
Administration
under Grant NGL 23-005-183.
I. I. Eldumiati
is with Sensors, Inc., Ann Arbor,
Mich.
G. I. Haddad
is with the Electron
Physics Laboratory,
Department of Electrical
Engineering,
university
of Michigan,
Ann Arbor,
Mich. 48104.
under
a high
that
Q-factor,
the
er than
that
of
the
the
energy
the
and
energy
perturbing
the
the
If
the
sample
in the
material
can
the
meaas
sample
cavity
is chosen
is much
it can
parameters
be related
the
properties
sample
cavity,
samstrong
and
the
of a reentrant
the
defre-
the
The
for
size of the sample
within
by
cavity
material
stored
in
in
in the
post
con-
resonant
field,
suitable
the
to
techniques
inserting
perturbations.
stored
change
by
very
central
sam-
difficult
microwave
the
electric
fields
changes
external
guide
are measured
and
cavity
method
of small
a
result
the
change
the
this
of the
of the
perturbation
of maximum
between
Imakes
mode
be
is
sam-
InSb.
of a resonant
region
may
parameters
Q-factor
to the
surface
like
cavity
material
the
idea
problem
TEIO
measuring
for
mode
of a circular
scheme
material
with
erroneous
a
is normal
mode
a
gap
” Helm’s
contact
to the
This
air
even
to give
the
a TEIO
using
a small
suggested
the
converting
into
this
is
effect.
field
is tangential
by
The
termining
ple
by
method
is
that
large
sample
walls,
“gap
electric
a brittle
second
ductivity
[7]-
fact
boundary.
with
The
been
accuracy
mode,
fill
and
field
the
realize
the
guide
electric
very
to available
completely
surface,
rectangular
the
The
(nearly
a transmission
when
method
[4].
of the
prob-
get
the
shown
[6]
this
to
section;
is always
Helm
serious
cross
when
was
IEEE
hard
waveguide
effect
overcome
advantage
ple’s
serious
Recently,
to
two
is very
waveguide
and
this
MEMBER,
poses
it
there
sample
[5].
complex
the
is not
high
using
more
and
important
the
Second,
fitting,
results
cases
to fill
crystal.
SENIOR
waveguide
many
becomes
single
tight
Material
of the
in
samples
and
materials,
On
a
a semiconsection
This
method
small,
further
one
[1 ]– [3 ] and
and
reflection
is very
is degraded
standards
authors
Datta
to be measured
method
determine
of
measured
first
a waveguide
high-conductivity
phase-angle
curacy
been
the
coefficients.
many
by
the
with
VSWR
made
transmission
reviewed
especially
In
are
conductivity
has
methods.
completely
measurements
flection
material
different
Dielectric
I. HAD DAD ,
cross
takes
microwave
Measurement
and
transducer
INTIIODUCTION
MTT-20, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 1972
VOL.
Semiconductor
Abstract—Cavity perturbation
techniques offer a very sensitive
and highly versatile means for studying the complex microwave
conductivity
of a bulk material. A knowledge of the cavity coupling
factor in the absence of perturbation,
together with the change in the
reflected power and the cavity resonance frequency shift, are adequate for the determination
of the material properties. Thk eliminates the need to determine the @factor change with perturbation
which may lead to appreciable error, especially in the presence of
mismatch loss. The measurement
accuracy can also be improved by
a proper choice of the cavity coupling factor prior to the perturbation.
HE
TECHNIQUES,
Conductivity
of a Bulk
1, ELDUMIATI,
I.
AND
Techniques
Microwave
Constant
THEORY
is
with
such
small-
be shown
as a result
to
the
cavity