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Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism pdf
- 1. ETHNOCENTRISM & CULTURAL RELATIVISM ORIENTATIONS IN VIEWING OTHER CULTURES
- 2. OBJECTIVES Identify forms of tangible and intangible heritage and the threats to these Understand what ethnocentrism is; and Develop an awareness of why and how cultural relativism mitigates ethnocentrism
- 3. CULTURAL VARIATION the differences in social behaviors that different cultures exhibit around the world ETHNOCENTRISM two important perceptions on cultural variability CULTURAL RELATIVISM
- 5. ETHNOCENTRISM cultural or ethnic bias whether conscious or unconscious in which an individual or group views the world from the perspective of his or her own group
- 6. ETHNOCENTRISM It is the idea that one's own culture is the main standard or center of everything by which other cultures may be measured.
- 7. ETHNOCENTRISM Inability to adequately understand cultures that are different from one’s own
- 8. WHY DOES IT HAPPEN? Each group nourishes its own pride and vanity; Boasts itself superior; Exalts its own divinities; Being insensitive to others;and Looks with contempt on outsiders
- 9. EFFECTS OF ETHNOCENTRISM > Multiple forms of prejudice (preconceived opinion) that leads to discrimination > Racism and sexism
- 11. EUROCENTRISM
- 12. 1. EUROCENTRISM The notion of European Exceptionalism, Is the norm and should be viewed as the standard against which other cultures are judged.
- 13. 1. EUROCENTRISM A belief, attitude, or mindset that values Europe, European culture, or European interests above all others.
- 14. EXAMPLES: • Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.) regarded Africa and Asia as monolithic and influenced by their hot climates, contrasting with temperate or cold Europe. • Medieval Europe's main impression of North Africa and Asia was distrust, then fear of, and hostility to, Islam.
- 15. SINOCENTRISM
- 16. 2. SINOCENTRISM The belief, held by the ancient Chinese, that China was literally the center of the Earth
- 17. 2. SINOCENTRISM • the practice of viewing the world from a Chinese perspective, with an implied belief, either consciously or subconsciously, in the supremacy of Chinese culture
- 18. 2. SINOCENTRISM JAPAN, MYANMAR, VIETNAM In a cultural sense, Sinocentrism refers to a tendency to regard neighbouring countries as mere cultural offshoots of China
- 19. XENOCENTRISM
- 20. 3. XENOCENTRISM The term Xenocentrism is adopted from a Greek word “Xeno” which means “foreign guest” or “stranger”.
- 21. 3. XENOCENTRISM Belief that another's culture is superior to one's own. The idea that what is foreign is best
- 22. 3. XENOCENTRISM •It is the preference for the products, styles, or ideas of someone else’s culture
- 23. 3. XENOCENTRISM • The term Xenocentrism is not only limited to non-material culture, but it is also applicable to material culture.
- 24. EXAMPLES: • An American may think that Singaporean Math is better than their own or French Food is better than their own cuisine. • Pakistani women believe that European cosmetics are far superior than those produce domestically.
- 26. CULTURAL RELATIVISM •The view that no culture is superior to any other culture when comparing systems of morality, law, politics, etc.
- 27. CULTURAL RELATIVISM all beliefs are completely relative there is no ultimate standard of good or evil,
- 28. CULTURAL RELATIVISM every judgment about right and wrong is a product of society any opinion on morality or ethics is subject to the cultural perspective of each person
- 29. EFFECTS OF CULTURAL RELATIVISM • Respect for each culture and better tolerance and understanding • Acceptance and freedom of expression
- 31. If you are a cultural relativist… YOU WILL CONSIDER ALL CULTURES AS LEGITIMATE EXPRESSIONS OF HUMAN EXISTENCE YOU WILL BELIEVE THAT ALL CULTURES ARE WORTHY IN THEIR OWN RIGHT AND ARE OF EQUAL VALUE YOU WILL BELIEVE THAT WHAT CONSTITUTES RIGHT OR WRONG IS DETERMINED SOLELY BY THE INDIVIDUAL OR THE SOCIETY
- 33. >Cultural heritage is typically understood to be built heritage, monuments related to culture such as museums, religious buildings, ancient structures and sites. (TANGIBLE) > also includes traditions or living expressions inherited from our ancestors and passed on to our descendants (INTANGIBLE)
- 35. CULTURE WARS RADICAL BELIEFS URBANIZATION/DEVELOPMENT WHAT ARE THE THREATS?
- 36. WHY IS THERE A NEED TO PRESERVE HERITAGE? It gives us a sense of identity and belonging, linking our past, through the present, with our future. It gives us an understanding of the tangible and intangible cultural heritage of different communities. It also helps with intercultural dialogue, and encourages mutual respect for other ways of life.
- 37. Different Customs In Different Cultures 1. In the U.S., Canada and most European countries, you’re expected to arrive ________ for appointments or meetings. A. Late B. On time C. Not on time
- 38. Different Customs In Different Cultures 2.In Spain, you’re expected to arrive _________ for most appointments or meetings. A. Late B. On time C. Not on time
- 39. Different Customs In Different Cultures 3. In Japan, China, Korea and Vietnam, never pass something to an older person or superior with only one hand; you’re expected to use ________. A. Right hand B. Left hand C. Both hands
- 40. Different Customs In Different Cultures 4. In the U.S. and Canada, don’t _______ if you’re invited to someone’s home. A. Call B. Arrive early C. Go
- 41. Different Customs In Different Cultures 5. In the US and Canada, you’re supposed to _________ if you plan to visit someone at home. A. Go first without calling B. Arrive early C. Call first
- 42. Different Customs In Different Cultures 6. In many Asian countries, it is _________ to visit your friends at home without invitation or prior appointment. A. Acceptable B. Not acceptable C. Unusual
- 43. Different Customs In Different Cultures 7. In most countries, when you meet someone for the first time, you aren’t ________ to hug or kiss. A. Should B. Must C. Supposed
- 44. Different Customs In Different Cultures 8. In Peru, Columbia, Brazil, Bolivia and Mexico, it is common to ______ someone you have just met for the first time. A. Kiss B. Bow at C. Ignore
- 45. Different Customs In Different Cultures 9. In the US., Canada and many European countries, it is _______ to eat noisily or burp loudly in front of others. A. Polite B. Impolite C. O.K.
- 46. Different Customs In Different Cultures 10. In the US., some people usually stand at least ______ apart from one another when they talk or when they stand in line for something. A. 10 inches B. 6 feet C. 3 feet