The document provides an overview of WaterFX and its HydroRevolution project. WaterFX developed the Aqua4 solar desalination system to treat impaired water sources. Its successful demonstration project in California's Central Valley proved the viability of the technology. HydroRevolution will be an expanded commercial-scale facility using Aqua4 to treat agricultural drainage water, generating freshwater for local use and restoring salt-impaired land.
Steve Arakawa - Southern California Metropolitan Water DistrictContract Cities
This document provides an overview of the Bay Delta Conservation Plan (BDCP) presented by Stephen Arakawa of the California Contract Cities Association. It summarizes the key components of the BDCP, including proposed conveyance facilities to modernize the State Water Project, habitat restoration activities, and estimated costs. It also outlines the benefits of the BDCP in improving water supply reliability and ecosystem conditions in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta region."
This document provides an introduction to rainwater harvesting, including its benefits and growing global interest. It discusses key global demographic trends like population growth and rapid urbanization, especially in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. This is creating challenges for water supply. Rainwater harvesting is presented as a decentralized solution that can help address these challenges in a sustainable way by augmenting freshwater resources. The document outlines the objectives and components of UN-HABITAT's guide on rainwater harvesting and its water for cities programme.
On September 21, Dennis Cushman, Assistant General Manager , along with Peter MacLaggan of Poseidon Resources, provided a presentation at the San Diego Regional Economic Development Corporation's Investor Breakfast. Topics included water supply and reliability, water rates, and seawater desalination.
Presentation on groundwater management in Saudi Arabia by Dr. Ali Saad Al-Tokhais at the International Annual UN-Water Zaragoza Conference 2012/2013. Preparing for the 2013 International Year. Water Cooperation: Making it Happen! 8-10 January 2013.
This document is the second edition of the Virginia Rainwater Harvesting Manual compiled by the Cabell Brand Center. It provides a comprehensive guide to designing, installing, and maintaining rainwater harvesting systems. The manual covers topics such as types of rainwater harvesting systems for different uses, benefits of rainwater harvesting, design guidelines, and case studies of rainwater systems installed in Virginia. It aims to educate about rainwater harvesting and promote its use as a sustainable water source that can help address issues of water scarcity, water quality, and stormwater management.
The Comarapa Municipal Water Fund in Bolivia was created in 2008 to sustain the environmental services of the Comarapa watershed through conservation and restoration efforts. The Fund is administered by the Caballero Public Services Cooperative and collects contributions from the municipal government, a local NGO, and water cooperative members. In its first two years, the Fund compensated 10 families for conserving 628 hectares of cloud forest, collecting $22,400. The Fund aims to ultimately conserve 80% of the upper watershed forests to maintain water supply and quality for downstream communities.
Securing Water for Food, Livelihoods and Ecosystems to face Climate Change
Smakhtin, V., de Fraiture, C., Bossio, D., Molden, D, Hoanh C., Noble, A., Giordano, M., McCartney, M., Shah, T.
International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka
The document provides an overview of WaterFX and its HydroRevolution project. WaterFX developed the Aqua4 solar desalination system to treat impaired water sources. Its successful demonstration project in California's Central Valley proved the viability of the technology. HydroRevolution will be an expanded commercial-scale facility using Aqua4 to treat agricultural drainage water, generating freshwater for local use and restoring salt-impaired land.
Steve Arakawa - Southern California Metropolitan Water DistrictContract Cities
This document provides an overview of the Bay Delta Conservation Plan (BDCP) presented by Stephen Arakawa of the California Contract Cities Association. It summarizes the key components of the BDCP, including proposed conveyance facilities to modernize the State Water Project, habitat restoration activities, and estimated costs. It also outlines the benefits of the BDCP in improving water supply reliability and ecosystem conditions in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta region."
This document provides an introduction to rainwater harvesting, including its benefits and growing global interest. It discusses key global demographic trends like population growth and rapid urbanization, especially in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. This is creating challenges for water supply. Rainwater harvesting is presented as a decentralized solution that can help address these challenges in a sustainable way by augmenting freshwater resources. The document outlines the objectives and components of UN-HABITAT's guide on rainwater harvesting and its water for cities programme.
On September 21, Dennis Cushman, Assistant General Manager , along with Peter MacLaggan of Poseidon Resources, provided a presentation at the San Diego Regional Economic Development Corporation's Investor Breakfast. Topics included water supply and reliability, water rates, and seawater desalination.
Presentation on groundwater management in Saudi Arabia by Dr. Ali Saad Al-Tokhais at the International Annual UN-Water Zaragoza Conference 2012/2013. Preparing for the 2013 International Year. Water Cooperation: Making it Happen! 8-10 January 2013.
This document is the second edition of the Virginia Rainwater Harvesting Manual compiled by the Cabell Brand Center. It provides a comprehensive guide to designing, installing, and maintaining rainwater harvesting systems. The manual covers topics such as types of rainwater harvesting systems for different uses, benefits of rainwater harvesting, design guidelines, and case studies of rainwater systems installed in Virginia. It aims to educate about rainwater harvesting and promote its use as a sustainable water source that can help address issues of water scarcity, water quality, and stormwater management.
The Comarapa Municipal Water Fund in Bolivia was created in 2008 to sustain the environmental services of the Comarapa watershed through conservation and restoration efforts. The Fund is administered by the Caballero Public Services Cooperative and collects contributions from the municipal government, a local NGO, and water cooperative members. In its first two years, the Fund compensated 10 families for conserving 628 hectares of cloud forest, collecting $22,400. The Fund aims to ultimately conserve 80% of the upper watershed forests to maintain water supply and quality for downstream communities.
Securing Water for Food, Livelihoods and Ecosystems to face Climate Change
Smakhtin, V., de Fraiture, C., Bossio, D., Molden, D, Hoanh C., Noble, A., Giordano, M., McCartney, M., Shah, T.
International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka
This document discusses water management and outlines a reference scenario and key assumptions. It examines topics like virtual water, water footprint, accessibility, and economic evaluation of water. Seven priority areas for action are recommended: 1) integrated water resource management models, 2) innovation to increase water productivity, 3) lifestyles with lower virtual water content, 4) commitment to access to water and sanitation, 5) efficient localization of cultivation and virtual water trade, 6) water neutrality to reduce consumption, and 7) correct economic exploitation of water resources. The document provides an overview of important concepts in water management and recommendations to address challenges.
This document contains a 15 question multiple choice quiz about water resources. The questions cover topics such as the proportion of fresh surface water, causes of water constraints in different areas, how lifestyle changes impact water demand, definitions of catchment areas and their advantages/disadvantages, how international agreements can increase water supply, reasons for water reclamation, the process of desalination, distribution of major desalination plants, benefits of conserving water, and facts about NEWater.
The BRA plans to present this Water Management Plan to the Possum Kingdom Lake Stakeholders at 5:30 pm on Tuesday, August 7, 2012. All business owners, homeowners and interested parties are encouraged to attend.
CANAL AUTOMATION – TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY AND EXPAND IRRIGATION AREA COVERAGE
by Prof. Nayan Sharma, WRD&M, IIT Roorkee and
Honorary Professor, University of Nottingham, UK
Maureen Stapleton, General Manager of the San Diego County Water Authority provided a presentation at the September Rice Club Luncheon. Topics included a general overview of the Water Authority and its major programs and projects, a water supply update and information on water rates.
Eilon Adar. Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research. J.B. Institutes for Desrt Research. Ben Gurion University of the Negev. Foro "Promoviendo una Minería Sostenible"
26 nov16 management_of_large_irrigation_systems_for_enhancing_water_productivityIWRS Society
1) The document discusses management of large irrigation systems to enhance water productivity. It notes that while irrigation has increased food production, conveyance and application efficiencies are low at 35-40% resulting in low irrigation efficiency.
2) It proposes evaluating water productivity at field, system and basin scales to identify improvement options such as precision land levelling, alternate cropping patterns, and artificial groundwater recharge to increase water productivity.
3) Case studies show improvements in crop yields and water productivity through measures like laser land levelling, conjunctive use of surface and groundwater, and deficit irrigation strategies.
The Macon Water Authority received the Gold Award from the Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies, honoring the MWA for exceptional utility performance. Only four other utilities received the Gold Award in 2012. The award recognizes the MWA's high quality, affordable water and responsive customer service under the leadership of its board and dedicated employees. It is an honor for the MWA to be recognized among industry-leading water systems.
26 nov16 progressive_technologies_in_irrigated_agricultureIWRS Society
1. Progressive technologies play a significant role in achieving water savings, better irrigation operation and maintenance, and gains in food production. Technologies can be categorized as off-farm, on-farm, and soft tools.
2. Off-farm technologies include canal lining, piped conveyance, flow measurement devices, and supervisory control systems. On-farm technologies include surface irrigation improvements, sprinklers, micro-irrigation, reservoirs, and drainage.
3. Soft tools include simulation models, benchmarking, remote sensing, and decision support systems to improve irrigation management, monitoring, and evaluation.
The document summarizes the Red-Dead Sea Water Conveyance project which proposes connecting the Red Sea and Dead Sea via pipelines and canals. This would provide water to Jordan, Israel and Palestine while addressing declining water levels in the Dead Sea due to diversion of water sources. The project would desalinate Red Sea water and generate hydroelectricity. Potential environmental impacts include changing the Dead Sea's composition and damaging Red Sea coral reefs. Alternatives like restoring natural Jordan River flows were proposed.
Jordan faces severe water scarcity challenges due to its arid climate and growing population. It has an annual renewable water supply of about 850 million cubic meters but total water demand is projected to reach 1,685 MCM by 2020, resulting in a shortfall of 396 MCM. Jordan relies heavily on surface water from rivers and groundwater from aquifers, many of which are overexploited. It is exploring additional sources like treated wastewater, desalination, and a Red Sea-Dead Sea Canal project. However, rising demand and limited resources require a shift toward water demand management and conservation to ensure long-term sustainable water resources.
26 nov16 managing_irrigation_challenges_opportunities_and_way forwardIWRS Society
Managing Irrigation: Challenges, Opportunities and Way Forward
Alok K Sikka
International Water Management Institute IWMI Representative‐India, New Delhi
Water Conservation and salmon issues for lower Fraser RiverEric832w
This document provides an overview of water issues in the lower Fraser River relevant to salmon conservation. It discusses threats to water such as pollution, diversion, climate change, and impacts from various economic sectors. It also covers ecosystem needs for fish including habitat and instream flows. The document analyzes water licensing and allocation issues and options to satisfy new water demands. It examines water law, governance, and opportunities for the Fraser Salmon and Watershed Program to engage in water policy.
This document discusses international assessment of adaptation strategies for water, food, and the environment under climate change in seven river basins. It outlines the goal of downscaling climate change impacts at a regional level. It then briefly describes the seven river basins being studied, including their major issues. Next, it lists the collaborators and describes the methodology involving hydrological and food production models. It also summarizes expected climate changes in the basins and how these may impact crop yields and water resources. Adaptation strategies will be developed and evaluated based on these potential impacts.
The document summarizes San Diego County's water supply sources and challenges. It notes that San Diego imports about 80% of its water, with 50% coming from the Colorado River and 30% from Northern California via the State Water Project. Regulatory restrictions to protect fish species in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta limit water deliveries. The region is succeeding in saving water through conservation efforts. Future plans aim to diversify supply and increase amounts from local sources, seawater desalination, and recycled water. A recent state water bond includes $100 million for raising San Vicente Dam and other funding to improve supply reliability and local watershed projects. Resolving disputes over the Quantification Settlement Agreement and mitigating impacts
Australian Showcase:Theme 1:Australia and Waterined_v3icidciid
The document discusses water management in Australia, focusing on the Water Act of 2007 and the Murray-Darling Basin Plan. It provides background on Australia's climate and history of water management agreements. It describes the objectives of the Water Act to manage basin water resources through plans and environmental flows. It also discusses government investment programs aimed at improving irrigation efficiency and balancing environmental and consumptive water needs.
This document summarizes soil and land resources in Jordan. It describes 4 main agro-ecological systems: 1) Jordan Rift Valley which contains most arable land, 2) Highlands with diverse soil types, 3) Marginal lands which are mostly rangeland, and 4) Badia desert zone. Each area faces challenges like soil degradation, overexploitation, and desertification. The Ministry of Agriculture leads conservation efforts through projects to improve rangelands, combat desertification, and develop soil maps. Other agencies conduct related research. Overall, sustainable management of Jordan's soil resources is important amidst population growth, limited land, and climate threats.
27 nov16 irrigation_management_by_loss_reduction_recycling_and_water_transferIWRS Society
IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT BY LOSS REDUCTION, RECYCLING AND WATER TRANSFER
S. K. Mazumder
Former AICTE Emeritus Professor
L.V. Kumar
Former Director, Central Water Commission Former General Manager, WAPC
The document discusses establishing a dryland fund in South Africa to support sustainable land management projects. It proposes a fund housed at the Development Bank of Southern Africa and governed by a steering committee representing government, business, and civil society. The fund would empower communities, promote sustainable land use, leverage public and private resources, and establish financial mechanisms to incentivize conservation. It provides examples from Costa Rica's payment for ecosystem services programs as a model and identifies priority landscapes in South Africa for initial ecosystem services incentives programs.
Simon Cook - The global water and food crisistasstie
The document summarizes the global water and food crisis. It discusses how population growth and increasing demands for food and water are diminishing available water resources on a per capita basis globally. It then provides details on water availability, access, hazards, and use from analysis of 10 major river basins. Key factors influencing livelihoods and the link between water, food, and poverty in these basins include water scarcity, unequal access to water resources, vulnerability to water-related hazards like drought and flood, and generally low water productivity. The impacts of climate change on exacerbating water scarcity, access issues, and hazards are also briefly discussed. The crisis is characterized as a development crisis influenced by how water constraints development and how development
The document discusses water resources and reuse of reclaimed water in Jordan. It notes that Jordan has limited water resources but a growing population, placing increasing demand on its water supplies. Approximately 95% of treated wastewater in Jordan is currently reused in agriculture. The document outlines Jordan's water strategy, which emphasizes wastewater reuse. It provides details on wastewater treatment, current reuse in agriculture, and monitoring of soils, crops and groundwater to ensure safe reuse of reclaimed water. Strategic plans are discussed to further develop water resources, increase reuse, and ensure sustainable water management.
The document discusses desalination and water reuse as solutions for water supply in the water-stressed Western Asia and North Africa (WANA) region. It notes that desalination costs have decreased, making it an economically viable option. Most countries in the WANA region rely on desalination to meet their water needs. Desalination capacity in the region is expected to increase significantly by 2015 to over 100 million cubic meters per day. Desalination technologies like reverse osmosis are playing a key role in increasing water supplies and promoting water reuse in the WANA countries.
This document discusses water management and outlines a reference scenario and key assumptions. It examines topics like virtual water, water footprint, accessibility, and economic evaluation of water. Seven priority areas for action are recommended: 1) integrated water resource management models, 2) innovation to increase water productivity, 3) lifestyles with lower virtual water content, 4) commitment to access to water and sanitation, 5) efficient localization of cultivation and virtual water trade, 6) water neutrality to reduce consumption, and 7) correct economic exploitation of water resources. The document provides an overview of important concepts in water management and recommendations to address challenges.
This document contains a 15 question multiple choice quiz about water resources. The questions cover topics such as the proportion of fresh surface water, causes of water constraints in different areas, how lifestyle changes impact water demand, definitions of catchment areas and their advantages/disadvantages, how international agreements can increase water supply, reasons for water reclamation, the process of desalination, distribution of major desalination plants, benefits of conserving water, and facts about NEWater.
The BRA plans to present this Water Management Plan to the Possum Kingdom Lake Stakeholders at 5:30 pm on Tuesday, August 7, 2012. All business owners, homeowners and interested parties are encouraged to attend.
CANAL AUTOMATION – TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY AND EXPAND IRRIGATION AREA COVERAGE
by Prof. Nayan Sharma, WRD&M, IIT Roorkee and
Honorary Professor, University of Nottingham, UK
Maureen Stapleton, General Manager of the San Diego County Water Authority provided a presentation at the September Rice Club Luncheon. Topics included a general overview of the Water Authority and its major programs and projects, a water supply update and information on water rates.
Eilon Adar. Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research. J.B. Institutes for Desrt Research. Ben Gurion University of the Negev. Foro "Promoviendo una Minería Sostenible"
26 nov16 management_of_large_irrigation_systems_for_enhancing_water_productivityIWRS Society
1) The document discusses management of large irrigation systems to enhance water productivity. It notes that while irrigation has increased food production, conveyance and application efficiencies are low at 35-40% resulting in low irrigation efficiency.
2) It proposes evaluating water productivity at field, system and basin scales to identify improvement options such as precision land levelling, alternate cropping patterns, and artificial groundwater recharge to increase water productivity.
3) Case studies show improvements in crop yields and water productivity through measures like laser land levelling, conjunctive use of surface and groundwater, and deficit irrigation strategies.
The Macon Water Authority received the Gold Award from the Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies, honoring the MWA for exceptional utility performance. Only four other utilities received the Gold Award in 2012. The award recognizes the MWA's high quality, affordable water and responsive customer service under the leadership of its board and dedicated employees. It is an honor for the MWA to be recognized among industry-leading water systems.
26 nov16 progressive_technologies_in_irrigated_agricultureIWRS Society
1. Progressive technologies play a significant role in achieving water savings, better irrigation operation and maintenance, and gains in food production. Technologies can be categorized as off-farm, on-farm, and soft tools.
2. Off-farm technologies include canal lining, piped conveyance, flow measurement devices, and supervisory control systems. On-farm technologies include surface irrigation improvements, sprinklers, micro-irrigation, reservoirs, and drainage.
3. Soft tools include simulation models, benchmarking, remote sensing, and decision support systems to improve irrigation management, monitoring, and evaluation.
The document summarizes the Red-Dead Sea Water Conveyance project which proposes connecting the Red Sea and Dead Sea via pipelines and canals. This would provide water to Jordan, Israel and Palestine while addressing declining water levels in the Dead Sea due to diversion of water sources. The project would desalinate Red Sea water and generate hydroelectricity. Potential environmental impacts include changing the Dead Sea's composition and damaging Red Sea coral reefs. Alternatives like restoring natural Jordan River flows were proposed.
Jordan faces severe water scarcity challenges due to its arid climate and growing population. It has an annual renewable water supply of about 850 million cubic meters but total water demand is projected to reach 1,685 MCM by 2020, resulting in a shortfall of 396 MCM. Jordan relies heavily on surface water from rivers and groundwater from aquifers, many of which are overexploited. It is exploring additional sources like treated wastewater, desalination, and a Red Sea-Dead Sea Canal project. However, rising demand and limited resources require a shift toward water demand management and conservation to ensure long-term sustainable water resources.
26 nov16 managing_irrigation_challenges_opportunities_and_way forwardIWRS Society
Managing Irrigation: Challenges, Opportunities and Way Forward
Alok K Sikka
International Water Management Institute IWMI Representative‐India, New Delhi
Water Conservation and salmon issues for lower Fraser RiverEric832w
This document provides an overview of water issues in the lower Fraser River relevant to salmon conservation. It discusses threats to water such as pollution, diversion, climate change, and impacts from various economic sectors. It also covers ecosystem needs for fish including habitat and instream flows. The document analyzes water licensing and allocation issues and options to satisfy new water demands. It examines water law, governance, and opportunities for the Fraser Salmon and Watershed Program to engage in water policy.
This document discusses international assessment of adaptation strategies for water, food, and the environment under climate change in seven river basins. It outlines the goal of downscaling climate change impacts at a regional level. It then briefly describes the seven river basins being studied, including their major issues. Next, it lists the collaborators and describes the methodology involving hydrological and food production models. It also summarizes expected climate changes in the basins and how these may impact crop yields and water resources. Adaptation strategies will be developed and evaluated based on these potential impacts.
The document summarizes San Diego County's water supply sources and challenges. It notes that San Diego imports about 80% of its water, with 50% coming from the Colorado River and 30% from Northern California via the State Water Project. Regulatory restrictions to protect fish species in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta limit water deliveries. The region is succeeding in saving water through conservation efforts. Future plans aim to diversify supply and increase amounts from local sources, seawater desalination, and recycled water. A recent state water bond includes $100 million for raising San Vicente Dam and other funding to improve supply reliability and local watershed projects. Resolving disputes over the Quantification Settlement Agreement and mitigating impacts
Australian Showcase:Theme 1:Australia and Waterined_v3icidciid
The document discusses water management in Australia, focusing on the Water Act of 2007 and the Murray-Darling Basin Plan. It provides background on Australia's climate and history of water management agreements. It describes the objectives of the Water Act to manage basin water resources through plans and environmental flows. It also discusses government investment programs aimed at improving irrigation efficiency and balancing environmental and consumptive water needs.
This document summarizes soil and land resources in Jordan. It describes 4 main agro-ecological systems: 1) Jordan Rift Valley which contains most arable land, 2) Highlands with diverse soil types, 3) Marginal lands which are mostly rangeland, and 4) Badia desert zone. Each area faces challenges like soil degradation, overexploitation, and desertification. The Ministry of Agriculture leads conservation efforts through projects to improve rangelands, combat desertification, and develop soil maps. Other agencies conduct related research. Overall, sustainable management of Jordan's soil resources is important amidst population growth, limited land, and climate threats.
27 nov16 irrigation_management_by_loss_reduction_recycling_and_water_transferIWRS Society
IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT BY LOSS REDUCTION, RECYCLING AND WATER TRANSFER
S. K. Mazumder
Former AICTE Emeritus Professor
L.V. Kumar
Former Director, Central Water Commission Former General Manager, WAPC
The document discusses establishing a dryland fund in South Africa to support sustainable land management projects. It proposes a fund housed at the Development Bank of Southern Africa and governed by a steering committee representing government, business, and civil society. The fund would empower communities, promote sustainable land use, leverage public and private resources, and establish financial mechanisms to incentivize conservation. It provides examples from Costa Rica's payment for ecosystem services programs as a model and identifies priority landscapes in South Africa for initial ecosystem services incentives programs.
Simon Cook - The global water and food crisistasstie
The document summarizes the global water and food crisis. It discusses how population growth and increasing demands for food and water are diminishing available water resources on a per capita basis globally. It then provides details on water availability, access, hazards, and use from analysis of 10 major river basins. Key factors influencing livelihoods and the link between water, food, and poverty in these basins include water scarcity, unequal access to water resources, vulnerability to water-related hazards like drought and flood, and generally low water productivity. The impacts of climate change on exacerbating water scarcity, access issues, and hazards are also briefly discussed. The crisis is characterized as a development crisis influenced by how water constraints development and how development
The document discusses water resources and reuse of reclaimed water in Jordan. It notes that Jordan has limited water resources but a growing population, placing increasing demand on its water supplies. Approximately 95% of treated wastewater in Jordan is currently reused in agriculture. The document outlines Jordan's water strategy, which emphasizes wastewater reuse. It provides details on wastewater treatment, current reuse in agriculture, and monitoring of soils, crops and groundwater to ensure safe reuse of reclaimed water. Strategic plans are discussed to further develop water resources, increase reuse, and ensure sustainable water management.
The document discusses desalination and water reuse as solutions for water supply in the water-stressed Western Asia and North Africa (WANA) region. It notes that desalination costs have decreased, making it an economically viable option. Most countries in the WANA region rely on desalination to meet their water needs. Desalination capacity in the region is expected to increase significantly by 2015 to over 100 million cubic meters per day. Desalination technologies like reverse osmosis are playing a key role in increasing water supplies and promoting water reuse in the WANA countries.
Ghaffour - Desalination and Water ReuseLaura Haddad
The document discusses desalination and water reuse as solutions for water supply in the water-stressed Western Asia and North Africa (WANA) region. It notes that desalination costs have decreased, making it an economically viable option. Most countries in the WANA region rely on desalination to meet their water needs. Desalination capacity in the region is expected to increase significantly by 2015 to over 100 million cubic meters per day. Desalination technologies like reverse osmosis are playing a key role in increasing water supplies and reusing wastewater in the water-scarce WANA countries.
Wastewater Treatment in Arab region_An unexploited opprtunity for agricultura...Dima Faour-Klingbeil Ph.D.
This document discusses the growing trend of wastewater treatment and reuse in agriculture in Arab countries. It notes that water scarcity is a major problem in the region due to factors like population growth, urbanization, and climate change. Most countries rely heavily on agriculture but irrigation uses 80% of water resources. The document advocates for greater reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture as an untapped opportunity, but notes this requires addressing health risks and establishing guidelines. Current wastewater treatment is often inadequate and oversight weak, allowing untreated sewage to be used instead. The author calls for more efficient treatment plants, preventative health approaches, and research on risks of treated wastewater reuse in line with WHO guidelines.
Water demand has greatly increased in the Middle East due to population growth, urbanization, and improved lifestyles. However, water resources are limited in many countries in the region. Agricultural use accounts for over 80% of water withdrawals in some countries. While governments have focused on developing new water supplies, policy reforms and wastewater recycling are also needed to manage rising demand. Wastewater reuse remains limited but has potential to help address the growing water crisis across the Middle East and North Africa.
This document discusses water resources in the GCC region and Egypt. It notes that the GCC has only 1% of the world's renewable water resources to support 5% of the global population. Desalination is critical to meeting water demand, with 60% of global desalination capacity located in the Middle East. The document outlines various desalination technologies used, including multi-stage flash distillation, reverse osmosis, and electrodialysis. It also discusses wastewater treatment and reuse in the region.
Coping with Water Scarcity in Near East and North Africa: Shifting GearFAO
Plenary Session # 1: Coping with Water Scarcity in Near East and North Africa: Shifting Gear, ByProf. Mahmoud Abu-Zeid President, AWC, Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
Dr. Abrar Al Jadi & Ms. Sara Al Sabah - Analysis of Kuwait Sanitary Master PlanHudhaib Al-Allatti
The document summarizes a study comparing Kuwait's current wastewater network to its planned sanitary master plan for 2045. It analyzes the current network's weaknesses, including high amounts of untreated sewage dumped into the sea. The master plan aims to address this by expanding treatment capacity across 5 new plants. Simulation software modeled each network, finding the future plan reduces dumping by 30% but relies more on key pumping stations, so their maintenance is critical. Comparing the models evaluated how well the master plan improves efficiency.
Water–Demand Management in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for Enhancement Enviro...IOSR Journals
This document discusses water demand management strategies in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia faces acute water shortages due to its arid climate and lack of permanent water sources. While water is a renewable resource, availability is extremely low relative to demand, which is increasing rapidly due to population growth and rising living standards. The majority of water is currently used for agricultural irrigation. The document suggests implementing conservation measures, improving water use efficiency, and using technologies like GIS to better manage water infrastructure and demand. The objective is to safeguard this critical resource for future generations through environmental enhancement and sustainable management.
1. Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) and groundwater buffering are ancient techniques that can help address water crises through behaviors like land use change.
2. MAR projects in locations like Jordan and the Netherlands demonstrate how groundwater can be used economically and wisely as a buffer, stabilizing water levels and allowing water reuse.
3. Further work is needed to scale MAR implementation appropriately through the watershed, addressing questions of water quality, optimization, governance, and bringing solutions to both local and regional levels.
1. Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) and groundwater buffering are ancient techniques that can help address water crises through behaviors like land use change.
2. MAR projects in locations like Jordan and the Netherlands demonstrate how groundwater can be used economically and sustainably as a buffer, stabilizing supplies.
3. While MAR technology is well developed, more work is needed to scale projects appropriately and facilitate knowledge sharing between countries on topics like water quality, governance, and cost-effectiveness.
The document discusses water and electricity challenges in Saudi Arabia and the role of the Saudi Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) in addressing them. SWCC was established in 1974 to support natural water resources through seawater desalination and electric power generation. It is now the largest producer of desalinated water in the world, accounting for 18% of total global production. The Saudi government is committed to expanding desalination capacity to meet growing national demand for water and electricity in a sustainable manner.
1. Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) and groundwater buffering are ancient techniques that can help address water crises by storing water underground for future use.
2. The document discusses several case studies where MAR has been used successfully for over 65 years to recharge groundwater and ensure stable water supply, including projects in Jordan and the Netherlands.
3. Going forward, the document argues for improving cooperation and information sharing on scaling up MAR implementation through practical projects and research, addressing water quality, management, and governance issues to develop tailored solutions.
The document discusses the role of biosaline agriculture in coping with water scarcity in the WANA region. It notes that the WANA region has very low available renewable water resources per capita that are projected to decline further. Biosaline agriculture focuses on growing crops that are tolerant of saline or brackish water and soil conditions as a way to use marginal water resources and reduce pressure on freshwater supplies. The document provides estimates of available brackish water resources and potential land areas for biosaline agriculture in several WANA countries, finding that approximately 14% of total irrigated land in the region could utilize brackish water resources.
The document discusses the role of biosaline agriculture in coping with water scarcity in the WANA region. It notes that the WANA region has very low available renewable water resources per capita that are projected to decline further. Biosaline agriculture focuses on growing crops that are tolerant of saline or brackish water and soil conditions as a way to use marginal water resources and reduce pressure on freshwater supplies. The document provides estimates of available brackish water resources and potential land areas for biosaline agriculture in several WANA countries, finding that approximately 14% of total irrigated land in the region could utilize brackish water resources.
DSD-INT 2023 RIBASIM set-up, calibration and initial results of application -...Deltares
Presentation by Emad Mahmoud (Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Egypt) at the Hydrology Suite User Days (Day 1) - Hydrology Suite introduction and River Basin Management software (RIBASIM), during the Delft Software Days - Edition 2023 (DSD-INT 2023). Tuesday, 28 November 2023, Delft.
This document summarizes assessments of challenges to implementing integrated water resources management (IWRM) in the Arab region. It discusses four major efforts to assess IWRM status in the region since 2000. The analyses show that while the water-scarce Arab region is committed to IWRM, levels of implementation vary. Key challenges include raising awareness of IWRM among stakeholders, generating political will for IWRM among decision-makers, and the need for more regional coordination. Progress has been made through national IWRM plans and policies, but full implementation is still required to achieve targets like those of the World Summit on Sustainable Development.
Amr fadlelmawla desalination-kuwait (1)Nidaa Majali
This document discusses Kuwait's water sector and the key role of desalination. It provides details on Kuwait's water balance, the history and operations of its large desalination industry, challenges facing the sector including increasing demand and modernization needs, and opportunities to address challenges through reforms and further private sector involvement. Desalination is described as critical and resilient against climate change impacts for Kuwait and other Gulf nations.
The document discusses various aspects of water supply and distribution systems. It covers water sources such as rain, groundwater and surface water. It then discusses water treatment processes involving primary, secondary and tertiary treatments. Key water quality parameters set by WHO are mentioned. Water usage, distribution systems both external and internal, and the water supply system in Malaysia are summarized. Major components of the water supply infrastructure in Selangor like dams and water treatment plants are also highlighted.
Similar to 006a NCWRM 2011 Chouchani_Cherfane_ESCWA (20)
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006a NCWRM 2011 Chouchani_Cherfane_ESCWA
1. Best Practices and Experiences
in NCWRM in the ESCWA Region
Carol Chouchani Cherfane
Chief, Water Resources Section
Sustainable Development and Productivity Division
2. CONDITIONS LEADING TO NCWR
USE
Water Scarcity: Renewable Water Resources in Arab Countries per
Most Arab countries capita
(including ESCWA Threatens
countries) are
Water Security
among the most
water scarce
countries in world
having less than
1,000 m3 of
renewable water
resources per capita
per year.
Population
Growth: Arab
population grew
from 173 million
(1980) to 352.2
million (2009);
ESCWA 253 million
(2009) represents
72% of Arab
population Source: ESCWA regional chapter to forthcoming World Water Development Report 4
3. NCWR USE IN ESCWA REGION
ESCWA countries have responded to water constraints by turning
to non-conventional water resources to varied degrees.
Extent of use depends upon what is defined as a NCWR.
FAO/AQUASTAT defines NCWR as (1) desalinated water; (2)
adequately treated domestic or industrial waste water; or (3)
agricultural drainage water, although other NCWR emerging.
Treated Agricultural
Desalination Wastewater Drainage
Reuse Water
Water Cloud Coastal
Harvesting Seeding Springs
3
4. DESALINATION
Desalination and Treated Wastewater Reuse in selected ESCWA
countries
Source: FAO, AQUASTAT. Treated wastewater date for Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and UAE is from
the year 2006, 2002, and 2006 respectively.
Desalination much more extensive than treated wastewater reuse
in Gulf, though current and comparable data difficult to secure.
5. DESALINATION: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
COUNTRIES
Desalination types, mix & trends vary between ESCWA countries:
Reverse osmosis (RO): Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Lebanon, Palestine (80-100%)
Multi-stage flash (MSF): Kuwait (82%); Qatar (62%); KSA (46%)
Multi-effect distillation (MED): KSA (10%); Qatar (16%); Kuwait (0%)
Other: 10%
for
Major desalination plants in the Gulf sub-region 2008
Feed water
also varies in
source & mix,
though largely
seawater
(83%);
brackish water
(10%);
wastewater
(2%)
Source: ESCWA Water Development Report 3, p.8, Figure 8
6. DESALINATION: EXPERIENCE FROM THE FIELD
Desalination as a industry – and promotion as green industry?
• Desalination capacity of Saudi Arabia and the UAE accounts for over 30% of
global desalinated freshwater production.
• Desalination increasing in Egypt due to real estate and tourism expansion.
• GCC examining desal as an industry: R&D, O&M, training, jobs, exports
• Not better than fossil groundwater extraction?
Water-Energy
Examining the full cost of Desalination
Linkages
• Energy rich v/s Energy
poor endowments
cause difference
• Solar options being
explored, but not well
developed: KSA, UAE
• Transfer/transmission
costs need to be
considered
• Environmental
externalities (CO2 Source: ESCWA Water Development Report 3 (2009)
emissions)
7. DESALINATION: EXPERIENCE FROM THE FIELD
Overcapacity: leading to non-conventional water resources
management practices; inefficiencies and waste prevail.
Water-Energy
Co-generation New Option:
Plants Managed Aquifer
Recharge
Desalination (Bahrain)
Over capacity in
Water Security: GCC counties
Increase
Reducing Risks
Household
Storage Capacity
(Bahrain, Qatar,
Water Security: Yemen)
Planning for
future growth Despite over capacity, bottled water
(population & consumption in GCC very high.
economic) Salinity, quality transferred through
transmission networks not trusted by consumers
8. MANAGED AQUIFER RECHARGE: STORAGE &
SUSTAINABILITY
Bahrain
– The Government of Bahrain considers to implement Managed
Aquifer Recharge (MAR) schemes in Damman Aquifer to increase
freshwater resources availability in times of emergency, and to
lower the salinity of the groundwater in some places.
– This aims to make best use of treated sewage effluent, short-
term/seasonal surpluses, water from desalination plants and storm
water runoff.
– First national technical consultation
meeting was held in October 2010
where all major stakeholders of MAR
participated.
– Being supported through ESCWA
Regional Advisory Services
9. TREATED WASTEWATER REUSE
Treated wastewater have increased in some ESCWA countries,
but quantification remains difficult so trend analysis should be
viewed with caution.
Wastewater Treated Volume of selected ESCWA countries
9
Source: FAO, AQUASTAT
10. TREATED WASTEWATER REUSE - TYPES
Varied uses in the ESCWA Region:
Irrigation – for agriculture
Greenification – for green belts and to combat desertification
Common in GCC and Egypt
Cooling and reuse – Bahrain Airport reusing treated grey
water for cooling, greenification at airport; under
consideration for shopping mall as well
Managed Aquifer Recharge – being explored, for storage for
alternative uses sources to be served through pumping, but
also in coastal aquifers to reduce saltwater intrusion.
NCWR and TWR referenced in
Arab Water Security Strategy
officially adopted in June 2011
11. TREATED WASTEWATER REUSE:
LESSONS
Food security and food safety
Concern by farmers and domestic consumers; Awareness raising needed
Regulatory regime and infrastructure needed to ensure confidence
Trade barriers: sanitary & phytosanitary measures on agricultural exports
Testing by mutually accredited/recognized labs helping to overcome barriers
Issues emerged between ESCWA countries on this issue, but have been
overcome recently based on increased treated wastewater reuse and testing
capacity.
Development Planning: Locating new wastewater treatment plans now
being considered within development strategies and plans
Lebanon: Looking to install at least 3 wastewater treatment plants in
Keserouan (mountainous areas that drains into Beirut water supply source):
becomes question of groundwater contamination concerns if wastewater
treatment failures occur (or insufficient demand captured)
UAE/Abu Dhabi: Using TWR as means to create communities in the desert
(Viola plant)
Bahrain: Proximity between treatment plans and user is ‘far’, thus transfer of
treated wastewater for reuse needs to be balanced with other options or goals.
12. AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF REUSE
Not so ‘non-conventional’ in water scarce regions
Part of FAO/AQUASTAT reporting on NCWR
Challenges
Pesticide and nitrate concentrations
Washing in and mixing with other wastewater streams
Poor quality has implications for downstream users – both within a country
and between countries
Regional Experience
Egypt: Agricultural runoff reuse for agriculture and fisheries – some
resulting problems for food safety related to fisheries industry affecting
consumer health and exports
Turkey-Syria: Agricultural runoff from Turkey into Syria part of ‘shared
water resources management’ challenge: quality as well as the quantity of
this agricultural run off affects agricultural sector in Northern Syria
negatively. (ESCWA-BGR pilot project)
13. CLOUD SEEDING: WEATHER
MODIFICATION
Cloud seeding programs in the region –Jordan, Iraq, Saudi
Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, and UAE (ESCWA countries) +
Algeria, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Morocco (Non-ESCWA
countries)
The beginning years of cloud seeding in Arab countries
Country Starting Year Notes
Algeria 1952
Non-ESCWA Arab
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 1971
Countries
Morocco 1983
Jordan 1986
Iraq 1989
Saudi Arabia 1990 ESCWA Countries
Syrian Arab Republic 1991
UAE 2000
Source: Al-Fenadi, n.d., Cloud seeding experiments in Arab Countries: History and Result, p.2. Table 2
14. CLOUD SEEDING: EXPERIENCE
UAE
– Government of UAE (Department of Atmospheric Studies) has
implemented a program introducing cloud seeding in the UAE.
– In May 2008, it is reported that a thunderstorm was produced as a result of
cloud seeding test.
– In 2010 summer, it is reported that 50 rain storms were created by cloud
seeding project in the Abu Dhabi desert.
In light of increasing
investments in this area
(China included), this is
introducing a new legal
transboundary
management issue:
Who owns the clouds?
15. WATER HARVESTING: RAINWATER
COLLECTION
Water Harvesting has been done since ancient times – again not
so ‘non-conventional’
Palestine – rainwater collection is common practice.
Oman – water harvesting is being used for groundwater recharge.
Sudan – water harvesting has been made a national priority.
The Government decided to upgrade the former Dams Implementation Unit
in the Ministry of Electricity and Dams, and provided additional funding
for the construction of water harvesting infrastructure.
Supported by ESCWA Regional Advisory Services
New Government
remains interested
16. WATER HARVESTING: FOG COLLECTION
Some ESCWA countries also studying fog collection
technologies and options.
Yemen
– 26 standard fog collectors (1 m2) were installed in 2002 and 2003.
– The best average daily production was 4.5 litres/m2 over winter period.
– Subsequently, 25 large fog collectors (40 m2) were constructed in 2004,
which provides 4,500 litres of drinking water per day during the dry
winter season.
Saudi Arabia
– 3 standard fog collectors were installed in Asir region, and the best
average daily water production of 11.5 litre/m2 was obtained during winter
period(November to January).
– This indicates that fog collection can be a meaningful source of water
supply in Asir region of Saudi Arabia.
However, weather modification and fog collection need to be
further examined, with improved monitoring and reporting on
outcomes.
17. COASTAL FRESHWATER SPRINGS
ESCWA region’s extensive coastline make this an issue to
consider in various member countries, including Lebanon and
Bahrain, but still at early stages of exploration / exploitation.
Challenges:
Studies have been undertaken, but further research needed
Remote sensing and GIS being used to support mapping of these
freshwater resources originating from groundwater resources and coastal
aquifers
Significant resources seem available in Med and other regional seas
Implications for Biodiversity: if consumed, how does that affect sea
salinity? Could it impact the biodiversity mix and coastal fisheries?
Transboundary issue
As freshwater becomes increasing scare, could introduce territorial
conflicts such as those evidenced by off-sea oil and gas reserves
Is there an UNCLOS agreement for freshwater resources in our future?
18. NEXT STEPS:
INTER/INTRA-REGIONAL EXCHANGES
Evident experience in region on use of different NCWRs
Opportunities for inter/intra regional exchange: intra-ESCWA;
intra-Arab; inter-Arab/ESCWA and Med countries
Desalination Industry Experience and the GCC
GCC interested in increased exchange and expansion of
knowledge and technical experience on desalination
Water Harvesting and Benefiting from Local Best Practices
Field study exchanges currently under preparation between
Sudan and Oman.
Most certainly opportunities exist between other countries as
well
19. NEXT STEPS:
MDG+ INITIATIVE
“Establishing a Regional Mechanism for Improved
Monitoring and Reporting on Access to Water
Supply and Sanitation Services in the Arab Region”
(MDG+ Initiative)
Endorsed by LAS Arab Ministerial Water Council to set up
regional specific indicators for monitoring and reporting on
water supply and sanitation. NCWR integral part of
regional initiative
First Ministerial Session (Algiers, 2009) – requested ESCWA to
establish regional mechanism for monitoring/reporting on regional
specific WSS indicators in partnership with ACWUA, CEDARE,
AWC and RAED
MDG+ Indicators formulated by ESCWA and finalized in
consultation with partners, WHO and Arab Governments and
endorsed by AMWC
Template/questionnaire prepared and endorsed by Arab Summit
(January 2011) as part of Arab regional input to MDG follow-up
20. NEXT STEPS:
MDG+ INITIATIVE
MDG+ Indicators
Water Supply Sanitation
• Water consumption • Treated quantity
• Continuity of supply • Treatment type
• Water quality • Reuse utilization
• Distance to source • Reuse type
• Tariff structure • Tariff structure
• Affordability • Affordability
Purpose is to consider not only accessibility to improved
infrastructure, but also reliability, regularity, affordability,
sustainability and quality of service provided.
Differentiates between conventional/non-conventional
sources: Supply: rainwater harvesting; Sanitation:
raw/treated reuse
These are particularly important issues to consider in water
scarce environments and developing countries.
21. NEXT STEPS:
MDG+ INITIATIVE
Objectives and outcomes:
Will create regional knowledge base on these indicators
Will support regional dialogue and priority-setting on these
issues,
Will support national water planning, as will help to
mainstream NCRW in national water planning decisions
targeting water supply and sanitation
Set up supported by National Monitoring Teams that
would also create awareness, trust and support for these
indicators that link water ministries with utilities and other
key actors (health, statistics, planning, etc).
Advisory Board provides technical backstopping:
ESCWA, ACWUA, CEDARE, AWC, RAED, WHO and
LAS Secretariat
22. Thank you!
Carol Chouchani Cherfane
Chief, Water Resources Section
Sustainable Development and Productivity Division
UN-ESCWA
Tel: +961 1 978 518
Fax: +961 1 981 510
Email: chouchanicherfane@un.org
Web: www.escwa.un.org