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Specific volume is defined as the inverse of density, or volume per unit mass. Specific weight is defined as the weight or force of a substance per unit volume. Specific gravity or relative density is defined as the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a standard substance like water at 4°C. The document provides example equations and problems to calculate density, specific volume, specific weight, and specific gravity using mass, volume, and other given values.
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Laminar and turbulent flow can be distinguished by observing dye injected into a flowing fluid. Laminar flow moves in parallel, undisrupted layers while turbulent flow is disorganized with eddies. The Reynolds number determines whether flow is laminar or turbulent based on velocity, diameter, density and viscosity. Laminar flow has Re ≤ 2000 while turbulent flow has Re ≥ 3000. Viscosity resists flow and decreases with temperature for liquids but increases for gases.
Engine systems
The document summarizes the main engine systems, including the starting system, charging system, ignition system, and lighting system that make up the electrical system. It also describes the fuel system that supplies air and fuel mixtures, and can use a carburetor, petrol injection, or diesel injection. The cooling system works to reduce engine heat from combustion and friction. The lubrication system reduces friction and wear while also cooling the engine. Other systems mentioned include the drive train, steering, braking, suspension, emission control, computer, and body and frame systems.
Bomb calorimeter experiment
The document discusses calorimetry and specific heat. [1] Calorimetry is used to measure heat changes in chemical and physical processes using a calorimeter, which is an insulated device that measures heat absorption or release. [2] Specific heat is the amount of heat needed to change the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius or Kelvin and is measured in Joules per gram-degree. [3] An example calculation is shown to determine the specific heat of copper using calorimetry data.
Flash and fire point
The document discusses flash point and fire point, which are measurements of the lowest temperatures at which lubricant vapors will ignite (flash point) or sustain combustion (fire point). The flash point indicates transportation and storage requirements, while a significantly lower flash point than normal may indicate contamination. The fire point is usually 8-10% higher than the flash point. The document also lists equipment needed to test flash point and fire point, including an open oil tester, thermometers, and oils of different weights.
Calibration of pressure gauges
The document discusses the calibration of pressure gauges using a dead weight tester. A dead weight tester compares the readings of the gauge being calibrated to a standard gauge using an incompressible fluid and weights to apply precise pressures. Factors like friction, lost motion, and hysteresis can cause inaccuracies that calibration corrects. The pressure produced is calculated using the force applied by the weights divided by the area of the piston.
Hazardous substances 01
This document provides guidance on handling hazardous substances in the workplace. It states that hazardous substances have the potential to harm health or safety and should be stored separately from non-hazardous substances in undamaged containers. Employees should receive instruction on the safe handling, storage, and clean up of spills of hazardous substances, as well as first aid treatment if exposure occurs. References for further information are also provided.
Hazard communication lect 1
Hazard communication involves communicating chemical hazards to employees through labels, material safety data sheets (MSDS), and training. Key aspects of hazard communication include identifying chemical hazards using labels on containers and MSDS sheets, which provide information on safe handling, health effects, and emergency procedures. It is everyone's responsibility to safely handle chemicals and understand this hazard information.
Scientific methods
The document outlines the key steps of the scientific method, which include making an observation, forming a hypothesis, performing an experiment to test the hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and communicating results. It provides examples and details for each step, emphasizing the importance of developing testable questions, writing clear procedures, recording measurements, analyzing data through graphs and tables, and determining whether the hypothesis was supported or needs revision based on experimental findings.
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002
- 1. 002 Fundamental Properties of Thermodynamics DENSITY and SPECIFIC VOLUME The density is defined as mass per unit volume, and specific volume is defined as volume per unit mass. Specific volume is the inverse of density. Density: m kg ; V m3 Specific Volume: __ V 1 m3 v ; m kg SPECIFIC WEIGHT Specific weight is defined as weight (Force) of the thermodynamic substance per unit volume. F N ; V m3 m go V gc go gc SPECIFIC GRAVITY or RELATIVE DENSITY Specific gravity or Relative Density is defined as the ratio of the density of a substance by the density of standard substance, such as water at 4oC (39.2oF). substan ce SG substan ce water@ 4o C water@ 4o C kg lb Where: wa te r@ 4o C = 1000 =62.4 m m3 ft3 PROBLEM SET: 1.1 The specific weight of an object is 3.5 kN/m3. Determine the (a) Mass density (b) Mass if the dimension of the object are 6cm x 15cm x 8cm (c) Specific Volume (d) Specific Gravity 1.2 Twelve kilogram of water is mixed with 10 kilogram of alcohol (SG=0.85). What is the specific gravity of the mixture, assuming that the two fluids mix completely. (Ans. 0.9257) 1.3 1.5 m3 of water has a weight of 12 kN. Determine the specific weight of the water and the density, in kg/m3, when go=9.51 m/s2. (Ans. 841.21 kg/m3) 1.4 An aluminum sphere with a mass of 0.35 g has a radius of 0.50 cm. Determine if the aluminum is solid or has a hollow space inside it? If it has a hollow space, how much is missing from it?density of aluminum 2700 kg/m3. (Ans. 1.06 g)