Regional Conference on Advancing Non Conventional Water Resources Management in the Mediterranean, 14-15 September 2011, Athens, Greece

1. JoDRA
Non Conventional Water
A New Paradigm
by
Koussai Quteishat
Director
Jordan River Consultancy Services, JoDRA
President
Jordan Desalination and Reuse Association, JoDRA
Amman-Jordan
Regional Conference on Advancing Non-Conventional Water Resources Management
September 15, 2011
Athens, Greece
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2. JoDRA
Introduction
NCWR
• Desalinated water
• Wastewater
• Water harvesting
• Aquifer recharge
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3. JoDRA
Introduction
NCWR
Paradigm Change
COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT of
NCWR
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4. JoDRA
Introduction
NCWR Management Issues
• Having the water to reuse
• Look ahead when designing for
treatment
• Energy
• Environment
• Political will
• Acceptability
• Funding options
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5. JoDRA
Prerequisite: Water Management
Hierarchy (WMH)
WMH is a hierarchy of water conservation priorities:
• Elimination of the water demand
• Reduction of the demand
• Explore all water-saving options
• Outsourcing/reuse/regeneration - such as
rainwater harvesting, wastewater treatment and
reuse
THEN, Consider new supplies
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6. JoDRA
Policy Options
Paradigm Change
INTRODUCE POLICY OPTIONS
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7. JoDRA
Iterative Policy Options
• Put the right price tag on water
• Allocate water and water-related funding more
efficiently
• Improve drought risk management
• Foster water efficient technologies and practices
• Foster the emergence of a water-saving culture
• Improve knowledge and data collection
THEN,
Consider additional water supply infrastructure
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8. JoDRA
Project Development
Finance and delivery
• Private Sector Investments
• IWP and BOO
• Hybrid mixes of finance
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9. JoDRA
PSP in Project Development
Paradigm Changes
CONTRACTORS, CONSULTANTS, AND
SUPPLIERS AS DEVELOPERS
USERS BUY WATER NOT PLANTS
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10. JoDRA
Sustainable Financing of Projects
Essentials:
• Recover Cost of Water
• Encourage Local Banks to be involved
• Establish Local Water Funds and
Bonds
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11. JoDRA
Types of Projects
• Desalination
• Wastewater Reuse
• Aquifer Storage and Recovery
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12. JoDRA
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13. JoDRA
Is Current Desalination Sustainable ?
Development Potential Perspective:
• Out of 71 large cities without local access to new
freshwater source, 42 are coastal
• 39% of the world population (2,400 million
inhabitants) live at a distance of less than 100 km
from the sea. Current production of seawater only
corresponds to the demand of 60 million inhabitants
• Desalination is no longer a marginal water resource
as some countries such as Qatar and Kuwait rely
100% on desalinated water for domestic and industry
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14. JoDRA
Forces Behind the Development
Potential of Desalination
• Desalination has advantages over
conventional resources/civil engineering
projects
• Desalination, along with demand
management, are expected to be the
only recourse for regions with
overdrafted aquifers
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15. JoDRA
Major Constraints to the
Development of Desalination
• Cost of product € 0.5/m3
• Use of fossil fuel 1 litre/m3
• Energy consumption 3kwh/m3
• Environmental land/air and marine
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16. JoDRA
Historical Trends in Water Costs
1.8
1.6
Water cost, US$/cubic meter
1.4
1.2
Water cost from
1 Desalination
Water cost
0.8 from re-use
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
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17. JoDRA
True Cost of Desalinated Water
Cost must be qualified:
• Water quality & temperature
• Intake arrangement
• Energy cost
• Project size and location
• Financing details and amortization period
• Specific details of water purchase deal
• Competitive bidding
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18. JoDRA
Energy & Desalination
Desalination Processes
• Thermal – needs thermal and electrical
• Membranes – needs electrical energy only
Both are energy intensive, accounting up to
50 % of the operating cost
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19. JoDRA
Minimum Energy Required
Minimum energy is that needed to get fresh
water from saline water
• Does not depend on the process
• Increases as salinity increases
Separating pure water from saline water of
36,000 ppm at 25oC needs 0.71 kwh/m3
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20. JoDRA
Energy Consumption in Large
Desalination Processes
Process Thermal Electrical Total
energy energy energy
kWh/m³ kWh/m³ kWh/m³
MSF 7.5 - 12 2.5 – 3.5 10 – 15.5
MED 4-7 1.5 - 2 5.5 - 9
SWRO - 3-6 3-6
BWRO - 0.5 - 2.5 0.5 - 2.5
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21. JoDRA
Renewable Energy Potential
• RE systems have proven to be reliable, and
are the technologies of the future
• RE has great potential in the MENA and
Africa
Current trend in fossil fuel cost increase and
developments in solar collectors may make
the solar desalination a feasible option in
another ten years
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22. JoDRA
Main Environmental Concerns
?
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23. JoDRA
Impact Mitigation Measures
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24. JoDRA
Impact Mitigation Needs
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25. JoDRA
Innovations in Desalination
• Energy savings as well as recovery
• Aquifer Storage
• Addressing Seasonal Water/Power Variations
• Integration into Water Management Systems
• Zero Liquid Discharge
• Renewable Energy
• Nuclear Desalination
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26. JoDRA
Conventional Desalination
Paradigm Change
CONVENTIONAL DESALINATION IS A
CONVENTIONAL RESOURCE
SUSTAINABLE DESALINATION USES
RENEWABLE ENERGY AND MITIGATES
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
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27. JoDRA
Wastewater as a Source
It is technically and economically
possible to produce potable water
from wastewater
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28. JoDRA
Saline Water and Waste Water
Saline water and waste water meet
in the treatment process where the
common denominators are
membranes and technologies
associated with them
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29. JoDRA
Wastewater Membrane
Treatment Technologies
To produce potable water, wastewater
undergoes:
• Micro-filtration or Ultra-filtration,
• Reverse Osmosis, and
• UV treatment
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30. JoDRA
Wastewater Utilization
Wastewater should be treated for
environmental reasons, and also to be
utilized as a resource:
• Readily, for domestic, industry & agriculture uses
• disposed in flowing bodies, for use downstream
• stored in aquifers, either for later use, or
to mitigate seawater intrusion
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31. JoDRA
Why Strategic Storage?
• Security of supply
• Optimization of plant design, better
match of power and water
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32. JoDRA
Why Aquifer Storage & Recovery
• Proven technology
• Provides good recovery
• Improves quality of treated wastewater
• Lower costs, reported costs of the three types
in USA to store 1.5 billion gallons:
Storage method Cost*, US$ in millions
Above ground tank 450
Reservoir 250
ASR 40
* Cost does not include land cost
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33. JoDRA
Aquifer Storage and Integrated
Management of The Resource
If treated wastewater is stored in aquifers,
• its use extended beyond reuse in irrigation and availing
additional water to meet domestic and industrial needs
• it can also be used to protect aquifers from seawater intrusion,
hence making more water available.
If desalinated water is stored in aquifers,
• it can lead to better integration of power and water during the
production phase, and lead to lower production costs
• alleviates fear of over-capacity if desalination plants and
networks rehabilitation are undertaken simultaneously as water
produced is stored in aquifers for future use.
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34. JoDRA
Integrated Management of Water
Wastewater Reuse
Wastewater Reuse was a policy
solution that has also become
a technology solution
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35. JoDRA
Integrated Management of Water
Desalination
Desalination was a technology
solution that has also become a
policy solution
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36. JoDRA
Water Resource Cost Trends
After Alfred Stikker, GWI, October 2006
7
Marginal water
6
withdrawal
5
Cost $/m3
Freshwater
4 treatment
3 Reuse
2
1 Desalination
0
1990 2000 2010 2020
Year
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37. JoDRA
Final Word on NCWRM
Main Paradigm
NCWRM is a policy issue
Technology is here to support it
let’s use it wisely
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38. JoDRA
Thank You
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