The document discusses ethnocentrism, the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters, and its development through socialization and enculturation. It explores how stereotypes and prejudice arise from cultural perceptions and influences, emphasizing the role of socialization agents like family and peers. Furthermore, it delves into ways to move beyond prejudice by recognizing stereotypes, acknowledging individual differences, and learning to manage emotional responses.

1. Ethnocentrism
&
Enculturation
Matsumoto, D. & Juang, L. (2007).
Culture and Psychology (4th Ed.).
Wadsworth.
Culture and Psychology
Prof. Dr. Hora Tjitra & Liu Jun, Zhejiang University
Hangzhou, January 2011

2. Ethnocentrism: Definition and Development
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
2

3. Ethnocentrism: Definition and Development
The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through
Ethnocentrism one’s
own
cultural filters.
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
2

4. Ethnocentrism: Definition and Development
The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through
Ethnocentrism one’s
own
cultural filters.
A
normal consequence
of
socializa+on
and
encultura+on.
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
2

5. Ethnocentrism: Definition and Development
The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through
Ethnocentrism one’s
own
cultural filters.
A
normal consequence
of
socializa+on
and
encultura+on.
As
we
become
enculturated,
we
learn
how
to
act,
how
to
perceive
and
interpret
how
other
people
act.
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
2

6. Ethnocentrism: Definition and Development
The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through
Ethnocentrism one’s
own
cultural filters.
A
normal consequence
of
socializa+on
and
encultura+on.
As
we
become
enculturated,
we
learn
how
to
act,
how
to
perceive
and
interpret
how
other
people
act.
By
the
+me
we
are
adults,
we
hardly
notice
the
culture
filters
in
our
mind.
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
2

7. Ethnocentrism: Definition and Development
The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through
Ethnocentrism one’s
own
cultural filters.
A
normal consequence
of
socializa+on
and
encultura+on.
As
we
become
enculturated,
we
learn
how
to
act,
how
to
perceive
and
interpret
how
other
people
act.
By
the
+me
we
are
adults,
we
hardly
notice
the
culture
filters
in
our
mind.
However,
it’s
possible
that
we
are
aware
of
this
ethnocentrism:
develop
flexible
ethnocentrism.
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
2

8. Prof. Dr. Hora Tjitra - Cross-cultural and Business Psychology
14
years
in
Germany
7
years
in
China
Dipl.-Psych., Technical University of Braunschweig
Organizational Psychology and Human Resource Management
Born
and
grew
up
in
Indonesia
Dr. Phil., University of Regensburg
Intercultural Psychology and Strategic Management
Executive Education, INSEAD
HR Management in Asia
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
3

9. Contents
Slide
2-­‐5
Ethnocentrism:
defini=on,
development,
and
psychological
factors
Slide
6-­‐7
Stereotypes:
defini=on,
types,
and
psychological
development
Slide
8-­‐10
Prejudice
and
discrimina=on:
defini=on,
origins,
and
going
beyond
Slide
11
Review:
ethnocentrism,
stereotypes
and
prejudice
Slide
12-­‐13
Encultura=on,
socializa=on
and
socializa=on
agents
Slide
14
Paren=ng
styles
Slide
15
Peer
influence
on
socializa=on
Slide
16
Educa=on
and
encultura=on:
math
achievement
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
4

10. Psychological Factors in Ethnocentrism
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
5

11. Psychological Factors in Ethnocentrism
Emotions
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
5

12. Psychological Factors in Ethnocentrism
Emotions Values
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
5

13. Psychological Factors in Ethnocentrism
Emotions Values
Self
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
5

14. Psychological Factors in Ethnocentrism
Emotions Values
Maintenance and
Development
of Ethnocentrism
Self
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
5

15. Stereotypes: Definition and Types
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
6

16. Stereotypes: Definition and Types
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
6

17. Stereotypes: Definition and Types
Generalized images
that
we
have
about
groups
of
people,
par=cularly
Stereotypes
about
their
underlying
psychological
characteris=cs
or
personality
traits.
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
6

18. Stereotypes: Definition and Types
Generalized images
that
we
have
about
groups
of
people,
par=cularly
Stereotypes
about
their
underlying
psychological
characteris=cs
or
personality
traits.
Posi=ve Nega=ve
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
6

19. Stereotypes: Definition and Types
Generalized images
that
we
have
about
groups
of
people,
par=cularly
Stereotypes
about
their
underlying
psychological
characteris=cs
or
personality
traits.
Posi=ve Nega=ve
Generally
True Completely
False
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
6

20. Stereotypes: Definition and Types
Generalized images
that
we
have
about
groups
of
people,
par=cularly
Stereotypes
about
their
underlying
psychological
characteris=cs
or
personality
traits.
Posi=ve Nega=ve
Generally
True Completely
False
Autostereotypes Heterostereotypes
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
6

21. Psychological Development of Stereotypes
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
7

22. Psychological Development of Stereotypes
Appraisal Emotion
Attribution Memory
Selective Attention Concept formation and categorization
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
7

23. Psychological Development of Stereotypes
Keep Categories about the World
Appraisal Emotion
Attribution Memory
Selective Attention Concept formation and categorization
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
7

24. Psychological Development of Stereotypes
Keep Categories about the World
Appraisal Emotion
Confirm the Stereotypes
Attribution Memory
Selective Attention Concept formation and categorization
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
7

25. Psychological Development of Stereotypes
Keep Categories about the World
Appraisal Emotion
Confirm the Stereotypes
Reinforce Our
Attribution Self-concept Memory
Selective Attention Concept formation and categorization
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
7

26. Prejudice and Discrimination
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
8

27. Prejudice and Discrimination
The
tendency
to
prejudge others
on
the
basis
of
Prejudice their
group
membership,
solely
in
terms
of
their
stereotype.
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
8

28. Prejudice and Discrimination
The
tendency
to
prejudge others
on
the
basis
of
Prejudice their
group
membership,
solely
in
terms
of
their
stereotype.
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
8

29. Prejudice and Discrimination
The
tendency
to
prejudge others
on
the
basis
of
Prejudice their
group
membership,
solely
in
terms
of
their
stereotype.
Cogni+ve
Affec+ve
(thinking) (feeling)
Component Component
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
8

30. Prejudice and Discrimination
The
tendency
to
prejudge others
on
the
basis
of
Prejudice their
group
membership,
solely
in
terms
of
their
stereotype.
Cogni+ve
Affec+ve
(thinking) (feeling)
Component Component
Unfair treatment
of
others
based
on
their
group
Discrimination membership.
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
8

31. Origins of and Factors Contributing to Prejudice
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
9

32. Origins of and Factors Contributing to Prejudice
Responsible Factors:
Intergroup Power Conflicts, Sociobiology, Socialcultural
History, Personality, and others
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
9

33. Origins of and Factors Contributing to Prejudice
Responsible Factors:
Intergroup Power Conflicts, Sociobiology, Socialcultural
History, Personality, and others
through
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
9

34. Origins of and Factors Contributing to Prejudice
Responsible Factors:
Intergroup Power Conflicts, Sociobiology, Socialcultural
History, Personality, and others
through
Attached Factors:
Race, Ethnicity, or Social Class
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
9

35. Origins of and Factors Contributing to Prejudice
Responsible Factors:
Intergroup Power Conflicts, Sociobiology, Socialcultural
History, Personality, and others
through
Attached Factors:
Race, Ethnicity, or Social Class
to to
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
9

36. Origins of and Factors Contributing to Prejudice
Responsible Factors:
Intergroup Power Conflicts, Sociobiology, Socialcultural
History, Personality, and others
through
Attached Factors:
Race, Ethnicity, or Social Class
to to
Prejudice Discrimination
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
9

37. Going beyond Prejudice and Discrimination
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
10

38. Going beyond Prejudice and Discrimination
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
10

39. Going beyond Prejudice and Discrimination
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
10

40. Going beyond Prejudice and Discrimination
Prejudice and Discrimination
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
10

41. Going beyond Prejudice and Discrimination
Recognize
the
existence
of
Stereotypes
Prejudice and Discrimination
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
10

42. Going beyond Prejudice and Discrimination
Recognize
the
existence
of
Stereotypes
Prejudice and Discrimination
Recognize
their
inherent
limitations
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
10

43. Going beyond Prejudice and Discrimination
Recognize
the
existence
of
Stereotypes
Prejudice and Discrimination
Recognize
their
inherent
limitations
Recognize
individual differences
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
10

44. Going beyond Prejudice and Discrimination
Recognize
the
existence
of
Stereotypes
Prejudice and Discrimination
Recognize
their
inherent
limitations
Recognize
individual differences
Learn
to
control emotions
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
10

45. Review: Ethnocentrism, Stereotypes and Prejudice
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
11

46. Review: Ethnocentrism, Stereotypes and Prejudice
Ethnocentrism
The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through
one’s
own
cultural filters.
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
11

47. Review: Ethnocentrism, Stereotypes and Prejudice
Ethnocentrism
The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through
one’s
own
cultural filters.
Stereotypes
Generalized images
that
we
have
about
groups
of
people
on
their
underlying
psychological
characteris+cs
or
personality
traits)
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
11

48. Review: Ethnocentrism, Stereotypes and Prejudice
Ethnocentrism
The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through
one’s
own
cultural filters.
Stereotypes Prejudice
Generalized images
that
we
have
about The
tendency
to
groups
of
people prejudge
others
on
on
their
underlying
the
basis
of
their
psychological
group membership,
characteris+cs
solely
in
terms
or
personality
traits) of
their
stereotype.
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
11

49. Review: Ethnocentrism, Stereotypes and Prejudice
Ethnocentrism
The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through
one’s
own
cultural filters.
Stereotypes Prejudice
Generalized images
that
we
have
about The
tendency
to
groups
of
people prejudge
others
on
on
their
underlying
the
basis
of
their
psychological
group membership,
characteris+cs
solely
in
terms
or
personality
traits) of
their
stereotype.
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
11

50. Review: Ethnocentrism, Stereotypes and Prejudice
Ethnocentrism
The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through
one’s
own
cultural filters.
Stereotypes Prejudice
Generalized images
that
we
have
about The
tendency
to
groups
of
people prejudge
others
on
on
their
underlying
the
basis
of
their
psychological
group membership,
characteris+cs
solely
in
terms
or
personality
traits) of
their
stereotype.
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
11

51. Review: Ethnocentrism, Stereotypes and Prejudice
Ethnocentrism
The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through
one’s
own
cultural filters.
Stereotypes Prejudice
Generalized images
that
we
have
about The
tendency
to
groups
of
people prejudge
others
on
on
their
underlying
the
basis
of
their
psychological
group membership,
characteris+cs
solely
in
terms
or
personality
traits) of
their
stereotype.
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
11

52. Enculturation and Socialization
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
12

53. Enculturation and Socialization
The
process
by
which
we
learn
and
internalize
the
Socialization rules and patterns of behavior
that
are
affected
by
culture.
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
12

54. Enculturation and Socialization
The
process
by
which
we
learn
and
internalize
the
Socialization rules and patterns of behavior
that
are
affected
by
culture.
Enculturation The
process
by
which
youngsters
learn
and
adopt
the
ways and manners
of
their
culture.
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
12

55. Enculturation and Socialization
The
process
by
which
we
learn
and
internalize
the
Socialization rules and patterns of behavior
that
are
affected
by
culture.
Process and Mechanism
Enculturation The
process
by
which
youngsters
learn
and
adopt
the
ways and manners
of
their
culture.
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
12

56. Enculturation and Socialization
The
process
by
which
we
learn
and
internalize
the
Socialization rules and patterns of behavior
that
are
affected
by
culture.
Process and Mechanism
Enculturation The
process
by
which
youngsters
learn
and
adopt
the
ways and manners
of
their
culture.
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
12

57. Enculturation and Socialization
The
process
by
which
we
learn
and
internalize
the
Socialization rules and patterns of behavior
that
are
affected
by
culture.
Process and Mechanism
Products
Enculturation The
process
by
which
youngsters
learn
and
adopt
the
ways and manners
of
their
culture.
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
12

58. Enculturation and Socialization
The
process
by
which
we
learn
and
internalize
the
Socialization rules and patterns of behavior
that
are
affected
by
culture.
Process and Mechanism
Socialization (and
encultura=on)
agents:
the
people,
ins=tu=ons,
and
organiza=ons
that
exist
to
help
ensure
that
socializa=on
(or
encultura=on)
occurs.
Products
Enculturation The
process
by
which
youngsters
learn
and
adopt
the
ways and manners
of
their
culture.
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
12

59. Socialization (and Enculturation) Agents
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
13

60. Socialization (and Enculturation) Agents
• Goals
and
Beliefs
of
Parents
Parenting •
Paren+ng
Styles
•
Paren+ng
Behaviors
and
Strategies
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
13

61. Socialization (and Enculturation) Agents
• Goals
and
Beliefs
of
Parents
Parenting •
Paren+ng
Styles
•
Paren+ng
Behaviors
and
Strategies
Siblings
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
13

62. Socialization (and Enculturation) Agents
• Goals
and
Beliefs
of
Parents
Parenting •
Paren+ng
Styles
•
Paren+ng
Behaviors
and
Strategies
Extended
Siblings
Families
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
13

63. Socialization (and Enculturation) Agents
• Goals
and
Beliefs
of
Parents
Parenting •
Paren+ng
Styles
•
Paren+ng
Behaviors
and
Strategies
Extended
Siblings
Families
Peers
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
13

64. Socialization (and Enculturation) Agents
• Goals
and
Beliefs
of
Parents
Parenting •
Paren+ng
Styles
•
Paren+ng
Behaviors
and
Strategies
Extended
Siblings
Families
Peers Day Care
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
13

65. Socialization (and Enculturation) Agents
• Goals
and
Beliefs
of
Parents
Parenting •
Paren+ng
Styles
•
Paren+ng
Behaviors
and
Strategies
Extended
Siblings
Families
Peers Day Care
Religion
Institutions
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
13

66. Socialization (and Enculturation) Agents
• Goals
and
Beliefs
of
Parents
Parenting •
Paren+ng
Styles
•
Paren+ng
Behaviors
and
Strategies
Extended
Siblings
Families
Peers Day Care
Religion Educational
Institutions System
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
13

67. Parenting Styles
Warm
Authoritative Permissive
Sensi+ve
to
the
child’s Warm
and
nurturing
to
maturity
and
are
firm,
fair,
their
children;
allow
them
and
reasonable.
Express to
regulate
their
own
a
high
degree
of
warmth
lives
and
provide
few
and
affec+on
to
them.
firm
guidelines.
Guide &
Parenting Indulgent
Control
Styles
Authoritarian Uninvolved
Expect
unques+oned
Do
not
seem
obedience
and
view
the
commiNed
to
care
child
as
needing
to
be
giving,
beyond
the
controlled.
Be
low
on
Minimum
effort
required
warmth
and
responsive-­‐ to
meet
the
physical
ness
toward
the
children. wants
of
their
child.
Cool
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
14

68. Levels of Peer Influence on Socialization
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
15

69. Levels of Peer Influence on Socialization
Postfigurative
cultures
Cultural
change
is
slow,
Socializa+on
occurs
primarily
by
elders
transferring know-
ledge
to
their
children.
Elders
hold
the
know-­‐
ledge
necessary
for
becoming
a
successful
and
competent
adult.
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
15

70. Levels of Peer Influence on Socialization
Postfigurative Cofigurative
cultures Cultures
Cultural
change
is
slow,
Cultural
change
occurs
Socializa+on
occurs
more
rapidly,
adults
primarily
by
elders con+nue
to
socialize
transferring know-
their
children,
but
peers
ledge
to
their
children. play a greater role
Elders
hold
the
know-­‐ in
socializing
each
other.
ledge
necessary
for
Young
people
may
have
becoming
a
successful
to
turn
to
one
another
for
and
competent
adult. advice
and
informa+on.
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
15

71. Levels of Peer Influence on Socialization
Postfigurative Cofigurative Prefigurative
cultures Cultures Cultures
Cultural
change
is
slow,
Cultural
change
occurs
Culture
is
changing
so
Socializa+on
occurs
more
rapidly,
adults
rapidly
that
young
primarily
by
elders con+nue
to
socialize
people
may
be
the
ones
transferring know-
their
children,
but
peers
to
teach adults.
The
ledge
to
their
children. play a greater role
knowledge
that
adults
Elders
hold
the
know-­‐ in
socializing
each
other.
hold
may
not
be
ledge
necessary
for
Young
people
may
have
sufficient
for
the
becoming
a
successful
to
turn
to
one
another
for
next
genera+on.
and
competent
adult. advice
and
informa+on.
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
15

72. Levels of Peer Influence on Socialization
Low High
Postfigurative Cofigurative Prefigurative
cultures Cultures Cultures
Cultural
change
is
slow,
Cultural
change
occurs
Culture
is
changing
so
Socializa+on
occurs
more
rapidly,
adults
rapidly
that
young
primarily
by
elders con+nue
to
socialize
people
may
be
the
ones
transferring know-
their
children,
but
peers
to
teach adults.
The
ledge
to
their
children. play a greater role
knowledge
that
adults
Elders
hold
the
know-­‐ in
socializing
each
other.
hold
may
not
be
ledge
necessary
for
Young
people
may
have
sufficient
for
the
becoming
a
successful
to
turn
to
one
another
for
next
genera+on.
and
competent
adult. advice
and
informa+on.
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
15

73. Education and Enculturation: Math Achievement
Cross National Differences in Math
Achievement
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
16

74. Education and Enculturation: Math Achievement
Cross National Differences in Math
Achievement
• Language
• School Systems
• Parental and Family Values
• Attitudes and Appraisals of Students
• Teaching Styles and Teacher–Student Relationships
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
16

75. Thank
You
Contact us via …
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Website: http://horatjitra.com
Zhejiang
University,
Hangzhou
(China)