Blood pathogen for school employee

1. BLOOD PATHOGEN FOR
SCHOOL EMPLOYEE
Prepared By
Yousef Elshrek

2. • INTRODUCTION
• OSHA’s bloodborne pathogens standard is intended to protect
employees against “pathogenic microorganisms that are present in
human blood and can cause disease in humans, including hepatitis B
(HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).”
• Hepatitis B is a serious disease caused by a virus that attacks the liver.
• The virus, which is called hepatitis B Virus (HBV), can cause lifelong
infection, cirrhosis (scarring) of the liver, liver cancer, liver failure,
and death. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that
causes AIDS.
• The virus is passed from one person to another through blood-to-blood
and sexual contact.

3. • Other strains of Hepatitis, including Hepatitis C have become more prevalent.
• Hepatitis C is another form of hepatitis that can be found in blood and certain
body fluids.
• It is spread when blood or body fluids from an infected person enters another
person’s body.
• On the job, it can be spread from contaminated medical instruments through
needlesticks and sharps exposures.
• There currently is no vaccine for Hepatitis C
• OSHA defines an occupational exposure to a bloodborne pathogen as
“reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contract
with blood or other potentially infectious materials that may result from an
employee’s duties.”
• Infectious materials may be present in blood, vaginal secretions, semen, salvia
or any other body fluids that are visibly contaminated with blood.

4. • The hazard of exposure to infectious materials affects employees in
many types of employment and is not restricted to the healthcare
industry.
• It is not restricted to age, race, or sex.
• A newborn baby can be infected with a bloodborne virus, just as
easily as the elderly.
• The exposures you’ve listed can be minimized or eliminated by
implementing an Exposure Control Plan (ECP) that covers how you
intend to prevent or minimize exposure; when and how you will
provide vaccination and exposure evaluations; and how you intend
to train and educate your employees.
• In short, your written exposure control plan tells how you will
protect yourself and others from the hazards of bloodborne
pathogens.

5. • Types of Bloodborne Pathogens
• A pathogen is an organism that causes diseases.
• Pathogens carried by blood or bodily fluids are known as bloodborne
pathogens.
• When one person’s infected blood or bodily fluids enters another
person’s body, an infection may result.
• Some of these infections can be life-threatening.
• The three types of bloodborne pathogens of concern to school are:
1. Hepatitis B ( HBV)
2. Hepatitis C ( HCV)
3. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

6. • Types of Bloodborne Pathogens
• Hepatitis B ( HBV)
• Hepatitis B ( HBV) is a serious illness that infects a person’s liver.
• HBV is passed from one to another through direct exposure to An infected
person’s blood, semen , vaginal fluid or saliva.
• The symptoms include:
1. Fatigue
2. Appetite loss
3. Nausea
4. Vomiting
5. Stomach or joint pain
6. Tenderness near the liver
7. Jaundice ( yellow skin and eye)
8. Dark urine
9. Light colored stool

7. • Facts about exposure to potentially fatal bloodborne
illnesses such as Hepatitis B Virus (HBV):
• Hepatitis is much more transmissible than HIV.
• Risk of infection from a single needle stick is 6%-30% (CDC
1977).
• 50% of the people with HBV infection are unaware that they
have the virus.
• The CDC states that HBV can survive for at least one week in
dried blood on environmental surfaces or contaminated
needles and instruments.

8. – Over 12 million Americans are infected (1 in 20)*
– Silent infection; symptoms include jaundice, fatigue,
abdominal pain, loss of appetite, intermittent nausea,
vomiting; may lead to chronic liver disease, liver cancer, and
death
– HBV can survive for at least
one week in dried blood
– Up to 40,000 people in US
will become newly infected
each year*
*Source: Hepatitis B Foundation

9. •Types of Bloodborne Pathogens
• Hepatitis C ( HCV) is a serious , often fetal disease that infects and damages
the liver.
• Most people with HCV do not have symptoms or symptoms appear many
years after infection.
• When symptoms do occur, they may include:
1. Fever
2. Fatigue
3. Nausea, vomiting
4. Loss of appetite
5. Abdomen pain
6. Dark urine
7. Joint pain

10. •Types of Bloodborne Pathogens
• HCV infection is the most common chronic bloodborne infection in the United
States, affecting approximately 4 million people.
• Hepatitis C infection is caused most commonly by needle stick injuries.
• HCV infection often occurs with no symptoms, but chronic infection develops in
75% to 85% of patients, with 70% developing active liver disease (CDC 1998).
• Facts about exposure to Hepatitis C Virus (HCV):
• A major cause of chronic liver disease.
• The leading reason for liver transplants in the United States in 1997 (CDC).
• Sharps-related injuries in nonsurgical hospital settings decreased 31.6% during
2001– 2006 (following the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act of 2000).
• Injuries in surgical settings increased 6.5% in the same period, where adoption of
safety devices was limited compared to nonsurgical settings.
• It has been estimated about half or more of sharps injuries go unreported.
• Most reported sharps injuries involve nursing staff, but laboratory staff,
physicians, housekeepers, and other health care workers are also injured

11. • Types of Bloodborne Pathogens
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a pathogen that attacks the body’s immune system.
• Without treatment, the immune system of a HIV-infected person eventually becomes weak an
unable to ward off infection and disease
• When this happens, a person is diagnosed with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS).
• Signs and symptoms may include :
1. Fever
2. Headache
3. Sore throat
4. Swollen lymph glands
5. Rash
• HIV Infection has been reported following occupational exposures to HIV-infected blood
through needle sticks or cuts; splashes in the eyes, nose, or mouth; and skin contact. Most
often, however, infection occurs from need stick injury or cuts.

12. • HIV is the virus that leads to AIDS
• HIV affects the body’s immune system
• HIV does not survive well outside the body
• Estimated >1.1 million people living with HIV
• Infected for life
Single, red-colored H9-T cell infected
by numerous mustard-colored HIV
particles which are attached to the
cell’s surface membrane.
Source: NIAID.

13. • Workplace Transmission of infectious Material
• Exposure Incident
• An Exposure Incident is defined by OSHA as contact with blood or other
potentially infectious materials that occurs specially through contact with the eyes,
mouth or other mucous membranes – or non-intact skin- and which results from
the performance of an employee’s duties.
• Exposure incidents should be reported immediately to the employer since they can
lead to infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or other bloodborne pathogens.
• When a worker reports an exposure incident right away, the report permits the
employer to arrange for immediate medical evaluation of the worker.
• Early reporting is crucial for beginning immediate intervention to address possible
infection of the worker and can also help the worker avoid spreading bloodborne
infections to others.
• Furthermore, the employer is required to perform a timely evaluation of the
circumstances surrounding the exposure incident to find ways of preventing such a
situation from occurring again

14. • When a worker experiences an exposure incident, the employer must make
immediate confidential medical evaluation and follow-up available to the
worker.
• The employer must obtain and provide the worker with a copy of the
evaluating healthcare professional’s written opinion within 15 days of
completion of the evaluation
• According to OSHA’s standard, the written opinion should only include:
whether hepatitis B vaccination was recommended for the exposed worker;
whether or not the worker received the vaccination, and that the healthcare
provider informed the worker of the results of the evaluation and any medical
conditions resulting from exposure to blood or OPIM which require further
evaluation or treatment.
• Any findings other than these are not to be included in the written report.

15. • Preventing the Transmission of infectious Material
• How bloodborne pathogens Enter your body
• Bloodborne pathogens can enter a body through:
1. Piercing of the skin by sharp objects or needles
2. Contact with mucous membranes of the mouth, nose or eyes
3. Human bites
4. Open cuts and nicks
5. Abrasions
6. Acne
• Pathogens can enter a body by direct transmission- for instance , if someone is stuck by a
contaminated needle.
• Pathogens can also enter a body via indirect transmission – for example , if pathogen is
transferred from contaminated surface into some’s mucous membranes , and then into that
person’s body.
• Bloodborne Pathogens may be present in blood or materials containing blood.
• These include saliva, vomit, sneeze droplets as well as non-living objects such as needles,
sharp objects and other surfaces that have been in contact with blood.

16. Making a PACT:
• The most effective way to prevent yourself from becoming sick after
being exposed to bloodborne pathogens is to protect yourself from
blood and blood-containing materials.
• If you do end up coming into contact with infected blood, there are
actions you must take to minimize your chances of becoming sick.
• To protect yourself, remember the acronym PACT.
• Protect yourself from blood or blood-containing materials
• Act quickly and safely
• Clean the area that has blood or blood-containing materials
• Tell your supervisor about the incident

17. Risk of Exposure
• Contamination sources include:
• Blood
• Other potentially infectious
materials (OPIM)
– Human body fluids
– Any unfixed tissue or organ from human
– Cultures, culture mediums, or other solutions
– Experimental animal blood, tissues, or organs infected with HIV or HBV

18. Risk of Exposure
Spread of bloodborne pathogens - primarily through:
1. Direct contact – infected blood or body fluid (mucous) from one person is
transferred directly to another person
2. Indirect contact – a person touches and object that contains the blood/body
fluid of an infected person
3. Respiratory transmission – person inhales respiratory droplets from an
infected person (through cough or sneeze)
4. Vector-borne transmission – person’s skin is penetrated by a bite (or other
means) from an organism carrying the disease (mosquitoes, ticks, etc.)

19. Risk of Exposure
Examples of Modes of Transmission:
•Contact with another person’s blood or bodily fluid that may
contain blood
•Accidental injury by contaminated sharps/needles
•Contact with open cuts, nicks and abrasions
•Contact with mucous membranes in eyes, mouth, nose and ears
•Industrial accident
•Administering first aid
•Post-accident cleanup
•Janitorial or maintenance work

20. •Risk of Exposure
The figure on left shows percent of occupational groups of healthcare workers exposed to blood
or body fluids, with nurses (44%), physicians (28%), and technicians (15%) accounting for most of
the incidents. The figure on the right shows healthcare work locations where exposures
occurred, with inpatient facilities, such as the medical or surgical ward (20%) and intensive care
unit (13%), and operating rooms (25%) accounting for the majority of exposure sites. Source:
CDC (2008)

21. Exposure Control Plan (ECP)
Establish an exposure control plan
1. Written plan to eliminate or minimize occupational exposures
2. Review and update the plan
a. At least annually
b. Whenever new or modified tasks/procedures affect occupational
exposure
c. New/revised employee positions with occupational exposure
Required elements of Exposure Control plan include:
• Exposure determination
• Schedule and method of implementation
• Procedure for evaluation of exposure incidents
• Blood – human blood, human blood components, and products made from
human blood

22. Exposure Control Plan (ECP)
• Other potentially infectious materials (OPIM) 29 CFR1910.1030(b)
•a. Human body fluids
• i. Semen vii. Peritoneal fluid
• ii. Vaginal secretions viii. Amniotic fluid
• iii. Cerebrospinal fluid ix. Saliva
• iv. Synovial fluid x. Any body fluid visibly contaminated with blood
• v. Pleural fluid xi. All body fluids which are difficult/impossible to differentiate
between fluids
• vi. Pericardial fluid
• b. Any unfixed tissue or organ (other than intact skin) from a human (living or dead)
• c. HIV-containing cell or tissue cultures, organ cultures, and HIV- or HBV-containing
culture medium or other solutions
• d. Blood, organs, or other tissues from experimental animals infected with HIV or HBV

23. Exposure Control Plan (ECP)
• Accessible to employees
• Review and update
– Annually
– When new or modified tasks/procedures are implemented
• An exposure control plan is designed to identify in writing, tasks and procedures, as
well as job classifications where occupational exposure to blood or other potentially
infectious materials occurs.
• This evaluation should be without regard to personal protective clothing and
equipment.
• It must also set forth the schedule for implementing other provisions of OSHA’s
bloodborne pathogen standard and specify the procedure for evaluating
circumstances surrounding exposure incidents.
• The plan must be accessible to employees and available to OSHA.
• Employers must review and update it at least annually and more often, if necessary,
to accommodate workplace changes.

24. Exposure Control Plan (ECP)
• An Exposure Control Plan is important because it helps you protect
your workers from exposures to blood and OPIM.
• By protecting your workers, you also control exposure incident
costs.
• An Exposure Control Plan is meant to be a "living" document, used
as a source of information for answering bloodborne pathogen-
related questions and to help ensure exposure control activities are
in place. If exposures to blood and OPIM are reasonably anticipated,
you are required by the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) Bloodborne Pathogens Standard to develop
an Exposure Control Plan.

25. • Be sure your facility’s Exposure Control Plan meets OSHA’s
criteria:
• It must be written specifically for your facility (be site specific)
• It must be reviewed and updated at least yearly (to reflect changes
such as new worker positions or technology used to reduce
exposures to blood or body fluids)
• It must be readily available to all workers
• You must regularly educate your workers on the uses of the
Exposure Control Plan and where it's kept, so it is available
when needed.

26. • Preventing the Transmission of infectious Material
• Reducing Your Risk
• Universal precautions significantly minimize the risk of exposure for
everyone.
• To exercise universal precautions, you should treat all bodily fluids as if
contained an infectious pathogen, and you should treat every person as if he or
she is infected with contagious disease.
• There are many actions employees can take to lower their risk of exposure to
bloodborne pathogens.
• These preventive measures include:
1. Engineering and work practice control
2. Personal protective equipment (PPE)
3. Handwashing
4. Good housekeeping
5. Hepatitis B vaccination

27. • Preventing the Transmission of infectious
Material
• Engineering and Work Practice Control
• Engineering Controls are devices that isolate or
remove bloodborne pathogen hazards from the
workplace.
• For example, used needles are disposed are using
sharps containers.
• Work-practice controls are practices that reduce the
like hood of exposure by specifying the way a task
should be performed.
• They include procedures for handwashing , laundry
handling , and proper ways to clean contaminated
materials.

28. •Note:
•The effectiveness of engineering control and work
practice controls depends on your knowledge of
them and your correct implementation and use of
them

29. • Preventing the Transmission of infectious Material
• Personal Protective Equipment(PPE)
• Employers are required to provide personal protective equipment
(PPE) to employees in work setting where there is a risk of
occupational exposure to blood or bodily fluids
• PPE includes items such as gloves , gowns and masks.
• These materials are to be supplied, cleaned , repaired and replaced
by an employer as needed, at no cost to employee.
• If you are not sure how to find or cannot access PPE, contact your
building administrator or supervisor.

30. • Personal protective Equipment (PPE) continued.
• Cloves are the most frequently used type of PPE.
• Gloves must be worn when a person anticipates contact with:
1. Blood
2. Bodily fluids
3. Potentially infectious material
4. Mucous membrane
5. Non- intact skin
• Single use disposable gloves are for first-aid procedures.
• Heavy-duty utility gloves should be used for housekeeping.
• Because gloves may be not torn or become punctured , any cuts or
abrasions on the hands should be covered before putting on the gloves’
• Gloves that are defective or become torn or punctured should be
promptly removed.
• A new pair should be used each time there is contact with a different
student.

31. • Preventing the Transmission of infectious Material
• Personal Protective Equipment(PPE) continued
• Gloves Removal
• Removing your gloves in a safe manner is as important as
wearing them.
• To remove them safely:
1. Remove the first glove from top to bottom by pinching and
pulling (starting at the wrist ) and holding it in the hand that
remains gloved
2. With your exposed hand , grab the inside of the second glove
(stating at the wrist ) and peel it off from the inside.
3. Your gloves will turn inside-out as you remove it.
4. If done correctly , the first glove will be inside the second
glove and neither of the outer surfaces will be exposed.
5. Immediately dispose of the gloves in the proper location.
6. Promptly wash your hands.

32. ww.globus.co.uk

33. Controlling Exposures
Observe standard precautions, such as:
• Treating all blood and bodily fluids as if they are contaminated
• Proper cleanup and decontamination
Bloodborne Pathogen Standard 29 CFR 1910.1030(d)(1) requires:
• Employees to observe Universal Precautions to prevent contact with blood or other
potentially infectious materials (OPIM).
• Under circumstances in which differentiation between body fluid types is difficult or
impossible, all body fluids shall be considered potentially infectious materials.
• Treat all blood and other potentially infectious materials with appropriate precautions
such as:
oUse gloves, masks, and gowns if blood or OPIM exposure is anticipated.
oUse engineering and work practice controls to limit exposure.
1996, the term Universal Precautions was replaced with the term standard
precautions.

34. Controlling Exposures
• What is the difference?
• Universal Precautions: This is the practice of avoiding contact with
bodily fluids, by means of the wearing of nonporous articles such as
gloves, goggles, and face shields.
• The practice was introduced in 1985-88.
• The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) defines Standard Precautions as
“ A set of precautions designed to prevent transmission of HIV,
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), and other bloodborne pathogens when
providing first aid or health care.
• Under standard precautions, blood and certain body fluids of all
patients are considered potentially infectious for HIV, HBV and other
bloodborne pathogens.

35. Controlling Exposures
Engineering and work practice controls:
• Safer medical devices
• Sharps disposal containers
• Hand hygiene
Source: OSHA DTE Source: NIOSH Source: NIOSH

36. Controlling Exposures
• Evaluate available engineering controls (safer medical devices)
• Review new devices and technologies annually
• Implement appropriate engineering controls/devices, implement new device use, as
appropriate and available
• Train employees on safe use and disposal
• Document evaluation and implementation in ECP
• Review, update ECP at least annually
• “Studies show that as many as one-third of all sharps injuries occur during disposal. Nurses
are particularly at risk, as they sustain the most needlestick injuries. The Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 62 to 88 percent of sharps injuries can be
prevented simply by using safer medical devices” (OSHA n.d.)
• OSHA (2002) https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/hazards/infection/infection.html

37. Controlling Exposures
Use appropriate hand washing. “According to the CDC appropriate hand washing results
in a reduced incidence of both nosocomial and community infections. Guidelines from
national and international infection prevention and control organizations have repeatedly
acknowledged that hand washing is the single most important procedure for
preventing infections. Despite this, compliance with hand washing by health care
providers is poor.
Hand washing with plain soap (detergents) is effective in removing most transient
microbial flora. The components of good hand washing include using an adequate
amount of soap, rubbing the hands together to create some friction, and rinsing
under running water. The mechanical action of washing and drying removes most of the
transient bacteria present.
Washing hands as promptly and thoroughly as possible between patient contacts and after
contact with blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, and equipment or articles
contaminated by them is an important component of infection control and isolation
precautions.”

38. Controlling Exposures
PPE examples:
• Gloves
• Masks
• Aprons/Smocks/Gowns
• Face shields
• Mouthpieces
• Safety glasses
• CPR pocket masks
Some general PPE Guidelines include, but not limited to:
• Wear gloves, when handling chemicals and/or body fluids.
• Wear safety shoes/boots/covers if hazardous substance is likely to splash.
• Wear an apron/gown/coveralls- if hazardous substance is likely to splash.
• Use a respirator: when hazardous substance is airborne such as tuberculosis.
• Wear hearing protection: for loud noises such as from equipment.
• Remove PPE carefully to avoid contaminating yourself.
• Dispose of PPE in designated containers before leaving area.
Source: OSHA hospital e-tool
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/hazards/ppe/ppe.html

39. Controlling Exposures
Employer’s responsibilities:
• Perform hazard assessment
• Identify and provide appropriate PPE to employee at no cost
• Train employees on use and care
• Maintain/replace PPE
• Review, update, evaluate PPE program
Source: OSHA Publication #3151 https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html
To ensure the greatest possible protection for employees in the workplace, the cooperative efforts of
both employers and employees will help in establishing and maintaining a safe and healthful work
environment.
In general, employers are responsible for:
• Performing a "hazard assessment" of the workplace to identify and control physical and health
hazards.
• Identifying and providing appropriate PPE for employees.
• Training employees in the use and care of the PPE.
• Maintaining PPE, including replacing worn or damaged PPE.
• Periodically reviewing, updating and evaluating the effectiveness of the PPE program.

40. Controlling Exposures
• PPE selection
– Safe design and
construction
– Fit comfortably
• Required PPE training
– When it is necessary
– What kind is necessary
– Proper donning, adjusting, wearing, doffing
– Limitations
– Proper care, maintenance, useful life, disposal

41. Controlling Exposures
When engineering, work practice, and administrative controls are not
feasible or do not provide sufficient protection, employers must provide
personal protective equipment to their workers and ensure its proper use.
Employers are also required to train each worker required to use personal
protective equipment to know:
• When it is necessary
• What kind is necessary
• How to properly put it on, adjust, wear and take it off
• The limitations of the equipment
• Proper care, maintenance, useful life, and disposal of the equipment
• Source: OSHA Publication #3151
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html

42. Controlling Exposures
To ensure the greatest possible protection for employees in the workplace, the
cooperative efforts of both employers and employees will help in establishing and
maintaining a safe and healthful work environment.
In general, employees are responsible for:
•Properly wear PPE,
•Attend training sessions on PPE,
•Care for, clean and maintain PPE, and
•Inform a supervisor of the need to repair or replace PPE.
Source: OSHA Publication #3151 https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html

43. Controlling Exposures
Housekeeping:
• Written schedule for cleaning and decontamination
• Picking up broken glass
– Not picked up by hands
– Mechanical means only
• All equipment and environmental and working surfaces shall be cleaned and
decontaminated after contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials
[29 CFR 1910.1030(d)(4)(ii)].
• Some equipment, if grossly contaminated, must be cleaned with a soap and
water solution prior to decontamination, as some anti-microbial products will
not work in the presence of blood, which interferes with the sterilizing process
.

44. Controlling Exposures
• Protective coverings, such as plastic wrap or aluminum foil, shall be
removed and replaced as soon as possible, when they become overtly
contaminated, or at the end of a work shift if they may have become
contaminated during the shift [29 CFR 1910.1030(d)(4)(ii)(B)].
• All bins, pails, cans, and similar receptacles intended for reuse which have a
reasonable likelihood for becoming contaminated with blood or other
potentially infectious material shall be inspected and decontaminated on a
regularly scheduled basis and cleaned and decontaminated immediately or as
soon as feasible upon visible contamination [29 CFR
1910.1030(d)(4)(ii)(C)].
• Broken glassware which may be contaminated, must not be picked up
directly with hands; use mechanical means, such as use a brush and dustpan,
tongs or forceps.

45. Controlling Exposures
Clean-up and decontamination:
• Wear protective gloves
• Use appropriate disinfectant
• Clean and disinfect
contaminated equipment
and work surfaces
• Thoroughly wash up
immediately after exposure
• Properly dispose of contaminated PPE, towels, rags, etc.

46. Controlling Exposures
“What does OSHA currently accept as "appropriate" disinfectants to
prevent the spread of HIV and HBV?
A review of the initial intent of the Bloodborne Pathogens Standard that
specifically deals with the cleaning of contaminated work surfaces, i.e.,
1910.1030(d)(4)(ii)(A), reveals that OSHA intended to provide a performance-
based provision that would allow for future development of "appropriate
disinfectant" products. OSHA has reviewed the information on the disinfectants
and has reconsidered its position on EPA-registered disinfectants that are labeled
as effective against HBV and HIV. OSHA's current stance is that EPA-registered
disinfectants for HIV and HBV meet the requirement in the standard and are
"appropriate" disinfectants to clean contaminated surfaces, provided such
surfaces have not become contaminated with agent(s) or volumes of or
concentrations of agent(s) for which higher level disinfection is recommended.

47. Controlling Exposures
It is important to emphasize the EPA-approved label section titled
"SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR CLEANING AND
DECONTAMINATION AGAINST HIV-1 AND HBV Of
SURFACESOBJECTS SOILED WITH BLOODBODY FLUIDS."
On the labels that OSHA has seen, these instructions require:
1.personal protection devices for the worker performing the task;
2.that all the blood must be cleaned thoroughly before applying the
disinfectant;
3.that the disposal of the infectious waste is in accordance with
federal, state, or local regulations; and
4.that the surface is left wet with the disinfectant for 30 seconds for
HIV-1 and 10 minutes for HBV.“
(OSHA: https://www.osha.gov/html/faq-bbp.html)
• Regulated waste disposal:
– Dispose of regulated waste in closable, leak-proof red or
biohazard labeled bags or containers
– Dispose of contaminated sharps in closable, puncture-
resistant, leak-proof, red or
Source: OSHA DTE

48. Controlling Exposures
The Bloodborne Pathogens standard uses the term, "regulated waste,"
to refer to the following categories of waste which require special
handling:
1. Liquid or semi-liquid blood or OPIM;
2. Items contaminated with blood or OPIM and which would release
these substances in a liquid or semi-liquid state if compressed;
3. Items that are caked with dried blood or OPIM and are capable of
releasing these materials during handling;
4. Contaminated sharps; and
5. Pathological and microbiological wastes containing blood or
OPIM.

49. Controlling Exposures
• Laundry
– Contaminated laundry must be bagged or containerized at the
location where it was used.
Source: OSHA DTE

50. Controlling Exposures
• Contaminated laundry means laundry which has been soiled with blood
or other potentially infectious materials or may contain sharps.
• Contaminated laundry shall be handled as little as possible with a
minimum of agitation. Contaminated laundry shall be bagged or
containerized at the location where it was used and shall not be sorted or
rinsed in the location of use.
• Hepatitis B vaccination:
• Offered to all potentially exposed employees
• Provided at no cost to employees (within 10 days to employees with
occupational exposure)
• Declination form
• No vaccinations for:
• At the present time there are no vaccinations available for Hepatitis C
and HIV.

52. Slideplayer.com

53. •Preventing the Transmission of
infectious Material
•Notice:
•Use an antiseptic hand cleanser of towelette when
a skin is not available’
•This is only temporary measure, however , and
your hands should be washed as soon as possible.

54. • Preventing the Transmission of infectious
Material
• Good Housekeeping
• Clean disinfect contaminated surfaces.
• All surfaces that become contaminated with bodily fluids or
potentially infectious material must be leaned and
decontaminated immediately.
• First , thoroughly wipe the area with soap and water.
• Next, disinfectant with an EPA-approved solution.
• Allow the area to thoroughly air-dry.
• The material used to clean the area should be disinfected
after each us or disposed of as contaminated waste.
• If an EPA approved solution is not available , mix a half cup
of a standard household bleach with one gallon of water
(while wearing gloves).
• However this type of solution will lose its effectiveness
after 24 hours.

55. • Preventing the Transmission of infectious Material
• Good Housekeeping continued
• When disposing contaminated waste use biohazard infectious waste bags
( marked with biohazard symbol).
• When not available , double-bag waste and apply a biohazard label ( as
seen on right)to mark the bag as containing potentially harmful items.
• If labels are not available, mark the bag as containing infectious waste in
way that is easy to notice and impossible to miss.
• Sharp objects (sharps) such as razers or needles should neve rbe disposed
in of in bags.
• They can easily poke through a bag and puncture a person’s skin.
• A sharps container should be used for the disposal pf sharp items.
• Sharpe containers are often red and located in school clinics.
• Note: Wear gloves where handling bags or container that
contains contaminated materials.
• Bloodborne pathogen may contact the outer surface of the bag or
contain a contaminated materials are placed inside of it.

56. • Preventing the Transmission of infectious Material
• Hepatitis B Vaccination
• Employers are required to over hepatitis B vaccine to employees with a high risk of
occupational exposure to blood or bodily fluids( within 10 days of assignment, free of
charge).
• It is up to school district to identify which employees fit this category.
• The hepatitis B vaccine is given to adults in a standard dose of three injections.
• After the first injection , the second is given one month later, and the third injection is given
six months later.
• Mild side effects include soreness and swelling at the injection site, fever , headache , and
dizziness.
• The vaccine is considered very safe and provides greater than 90% protection to those who
are immunized prior to an exposure.
• It may be effective even when given after an exposure.
• The vaccine provides long-term immunity , which is suspected( though not scientifically
proven) to be lifelong.
• Notice:
• If you have any questions about hepatitis B vaccine or the risks associated with it, ask your
school nurse or immediate supervisor.

57. • Ginceandsons.com

58. • How to Respond to an Exposure
• Although most occupational exposure to blood or
bodily fluids do not result in infections, any exposure
should be treated as a medical emergency.
• Follow these steps after an exposure.
1. Flash the exposed area with water. If the exposure
is to your eyes , irrigate the exposed eye( or eyes)
with clean water, saline or sterile irrigating solution
for 15 min.
2. Wash the area thoroughly with soap and water.
Anti-bacterial soap is recommended.
3. Report the incidence to the person or office
responsible for managing exposure as possible.
Report the exposures right away to any needed
medical testing , treatment and recordkeeping can
take place

59. • How to Respond to an Exposure
• Employees have a right to post-exposure medical evaluation and follow-up ( at no cost to the
employee).
• This includes:
1. Laboratory tests
2. Confidential medical evaluations
3. Identifying and testing the source ( if feasible)
4. Testing exposed employee’s blood( with employee consent)
5. Post-exposure prophylaxis
6. Offering counseling
7. Evaluating reported illnesses
• All diagnoses must remain confidential.
• Notice:
• Post-exposure prophylaxis : employees who are exposed to bloodborne pathogens may
be given medication.Guidelines from the U.S. Public Health Services define the
situations when medication is recommended

60. www.healthtap.com