The document discusses the history and evolution of early computing devices from ancient times through modern computers. It describes how early computers were people who performed calculations before the invention of mechanical devices like the abacus. Early mechanical calculators were developed including the Pascaline in the 1600s and Babbage's Analytical Engine in the 1800s, though it was never fully built. The first general purpose electronic computers of the 1940s-50s used vacuum tubes, followed by transistors in the 1950s and integrated circuits in the 1960s which drove the development of smaller personal computers. Each generation of computers integrated newer electronic components and capabilities.

1. CMPTR1-Q
Computer Fundamentals
Arbelle S. Masaga

2. COMPUTER HISTORY

3. Early Computing Devices

4. Early Computing Devices
The computer history is spread over a period of 100 years. The story begins from the early
days when our ancients people used pebbles to count. Early Men were using lines for
counting on the stones of caves.
The earliest computers were people (predominantly women) whose job was to perform the
repetitive calculations required to compute such things as navigational tables, tide charts,
and planetary positions for astronomical almanacs.
These people were called computers as there primarily job was to compute. As the human
were involved, they were subjected to error. The Human being will get tired after few hours,
then the error rate will increase substantially. So slowly the need was arising to mechanize
this operation.

5. Early Computing Devices
A typical computer operation back
when computers were people.

6. Early Computing Devices
Abacus- known as the first invented manual
data processing device.
The abacus is a useful manual
mathematical computer. A well-trained abacus
operator can perform addition and subtraction
problems faster than a person equipped with a
hand calculator but slower in multiplication and
division. The oldest surviving abacus was used in
300 B.C. by Babylonians but it is often wrongly
attributed to China.
Figure. A very old Abacus
Figure. A most modern Abacus

7. Early Computing Devices
John Napier- A Scottish mathematician who is known
for his invention of logarithm in early 1600’s, a
technology that allows multiplication to be computed
through addition.
Napier’s Bones- A device developed by John Napier. It
consist of a set of eleven rods made of ivory sticks
with numbers carved on them. It can perform
multiplication and division by simply placing the rods
side by side.
Figure. A more modern set of
Napier's Bones

8. Early Computing Devices
William Oughtred- An English mathematician who
developed the slide rule.
Oughtred’s Slide Rule- It was first built in England.
It consists of two movable rulers placed side by
side and by sliding the rulers you can quickly
obtain the product and quotient of a numbers.
Figure. A slide
rule

9. Early Computing Devices
Blaise Pascal- A seventeenth century French
mathematician and scientist. He was one of the
first modern scientists to developed and build a
calculator. In mid 1600’s he invented the Pascaline
as an aid for his father who was a tax collector.
Pascaline or Pascal’s Calculator- A device that
could perform addition and subtraction of
numbers of up to eight digits. A Pascaline
consisted of gears and cylinders which rotated to
display the numerical result.
Figure. A 6 Digit model for those who
couldn't afford the 8-digit model

10. Early Computing Devices
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz- A German
scientist and co-inventor with Newton managed
to build a calculator that could perform the four
basic functions: addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division.
Leibniz Calculator- Considered as a modified
version of the work of Pascal’s Calculator, it uses
the same concept in adding and subtracting
numbers. It can also perform multiplication and
division and extract square roots of a numbers.

11. Early Computing Devices
Charles Babbage- An English mathematician of the nineteenth
century who proposed a steam-driven calculating machine
around 1800. He was considered to be the ‘’ Father of the
Modern Computer’’
Babbage’s Differential Engine- This machine would be able to
computes tables of numbers such as logarithm tables and was
designed to automate a standard procedure for calculating
roots of polynomials. But, unfortunately, the construction of
Babbage Difference Engine was never finished because it was
very complicated and very expensive. Making it was the most
expensive government-funded project during that time. After
ten years, the device remained incomplete until funding dried
up and it was abandoned.

12. Early Computing Devices
Babbage’s Analytical Engine- After abandoning the Differential
Engine, Babbage designed a more powerful computing device,
the Analytical Engine,. The device had two main parts, the
‘’Store’’ and the ‘’Mill’’ as Babbage called it. Both terms are used
in the weaving industry. Number were held in the Store and Mill
was where they were ‘’woven’’ into new results. These two main
parts in modern computers are called the memory unit and the
central processing unit (CPU). Unfortunately, he couldn’t get
funding to develop the precisely machined gears, wheels and
lever systems of the machine. Although he was never able to
build the evidence, his ideas included many concepts and
features that were later incorporated in present computers.

13. Early Computing Devices
Augusta Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace- The daughter of the
illustrious poet, Lord Byron born on December 10, 1815, Ada
worked with Babbage. Ada wrote a series of ‘’Notes’’ where she
demonstrated the sequence of instructions she had prepared for
the Analytic Engine. This plan, is now regarded as the first
‘’computer program’’. That is why many refer to her as the ‘’First
Programmer’’. In her honor in late 1900, a software language
developed by the U.S. Department of Defense was named ‘’Ada’’.

14. Early Computing Devices
Herman Hollerith- A statistician with the US Bureau of the
Census. The census bureau offered prize for an invertor to
help process the results of the 1890 census and this was
won by Herman Hollerith, who completed this machine.
Hollerith’s Punch Card- An electromagnetic counting
machine invented by Herman Hollerith. It used punch cards
to sort the data manually and tabulate the data during the
1890 US census. It has a card reader which senses the holes
in the cards, a gear driven mechanism for counting, and
displays the results on a large wall of dial indicators.
Figure. Hollerith 's Punched Card
Figure. Hollerith Machine

15. EARLY DEVELOPMENTS IN
ELECTRONIC DATA
PROCESSING

16. Mark I
• Developed by Howard Aiken.
• The official name is Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator
• Approximately 50 feet long and 8 feet high.
• Could perform the four basic arithmetic
operations.
• Process numbers up to 23 digits.
• Could multiply three-digit numbers in one
second.
EARLYDEVELOPMENTS IN ELECTRONIC DATA
PROCESSING

17. ENIAC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Calculator)
• Developed by John Presper Eckert Jr. and John
Mauchly
• The 1st large-scale vacuum-tube computer.
• It was originally built for the US military to calculate
ballistic tables to aim their big guns.
• Could perform 300 multiplications per second
• Could perform 5000 additions of ten digits in one
second
• Its memory could only store 20 ten-digit numbers.
EARLYDEVELOPMENTS IN ELECTRONIC DATA
PROCESSING

18. EDVAC (Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer)
• Developed by John Von Neumann
• A modified version of the ENIAC
• Has stored program capability
EARLYDEVELOPMENTS IN ELECTRONIC DATA
PROCESSING

19. EDSAC (Electronic Delay
Storage Automatic Computer)
• Built by Maurice V. Wilkes and his team at
the University of Cambridge in England and
completed in 1949.
• It was one of the first stored-program
machine computers and one of the first to
use binary digits.
• Could perform 700 additions per second
and 200 multiplications per second.
EARLYDEVELOPMENTS IN ELECTRONIC DATA
PROCESSING

20. UNIVAC (Universal Automatic
Computer)
• Developed by George Gray in Remington Rand
Corporation.
• Manufactured as the first commercially
available first-generation computer.
• It was first commercial computer made in the
United States, and the third commercial
computer worldwide.
• UNIVAC was designed by J. Presper Eckert and
John Mauchly.
EARLYDEVELOPMENTS IN ELECTRONIC DATA
PROCESSING

21. IBM (International Business
Machines)
• By 1960, IBM was the dominant force in the
market of large mainframe computers.
EARLYDEVELOPMENTS IN ELECTRONIC DATA
PROCESSING

22. IBM 650 (International Business
Machines)
• Built in the year 1953 by IBM and marked the
dominance of IBM in the computer industry.
• It was the first general purpose computer to
be installed and used at Columbia University.
EARLYDEVELOPMENTS IN ELECTRONIC DATA
PROCESSING

23. IBM 701 (International Business
Machines)
• It was the first commercial business
computer (since the 701 was intended for
scientific use).
EARLYDEVELOPMENTS IN ELECTRONIC DATA
PROCESSING

24. Computer Generations

25. First Generation (1951-1959)
• Consisted of vacuum tubes for storing data
in memory and used stored-program.
• Vacuum tubes consume lots of electrical
power and are prone to burning out, which
caused problems for early computers that
used thousand of them.
Computer Generations

26. Main Features of First Generation (1951-1959)
• Vacuum tube technology
• Unreliable
• Very costly
• Generate lot of heat
• Huge size
• Non-portable (often taking up entire room)
• Consumed lot of electricity
Computer Generations

27. Second Generation (1959-1963)
• Consisted of solid-state transistors and
diodes.
• The Transistor was developed at Bell Labs
by William Shockley and others in 1950’s.
• It was a solid-state semiconductor device
typically made of silicon or germanium. It
was much smaller, much more reliable, and
consumed much less energy than vacuum
tube.
Computer Generations

28. Main Features of Second Generation
(1959-1963)
• Use of transistors
• Reliable as compared to First generation computers
• Smaller size as compared to First generation
computers
• Generate less heat as compared to First generation
computers
• Consumed less electricity as compared to First
generation computers
• Faster than first generation computers
• Still very costly
Computer Generations

29. Third Generation (1963-1975)
• Consisted of solid-state IC (Integrated
Circuit)
• Integrated Circuit (IC) was invented by Jack
Kirby and Robert Noyce.
• The invention of integrated circuit allowed
computers to become even smaller, with the
whole central processing unit (CPU) of the
computer fitting onto one circuit board.
These minicomputers were cheaper and
smaller than a mainframe ( the computer was
roughly the size of a drawer in a large filing
cabinet.
Computer Generations

30. Main Features of Third Generation
(1963-1975)
• IC used
• More reliable
• Smaller size
• Generate less heat
• Faster
• Lesser maintenance
• Still costly
• Consumed lesser electricity
Computer Generations

31. Fourth Generation (1975-present)
• Fourth Generation computers became more
powerful, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave
rise to personal computer (PC) revolution.
• In this generation, Remote processing, Time-
sharing, Real- time, Multi-programming Operating
System were used.
• Main electronic component – Very large-scale
integration (VLSI) and microprocessor
• VLSI- thousand of transistors on a single microchip.
Computer Generations

32. Main Features of Fourth Generation (1975-present)
• Microprocessorused
• Verycheap
• Portable and reliable
• Use of PC's
• Verysmall size
• Concept of internet was introduced
• Computers became easily available
Computer Generations

33. Fifth Generation (present-future)
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Artificial Intelligence is the branch of
computer science concerned with making computers
behave like humans. The term was coined in 1956
by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology.
• Main electronic component: based on artificial
intelligence, uses the Ultra Large-Scale Integration
(ULSI)
• ULSI- millions of transistors on a single microchip
Computer Generations

34. Review

35. What is the main component in 1st Generation
Computer?
-Vacuum Tube

36. What is the main component in 1st Generation
Computer?
-Vacuum Tube

37. What is the main component in 2nd Generation
Computer?
-Transistor

38. What is the main component in 2nd Generation
Computer?
-Transistor

39. What is the main component in 3rd Generation
Computer?
-Integrated Circuit

40. What is the main component in 3rd Generation
Computer?
-Integrated Circuit

41. What is the main component in 4th Generation
Computer?
-Microprocessor

42. What is the main component in 4th Generation
Computer?
-Microprocessor

43. What is the main component in 5th Generation
Computer?
-Artificial Intelligence

44. What is the main component in 5th Generation
Computer?
-Artificial Intelligence

45. Thank You!