The document summarizes the history and development of civilization in Mesopotamia from 4500 BC to 331 BC. It describes how agriculture led to urban planning and the rise of early Sumerian city-states with ziggurats and the development of cuneiform writing. It then discusses subsequent Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian, and Neo-Babylonian empires, highlighting Hammurabi's code of laws. The Persian Empire conquered the region in 539 BC and constructed monumental sites like Persepolis with large columned halls.

1. T H E A R C H I T E C T S
Mesopotamia

2. “ Land Between Rivers”

3. AGRICULTURE
for
CIVILIZATION
Wheat and Barley grew
easily, and highest
protein value of cereals.
7 species of domesticate
animals where native to
area.
 200,000 plant species
 Few thousand for human consumption
 Few hundred domesticated
 80% of human diet made up of a dozen
species of cereals
 Dozen Species of domesticate- able
animals
 Dogs
 Sheep
 Cows
 Pigs
 Horses
 Camel
 Reindeer
 Water buffalo

4. Sumerian Civilization
4500 b.c- 2334 b.c.

5. Urban Planners
 Urban Planning is
concerned with use of
land, public welfare and
infrustructure.
 Roads
 Irrigation
 Taxes
 Laws

6. M A J O R C I T I E S O F U R U K & U R
N E A R L Y 1 0 , 0 0 0 I N U R U K I N 2 9 0 0 B . C .
Earliest Civilization

7. Ziggurats
Symbolic Mountain
 City-States grew up
around shrine to local
god.
 Used sun dried brick
 Mortarless
 Periodally destroyed,
levelled and rebuilt.
 Store houses and
Administration on
lower levels.

8. Cuneiform: writing with “wedge-
shaped” characters.
Greatest Remain of
Sumerian Civilization
was the development of
a writing system.
Cuneiform started as
stylized symbols and
became more abstract
shapes as time
progressed.

9. Akkadian Period
2334 b.c - 2154 b.c.

10. Former Ruler Gudea, later
worshipped as a god.
Victory Piece celebrating
king Naram-Sin.
Military Themes Reigned the Art World.

11. Babylonian Civilization
Rule of Hammurabi
1800 b.c.-1750 b.c.

12. The Code of
Hammurabi
The code was a set of
unifying legal practices
in the empire.
The code was inscribed
on a stone pillar.
Code includes a list of
punishments for certain
crimes.
 If any one steal the property of a temple
or of the court, he shall be put to death,
and also the one who receives the stolen
thing from him shall be put to death.
 If any one find a runaway male or
female slave in the open country and
bring them to their masters, the master
of the slaves shall pay him two shekels
of silver.
 If a son strike his father, his hands shall
be hewn off.
 If a man put out the eye of another
man, his eye shall be put out.

13. Assyrian Civilization
 Warring tribes swept across Mesopotamia, creating
a long period of turmoil.
 900b.c- 612 b.c.
 Beginning of Chariot war-fare.

14. Relief-Sculpture
Stone reliefs carved into the mud-brick walls of royal
palaces.

15. Neo-Babylonian
626 b.c. - 539 b.c.

16. R E K I N D L E D B A B Y L O N I A N S U P R E M A C Y .
R E S T O R E D S P L E N D O R O F T H E P A S T .
H O W E V E R , A R C H I T E C T U R E U S E D S U N - D R I E D
B R I C K A N D H A S C R U M B L E D .
Nebuchadnezzar

17. 1 of 8 Arched- gateways
surrounding the city.
Covered in blue-glazed
bricks with geometric gold
and white designs.
Gate of Ishtar

18. Dragon of Marduk
Ishtar Gate
 Scaly body
 Serpent's head
 Front cat feet
 bird claws
 Scorpion's tail

19. Persian Empire
539 b.c.- 331 b.c.

20. Persepolis
Located in modern
Iran, this is the best
example of Persian
architecture.
The most important
room, Audience Hall,
had 100 columns 65
feet tall.