The document traces the history and development of computers from ancient counting devices like the abacus to modern personal computers. It discusses early mechanical calculating machines invented by Pascal and Babbage in the 1600s-1800s. In the 1900s, the first programmable electronic computers were developed using vacuum tubes, including the ENIAC. The invention of the transistor in 1947 and integrated circuits in the 1970s led to smaller, cheaper computers. This paved the way for personal computers like the Altair in 1975 and IBM PC in 1981, making computers accessible to individuals and small businesses. The Macintosh, introduced in 1984, popularized the graphical user interface.

1. By Hafs Hyderali

2. • The abacus, a simple counting aid, may have
been invented in Babylonia (now Iraq) in the
fourth century B.C.
• This device allows users to make
computations using a system of sliding beads
arranged on a rack.
• Considered the first computer

3. First Computer
ABACUS

4. BLAISE PASCAL
(1623 - 1662)
• In 1642, the French
mathematician and
philosopher Blaise Pascal
invented a calculating device
that would come to be called
the "Adding Machine".
• One of the first and earliest
mechanical devices used for
calculating was the Pascaline

5. BLAISE PASCAL
(1623 - 1662)
• Originally called a "numerical wheel calculator"
or the "Pascaline", Pascal's invention utilized a train
of 8 moveable dials or cogs to add sums of up to 8
figures long. As one dial turned 10 notches - or a
complete revolution - it mechanically turned the
next dial.
• Pascal's mechanical Adding Machine automated
the process of calculation. Although slow by modern
standards, this machine did provide a fair degree of
accuracy and speed.
• Only performed addition, not multiplication or
division

6. Blaise Pascal

7. The stepped reckoner
Supposed to be able to add,
subtract, multiply, divide and
calculate square roots
**Device never worked
properly
• Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

8. CHARLES
BABBAGE
(1791 - 1871)
• Born in 1791, Charles Babbage was an English
mathematician and professor.
• In 1822, he persuaded the British government
to finance his design to build a machine that
would calculate tables for logarithms. Called the
“Difference Engine.”
•Device was calculating numbers to 20th place
and printing them at 4 digits per minute.
•With Charles Babbage's creation of the
"Analytical Engine", (1833) computers took the
form of a general-purpose machines.

9. Charles Babbage
1822 Babbage's Difference Engine

10. Analytical Engine
• 1833
• Used to perform a variety of calculations by
following a set of instructions or programs stored
on punch cards
• Machine only designed but never built

11. Joseph Jacquard

13. Charles Babbage
• Considered the “Father of Computers”

14. First Computer
Programmer
• Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace

15. U.S. Census
Done every 10 years
Process is done by hand
in the 19th century
Took 10 years to
complete UNTIL

16. Herman Hollerith

17. Hollerith’s Punch Card

18. Tabulating
Machine

19. Tabulating Machine
• Used electricity rather than mechanical gears
• Holes representing information to be tabulated
were punched in cards
• The location of each hole represented a specific
piece of information (male vs. female)
• Cards inserted into the machine and metal pins
used to open and close electrical circuits
• If the circuit was closed, a computation was
increased by one

20. Population Count
• Now took only 6 weeks to count 63 million

21. Tabulating Machine
Company
• International Business Machines

22. HOWARD
AIKEN
(1900 -
1973)
Aiken thought he could create a modern and
functioning model of Babbage's Analytical
Engine.
He succeeded in securing a grant of 1 million
dollars for his proposed Automatic Sequence
Calculator; the Mark I for short. From IBM.
In 1944, the Mark I was "switched" on. Aiken's
colossal machine spanned 51 feet in length and
8 feet in height. 500 meters of wiring were
required to connect each component.

23. HOWARD AIKEN
(1900 - 1973)
• The Mark I did transform Babbage's
dream into reality and did succeed in putting
IBM's name on the forefront of the computer
industry. From 1944 on, modern computers
would forever be associated with digital
intelligence.

24. Howard Aiken
Mark I

25. Mark I
Calculator

26. 1939-1942
First electronic computer built by
John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry
Computer used binary number
system of 1 and 0
Binary system is still used today

27. • Electronic Numerical Integrator
And Computer
• a machine that computed at speeds
1,000 times faster than the Mark I was
capable of only 2 years earlier.
• Using 18,00-19,000 vacuum tubes,
70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered
joints this massive instrument required
the output of a small power station to
operate it.

28. ENIAC

29. ENIAC
1943-1946
It could do nuclear physics calculations (in
two hours) which it would have taken 100
engineers a year to do by hand.
The system's program could be changed
by rewiring a panel.
Weighed 30 tons and was 1500 square
feet (average area of a 3 bedroom house

30. Computer
• An electronic machine accepts data, processes it according to
instructions and provides the results as new data
• Can make simple decisions and comparisons

31. Program
• List of instructions written in a special language that the computer
understands

32. Vacuum Tubes

33. 1930’s – 1940’s
• Alan Turning developed “Universal Machine”
• He envisioned a computer that could perform any different tasks by simply changing a program
rather than by changing electronic components

34. 1945 – John Von
Newman
• Developed stored programs
concept
• Program would be stored in
CPU or Central Processing Unit

35. TRANSISTOR
1947
• In the laboratories of Bell Telephone, John
Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley
discovered the "transfer resistor"; later labeled the
transistor.
• Advantages:
• increased reliability
• consumed 1/20 of the electricity of vacuum
tubes
• were a fraction of the cost

36. TRANSISTOR
1947
• This tiny device had a huge impact on and
extensive implications for modern computers. In
1956, the transistor won its creators the Noble Peace
Prize for their invention.

37. Transistor

38. Transistor
Radio

39. First
Computer
Bug
Grace Hopper

40. ALTAIR
1975
The invention of the transistor made
computers smaller, cheaper and more
reliable. Therefore, the stage was set for the
entrance of the computer into the domestic
realm. In 1975, the age of personal computers
commenced.
Under the leadership of Ed Roberts the Micro
Instrumentation and Telemetry Company
(MITS) wanted to design a computer 'kit' for
the home hobbyist.

41. 1970 John
Huff
Transistors were replaced by integrated
circuits or chips, giving computers
tremendous speed to process
information at a rate of millions of
calculations per second.
In 1970 John Huff invented the
microprocessor, an entire CPU on a
single chip. This allowed for the
building of a microcomputer or
personal computer.

42. 1975
Based on the Intel 8080 processor, capable of controlling
64 kilobytes of memory, the MITS Altair - as the invention
was later called - was debuted on the cover of the January
edition of Popular Electronics magazine.
Presenting the Altair as an unassembled kit kept
costs to a minimum. Therefore, the company was
able to offer this model for only $395. Supply
could not keep up with demand.

43. ALTAIR
1975
•
•
•
•

44. IBM (PC)
1981
On August 12, 1981 IBM
announced its own personal
computer.
Using the 16 bit Intel 8088
microprocessor, allowed for
increased speed and huge
amounts of memory.
Unlike the Altair that was
sold as unassembled
computer kits, IBM sold its
"ready-made" machine
through retailers and by
qualified salespeople.

45. IBM (PC)
1981
TO SATISFY CONSUMER APPETITES AND TO
INCREASE USABILITY, IBM GAVE PROTOTYPE
IBM PCS TO A NUMBER OF MAJOR
SOFTWARE COMPANIES.
FOR THE FIRST TIME, SMALL COMPANIES
AND INDIVIDUALS WHO NEVER WOULD
HAVE IMAGINED OWNING A "PERSONAL"
COMPUTER WERE NOW OPENED TO THE
COMPUTER WORLD.

46. MACINTOSH
(1984)
• IBM's major competitor was a company lead by
Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs; the Apple Computer
Inc.
• The "Lisa" was the result of their competitive
thrust.
• This system differed from its predecessors in its
use of a "mouse" - then a quite foreign computer
instrument - in lieu of manually typing commands.
• However, the outrageous price of the Lisa kept it
out of reach for many computer buyers.

47. MACINTOSH
(1984)
• Apple's brainchild was the Macintosh. Like the
Lisa, the Macintosh too would make use of a
graphical user interface.
• Introduced in January 1984 it was an immediate
success.
• The GUI (Graphical User Interface) made the
system easy to use.

48. MACINTOSH
(1984)
•
•