Conditional tenses are used to talk about hypothetical or unlikely situations. There are three conditional types: 1. Type I uses present tense in the if-clause and future in the main clause to talk about probable future events. Examples are given of exercises to complete sentences in this form. 2. Type II uses past tense in the if-clause and present conditional (would/could/might) in the main clause to talk about unlikely or imaginary present situations. More exercises are provided to complete sentences in this form. 3. Type III uses past perfect in the if-clause and past conditional (could have/would have/might have) in the main clause to talk about unlikely past situations and their results

1. CONDITIONAL TENSES
 Conditional type 1
A ordem das frases é arbitrária: tanto pode vir primeiro a “if clause” como a “main
clause”.
• Probabilidades
Ex.: If he runs, he will get here in time.
The cat will scratch if you pull her tail.
• Possibilidades
Ex.: If the fog gets thicker the plan might be diverted.
• Permissão
Ex.: If it stops snowing we may go outside.
1.Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type I) by putting the verbs into the correct
form:
1. You’ll break it if you _____________ (not be) careful.
2. They _____________ (get wet) if it rains.
3. ____________________ (you / help me) if I need you?
4. If you (knock) at the door, he _____________ (let) you in.
5. You _____________ (not / find) the key if you _____________ (not /open) the bag.
6. I _____________ (not /come) if I _____________ (not / have) the time.
7. If you _____________ (go) into town, _____________ (you buy) something for me?
8. If the book _____________ (not be) too long, I _____________ (read) it in two hours.
9. We _____________ (be) very disappointed if the useum _____________ (not open)
10. If you _____________ (not leave) her alone, she _____________ (not finish) the job.
11. What _____________ (you/do) if you _____________ (see) someone steal something?
12. What _____________ (you do) if you _____________ (not have) to go to school?
13. If she _____________ (not try) very hard, she _____________ (not succeed).
14.If I_____________ (to study), I _____________ ( pass) the exams.
15.If the sun_____________ ( shine), we_____________ ( walk) to the town.
16.If he _____________( have) a temperature, he_____________ ( see) the doctor.
17.If my friends_____________ ( come), I_____________ ( be) very happy.
18.If she_____________ ( earn) a lot of money, she_____________ ( fly) to New York.
19.If we_____________ ( travel) to London, we_____________ ( visit) the museums.
20.If you_____________ ( wear) sandals in the mountains, you_____________ ( slip) on the rocks.
21.If Rita_____________ ( forget) her homework, the teacher _____________ give) her a low
mark.
22.If they _____________( go) to the disco, they _____________( listen) too loud music.
23.If you_____________ ( wait) a minute, I_____________ ( ask) my parents.
24. If she _____________ (invite) me, I _____________ (go
25. If it _____________ (rain), we _____________ (cancel) the match.
26. If I_____________ (get) a promotion, I _____________ (buy) a car.
27. If she_____________ (be late), we _____________ (go) without her.
28. If you _____________ (ask) more politely, I _____________ (buy) you a drink.
29. If you _____________ (not behave), I _____________ (throw) you out.
30. If he _____________ (win) the first prize, his mother ________________ (be) happy.
31. If he _____________ (get) proper medical care, he _____________ (survive)
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Verbo da « if clause » - present tense (Simple Present)
Verbo da « main clause » - simple future WILL/MAY/CAN

2. 32. If the drought _____________ (continue), plants and animals_____________ (perish).
33.If you (send)___________ this letter now, she _____________ (receive) it tomorrow.
34.If I (do)_________this test, I (improve)_________ my English.
35.If I (find)___________your ring, I (give) ____________ it back to you.
36.Peggy (go)__________ shopping if she (have)____________ time in the afternoon.
37.Simon (go)_____________ London next week if he (get)_______a cheap flight.
38.If her boyfriend (phone / not)____________ today, she (leave) _____________ him.
39.If they (study / not)______________ harder, they (pass / not)______________ the exam.
40.If it (rain)______________ tomorrow, I (have to / not)______________ water the plants.
41.You (be able/ not)_________________ sleep if you (watch)_____________ this scary film.
42.Susan (can / move / not)_____________ into the new house if it (be/
not)________________ready on time.
2. Exercise on Conditional Sentences with Auxiliaries – Complete the conditional
sentences (type I). Remember to use the auxiliary verbs.
a) If it doesn't rain, we (can / go) can go swimming tomorrow.
b) If you train hard, you (might / win) _____________ first prize.
c) If we go to Canada next year, we (can / improve) _____________ our English.
d) I (may / go) _____________ to the disco in the evening if I do the washing-up now.
e) If we go on holiday next week, I (not / can / play) _____________tennis with you.
f) If you see Gareth tomorrow, you (should / tell) _____________ him that you love him.
g) If my parents go shopping in the afternoon, I (must / look) _____________after my little
sister.
h) He (must / be) _____________ a good drummer if he plays in a band.
i) If you are listening to the radio after 10 pm, you (should / turn) _____________the volume
down.
 Conditional type 2
A ordem das frases é arbitrária: tanto pode vir primeiro a “if clause” como a “main
clause”.
Improbabilidades, coisas pouco possíveis.
• Quando a suposição é contrária ao que se conhece:
Ex.: If I lived near my office, I would get to work on time.
• Quando não esperamos que a acção a “if clause” se realize, aconteça:
Ex.: If I dyed my hair blue, everyone would laugh at me.
Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type II) by putting the verbs into the correct
form:
1. If it rained I _____________ (stay) at home.
2. You would get better if you _____________ (not/eat) so much.
3. If dinner wasn’t ready, I _____________ (go) without it.
4. If he _____________ (be) tired, he would go to bed.
5. He ________________ (earn) a lot of money if he ________________ (work) harder.
6. If he ________________ (be) more intelligent, he ________________ (not make) that choice.
7. If you ________________ (push) her, she ________________ (be) furious.
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Verbo da « if clause » - past tense (Simple Past)
Verbo da « main clause » - conditional tense –
WOULD /SHOULD/COULD

3. 8. What ________________ (happen) if we ________________ (lose) the map?
9. What ________________ (you /do) if you ________________ (find) a watch in the street?
10.What ________________ (he/buy) if he ________________ (be) rich?
11.If I ________________ (be) you, I ________________ (wear) a raincoat.
12.If I ________________ (be) rich, I ________________ (not work) any more.
13.If the house ________________ (have) central heating, it ________________ (not be) so cold.
14.________________ (it /not be) awful, if we ________________ (be caught)?
15.If you ________________(drive) your car into the river (you ,be able) ________________to
get out?
16.If you (not belong) ________________ to a union you ________________ (get) a job.
17.If I (win) ________________ a big prize in a lottery I________________ (give) up my job.
18.What you (do) ________________ if you ________________ (find) a burglar in your house?
19.I ________________ (tell) you what this means if I ________________ (know) Greek
20.He ________________ (get) better if he (stop) ________________ smoking.
21.If you (see) ________________ someone drowning, what ________________ (you do)?
22.I (be) ________________ ruined if I ________________ (buy) her everything she asked for.
23.If you ________________ (sleep) under a mosquito net, you (not be) ________________
bitten so often.
24.I ________________ (get) a job easily if I (have) ________________ a degree.
25.If we ________________ (have) more rain, our crops (grow) ________________ faster.
26.The whole machine ________________ (fall) to pieces if you (remove) ________________
that screw.
27.If they (ban) ________________ the sale of alcohol at football matches, there
________________(be) less violence.
28.What ________________ (you do) if the lift (get) ________________ stuck between two
floors?
29. If you ________________ (know) you had only six weeks to live, how you (spend)
________________ those six weeks?
30.If I________________ (come) home earlier, I________________ (prepare) dinner.
31.If we________________ (live) in Rome, Francesco________________ (visit) us.
32.If Tim and Tom________________ (be) older, they________________ (play) in our hockey
team.
33.If he________________ (be) my friend, I________________ (invite) him to my birthday
party.
34.If Susan________________ (study) harder, she________________ (be) better at school.
35.If they________________ (have) enough money, they________________ (buy) a new car.
36.If you________________ (do) a paper round, you________________ (earn) a little extra
money.
37.If Michael________________ (get) more pocket money, he________________ (ask) Doris out
for dinner.
38.If we________________ (hurry), we________________ (catch) the bus.
39. If it________________ (rain), Nina________________ (take) an umbrella with her.
40.If Oliver________________ (find) money, he________________ (not / keep) it.
41.If they________________ (not / wear) pullovers in the mountains, it________________ (be)
too cold during the night.
42.If Tony________________ (know) her phone number, he________________ (not / give) it to
Frank.
43.If we________________ (not /visit) this museum, we________________ (not / write) a good
report.
44.If it________________ (not / be) so late, we________________ (play) a game of chess.
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4. 45.If Jeff________________ (not / like) Jessica, he________________ (not / buy) her an ice-
cream.
46.If I________________ (be) you, I________________ (not / go) to Eric's party.
47.If you________________ (drop) this bottle, it________________ (not / break).
48.If she________________ (not / bully) her classmates, she________________ (have) more
friends.
49. If he________________ (not / print) the document, I________________ (not / correct) it.
 Conditional type 3
A ordem das frases é arbitrária: tanto pode vir primeiro a “if clause” como a “main
clause”.
Os tempos são no passado e a acção da “main clause” não se poderá nunca
realizar uma vez que a acção da “if clause” não aconteceu.
• Capacidade/habilidade para:
Ex.: If we had found him earlier, we could have saved his life.
• Permissão/habilidade para:
Ex.: If our papers had been in order we could have left at once.
Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type III) by putting the verbs into the correct
form.
a) If you (study) had studied for the test, you (pass)would have passed it.
b) If you (ask) _________________________ me, I (help) _________________________ you.
c) If we (go) _________________________ to the cinema, we (see) _________________________ my
friend Jacob.
d) If you (speak) _________________________ English, she (understand) _________________________.
e) If they (listen) _________________________ to me, we (be) _________________________ home
earlier.
f) I (write) _________________________ you a postcard if I (have) _________________________ your
address.
g) If I (not / break) _________________________ my leg, I (take part) _________________________ in
the contest.
h) If it (not/ start) _________________________ to rain, we (walk) _________________________ to the
museum.
i) We (swim) _________________________ in the sea if there (not / be)
__________________________ so many sharks there.
j) If she (take) _________________________ the bus, she (not / arrive) _________________________ on
time.
k) It _________________________ (be) better if you _________________________ (wait)
l) I _________________________ (be) if they _________________________ (not come)
m) If they _________________________ (wait), they _________________________ (find) me.
n) If I _________________________ (know) that, I _________________________ (not interrupt) the
conversation.
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Verbo da « if clause » - past perfect (had + past participle)
Verbo da « main clause » - perfect conditional
(would/could + present perfect= have + past part.)

5. o) We _________________________ (come) yesterday if we _________________________ (know) about
this situation.
p) He _________________________ (win) the prize if he _________________________ (train) more.
q) If it _________________________ (not be) a fine day we _________________________ (stay) at home.
r) If you _________________________ (touch) the wire, you _________________________ (get) a shock.
s) What _________________________ (happen) if I _________________________ (lost) my passport?
t) If they _________________________ (not be) lazy, they _________________________ (pass) the exam.
u) If I _________________________ (know) that you were ill, I _________________________ (come) to
see you.
v) I _________________________ (not / go out) if I _________________________ (not / receive) his
phone call.
w) _________________________ (you / not / speak) to him if he _________________________
(apologize)?
x) If I _________________________ (inform) about it, I _________________________ (accept) the
invitation.
y) If the weather_________________________ (be) nice, they_________________________ (play)
football.
z) If we_________________________ (go) to a good restaurant, we_________________________ (have) a
better dinner.
aa)If John_________________________ (learn) more words, he_________________________ (write) a
good report.
bb)If the boys_________________________ (take) the bus to school, they_________________________
(arrive) on time.
cc) If the teacher_________________________ (explain) the homework, I_________________________
(do) it.
dd)If they_________________________ (wait) for another 10 minutes, they_________________________
(see) the pop star.
ee)If the police_________________________ (come) earlier, they_________________________ (arrest)
the burglar.
ff) If you_________________________ (buy) fresh green vegetable, your
salad_________________________ (taste) better.
gg)If Alex_________________________ (ask) me, I_________________________ (email) the documents.
hh) If he_________________________ (speak) more slowly, Peggy_________________________
(understand) him.
Exercises – Mixed Conditionals
1. Change the following sentences into the type 2 and type 3 conditional:
a) If I come, I’ll see her.
b) If he sees you, he’ll speak to you.
c) If you finish the letter he will post it for you.
d) If you come, it will be very nice.
e) If I take a taxi, I’ll catch the train.
f) If you don’t put on your coat, you’ll catch a cold.
g) If he has time he will fix the television.
h) If you don’t follow my instructions, you’ll get lost.
i) If the boys don’t shout, we won’t find them.
j) If she’s alone, she’ll be afraid.
k) What will happen if he doesn’t go to work?
l) What will you do if you don’t find your glasses?
m) Will you say hello if you see him?
n) Will he send me the money if he knows my address?
o) Will you see him if the cinema is full?
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6. 2. Supply the correct tense of the verb in brackets as adequate:
a) The teacher ______________________ (be) pleased if the students greeted him.
b) I ______________________ (certainly do) it if it’s possible.
c) If you ______________________ (do) the job carefully, you’d get better results.
d) I’d be terribly sorry if he ______________________ (break) the vase.
e) They will be foolish if they ______________________ (not / take) this
opportunity.
f) If they had given me her number I ______________________ (telephone) her.
g) I ______________________ (be) scared if a thief walked in here.
h) If she ______________________ (be) older, she would have more sense.
i) What ______________________ (you / do) if you had won the lottery?
j) What would you do if your car ______________________ (be) stolen?
k) If we hadn’t caught the 11h30 train, we ______________________ (not / arrive) in
time.
l) If I go to bed now I ______________________ (not / sleep).
m) If he ______________________ (not / work) he wouldn’t earn any money.
n) I wouldn’t have come to the party if Jane ______________________ (not / be)
invited.
o) I would have gone out if I ______________________ (not / be) so tired.
p) If the traffic lights didn’t work ______________________ (probably / there to be)
an accident.
q) I would have telephoned if I ______________________ (there to be) an
emergency.
3. Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type I, II or III) by putting the verbs into the
correct form:
a) If they (have) have time at the weekend, they will come to see us.
b) If we sneak out quietly, nobody (notice) _____________.
c) If we (know) _____________ about your problem, we would have helped you.
d) If I (be) _____________ you, I would not buy that dress.
e) We (arrive) _____________ earlier if we had not missed the bus.
f) If I didn't have a mobile phone, my life (not / be) _____________ complete.
g) Okay, I (get) _____________ the popcorn if you buy the drinks.
h) If I _____________ (tell) you a secret, you would be sure to leak it.
i) She (go) _____________out with you if you had only asked her.
j) I would not have read your diary if you (not hide) _____________ it in such an obvious
place.
4. Reword the following sentences as indicated bellow and make the necessary
transformations:
a) You’re hungry now because you didn’t have breakfast. If you had breakfast ….
b) You should leave the door open so as to hear them come. If you don’t ….
c) He didn’t follow my advice and so he didn’t succeed. If he had ….
d) He rang the bell and the servant came. If he hadn’t ….
e) They got into trouble because they drank too much. If they didn’t ….
f) He didn’t got the job because he didn’t apply for it. If he had ….
g) He didn’t study hard so he failed his exams. If he had ….
h) She’s crying because you’ve left her alone. If you didn’t ….
i) I don’t want to buy that house because it’s very small. But if it was ….
j) You really shouldn’t work so hard, you know. If I were ….
k) I don’t want to buy that book because it’s very expensive. But if it was ….
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7. l) She didn’t buy the coat because she didn’t have enough money on her. But if
she ….
m) She doesn’t go out more often because she’s too weak. But if she ….
n) He is too fat because he doesn’t take any exercise. But if he ….
o) I was able to buy the car because Jane lent me the money. But if she hadn’t ….
p) The accident happened because the driver in front stopped suddenly. But if ….
q) You shouldn’t drive so fast. If I were you ….
UNLESS = If not (a menos que / a não ser que …)
 “Unless” corresponde a “if not” e utiliza-se para condições
negativas. Utilizamos “unless” para dizer que uma situação em
específico não acontecerá a menos que outra acção se realize
primeiro.
 “Unless” utiliza-se para dar ênfase.
 Utilizamos um verbo na sua forma positiva a seguir a “unless”
mas a ideia expressa é negativa.
Ex.: I won’t go unless you go. = I won’t go if you don’t go.
 Não se deve utilizar “unless” para substituir “if” numa
condicional do tipo 3 pois o sentido não será o mesmo!
 Tipo 1 = Unless + simple present.
Ex.: Unless you leave now you’ll be late.
 Tipo 2 = Unless + simple past.
Ex.: Unless I was sick, I would be at work.
 Tipo 3 = Unless + past perfect
Ex.: They wouldn’t have come unless they had been invited.
1. Read the following sentences and add “if” or “unless” to each of them:
a) Will you help me __________________ I need you?
b) I won’t help him __________________ he needs me.
c) __________________ I’m sick, I’ll stay at home.
d) I will not answer the phone __________________ I’m asked to do so.
e) They will come __________________ you invite them.
f) They won’t come __________________ you invite them.
g) She won’t get upset __________________ he upsets her.
h) I wouldn’t be able to read __________________ I didn’t have my glasses.
i) I wouldn’t be able to read __________________ I had my glasses.
j) I don’t drink coffee __________________ it’s hot, I hate it cold.
k) You can’t join the group __________________ you’re over eighteen.
l) You can join the group __________________ you’re over eighteen.
m) Don’t give him a present __________________ he deserves it.
n) You’ll get the job __________________ you can type well.
o) __________________ someone tells me the way, I’ll get lost.
p) I could rad his writing __________________ it wasn’t so awful.
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8. q) __________________ he had taken a little more time to think, he would have acted
more sensibly.
r) Don’t give an opinion __________________ you are asked to do so.
s) He wouldn’t have done that __________________ he hadn’t been influenced.
2. Rewrite the following sentences beginning as indicated below and make all the
necessary changes:
a) If you don’t leave now you’ll miss the class. Unless ….
b) If you don’t pay the bill, I’ll call the police. Unless ….
c) If you listen to me carefully, you’ll understand everything. Unless ….
d) If you don’t take the medicine, you won’t recover. Unless ….
e) If yu lend me a pen, I’ll write the answers. Unless ….
f) He won’t understand a thing if you don’t speak slowly, Unless ….
g) If you don’t do as I say, you’ll be punished. Unless ….
h) If we try, we’ll succeed. Unless ….
i) If they don’t hurry, they won’t catch the plane. Unless ….
j) You’ll bget a job if you consult the local newspaper. Unless ….
k) You won’t succeed if you don’t work harder. Unless ….
l) I shall miss the train if I don’t go now. Unless ….
m) Drink up your tea; if you don’t it will get cold. Unless ….
n) If you don’t speak louder, they won’t hear you. Unless ….
o) If you have got a ticket you’ll be able to go in. Unless ….
p) He can’t walk if he hasn’t got a walking stick. Unless ….
q) We’ll come tomorrow if we aren’t too busy. Unless ….
r) If nobody helps me I won’t find the house. Unless ….
s) I’ll lend you the book if you promise to give it back in two weeks. Unless ….
t) If he told me where he was I could contact him. Unless ….
u) I could afford a better flat if the pay was better. Unless ….
v) If we want to have a comfortable journey, we should reserve seats. Unless ….
w) They could take a different view of the problem if they read this report. Unless ….
x) As he didn’t give me his address, I couldn’t send him the parcel Unless ….
3. Complete the following sentences using “if” or “unless”
1. I will take the job ______ the pay is too low.
a) If / b) Unless
2. I will be back tomorrow ______ there is a plane strike.
a) If / b) Unless
3. Let’s go for a walk ______ you are too tired.
a) Unless / b) If
4. I am going to work in the garden this afternoon, ______ it rains.
a) Unless / b) If
5. I will be surprised ______ he doesn’t have an accident soon.
a) If / b) Unless
6. I think she would look prettier ______ she didn’t wear so much make-up.
a) If / b) Unless
7. ______ you don’t stop smoking, you will fall seriously ill.
a) If / b) Unless
8. ______ you start now, you will not reach there in time.
a) If / b) Unless
9. ______I were rich, I would spend all my time traveling.
a) If / b) Unless
10. ______ I have enough time tomorrow, I will come and see you.
a) If / b) Unless
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9. 4. Choose the correct answer (if or unless)
a) ____________________ you help me, I'll be unable to do it .
b) ____________________I meet him, I'll tell him the whole truth.
c) You won't get well ____________________ you stop smoking.
d) you exercise regularly, ____________________ you won't be able to lose some weight.
e) you exercise regularly, ____________________you'll lose some weight.
f) The teacher will be furious ____________________ you don't the homework.
g) You can't go on vacation ____________________ you don't save some money.
h) You will feel cold ____________________ you wear a warm jacket.
i) We'll arrive on time ____________________ we hurry.
j) Don't call me ____________________ it's an emergency.
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10. 4. Choose the correct answer (if or unless)
a) ____________________ you help me, I'll be unable to do it .
b) ____________________I meet him, I'll tell him the whole truth.
c) You won't get well ____________________ you stop smoking.
d) you exercise regularly, ____________________ you won't be able to lose some weight.
e) you exercise regularly, ____________________you'll lose some weight.
f) The teacher will be furious ____________________ you don't the homework.
g) You can't go on vacation ____________________ you don't save some money.
h) You will feel cold ____________________ you wear a warm jacket.
i) We'll arrive on time ____________________ we hurry.
j) Don't call me ____________________ it's an emergency.
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