09 Croatia Use Of Hfc And Ammonia Systems In Public Buildings And Industry Az...
PepsiCo explores hydrocarbon refrigerants and CO2 for cooler sustainability
1. Cooler Sustainability with Hydrocarbon Refrigeration Soykan Dirik PepsiCo International Marketing Equipment Manager – Europe Division United Nations Enviroment Programme Joint Europe and Central Asia (ECA) and South Asia Network meeting Istanbul, 26 April 2010
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3. What comes to mind thinking about PepsiCo … 03-05-10 PepsiCo Confidential
4. PepsiCo has 19 Global mega brands 03-05-10 PepsiCo Confidential
5. This makes PepsiCo the second largest Food and Beverage company world wide 03-05-10 PepsiCo Confidential Net Revenues ($B) PepsiCo International PepsiCo Americas Foods PepsiCo Americas Beverages 47% 25% 28%
6. PepsiCo’s responsibility is to continually improve all aspects of the world in which we operate – environmental, social, economic – creating a better tomorrow than today.
7. Performance With Purpose Philosophy Is Based On 3 Planks Environmental Sustainability is a priority for Equipment Attract, retain and develop top world-class talent Talent Develop healthy, convenient products for all consumers Human Be responsible stewards of our planet’s resources Environment
The process we used here in Equipment Development is simple: Use research to create a strategy, use strategy to direct your concepts
The process we used here in Equipment Development is simple: Use research to create a strategy, use strategy to direct your concepts
In 1834, Mr. Jacob Perkins developed the first refrigerator using a heat cycle that undergoes a phase change from a gas to a liquid and back. The refrigerant he used was Ethyl Chloride. Prior to 1930 the two refrigerants most commonly used were ammonia and carbon dioxide. Both were hazardous - ammonia is toxic and carbon dioxides require extremely high pressures (over 1,000 psi) to operate in a refrigeration cycle, and posed great problems to design engineers and operators, and accidents and injuries were common. So because these refrigerants were hazardous, refrigerators were only used in the industry, and the people did not have refrigerators in their houses. During the 1930s the so called “safety refrigerants” were introduced, primarily Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) such as FREON 12, and HCFC’s such as R22 and R502. When FREON 12 was discovered it totally took over as the refrigerant of choice. It is an extremely stable, non toxic fluid, and operates at pressures always somewhat higher than atmospheric, so that if any leakage occurred, air would not leak into the system, thus one could recharge without having to apply vacuum. And life was great!!!!! Yet nothing good lasts forever…. In the 1970s scientifics Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina discovered the disastrous effect of the CFCs and HCFCs on the ozone layer. They discovered that when these refrigerants do ultimately leak and make its way to the ozone layer the ultraviolet radiation breaks up the molecule releasing the highly active chlorine radicals, which help to deplete the ozone layer. In September 1987 many countries signed the Montreal Protocol in which it was established to ban the CFCs from usage on a global scale by the 1990s, followed by the phase out of HCFCs in the early 2000s. The refrigerants introduced to replace the CFC and HCFCs were Hidrofluorocarbons R134a, and R404a. The Montreal Protocol was a big success due to its widespread adoption and implementation, and since its implementation the atmospheric concentrations of the most important chlorofluorocarbons have either leveled or decreased. Mr Kofi Annan said it is perhaps the most succesful international agreement today. And life was great again!!!! Yet nothing good lasts forever. Unfortunately, it was later discovered that while the HFC refrigerants do not damage the ozone layer, they are synthetic greenhouse gases with high Global Warming Potential. Therefore, emission of these refrigerants to the atmosphere contributes to the global warming phenomenon which has been widely reported by the media. In December 1997 the Kyoto Protocol was adopted by 180 countries with the objective of reducing greenhouse gases that cause climate change. The developed countries are required to reduce greenhouse emissions to the levels specified for each of them, by a collective average of 5% below their 1990 levels. The first commitment period ends in 2012. For the EU members their commitment is to reduce 20% of their greenhouse emissions. Today, the refrigeration industry is looking for alternative refrigerants that are as environmentally benign as possible. This means that the new refrigerants must not damage the ozone layer, do not contribute to the Global Warming of our planet, are not toxic, and are safe to use. And if we knew what to do, life would be great again!!!!!
In 1834, Mr. Jacob Perkins developed the first refrigerator using a heat cycle that undergoes a phase change from a gas to a liquid and back. The refrigerant he used was Ethyl Chloride. Prior to 1930 the two refrigerants most commonly used were ammonia and carbon dioxide. Both were hazardous - ammonia is toxic and carbon dioxides require extremely high pressures (over 1,000 psi) to operate in a refrigeration cycle, and posed great problems to design engineers and operators, and accidents and injuries were common. So because these refrigerants were hazardous, refrigerators were only used in the industry, and the people did not have refrigerators in their houses. During the 1930s the so called “safety refrigerants” were introduced, primarily Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) such as FREON 12, and HCFC’s such as R22 and R502. When FREON 12 was discovered it totally took over as the refrigerant of choice. It is an extremely stable, non toxic fluid, and operates at pressures always somewhat higher than atmospheric, so that if any leakage occurred, air would not leak into the system, thus one could recharge without having to apply vacuum. And life was great!!!!! Yet nothing good lasts forever…. In the 1970s scientifics Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina discovered the disastrous effect of the CFCs and HCFCs on the ozone layer. They discovered that when these refrigerants do ultimately leak and make its way to the ozone layer the ultraviolet radiation breaks up the molecule releasing the highly active chlorine radicals, which help to deplete the ozone layer. In September 1987 many countries signed the Montreal Protocol in which it was established to ban the CFCs from usage on a global scale by the 1990s, followed by the phase out of HCFCs in the early 2000s. The refrigerants introduced to replace the CFC and HCFCs were Hidrofluorocarbons R134a, and R404a. The Montreal Protocol was a big success due to its widespread adoption and implementation, and since its implementation the atmospheric concentrations of the most important chlorofluorocarbons have either leveled or decreased. Mr Kofi Annan said it is perhaps the most succesful international agreement today. And life was great again!!!! Yet nothing good lasts forever. Unfortunately, it was later discovered that while the HFC refrigerants do not damage the ozone layer, they are synthetic greenhouse gases with high Global Warming Potential. Therefore, emission of these refrigerants to the atmosphere contributes to the global warming phenomenon which has been widely reported by the media. In December 1997 the Kyoto Protocol was adopted by 180 countries with the objective of reducing greenhouse gases that cause climate change. The developed countries are required to reduce greenhouse emissions to the levels specified for each of them, by a collective average of 5% below their 1990 levels. The first commitment period ends in 2012. For the EU members their commitment is to reduce 20% of their greenhouse emissions. Today, the refrigeration industry is looking for alternative refrigerants that are as environmentally benign as possible. This means that the new refrigerants must not damage the ozone layer, do not contribute to the Global Warming of our planet, are not toxic, and are safe to use. And if we knew what to do, life would be great again!!!!!
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