The document discusses global regulations around refrigerants and their environmental impacts. It reviews the Montreal Protocol which phased out ozone depleting substances and indicates the protocol has been successful but work remains. It also discusses the Kyoto Protocol which aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The document identifies indicators for the future of refrigerants, including focusing on total environmental impact rather than just direct effects. It provides examples of likely refrigerant alternatives for different sectors and notes solutions will continue to evolve as equipment innovates to meet energy efficiency demands.
Refrigerants and Their Environmental ImpactSamet Baykul
DATE: 2019.04.15
This is a review of an article which introduces Refrigerants and their environmental impact. The study suggests a substitution an adequate refrigerant for hydro chlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) and hydro fluorocarbon (HFC).
Future Refrigerant Options with Low Climate Impact for Stationary Air Conditi...UNEP OzonAction
1. The document evaluates future refrigerant options for air conditioners based on their global warming impact, energy efficiency, flammability, toxicity, and cost.
2. It finds that R32 has a much lower direct global warming effect than R22 or R410A, and its impact could be further lowered through design modifications. It also has equivalent or better energy efficiency than alternatives.
3. While R290 (propane) poses flammability risks, the document argues for early adoption of technologies available now to significantly reduce future greenhouse gas emissions from refrigerants.
This document discusses next-generation refrigerants and focuses on R32. It begins by listing the objectives and discussing refrigerants in general and their effects on the environment. Specifically, it covers ozone depletion and global warming. R32 is then introduced as a solution and its features and benefits are described. The document evaluates R32's physical and chemical properties and regulations around refrigerants. It includes assessments to test the reader's understanding.
Paper: Trophy Hunting vs. Manufacturing Energy: The PriceResponsiveness of Sh...Marcellus Drilling News
Discussion paper from researchers at Resources for the Future (RFF), a nonpartisan think tank devoted exclusively to natural resource and environmental issues, taking a look at how the "new way" of drilling multiple wells from a single pad, which is akin to a manufacturing process, is flattening out the supply curve. That, in turn, means far less price volatility for natgas.
In this project we basically studied scope of this project, its feasibility and market assessment, raw material availability, different routes to produce Syngas and their comparison, process selection and its complete description, its P&ID, and environmental consideration.
The use of Cooking Gas as Refrigerant in a Domestic RefrigeratorIJERA Editor
The application of cooking gas refrigerants in refrigeration system is considered to be a potential way to improve
energy efficiency and to encourage the use of environment-friendly refrigerants. Refrigeration operation has
been met with many challenges as it deals with environmental impact, how it affects humans and how it
contributes to the society in general. Domestic refrigerators annually consume several metric tons of traditional
refrigerants, which contribute to very high Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) and Global Warming Potential
(GWP). The experiment conducted employs the use of two closely linked refrigerants, R600a (Isobutene) and
cooking gas which is varied in an ideal refrigerant mixture of 150 g of refrigerant and 15 ml of lubricating oil (to
a rating of 40 wt % expected in the compressor). The Laboratory process involved the use of Gas
Chromatography machine to ascertain the values of the mole ratio, molecular weight and critical temperatures.
Prode properties and Refprop softwares were used to ascertain other refrigerant properties of the mixture. The
results indicated that the mixture of R600a with lubricant confirm mineral oil as being the most appropriate for
the operation. The experimental results indicated that the refrigeration system with cooking gas refrigerant
worked normally and was found to attain high freezing capacity and a COP value of 2.159. It is established that
cooking gas is a viable alternative refrigerant to replace R600a in domestic refrigerators. Hence, its application
in refrigerating systems measures up to the current trend on environmental regulations with hydrocarbon
refrigerants
Mr Sanjay Goyal, Director & Sr. VP, VRV, Light Commercial Business & Technical Support, Daikin India gave presentation on The Ecological Power of Green Refrigerant at CII-IGBC 15th Green Building Congress 2017 event at Jaipur.
Refrigerants and Their Environmental ImpactSamet Baykul
DATE: 2019.04.15
This is a review of an article which introduces Refrigerants and their environmental impact. The study suggests a substitution an adequate refrigerant for hydro chlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) and hydro fluorocarbon (HFC).
Future Refrigerant Options with Low Climate Impact for Stationary Air Conditi...UNEP OzonAction
1. The document evaluates future refrigerant options for air conditioners based on their global warming impact, energy efficiency, flammability, toxicity, and cost.
2. It finds that R32 has a much lower direct global warming effect than R22 or R410A, and its impact could be further lowered through design modifications. It also has equivalent or better energy efficiency than alternatives.
3. While R290 (propane) poses flammability risks, the document argues for early adoption of technologies available now to significantly reduce future greenhouse gas emissions from refrigerants.
This document discusses next-generation refrigerants and focuses on R32. It begins by listing the objectives and discussing refrigerants in general and their effects on the environment. Specifically, it covers ozone depletion and global warming. R32 is then introduced as a solution and its features and benefits are described. The document evaluates R32's physical and chemical properties and regulations around refrigerants. It includes assessments to test the reader's understanding.
Paper: Trophy Hunting vs. Manufacturing Energy: The PriceResponsiveness of Sh...Marcellus Drilling News
Discussion paper from researchers at Resources for the Future (RFF), a nonpartisan think tank devoted exclusively to natural resource and environmental issues, taking a look at how the "new way" of drilling multiple wells from a single pad, which is akin to a manufacturing process, is flattening out the supply curve. That, in turn, means far less price volatility for natgas.
In this project we basically studied scope of this project, its feasibility and market assessment, raw material availability, different routes to produce Syngas and their comparison, process selection and its complete description, its P&ID, and environmental consideration.
The use of Cooking Gas as Refrigerant in a Domestic RefrigeratorIJERA Editor
The application of cooking gas refrigerants in refrigeration system is considered to be a potential way to improve
energy efficiency and to encourage the use of environment-friendly refrigerants. Refrigeration operation has
been met with many challenges as it deals with environmental impact, how it affects humans and how it
contributes to the society in general. Domestic refrigerators annually consume several metric tons of traditional
refrigerants, which contribute to very high Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) and Global Warming Potential
(GWP). The experiment conducted employs the use of two closely linked refrigerants, R600a (Isobutene) and
cooking gas which is varied in an ideal refrigerant mixture of 150 g of refrigerant and 15 ml of lubricating oil (to
a rating of 40 wt % expected in the compressor). The Laboratory process involved the use of Gas
Chromatography machine to ascertain the values of the mole ratio, molecular weight and critical temperatures.
Prode properties and Refprop softwares were used to ascertain other refrigerant properties of the mixture. The
results indicated that the mixture of R600a with lubricant confirm mineral oil as being the most appropriate for
the operation. The experimental results indicated that the refrigeration system with cooking gas refrigerant
worked normally and was found to attain high freezing capacity and a COP value of 2.159. It is established that
cooking gas is a viable alternative refrigerant to replace R600a in domestic refrigerators. Hence, its application
in refrigerating systems measures up to the current trend on environmental regulations with hydrocarbon
refrigerants
Mr Sanjay Goyal, Director & Sr. VP, VRV, Light Commercial Business & Technical Support, Daikin India gave presentation on The Ecological Power of Green Refrigerant at CII-IGBC 15th Green Building Congress 2017 event at Jaipur.
This document discusses various methods for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from industrial processes and power plant flue gases. It describes both established and developing absorption-based techniques using liquid solvents such as amines, ionic liquids, and hyperbranched polymers. While amine scrubbing is a mature process, opportunities exist to improve solvent capacity and reduce regeneration energy needs through new solvent formulations and process designs. Developing technologies like facilitated transport membranes and task-specific ionic liquids also aim to enhance CO2 capture efficiency. Fundamental research on reaction mechanisms and new candidate materials continues to inform the design of more effective and economical CO2 capture systems.
This document summarizes the carbon footprint of the Euro Village compound in Khobar, Saudi Arabia. It describes the facilities and sources of emissions, which are primarily purchased electricity and fugitive emissions from refrigerants. The methodology used tier methods to calculate emissions from stationary combustion, mobile combustion, and fugitive sources. In 2011, total emissions were 53,767 metric tons of CO2 equivalent, with over 99% from purchased electricity and fugitive emissions. Recommendations to reduce emissions include energy tracking, audits, construction improvements, efficient appliances and refrigerant replacement. A 20% reduction target by 2020 is suggested through quick wins and an 8-year investment plan.
The document summarizes a presentation on cool technologies that do not use hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), given at the XV European Conference in Milano, Italy. It discusses the ecological impacts of HFC use and outlines alternatives like natural refrigerants such as ammonia, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons. It provides examples of companies adopting HFC-free equipment for refrigeration and air conditioning and references a Greenpeace report documenting the availability and use of natural refrigerants globally. The presentation promotes transitioning away from HFCs by 2020 to avoid dangerous climate change impacts.
Gas reinjection and flaring reduction Norway's experience - Steinar Nja (Norw...Esther Petrilli-Massey
The document discusses gas reinjection as an alternative to flaring. It describes how gas reinjection can be used for improved oil recovery and gas storage. Gas reinjection involves compressing and injecting gas back into reservoirs. Monitoring programs are needed to track the movement of injected gas over time. The document also provides examples of gas reinjection projects in Norway, including some that involve storing carbon dioxide emissions underground.
The role of Direct Air Capture and Carbon Dioxide Removal in well below 2C sc...IEA-ETSAP
The document summarizes research exploring the role of direct air capture (DAC) technologies in scenarios aiming to limit global warming to 1.5°C or 2°C. It finds that DAC has the potential to play a role in carbon dioxide removal, capturing hundreds of millions of tons of CO2 per year by mid-century in 1.5°C scenarios. However, biological carbon dioxide removal via BECCS captures more CO2 over the long-run. Achieving the 1.5°C target requires rapid near-term emissions reductions and deployment of carbon dioxide removal technologies like DAC. The costs of deep decarbonization are highly sensitive to the availability of carbon dioxide removal and storage technologies.
This thesis examines technologies for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture from power plants. It discusses three main CO2 capture methods: absorption, adsorption, and membranes. Absorption using liquid solvents is identified as the most promising near-term option. The thesis then analyzes biphasic solvents as an alternative to conventional amines for absorption. Biphasic solvents form two liquid phases after CO2 absorption, allowing the CO2-rich phase to be regenerated with 30-50% less energy than amines. Specific biphasic solvent systems are reviewed that could reduce energy requirements for CO2 capture compared to monoethanolamine. The thesis aims to estimate CO2 capture costs using biphasic solvent
Production of Syngas from biomass and its purificationAwais Chaudhary
This document summarizes a project proposal for a biomass gasification plant in Pakistan. It discusses the motivation, basic chemistry, advantages of syngas, availability of raw materials, effects of temperature and residence time on syngas production, particulate matter, tars, sulfur, nitrogen compounds in biomass gasification. It also describes the gasification process selected, purification of syngas using hot gas cleanup technology, equipment list, environmental considerations, and concludes with recommendations for syngas production from biomass.
IRJET- Performance Analysis of Vcr’s using NanorefrigerantsIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the performance of vapor compression refrigerators (VCRs) using nanorefrigerants. An experiment was conducted using a 7-liter domestic refrigerator that operated with refrigerants blended with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and a blend of ZnO and silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles. The coefficient of performance was found to be higher compared to using the bare R134a refrigerant alone, and total energy consumption was significantly reduced. Thus, blending refrigerants with nanoparticles improves heat transfer and increases the coefficient of performance in refrigerators.
Microbial catalysis of syngas fermentation into biofuels precursors - An expe...Pratap Jung Rai
Search for environment-friendly sustainable energy sources is of global interest due to continuous depletion of fossil fuels resources and excessive carbon dioxide emissions. Syngas fermentation is one of the promising sustainable alternative for liquid biofuel and chemical production from energy content wastes/byproducts. This study mainly focuses on acetic acid and ethanol production via fermentation, using hydrogen and carbon dioxide as substrates to mimic syngas. A laboratory scale, batch fermentation was performed at different headspace pressure ranged from 0.29 to 1.51 bar, 1200 rpm stirrer speed, and 22±1.4ºC.
Formation of acetic acid and ethanol were found significant. The maximum acetic acid concentration 68 mmol/L was obtained at 1176 hours and 1.12 bar headspace pressure. However, maximum ethanol concentration of 15 pA*s was found at 1297 hours and 1.51 bar headspace pressure. Ethanol consumption was observed during first 553 hours. Maximum H2 consumption rate was 0.153 mmol/h•gVS during 478-527 hours at 1.12 bar headspace pressure, which was 51 times higher than that obtained during first 71 hours at 0.29 bar headspace pressure (0.003 mmol/h• gVS). The total consumed hydrogen gas measure as COD (CODHydrogen) was equivalent to the increase in bulk liquid COD, 11.02 gCOD and 11.44 gCOD; in which 68% of CODHydrogen was converted to acetic acid (7.44 gCOD). A significant influence of headspace pressure and dissolved hydrogen concentration were observed on the volumetric mass (H2) transfer coefficient (kLa) and the solubility of hydrogen in the inoculum (CH). The maximum kLa and CH of 0.082 h-1 (R2 = 0.995) and 1.2 10-3 mol/L were found at 1.12 bar headspace pressure and 89 mmol/L dissolved hydrogen concentration, respectively. The calculated biomass yields ranged from 0.001-0.066 and 0.001-0.059 gVSS/gCOD, for acetic acid and ethanol formation, respectively, when the assumption of free energy efficiency use in growth was changed from 0.1 to 1.
Acetic acid and ethanol were dominant final product whereas other organic acids were almost constant and insignificant throughout the experiment. This implies that the microbial fermentation of hydrogen and carbon dioxide at headspace pressure ranged from 0.29-1.51 bar, 1200 rpm stirrer speed, and 22±1.4ºC, can be performed with digested food waste sludge for efficient acetic acid and ethanol production.
Renewable Energy From Municipal Solid Waste And Automobile Shredder ResiduesJaapaz
A chemical process which utilizes CO2 and CO to oxidize carbon contained in waste to a coal equivalent form of fuel. This exothermic reaction preserves the metals contained and prevents the formation of harmful pollutants such as dioxins and furans.
The document is a presentation about a gas recovery system called the GRS that was developed to efficiently recover gases from marine vessels, storage spheres, rail cars and other industrial applications. It summarizes the technology, its benefits like eliminating flaring and reducing emissions to very low levels. It also outlines its applications in various industries and highlights example projects where it was successfully utilized to recover gases.
The document discusses carbon capture technologies that are likely to appear in future phases of carbon capture and storage (CCS) deployment. It provides information on various carbon capture technologies including post-combustion capture using solvents like amines, pre-combustion capture through integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants, and oxy-fuel combustion. Examples of large-scale CCS projects currently in operation or development are also mentioned, such as the Kemper County energy facility and White Rose CCS project.
This document provides an overview of major carbon capture technologies, including post-combustion capture, pre-combustion capture, and oxy-combustion. It discusses the technology readiness levels of different approaches, advantages and challenges of each type of capture, and the need for large-scale commercial demonstrations of integrated carbon capture and storage technologies. Key points covered include a description of different capture technologies, the importance of improving power plant efficiency to reduce carbon emissions, current status of different technologies in terms of readiness levels, and factors important for commercial deployment of carbon capture systems.
This presentation discusses converting carbon dioxide (CO2) to methane through the Sabatier reaction process. The presentation summarizes a study that used a two-stage bioreactor with thermophilic methanogens to convert a gas mixture of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen into a product gas that was 48% methane. The study found the hydrogen consumption rate was 1380 mmol/l-d and methane production was 120 mmol/l-d. While the Sabatier process shows promise in converting CO2 to a useful fuel, limitations remain around the source of reactants like hydrogen needed to make the process commercially viable at a large scale.
IRJET- Performance Analysis of R-134a with ECO Friendly Refrigerant in Va...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on alternatives to R134a refrigerant for vapor compression refrigeration systems. It begins with background on the phase-out of ozone-depleting and high-global warming potential refrigerants. The document then reviews literature on experimental analyses comparing R134a to potential replacement refrigerants like hydrocarbon and HFC mixtures. Two refrigerant mixtures, M1 and M2, are identified as having performance comparable to R134a but with lower global warming potential. M2 is suggested as the best replacement based on its performance and low global warming potential.
16 impacto técnico económico de la medición en los procesos de explotació...Pilar Cortes
The document discusses measurement of flare and vent volumes from oil and gas operations. It describes the Global Gas Flaring Reduction partnership, which aims to reduce wasteful and harmful gas flaring. The document outlines various methods for measuring flare volumes, including direct metering, distributed metering, and estimation using gas balancing, control valve data, and process data. Key considerations for meter selection include accuracy, operability, contaminant sensitivity, and cost. Estimation through gas balancing is unsuitable for normal flaring. The guidelines recommend dedicated flare gas metering for normal flaring and estimation methods for emergency blowdowns.
This document summarizes a project studying the use of red mud and pure metal oxides as potential catalysts for hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of food waste. The goal is to find a cheaper alternative to the commercial Ceria Zirconia catalyst. HTL converts biomass into liquid biofuel using water at high pressure and temperature. Previous studies show Ceria Zirconia improves biooil yield but is costly to reuse. Red mud, a low-cost byproduct, contains metal oxides that could achieve the desired base chemistry. The project will compare the impact of red mud and pure metal oxide catalysts to Ceria Zirconia on biooil production from food waste.
IRJET- Capturing carbon dioxide from air by using Sodium hydroxide (CO2 T...IRJET Journal
This document describes a method for capturing carbon dioxide from air using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The authors designed and tested a prototype air purifier that uses a mist of NaOH solution to absorb CO2 from ambient air as it passes through a filtration structure. CO2 reacts with NaOH to form sodium carbonate, which is then reacted with calcium hydroxide to regenerate the NaOH solution. Experimental results show removal efficiencies up to 63% for air with 4% CO2 concentration when using a 3% NaOH solution at 100°C. Higher NaOH concentrations and temperatures increased CO2 absorption. The system aims to directly capture CO2 from the air as a way to reduce greenhouse gas levels in a
SYNGAS PRODUCTION BY DRY REFORMING OF METHANE OVER CO-PRECIPITATED CATALYSTSIAEME Publication
The syngas manufacturing from the reforming of methane with carbon dioxide is tempting because of output in terms of extra pure synthesis gas and lower H2 to CO ratio than other synthesis gas production methods like either partial oxidation or steam reforming. For production of long-chain hydrocarbons though the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, lower H2 to CO ratio is required and important, as it is a most likely feedstock. In recent decades, CO2 utilization has become more and more important in view of the emergent global warming phenomenon. On the environmental point of view, methane reforming is tantalizing due to the reduction of carbon dioxide and methane emissions as both are consider as dangerous greenhouse gases. Commercially, as cost effectively, nickel is used for methane reforming reactions due to its availability and lower cost compared to noble metals. Number of catalysts endures rigorous deactivation because of carbon deposition. Mainly carbon formation is because of methane decomposition and CO disproportionate. It is important and required to recognize essential steps of activation and conversion of CH4 and CO2 to design catalysts that minimize deactivation. Effect of promoters on activity and stability were studied in the detail. In order to develop the highly active with minimum coke formation the alkali metal oxides and ceria/zirconia/magnesia promoters were incorporated in the catalysts. The influence of ZrO2, CeO2 and MgO, in the performance of Ni-Al2O3 catalyst, prepare by co-precipitation method was studied in detailed. The XRD, FTIR, and BET and reactivity test for different promoted and unprompted catalyst was carried out.
This document discusses using the environmentally friendly refrigerant "Cryogas" as a replacement for freon refrigerants in air conditioning and refrigeration units. It finds that Cryogas provides electricity savings of up to 20% compared to freon by having better thermodynamic properties like latent heat of vaporization. Case studies on various types of air conditioning units found electricity cost savings after converting to Cryogas. The document provides procedures for safely converting units from freon to Cryogas.
Sustaining the Environment Lower GWP Refrigerants & OptionsUNEP OzonAction
The document discusses options for reducing the greenhouse gas impact of refrigerants and air conditioning systems, including using lower global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants, developing systems with minimal refrigerant charges, reducing refrigerant leakage rates, and improving energy efficiency. It notes the industry challenges of balancing environmental goals with growing demand for cooling and outlines Danfoss' policy of enabling customers to achieve refrigerant goals while enhancing energy efficiency.
This document discusses various methods for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from industrial processes and power plant flue gases. It describes both established and developing absorption-based techniques using liquid solvents such as amines, ionic liquids, and hyperbranched polymers. While amine scrubbing is a mature process, opportunities exist to improve solvent capacity and reduce regeneration energy needs through new solvent formulations and process designs. Developing technologies like facilitated transport membranes and task-specific ionic liquids also aim to enhance CO2 capture efficiency. Fundamental research on reaction mechanisms and new candidate materials continues to inform the design of more effective and economical CO2 capture systems.
This document summarizes the carbon footprint of the Euro Village compound in Khobar, Saudi Arabia. It describes the facilities and sources of emissions, which are primarily purchased electricity and fugitive emissions from refrigerants. The methodology used tier methods to calculate emissions from stationary combustion, mobile combustion, and fugitive sources. In 2011, total emissions were 53,767 metric tons of CO2 equivalent, with over 99% from purchased electricity and fugitive emissions. Recommendations to reduce emissions include energy tracking, audits, construction improvements, efficient appliances and refrigerant replacement. A 20% reduction target by 2020 is suggested through quick wins and an 8-year investment plan.
The document summarizes a presentation on cool technologies that do not use hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), given at the XV European Conference in Milano, Italy. It discusses the ecological impacts of HFC use and outlines alternatives like natural refrigerants such as ammonia, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons. It provides examples of companies adopting HFC-free equipment for refrigeration and air conditioning and references a Greenpeace report documenting the availability and use of natural refrigerants globally. The presentation promotes transitioning away from HFCs by 2020 to avoid dangerous climate change impacts.
Gas reinjection and flaring reduction Norway's experience - Steinar Nja (Norw...Esther Petrilli-Massey
The document discusses gas reinjection as an alternative to flaring. It describes how gas reinjection can be used for improved oil recovery and gas storage. Gas reinjection involves compressing and injecting gas back into reservoirs. Monitoring programs are needed to track the movement of injected gas over time. The document also provides examples of gas reinjection projects in Norway, including some that involve storing carbon dioxide emissions underground.
The role of Direct Air Capture and Carbon Dioxide Removal in well below 2C sc...IEA-ETSAP
The document summarizes research exploring the role of direct air capture (DAC) technologies in scenarios aiming to limit global warming to 1.5°C or 2°C. It finds that DAC has the potential to play a role in carbon dioxide removal, capturing hundreds of millions of tons of CO2 per year by mid-century in 1.5°C scenarios. However, biological carbon dioxide removal via BECCS captures more CO2 over the long-run. Achieving the 1.5°C target requires rapid near-term emissions reductions and deployment of carbon dioxide removal technologies like DAC. The costs of deep decarbonization are highly sensitive to the availability of carbon dioxide removal and storage technologies.
This thesis examines technologies for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture from power plants. It discusses three main CO2 capture methods: absorption, adsorption, and membranes. Absorption using liquid solvents is identified as the most promising near-term option. The thesis then analyzes biphasic solvents as an alternative to conventional amines for absorption. Biphasic solvents form two liquid phases after CO2 absorption, allowing the CO2-rich phase to be regenerated with 30-50% less energy than amines. Specific biphasic solvent systems are reviewed that could reduce energy requirements for CO2 capture compared to monoethanolamine. The thesis aims to estimate CO2 capture costs using biphasic solvent
Production of Syngas from biomass and its purificationAwais Chaudhary
This document summarizes a project proposal for a biomass gasification plant in Pakistan. It discusses the motivation, basic chemistry, advantages of syngas, availability of raw materials, effects of temperature and residence time on syngas production, particulate matter, tars, sulfur, nitrogen compounds in biomass gasification. It also describes the gasification process selected, purification of syngas using hot gas cleanup technology, equipment list, environmental considerations, and concludes with recommendations for syngas production from biomass.
IRJET- Performance Analysis of Vcr’s using NanorefrigerantsIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the performance of vapor compression refrigerators (VCRs) using nanorefrigerants. An experiment was conducted using a 7-liter domestic refrigerator that operated with refrigerants blended with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and a blend of ZnO and silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles. The coefficient of performance was found to be higher compared to using the bare R134a refrigerant alone, and total energy consumption was significantly reduced. Thus, blending refrigerants with nanoparticles improves heat transfer and increases the coefficient of performance in refrigerators.
Microbial catalysis of syngas fermentation into biofuels precursors - An expe...Pratap Jung Rai
Search for environment-friendly sustainable energy sources is of global interest due to continuous depletion of fossil fuels resources and excessive carbon dioxide emissions. Syngas fermentation is one of the promising sustainable alternative for liquid biofuel and chemical production from energy content wastes/byproducts. This study mainly focuses on acetic acid and ethanol production via fermentation, using hydrogen and carbon dioxide as substrates to mimic syngas. A laboratory scale, batch fermentation was performed at different headspace pressure ranged from 0.29 to 1.51 bar, 1200 rpm stirrer speed, and 22±1.4ºC.
Formation of acetic acid and ethanol were found significant. The maximum acetic acid concentration 68 mmol/L was obtained at 1176 hours and 1.12 bar headspace pressure. However, maximum ethanol concentration of 15 pA*s was found at 1297 hours and 1.51 bar headspace pressure. Ethanol consumption was observed during first 553 hours. Maximum H2 consumption rate was 0.153 mmol/h•gVS during 478-527 hours at 1.12 bar headspace pressure, which was 51 times higher than that obtained during first 71 hours at 0.29 bar headspace pressure (0.003 mmol/h• gVS). The total consumed hydrogen gas measure as COD (CODHydrogen) was equivalent to the increase in bulk liquid COD, 11.02 gCOD and 11.44 gCOD; in which 68% of CODHydrogen was converted to acetic acid (7.44 gCOD). A significant influence of headspace pressure and dissolved hydrogen concentration were observed on the volumetric mass (H2) transfer coefficient (kLa) and the solubility of hydrogen in the inoculum (CH). The maximum kLa and CH of 0.082 h-1 (R2 = 0.995) and 1.2 10-3 mol/L were found at 1.12 bar headspace pressure and 89 mmol/L dissolved hydrogen concentration, respectively. The calculated biomass yields ranged from 0.001-0.066 and 0.001-0.059 gVSS/gCOD, for acetic acid and ethanol formation, respectively, when the assumption of free energy efficiency use in growth was changed from 0.1 to 1.
Acetic acid and ethanol were dominant final product whereas other organic acids were almost constant and insignificant throughout the experiment. This implies that the microbial fermentation of hydrogen and carbon dioxide at headspace pressure ranged from 0.29-1.51 bar, 1200 rpm stirrer speed, and 22±1.4ºC, can be performed with digested food waste sludge for efficient acetic acid and ethanol production.
Renewable Energy From Municipal Solid Waste And Automobile Shredder ResiduesJaapaz
A chemical process which utilizes CO2 and CO to oxidize carbon contained in waste to a coal equivalent form of fuel. This exothermic reaction preserves the metals contained and prevents the formation of harmful pollutants such as dioxins and furans.
The document is a presentation about a gas recovery system called the GRS that was developed to efficiently recover gases from marine vessels, storage spheres, rail cars and other industrial applications. It summarizes the technology, its benefits like eliminating flaring and reducing emissions to very low levels. It also outlines its applications in various industries and highlights example projects where it was successfully utilized to recover gases.
The document discusses carbon capture technologies that are likely to appear in future phases of carbon capture and storage (CCS) deployment. It provides information on various carbon capture technologies including post-combustion capture using solvents like amines, pre-combustion capture through integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants, and oxy-fuel combustion. Examples of large-scale CCS projects currently in operation or development are also mentioned, such as the Kemper County energy facility and White Rose CCS project.
This document provides an overview of major carbon capture technologies, including post-combustion capture, pre-combustion capture, and oxy-combustion. It discusses the technology readiness levels of different approaches, advantages and challenges of each type of capture, and the need for large-scale commercial demonstrations of integrated carbon capture and storage technologies. Key points covered include a description of different capture technologies, the importance of improving power plant efficiency to reduce carbon emissions, current status of different technologies in terms of readiness levels, and factors important for commercial deployment of carbon capture systems.
This presentation discusses converting carbon dioxide (CO2) to methane through the Sabatier reaction process. The presentation summarizes a study that used a two-stage bioreactor with thermophilic methanogens to convert a gas mixture of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen into a product gas that was 48% methane. The study found the hydrogen consumption rate was 1380 mmol/l-d and methane production was 120 mmol/l-d. While the Sabatier process shows promise in converting CO2 to a useful fuel, limitations remain around the source of reactants like hydrogen needed to make the process commercially viable at a large scale.
IRJET- Performance Analysis of R-134a with ECO Friendly Refrigerant in Va...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on alternatives to R134a refrigerant for vapor compression refrigeration systems. It begins with background on the phase-out of ozone-depleting and high-global warming potential refrigerants. The document then reviews literature on experimental analyses comparing R134a to potential replacement refrigerants like hydrocarbon and HFC mixtures. Two refrigerant mixtures, M1 and M2, are identified as having performance comparable to R134a but with lower global warming potential. M2 is suggested as the best replacement based on its performance and low global warming potential.
16 impacto técnico económico de la medición en los procesos de explotació...Pilar Cortes
The document discusses measurement of flare and vent volumes from oil and gas operations. It describes the Global Gas Flaring Reduction partnership, which aims to reduce wasteful and harmful gas flaring. The document outlines various methods for measuring flare volumes, including direct metering, distributed metering, and estimation using gas balancing, control valve data, and process data. Key considerations for meter selection include accuracy, operability, contaminant sensitivity, and cost. Estimation through gas balancing is unsuitable for normal flaring. The guidelines recommend dedicated flare gas metering for normal flaring and estimation methods for emergency blowdowns.
This document summarizes a project studying the use of red mud and pure metal oxides as potential catalysts for hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of food waste. The goal is to find a cheaper alternative to the commercial Ceria Zirconia catalyst. HTL converts biomass into liquid biofuel using water at high pressure and temperature. Previous studies show Ceria Zirconia improves biooil yield but is costly to reuse. Red mud, a low-cost byproduct, contains metal oxides that could achieve the desired base chemistry. The project will compare the impact of red mud and pure metal oxide catalysts to Ceria Zirconia on biooil production from food waste.
IRJET- Capturing carbon dioxide from air by using Sodium hydroxide (CO2 T...IRJET Journal
This document describes a method for capturing carbon dioxide from air using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The authors designed and tested a prototype air purifier that uses a mist of NaOH solution to absorb CO2 from ambient air as it passes through a filtration structure. CO2 reacts with NaOH to form sodium carbonate, which is then reacted with calcium hydroxide to regenerate the NaOH solution. Experimental results show removal efficiencies up to 63% for air with 4% CO2 concentration when using a 3% NaOH solution at 100°C. Higher NaOH concentrations and temperatures increased CO2 absorption. The system aims to directly capture CO2 from the air as a way to reduce greenhouse gas levels in a
SYNGAS PRODUCTION BY DRY REFORMING OF METHANE OVER CO-PRECIPITATED CATALYSTSIAEME Publication
The syngas manufacturing from the reforming of methane with carbon dioxide is tempting because of output in terms of extra pure synthesis gas and lower H2 to CO ratio than other synthesis gas production methods like either partial oxidation or steam reforming. For production of long-chain hydrocarbons though the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, lower H2 to CO ratio is required and important, as it is a most likely feedstock. In recent decades, CO2 utilization has become more and more important in view of the emergent global warming phenomenon. On the environmental point of view, methane reforming is tantalizing due to the reduction of carbon dioxide and methane emissions as both are consider as dangerous greenhouse gases. Commercially, as cost effectively, nickel is used for methane reforming reactions due to its availability and lower cost compared to noble metals. Number of catalysts endures rigorous deactivation because of carbon deposition. Mainly carbon formation is because of methane decomposition and CO disproportionate. It is important and required to recognize essential steps of activation and conversion of CH4 and CO2 to design catalysts that minimize deactivation. Effect of promoters on activity and stability were studied in the detail. In order to develop the highly active with minimum coke formation the alkali metal oxides and ceria/zirconia/magnesia promoters were incorporated in the catalysts. The influence of ZrO2, CeO2 and MgO, in the performance of Ni-Al2O3 catalyst, prepare by co-precipitation method was studied in detailed. The XRD, FTIR, and BET and reactivity test for different promoted and unprompted catalyst was carried out.
This document discusses using the environmentally friendly refrigerant "Cryogas" as a replacement for freon refrigerants in air conditioning and refrigeration units. It finds that Cryogas provides electricity savings of up to 20% compared to freon by having better thermodynamic properties like latent heat of vaporization. Case studies on various types of air conditioning units found electricity cost savings after converting to Cryogas. The document provides procedures for safely converting units from freon to Cryogas.
Sustaining the Environment Lower GWP Refrigerants & OptionsUNEP OzonAction
The document discusses options for reducing the greenhouse gas impact of refrigerants and air conditioning systems, including using lower global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants, developing systems with minimal refrigerant charges, reducing refrigerant leakage rates, and improving energy efficiency. It notes the industry challenges of balancing environmental goals with growing demand for cooling and outlines Danfoss' policy of enabling customers to achieve refrigerant goals while enhancing energy efficiency.
R32 refrigerant has a GWP of 675, about one-third that of R410A which has a GWP of 2088. The revised F-Gas regulation in Europe will significantly limit HFC refrigerants starting in 2020 based on their GWP and phase them down by 80% by 2030. R32 is a viable alternative to higher-GWP refrigerants as a single component refrigerant that allows for reduced charge sizes and system dimensions while maintaining efficiency. Some design aspects like compressor discharge temperatures can be managed with R32. Suitable oils are now available for use with R32.
China fluorine refrigerant industry report, 2010ResearchInChina
This document analyzes and summarizes China's fluorine refrigerant industry in 2010. It discusses the major refrigerants R22, R134a, R125 and R32, and analyzes their demand, supply, competition and price trends. It also examines the upstream fluorite industry and downstream sectors such as automobiles, refrigerators and air conditioners that drive refrigerant demand. Key companies in the industry like Dongyue Group and Juhua Group Corporation are also profiled.
In the aftermath of Montreal Protocol, World is moving towards more eco friendly refrigerants. With zero ozone depletion potential and very less global warming potential, Hydrocarbon refrigerants seem to be promising.
Successive improvement of refrigerants in vapour compression refrigeration sy...Rahul Singh
This document discusses the history and development of refrigerants. It outlines how early refrigerants like CFCs and HCFCs were phased out due to their ozone depletion and global warming potential. Newer refrigerants like HFCs like R-134a were introduced but still have high GWP. Current natural refrigerants like ammonia, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons have zero ODP and low GWP making them more sustainable options. The document also examines future refrigerants like R-410A, R-424A, and R-426A which have no ozone depletion and are being widely adopted as replacements for past refrigerants.
1. Solar refrigeration has applications in both developing and developed countries for vaccine storage, food preservation, and air conditioning. Previous research on photovoltaic and solar thermal refrigeration systems is reviewed.
2. Research is underway at Warwick University on carbon-ammonia refrigerators driven by steam heat from a thermosyphon heat pipe sourced by solar energy or biomass. A new area of interest is using desiccant wheel technology for solar powered air conditioning.
3. The basic principles of solar absorption refrigeration are described and past experience is assessed. Solar absorption refrigeration shows potential but current systems are still costly.
Tim edwards (1) hvacr high performance energyARAaus
The document discusses the transition to more energy efficient and environmentally friendly HVACR systems. It notes that HVACR currently accounts for a large portion of global warming emissions and that regulations are changing to phase down the use of high-GWP refrigerants. The transition presents both challenges and opportunities for the industry, including new technology, training, and collaboration across sectors. Natural refrigerant-based systems offer benefits now and can help future-proof the industry against regulatory changes.
Hong Kong Environmental Protection And Policy DevelopmentHKBU
The document discusses greenhouse gas emissions and climate change policies in Hong Kong. It notes that while China and Hong Kong are not obligated to follow the Kyoto Protocol as developing regions, steps still need to be taken to reduce emissions. Specifically, it suggests that the two major power companies in Hong Kong could produce less excess electricity, and that citizens and businesses should seek ways to minimize electricity usage. Finally, it argues that Hong Kong should collaborate with the Pearl River Delta region to combat emissions and environmental issues through regulations, incentives, and emissions trading programs.
The document provides an overview of proposed changes to the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) program as required by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. Key changes include significantly increased renewable fuel volumes, separation of volumes into four categories, new lifecycle greenhouse gas reduction thresholds, restrictions on renewable biomass feedstocks and land. The proposal outlines the new standards, methodology for assessing lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, provisions for grandfathering existing facilities, and changes to the renewable identification number system for compliance.
This document discusses strategies for controlling emissions of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), including domestic, regional, and international approaches. It notes that HFC usage and emissions have grown substantially to replace ozone-depleting substances banned under the Montreal Protocol. The U.S. has regulations and partnerships to reduce HFC emissions from various sectors. Internationally, amending the Montreal Protocol to phase down HFC production and use could significantly reduce climate change impacts by over 96 billion tons of carbon dioxide by 2050. Momentum is growing for such an amendment with over 100 countries supporting addressing HFCs under the Montreal Protocol.
The document discusses technology solutions for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving climate security goals. It finds that while the technologies needed to meet emissions reduction targets by 2020 are already proven, greater investment is required to develop technologies like carbon capture and storage that will be critical for deeper long-term cuts by 2050. International cooperation via mechanisms established at Copenhagen will be important to accelerate technology deployment, drive costs down, and support developing countries in adopting low-carbon solutions. Overall, the solutions are achievable but will require concerted global effort across technology development, demonstration, and diffusion.
This document summarizes a report by The Climate Institute analyzing the climate policies of the Australian Coalition government. It finds that the Coalition's Emission Reduction Fund would lead to 8-10% higher emissions by 2020 than current legislation. It would also require $4 billion more to achieve Australia's 5% emissions target. Modeling shows the Coalition's policy allowing emissions to increase 45% by 2050, exceeding the global 2 degree warming limit. The report recommends maintaining current legislation and reviewing the Coalition's policy to ensure emissions reductions are scalable and credible.
China’s Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Future Trajectories and Mitigation ...IEA-ETSAP
This document summarizes the results of a modeling study on non-CO2 greenhouse gas mitigation pathways for China conducted by researchers at the China Energy Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The study found that adopting additional cost-effective non-CO2 mitigation measures could help China's total greenhouse gas emissions peak 13 years earlier. The largest non-CO2 mitigation potential exists in industrial processes, agriculture, coal mining, and methane reduction. Key conclusions are that 40% mitigation of non-CO2 gases is possible by 2050, with the largest potential in the industrial sector, methane from coal and waste, and nitrous oxide from agriculture.
The document discusses the climate change agenda in 2009, including cap and trade legislation in the US and the Copenhagen conference. It summarizes that Obama has committed to reducing US emissions significantly by 2020 and 2050, and that cap and trade is favored but passage may not occur until 2010 due to complexity. It also notes major issues for the Copenhagen conference include emissions commitments from developed and developing countries and funding for adaptation.
This presentation created and addressed by Gonzalo Saenz de Miera in the intensive three day course from the BC3, Basque Centre for Climate Change and UPV/EHU (University of the Basque Country) on Climate Change in the Uda Ikastaroak Framework.
The objective of the BC3 Summer School is to offer an updated and multidisciplinary view of the ongoing trends in climate change research. The BC3 Summer School is organized in collaboration with the University of the Basque Country and is a high quality and excellent summer course gathering leading experts in the field and students from top universities and research centres worldwide.
Addressing HFCs Under the Montreal Protocol and Indo-US Task Force on HFCsUNEP OzonAction
The document discusses addressing HFCs under the Montreal Protocol and the Indo-U.S. Task Force on HFCs. It notes the projected growth of HFCs as replacements for ozone depleting substances and highlights alternatives that are available now or in development. It outlines the North American proposal to phase down HFCs and control HFC-23 byproduct emissions, which could potentially reduce greenhouse gas emissions by over 87,000 million metric tons by 2050. An Indo-U.S. workshop was held to discuss transitioning away from HCFCs in key sectors to lower global warming potential alternatives.
This document discusses policy options for transitioning to a low-carbon economy by 2050. It explores sustaining economic growth while transforming energy production and consumption. The presentation builds on previous publications by identifying policy ideas without prescribing specific approaches. It discusses challenges like uncertain development pathways and high/low carbon scenarios. Milestones by 2025 include efficiency gains, commercializing carbon capture and storage, renewable deployment, and vehicle efficiency. National policy frameworks and international cooperation on technology and emissions management can help achieve long-term climate goals.
This document discusses several trends affecting the refrigeration and air conditioning sector including increasing population, urbanization, energy demand, and cooling needs. It notes that the Montreal Protocol is on target for phasing out ozone-depleting substances but that hydrofluorocarbon emissions are rising and projected to contribute significantly to global warming. Several policy developments aim to control hydrofluorocarbons including proposed amendments to the Montreal Protocol and regional regulations. Challenges in the transition to low-global warming potential alternatives are also covered.
Andrea Voigt - EPEE - UN TETTO AI GAS FLUORURATI E LA LORO GRADUALE RIDUZIONE Centro Studi Galileo
1) The document discusses the challenges facing the refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pump (RACHP) sector in Europe in meeting environmental and economic objectives. It summarizes two studies on the sector's emissions and potential for reduction.
2) The studies found that while the refrigerant bank doubled from 1990-2010, emissions decreased over 10% due to phase-outs. A "business as usual" scenario could reduce emissions 15% by 2030, while more ambitious scenarios showed over 60% reduction potential.
3) The European Commission has proposed a revised F-Gas Regulation with a 37% reduction by 2020 and 79% by 2030, along with certain bans. The EU Parliament seeks steeper targets
This document discusses several global policy and market trends related to natural refrigerants. It provides examples of key policy measures in various countries to promote natural refrigerants. It also outlines market trends, including the growth of hydrocarbons in light commercial refrigeration, increasing use of CO2 transcritical systems, and rising competition between natural refrigerant technologies in industrial refrigeration.
A seminar that will explain and examine the opportunities for clean energy projects under the RHI and how attractive such projects will be to private equity funds and banks.
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The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
From Natural Language to Structured Solr Queries using LLMsSease
This talk draws on experimentation to enable AI applications with Solr. One important use case is to use AI for better accessibility and discoverability of the data: while User eXperience techniques, lexical search improvements, and data harmonization can take organizations to a good level of accessibility, a structural (or “cognitive” gap) remains between the data user needs and the data producer constraints.
That is where AI – and most importantly, Natural Language Processing and Large Language Model techniques – could make a difference. This natural language, conversational engine could facilitate access and usage of the data leveraging the semantics of any data source.
The objective of the presentation is to propose a technical approach and a way forward to achieve this goal.
The key concept is to enable users to express their search queries in natural language, which the LLM then enriches, interprets, and translates into structured queries based on the Solr index’s metadata.
This approach leverages the LLM’s ability to understand the nuances of natural language and the structure of documents within Apache Solr.
The LLM acts as an intermediary agent, offering a transparent experience to users automatically and potentially uncovering relevant documents that conventional search methods might overlook. The presentation will include the results of this experimental work, lessons learned, best practices, and the scope of future work that should improve the approach and make it production-ready.
"What does it really mean for your system to be available, or how to define w...Fwdays
We will talk about system monitoring from a few different angles. We will start by covering the basics, then discuss SLOs, how to define them, and why understanding the business well is crucial for success in this exercise.
"Scaling RAG Applications to serve millions of users", Kevin GoedeckeFwdays
How we managed to grow and scale a RAG application from zero to thousands of users in 7 months. Lessons from technical challenges around managing high load for LLMs, RAGs and Vector databases.
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
"NATO Hackathon Winner: AI-Powered Drug Search", Taras KlobaFwdays
This is a session that details how PostgreSQL's features and Azure AI Services can be effectively used to significantly enhance the search functionality in any application.
In this session, we'll share insights on how we used PostgreSQL to facilitate precise searches across multiple fields in our mobile application. The techniques include using LIKE and ILIKE operators and integrating a trigram-based search to handle potential misspellings, thereby increasing the search accuracy.
We'll also discuss how the azure_ai extension on PostgreSQL databases in Azure and Azure AI Services were utilized to create vectors from user input, a feature beneficial when users wish to find specific items based on text prompts. While our application's case study involves a drug search, the techniques and principles shared in this session can be adapted to improve search functionality in a wide range of applications. Join us to learn how PostgreSQL and Azure AI can be harnessed to enhance your application's search capability.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
inQuba Webinar Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr Graham HillLizaNolte
HERE IS YOUR WEBINAR CONTENT! 'Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr. Graham Hill'. We hope you find the webinar recording both insightful and enjoyable.
In this webinar, we explored essential aspects of Customer Journey Management and personalization. Here’s a summary of the key insights and topics discussed:
Key Takeaways:
Understanding the Customer Journey: Dr. Hill emphasized the importance of mapping and understanding the complete customer journey to identify touchpoints and opportunities for improvement.
Personalization Strategies: We discussed how to leverage data and insights to create personalized experiences that resonate with customers.
Technology Integration: Insights were shared on how inQuba’s advanced technology can streamline customer interactions and drive operational efficiency.
Session 1 - Intro to Robotic Process Automation.pdfUiPathCommunity
👉 Check out our full 'Africa Series - Automation Student Developers (EN)' page to register for the full program:
https://bit.ly/Automation_Student_Kickstart
In this session, we shall introduce you to the world of automation, the UiPath Platform, and guide you on how to install and setup UiPath Studio on your Windows PC.
📕 Detailed agenda:
What is RPA? Benefits of RPA?
RPA Applications
The UiPath End-to-End Automation Platform
UiPath Studio CE Installation and Setup
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Introduction to Automation
UiPath Business Automation Platform
Explore automation development with UiPath Studio
👉 Register here for our upcoming Session 2 on June 20: Introduction to UiPath Studio Fundamentals: https://community.uipath.com/events/details/uipath-lagos-presents-session-2-introduction-to-uipath-studio-fundamentals/
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
Environmental Legislation and the Future of RefrigerantsPresentation Summary- provides background information about current refrigerant regulation, refrigerant trends, and Johnson Controls’ stance on the future of refrigerants. This is not an overly technical presentation but offers an introduction into the topic of refrigerants.Audience- Consulting Engineers and potentially building owners, (this presentation can also be given to internal employees to update them on the current refrigerant situation)Length of Presentation- approximately 45-60 minutes.Version 1- 3/29/11Presentation Creator- William McQuadeFeedback- If you have any comments or suggestions for this presentation, please contact Jill Hugus Woltkamp (jill.h.woltkamp@jci.com)Note to the Presenter- Before presenting, make your self familiar with the script in the notes section as well as the animations (all animations are mentioned in bold text in the notes section.) If you are interested in a more detailed presentation or if you need assistance with presenting to a customer who has received a presentation from Trane, please contact Bill McQuade.
Johnson Controls has always been linked to sustainability due to our strong emphasis on energy efficient equipment. However, many people don’t realize that our commitment to developing sustainable products also extends to minimizing the effects that our refrigerants have on our global environment. Over the last 20 years ,YORK Brand products have pioneered the industry by eliminating Ozone depleting refrigerants. In the present, we are again leading the industry into a new evolution of refrigerants by developing solutions that minimize their total effect on global warming.In this presentation were are going to discuss the environmental issues that will affect our future refrigerant choices , and how Johnson Controls is navigating the way of the future for our customers.First two definitions you will need to know:ODP- (Ozone Depleting Potential) It is a relative value that indicates the likelihood a substance will destroy ozone gas as compared to the potential of chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11) which is assigned a reference value of 1. Thus, a substance with ODP of 2 is twice as harmful as CFC-11. A substance with ODP = 0 does not damage the ozone layer.GWP- (Global Warming Potential) is the number of units of carbon dioxide emissions that would have the same effect (in terms of mass) as one unit of another greenhouse gas emission over a specified period of time. For example, the release of one kilogram (kg) of methane would result in an effect similar to 25 kg of carbon dioxide over a 100 year period; the GWP for methane is thus 25 over 100 years.
To understand where we are going in the future, we must first look at the past. The Montreal Protocol, considered the most successful UN treaty ever, has resulted in the world-wide elimination of CFCs use over the past 20+ years. The treaty has been ratified by every country in the United Nations and serves as a model for international environmental treaties.
THIS SLIDE HAS ANIMATIONThe Montreal Protocol’s success is due to a number of factors: First, there was very little debate on the cause of the ozone hole in our atmosphere. The chemical science relating CFCs and HCFCs to the destruction of ozone layer in our upper atmosphere was very strong. CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDESecondly, the agreement was structured so that the elimination of the ozone depleting substances was done over time, and in steps. This was very important as it allowed the industry to transition equipment designs away from CFCs to HCFCs, and then ultimately to HFCs. CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEThird, it provided a different timetable for developing countries, recognizing the difficulty a developing economy can have with technological shifts and allowing developed countries to identify possible solutions first. CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEFourth, the structure of The Montreal Protocol allows for target dates to be revisited as solutions are identified. When suitable alternatives exist it is possible for scheduled phase out dates to be accelerated. CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEFifth, the elimination of ozone depleting gases had a significant positive side-effect. CFCs were potent greenhouse gases and the reductions achieved via the Montreal Protocol in CO2 equivalence is five times larger than the cumulative reductions achieved by the current climate treaty.CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDELastly, its working!! Ozone levels are expected to return to pre-1980 values by the mid-century. For all these reasons, this treaty has been ratified universally and is an ideal example of successful global refrigerant regulation.
THIS SLIDE HAS ANIMATIONSo if The Montreal Protocol has been so successful why are we still worried about ODP? Even though most manufacturers have eliminated ODP refrigerants from new equipment, our work is not done. AHRI estimates that just in the United States there are still 30,000 CFC chillers remaining in service. This has resulted because the Montreal Protocol did very little to address the existing installed base of equipment in the field. CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEIn addition, reclaim efforts have been so successful that large stockpiles of refrigerant to exist in many countries, providing availability and keeping costs low. These stores of refrigerant are now considered a potential environmental “time bombs” as studies show they are slowly leaking into the atmosphere. For that reason, the Montreal Protocol is now working to develop “destruction mechanisms” to eliminate these stores. CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEIn 1987, the success of the CFC and HCFC phase out in the developed world prompted the Parties of the Montreal Protocol to further accelerate the phase down of HCFCs.
As we mentioned in the previous slide, the structure of the Montreal Protocol allows for reduction targets to be revisited. In 2007, the parties of The Montreal Protocol agreed to lower the 2010 cap from 35% of the baseline to 25% of the baseline in developed countries (as seen by the turquoise shaded section). This, effectively guaranteed the elimination of the production of R-22 in HVAC&R equipment starting in 2010 for most of the developed world.
In developing countries the 2007 change was more dramatic. Instead of capping the use of HCFCs in at 2015 levels until 2040, when all use would be eliminated, the cap was lowered and a step-down schedule was adopted. In addition, the use of HCFCs in new equipment will be eliminated in 2030 and only a small service tail of 2.5% will be allowed until 2040.
THIS SLIDE HAS ANIMATIONOverall, the elimination of CFCs has been extremely successful in both developed and developing countries. What was not foreseen in 1989 by the signatories of the Montreal Protocol was the rapid economic growth in India, China, and the Middle East. This growth has resulted in the exponential use of refrigerants in these countries. Fortunately, the use of CFCs during this time has been very limited. However, the use of HCFCs, and specifically HCFC -22 has not been limited. Over this same period the effects of greenhouse gases on climate change became a hot topic of debate. While many will argue the extent of global warming, few will argue that HCFCs and many HFCs are potent greenhouse gases. CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEThe US, Canada, and Mexico have recently proposed that The Montreal Protocol treaty be used to phase-down (not phase-out) the use of HFCs to minimize green house gas emissions. The justification being that the use of HFCs is a direct result of the phase-out of CFCs and therefore should be addressed by The Montreal Protocol. This proposal has been met with opposition from China, Brazil, and India and is the focus of recent negotiations.CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEThis rapid increase in HCFC use and the pressure to minimize the release of greenhouse gases leaves many developing nations at a difficult decision point. They are obligated by the Montreal Protocol to reduce the use of HCFCs, however they are concerned about adopting HFCs as they feel that HFC phase down legislation by a The Montreal Protocol or a Climate Treaty is inevitable. The result is that the global market place for refrigerant is demanding low GWP options to replace HFCs.
THIS SLIDE HAS ANIMATIONGlobal Climate Change has been an area of intense scientific study in recent decades. Many feel it is a more complex and far reaching environmental concern than ozone depletion.The Kyoto Protocol is a United Nations Climate treaty that was signed in 1997 by 187 countries. The world’s second largest producer of greenhouse gases, the United States of America, however, did not sign. In addition, 3 of the top 5 emitters, China, Indonesia, and India are all considered developing economies (Non-Annex I countries) and as such, do not have quantitative emission reduction targets.CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEWhy wouldn’t the US want to sign the Kyoto Protocol?At this point, the structure of the Kyoto Protocol does not require 3rd party verification of the emission reduction claims. The position of the US Government has been that a verification mechanism must be in place in order to ensure reductions are actually being achieved to justify large economic costs.The US, being defined as a developed nation, would bear the proportionate share of the costs for developing countries to reduce emissions. As mentioned before China, India, Indonesia, and Brazil are all considered developing countries.The treaty also requires that developed countries facilitate in the transfer of technology to developing nations by lifting patent restrictions and helping fund rapid adoption. It is not surprising that US businesses are very much opposed to this provision.CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDENote that HFCs, which make up only a small percentage of total green house gases, however, they are under significant pressure as refrigerants are considered one of the most easily controlled gases (based on our past success with CFC and HCFCs).
THIS SLIDE HAS ANIMATIONIn order to make correct environmental decisions regarding refrigerant choice, it is important to first understand how it’s use affects our environment:First let’s consider Direct Effects:What makes HFCs very different from other green house gases is how they are produced and used. CO2, methane, nitrous-oxide, etc. are all waste gases that are derived from some other useful process. These are the “tail-pipe and smoke-stack gases” that result from economic activities. HFCs, on the contrary, are gases that are typically used as a working fluid in a closed system, for instance, a chiller. They are not typically exhausted to the atmosphere on purpose. The best way to minimize direct effects is through refrigerant containment measures, such as leak detection, proper refrigerant handling, maintenance intervals, recycling, and destruction at the end of life.CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDE (WILL MOVE THE DIRECT EFFECT VISUAL TO THE LEFT)
Next lets consider Indirect Effects:The indirect effect of refrigerant use is defined as the greenhouse gases released to the atmosphere during the generation of the power used by the equipment in which they are contained. Therefore the indirect effect of refrigerant use is highly dependent on the energy efficiency of the equipment used and the “cleanliness” of the power generation process.
So which environmental effect is greater, Indirect or Direct?
By far, the indirect effect is much greater. Depending on the type, service life, and efficiency of the equipment, the indirect effects can account for up to 98% of the CO2 equivalent emissions over the life of a unit.So what does this mean? Unlike ODP, we cannot just regulate refrigerants on GWP alone. To make the right choices for the environment we must also focus on the energy efficiency of candidate refrigerants in our equipment as well. We will discuss this more in a moment.
THIS SLIDE HAS ANIMATIONThere are several legislative and regulative approaches to minimizing greenhouse gas emissions:The first is Containment Regulations:From a direct emission standpoint, the best refrigerant option is one that does not leak to the atmosphere. This is the reasoning behind the regulations in various countries that require periodic leak checks, disclosure of accidental releases, and the elimination of components that are prone to leaks. The European F-Gas regulation is probably the best known example.CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDESecond is Use Restrictions:An obvious method is to ban or restrict the use of Refrigerants that have a high GWP. However, this can have unintended consequences when the only alternatives result in higher indirect effects due to poor energy efficiency or result in additional safety risks. When sufficient consideration had been given to safety, efficiency, and cost, for each application; this method can be an effective tool. The EU directive that prohibits the use of refrigerants with GWP>150 in automotive AC applications is one regulation example.CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEThe third is Market Mechanisms:Refrigerant choices are driven by economics. We have gravitated to refrigerants that provide the safest and most efficient solutions based on the lowest total cost of the resulting system. One way to change those choices is to alter these economics. Applying taxes or using a cap-and-trade market for environmentally undesirable refrigerants can favor more desired options. Unfortunately, the result in almost all cases, is greater cost to the end user.CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDELastly Efficiency Standards:When we think of energy efficiency standards it is usually in the context of saving money. Since the power consumed during the life of equipment has such a dominating effect on the total CO2 equivalent emissions, improving energy efficiency standards results in lower green house gas emissions. However there is a trade-off. As you increase your energy efficiency levels, your decrease your refrigerant options available that can achieve those levels.CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEIf used correctly, all of these methods can be effective in specific situations, however, none of them alone can be used for every situation with out creating unintended consequences. Therefore, the focus of recent legislative and regulative discussions is to use a more comprehensive approach.
THIS SLIDE HAS ANIMATIONMinimizing the total CO2 equivalent emissions from our equipment, requires both indirect and direct effects be reduced together. CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDE (the Safety and Cost Considerations will automatically fade in)The combined measure is known as the “Total Equivalent Warming Impact or TEWI”. From a practical standpoint, the optimum environmental solution for a give application will require trade-offs between the TEWI, safety mitigation, and equipment cost. We feel that effective HFC regulation needs to be based on a TEWI analysis but make allowances for practical considerations to ensure compliance. The other regulatory and legislative approaches previously listed then have a place in maintaining performance, in encouraging adoptions, and in accelerating the retirement of old equipment.
THIS SLIDE HASANIMATIONTechnology must not be ignored as it is a great equalizer.The theoretical cycle efficiency of a given refrigerant is the logical starting point. However, significant improvements in energy efficiency can also be obtained using technology. Since 1989, the average efficiency of all of our (HVAC&R) equipment has increased by over 35% compared to original CFC designs; despite using theoretically “less efficient” refrigerants. You may ask how can this be? During the last 20+ years, Johnson Controls has continued to invest in technological improvements that have bridged the efficiency gap and even improved upon it. The use of high performance heat transfer surfaces, the improved aerodynamic efficiency of our compressors, and the wide use of variable speed drives for part-load efficiency, have all contributed to this improvement. CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEIn addition, we have used technology to reduce the amount of refrigerant charge in our units. Falling film evaporators, micro-channel condensers, and magnetic bearing compressors all improve performance and use less charge. Over that same period we have focused on minimizing leaks. For example the annual leak rate of our large industrial chillers has decreased average levels well below 2%.
THIS SLIDE HASANIMATIONMinimizing the total climatic impact requires a comprehensive approach to design and maintenance. This is where Johnson Controls’ experience and success in transitioning from CFCs in the 80’s and 90’s becomes so important.CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEThe efficiency of a machine when it leaves the factory is one thing, keeping that unit operating at that level throughout its life is quite another. CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEAt Johnson Controls, our building and chiller controls ensure that the entire chilled water system is operating at peak efficiency, no matter what the outside conditions. We recognize that the chiller is only one part of a larger system. Therefore we optimize the performance of all the components together (tower, pumps, chiller, etc.) and that can have an enormous effect on energy efficiency over the life of the system. In addition, the importance of proper and routine maintenance of HVAC&R equipment on total emissions can no longer be ignored. CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEFrom a direct emissions standpoint, containment is the key. Periodic leak checks of systems will minimize refrigerant loss and ensure optimum performance. CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEFrom an indirect effect standpoint, routine maintenance such as cleaning heat exchanger surfaces, proper water treatment, and system preventative maintenance, will result in high efficiency throughout the life of the equipment. Johnson Controls has one of the largest global service organizations and is highly capable of addressing all of these needs.CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDE“Minimizing the total Climatic Impact requires a Comprehensive Approach to Refrigerant Choice.”
THIS SLIDE HASANIMATIONODP, GWP, Efficiency, Safety, Technology……. This is starting to get complicated! How are we, as an industry, supposed to choose a new refrigerant?It is true that there are no readily available refrigerant solutions that address all of the safety, environmental, efficiency, and cost concerns for every application. However, there are some indications, sign posts if you will, of how various options may be employed to address our needs. And you can be assured that Johnson Controls is at the forefront helping to determine best next refrigerant choice for our customers. So lets identify some of these sign posts that will help guide us.CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEThe first two are based on what we discussed earlier- Refrigerants are not waste gasses. In most cases they are used as a working fluid in a useful process.CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEAnd, the indirect impact of refrigerant use has the largest influence on the life-time CO2 emissions that result from our equipment.CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEThe third is that different applications will require different refrigerant solutionsCLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEFourth, our options for refrigerants are reduced so we need to look at solutions that have been avoided in the past. Refrigerants that have some level of flammability or even toxicity will have to be considered. However, we must be sure that this is done in a safe manner that protects our customers.CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDELast, as our industry moves to higher levels of energy efficiency, the design and configuration of our equipment solutions will evolve. So too will our refrigerant choices.
Refrigerants are useful working fluids in closed systems. They are essential to maintaining the energy efficiency of HVAC&R equipment that have become crucial in our modern society.Legislators have recognized, that including refrigerants with all other greenhouse gases in a cap-and-trade scenario will result in unintended consequences in the price and availability of these essential products. Therefore in both international and domestic proposed legislation, refrigerants have been separated from other greenhouse gases and will be reduced independently. The successful Montreal Protocol process of a stepped reduction over an extended period of time will likely be the model used in the future.
At Johnson Controls we are actively participating in both global and domestic legislative and regulative processes. We are universally considered experts in the field due to our wide equipment offerings, our historic use of both natural and man-made refrigerants, and our experience in both the developed and developing world markets. Just some examples of where we are engaged: Board Member of the Alliance for Responsible Atmospheric Policy Member of the European Partnership for Energy and the Environment’s (EPEE) F-Gas Review Task Force in EuropeParticipant in United Nations EnvironmentalProgramme Roundtables in the US, China, and IndiaMember of the AHRI Government Affairs and International Committees.Participate on Advisory councils to the Chinese Government
Because indirect effects have such a dominating effect, energy efficiency must be maintained . After considering all alternatives, the resulting solution must have an energy efficiency equal to or greater that where you started.
At Johnson Controls we are not waiting around for the next alternatives to be created. Instead, we have developed strategic partnerships with several manufactures of refrigerants and have been involved in the identification and selection of new refrigerant candidates at the earliest possible stages of the process. In addition we continue to participate in, and support refrigerant research projects funded by ASHRAE, AHRI, and the Department of Energy and we are engaged with academic researchers who carry them out.
A question often asked is “how low is low GWP?” The truth is that it is a moving target. If you consider that the GWP of R-12 was 8100, R-134a at about 1400 is low. The automotive industry in Europe recently set an upper limit for GWP of150 for future systems. Some have tried to categorize GWP levels into low medium and high (TEAP Report 2010), however, we feel the answer is “it depends”.Although GWP should always be minimized, the maximum acceptable GWP limit should depend on various characteristics of the equipment and how it can be safely applied or used. For example, statistics show that automotive A/C systems have relatively high leak-rates (upto 15% per year) and the useful life of a car is around 8 years (according to Consumer Reports). In this instance, the likelihood that most of the refrigerant charge ending up in the atmosphere is very high and a limit of GWP =150 makes allot of sense. Lets look at water cooled chiller as the other extreme. The average leak rates for a well maintained machine are less than 2% per year and the average life of this type of equipment is between 25 and 35 years. Additionally, in the US, the average end-of-life refrigerant recovery rate is in the 80% range. In this scenario, the likelihood of the majority of the refrigerant charge being recovered is very high. Therefore a higher level of GWP could be tolerated if it gained you energy efficiency or a margin of safety, say GWP=600.Many of the lowest GWP refrigerants available have some level of flammability or toxicity. For small charge applications, like refrigerators or equipment that is located outside the building, this can be affordably addressed. For large charge applications or units that are located inside a building or a heavily populated area, flammability or toxicity may not be a practical option. The choice of a higher GWP HFC or a blend of HFC and HFO may be your best bet due to safety concerns.
Many regulators want to establish a single universal limit on GWP for all applications. We are educating them that the acceptable level of GWP will vary among different types of equipment and in different regions. The size of the charge, location inside or outside of a building, average leak rate, life of the equipment, and the recovery rate of the refrigerant at the end of its life should all be considered before identifying upper “limits”.
THIS SLIDE HASANIMATIONOur industry chose CFCs, HCFCs, and then HFCs in the past because they were non-flammable, non-toxic, highly efficient, and affordable refrigerants. As we now realize the importance of eliminating ODP and minimizing GWP, we are forced to compromise on some of these characteristics. To do this safely will require many of the equipment safety codes, like ASHRAE Standard 15 to be revised. As many stakeholders are involved in developing these types of codes, this will be a lengthy process. Inevitably, the resulting requirements will add additional installed cost where flammability, toxicity, or high pressure systems are applied.In addition in the US, as new candidates are identified for use in HVAC& R systems, the EPA will have to approve them using what is called a “SNAP” ruling. CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDE(For Example)The recent approval of propane and isobutane for use in residential refrigerators and freezers may provide a template for the future rulings. The EPA approved these flammable refrigerants for use in limited charge amounts, for specific applications only, and required compliance to certain safety codes.CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEIn summary, the adoption of new and revised safety codes and EPA approvals will take time, cost money, and require cooperation between our industry, environmentalists and governments.
Our engineering and service experts are involved in the development and modification of safety standards for the new generation of refrigerants. We are taking a leading role on Standard Committees like ASHRAE Standard 34 and Standard 15, and are involved in process of updating UL, EU and ISO safety standards.
We are often asked: “What will be the long-term refrigerant solution?” While there are always many short-term solutions available, the answer is there will never be a single “long-term refrigerant solution”. The reason is that our industry, and the needs of our customers, are always changing. Energy efficiency regulation is an example.Our industry has accomplished dramatic improvements in energy efficiency over the last 25 years. In some cases we are approaching theoretical limits. However the demand for more energy efficient buildings continues to accelerate. For instance, to meet goals set by the Department of Energy, ASHRAE has released the last of the 30% Better (than 90.1 2004) Building Design guides in 2010 and plans to have the 50% better Building Design Guides out by 2012. Its ultimate goal is to provide design guidance for market viable Net Zero Buildings (NZBEs) by 2030. To meet such goals will require a whole-building approach and the types of systems used currently will not be sufficient. Instead we will need to develop solutions that make use of energy sources we currently ignore today. Examples are heat recovery systems, ground source heat pumps, solar heating, renewable energy sources, etc. The refrigerants of today were not optimized for these types of systems. Therefore new options will need to arise.
In the future, innovation will be required to meet the demands of high performance and net-zero buildings. With our ability to combine highly efficient YORK Brand equipment with world class JCI building controls, we will be uniquely able to meet them.
THIS SLIDE HASANIMATIONWhen we take these individual indicators or “Sign Posts”, a map of future refrigerants for the HVAC& R industry begins to emerge.CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEThe accelerated phase-out of remaining HCFCs will continue. For that there is no doubt. Pressure to reduce the use of high GWP HFCs will also build as they are considered potent GHGs. They will, however, be treated separately from other GHGs. The reduction mechanism employed will likely mirror The Montreal Protocol process: a stepped reduction over time (likely 40 years) with different schedules for the developed and developing countries. Alternatives do not yet exist for all applications, therefore a phase-down, not a phase-out, is the only option for HFCs.CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEWhile many methods are employed to reduce HFC use, the importance of considering efficiency and, consequently, the Total Environmental Warming Impact has been recognized. Effective regulations will not focus on GWP alone.CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEConsequently, should some maximum GWP limits be imposed, they will be different for different applications. They will be set for each considering charge amounts, average leak and recovery rates, efficiency, affordability, and most importantly, safety.CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDERealistically, the shift to alternatives will not happen overnight. Aside from the development time needed for both refrigerant and equipment, additional time will be required to address safety codes where toxicity and flammability become concerns.CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDELastly, there will never be a single long-term solution identified. Transitional, “drop-in” refrigerant offerings will be developed first, to allow the use of existing technology and the retrofit of equipment in the field. Later, the requirement for dramatic improvements in building energy efficiency will result in the development of HVAC&R equipment that looks and performs very different than today. Refrigerant choices will continue to evolve to meet these challenges.
THIS SLIDE HASANIMATIONNow that we understand what is driving change, let discuss more specific options. On the path of A/C refrigerant development we are again at a cross-roads. The first generation of refrigerants (1850 – 1930’s) were all natural, had no ODP, and low GWP. Many of them, however, were flammable, toxic (or both in the case of Ammonia), had high working pressure, or suffered from low efficiency. In addition our ability to design safe pressure vessels was limited and, consequently, many accidents occurred. CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEDuring the “Golden Age of Chemistry” (30s, 40s, 50s) chemical refrigerants (CFCs) were developed that were safe, highly efficient, and affordable. Their use was widespread until the 1980s when we realized that these substances damaged the Earth’s ozone layer. CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDESince that time, we identified safe, highly efficient, and affordable refrigerants (HFCs)and transitioned our industry to them. Now, the implications of climate change is again putting pressure on our industry to transition. Unfortunately, this time around, the candidates with all the desirable characteristics do not currently exist. CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEThe cross-roads in which we find ourselves is: Do we make use of the engineering practiced and experience gained in the refrigeration industry to return back to natural refrigerants or, do we use the new generation of low GWP refrigerants and adapt our design practices and equipment to suit?
THIS SLIDE HASANIMATIONThe answer is likely, both.Lets first look at Natural Refrigerants:In industrial refrigeration applications, the use of natural refrigerants, primarily ammonia has not changed for over a century. More recently CO2 had been used widely for low temperature applications. Hydrocarbons have been used in residential refrigerators in Europe and Asia for many years. There is no doubt that natural refrigerants can be used in HVAC&R systems. However, in some instances, their low GWP can come at a cost of undesirable properties and characteristics.. Using them safely in confined, occupied spaces or in areas of dense population will require additional design features, trained service personnel, and added application cost. CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDENext lets consider Low GWP Chemical Refrigerants:The refrigerant manufacturers are working to develop new refrigerants that have very low GWPs and retain energy efficient characteristics. The two furthest along in development are HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze. Both have GWPs less than 5 (compared to R-134a which is 1400), are non-toxic, and efficient. They both, however have some measure of flammability. HFO-1234yf has similar pressure and properties to that of R-134a. With low flame speeds and combustion energies, its flammability risks have been proved low for automobiles and has been identified as the refrigerant of the future for that industry. More work will need to be done to prove the same for stationary applications. HFO-1234ze is lower in pressure and designed to be used by the foam blowing industry with suitable safety measures. Some refrigerant producers are experimenting with blends of HFOs and HFCs. This improves performance, eliminates flammability, but raises the GWP to the 400 – 600 range. While clearly not as low as some of the natural refrigerants, these blends provide excellent efficiency while significantly reducing GWP over our current solutions (R-134a = 1400)
HVAC&R equipment can be used in a wide range of applications, in various regions and circumstances. We believe that options that remain available to the HVAC will necessitate many different solutions across market segments and regions.
Some of the most efficient and lowest GWP refrigerants have some level of flammability. Although, for comfort cooling applications it has generally been avoided, precedence exist for its safe use in certain sectors:Industrial Refrigeration and Process CoolingAppliances (300 M Asia and European Refrigerator/Freezers have been sold)Automotive AC (EPA and SAE Approval for HFO R-1234yf)Generally, the practical use is dependent on the charge amount of the system, the relative level of flammability of the refrigerant, the location of the equipment inside or outside the building, and the cost of the safety measures employed. Potential applications exist for use in for small and large roof-top unitary equipment, small charge appliances, etc.As we mentioned previously most current building codes and standards were written with non-flammable refrigerants in mind. Practical application for commercial and residential Air-conditioning will require significant Building Code and Safety Standard Changes. This process has already begun but it may take several years to complete.
Natural Refrigerants remain excellent solutions in some very specific applications. With over 100 years of experience in their use, no other company knows natural refrigerants better. Wide spread use in the refrigeration industry has paved the way. Industrial Refrigeration: Ammonia Used in 95% of ApplicationsC02 can be very efficient at low temperature refrigeration duty (Currently used in some Supermarkets in Europe)Hydrocarbons have very high efficiency and low/no GWPHowever at some mid and high temperature air conditioning conditions, the energy efficiency of resulting CO2 systems are typically less than those using HFCs. In addition, in heavily populated areas or in occupied buildings the cost of safety precautions for some natural refrigerants, such as Ammonia and Hydrocarbons can be a barrier to adoption. In suitable applications, our European Refrigeration group has many successful applications of Ammonia and Hydrocarbon based equipment. It should be remembered:Remote locations or secondary loops are many times required for safety mitigationOperating pressures or material compatibility can result in higher installed costs.
When are HFOs and HFCs going tomake sense if the future? Equipment size and application will dictate types used:Large Commercial Air-Conditioning Applications will likely remain HFC or possibly HFC/HFO blends due to safety concernsMost Unitary and Light Commercial Roof-top Equipment will be able to tolerate 2L refrigerants due to their location outside of the buildingRefrigeration Applications in Populated Areas/Buildings will likely remain HFC or HFC/HFO blends to minimize safety concerns.Appliance and Specialty Healthcare Device Applications where flammability cannot be tolerated will likely remain HFC.HFCs are typically the safest, most efficient and economical solution and that’s why they are used today. They will however have relatively high GWP. HFOs have very low GWP and good efficiency but have some flammability and the costs are currently not known. Blends of HFCs and HFOs provide a safe and efficient compromise with a much lower GWP than HFCs alone. Some reasons to use them are:Technology and material compatibility already existViable solution for conversion/retrofit of existing equipment
THIS SLIDE HASANIMATIONUnderstanding the future is fine, but what do I do today? Relax, JCI will lead the way.CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDER-134a:R-134a has been the standard choice for many applications because of it is efficiency, safety and affordability. Of the non-flammable HFCs it has one of the lowest GWPs. Because some applications will always require non-flammable solution, we do not see any future scenario where R-134a is eliminated. There will always be a need for it alone or mixed with HFOs. CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDER-400 Series:The developing world is faced with the elimination of R-22 beginning in 2015. This is only a few short years away and we do not see suitable quantities of new non-HFC alternatives being available for new air-cooled equipment, let alone retrofit quantities for the existing R-22 base. R-410a and the others will have to remain an option well into the future. In the developed world, the reduction in the equivalent emissions that result from the conversion of the automotive and the foam-blowing industry to HFOs will be enough to meet the initial reduction targets of any of the current HFC phase down proposals. We expect R-410 to remain available, in at lease service quantities well past the lifetime of air-cooled equipment sold today (15 -20 years).CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDER-123:R-123 is the last of the ozone-depleting HCFCs to be available in the developed world. Its use is limited to large water cooled chillers from one manufacture and some specialty fire suppression devices in the aerospace industry. Its use has been banned in Europe for some time and, in the US, new R-123 equipment will not be produced past 2020. Frankly, The only reason it is still manufactured is because it is a feedstock for making R-125, one of the components in R-410a. While it is true that there will remain enough room under The Montreal Protocol to make service quantities from 2020 to 2030, the motivation for the refrigerant manufacturers to continue to produce it will depend on the developments of alternatives for R-410a. That, along with the focus of The Montreal Protocol on destroying global stockpiles of CFCs and HCFCs, is why YORK stopped production of R-123 chillers in 2004.
THIS SLIDE HASANIMATIONAt Johnson Controls, we have a long history of making the right refrigerant choices. We will continue to invest in technology and at the same time be on the forefront of refrigerant development. All with the needs of our customers in mind. In 1989, we were the first manufacturer to develop HFC and HCFC options. In 2004, we exited R-123 when concerns about the availability of the refrigerant throughout the life of chillers sold after that date would not be guaranteed.CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEToday, we are heavily engaged in the development of new refrigerant options for our customers. CLICK TO ADVANCE SLIDEAnd we are ensuring that future environmental regulation will result in practical, achievable, and positive change. We are the voice of our customers in these arenas and will ensure safe, sustainable, and affordable HVAC&R solutions result.