Follow Atifa Ambreen: Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVTn-4KeMtXKy1h3_9JbVmw Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/atifaambreen786/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/atifa.ambreen/ https://www.instagram.com/invites/contact/?i=1qo1my1nb2qfx&utm_content=kbo8bi7 Snapchat: https://www.snapchat.com/add/atifa.ambreen Twitter: https://twitter.com/atifa_ambreen SUBSCRIBE ... . Email for inquiries: atifa.ambreen@gmail.com

1. Tumour Markers Cancers What else?
When/How
Used
Sample
AFP Liver,
germ cell
cancer of
ovaries or
testes
Also
elevated
during
pregnancy
and in
hepatitis
Help
diagnose,
monitor
treatment,
and
determine
recurrence
Blood
CA 15-3 Breast and
others
including
lung,
ovarian
Also
elevated in
benign
breast
conditions.
Stage
disease,
monitor
treatment,
and
determine
recurrence
Blood
CA 19-9 Pancreatic,
sometimes
bowel and
bile ducts
Also
elevated in
pancreatiti
s and
inflammato
ry bowel
disease
Stage
disease,
monitor
treatment,
and
determine
recurrence
Blood

2. CA-125 Ovarian Also elevated
with
endometriosis
, some other
diseases and
benign
conditions;
not
recommended
as a general
screen
Stage disease,
monitor
treatment,
and
determine
recurrence
Blood
CEA Bowel, lung,
breast,
thyroid,
pancreatic,
liver, cervix,
and bladder
Elevated in
other
conditions
such as
hepatitis,
COPD,
colitis,
pancreatitis,
and in
cigarette
smokers
Monitor
treatment
and
determine
recurrence
Blood
Oestrogen
receptors
Breast Increased in
hormone-
dependent
cancer
Determine
prognosis and
guide
treatment
Tissue

3. hCG Testicular and
trophoblastic
Elevated in
pregnancy,
testicular
failure
Help diagnose,
monitor
treatment, and
determine
recurrence
Blood, urine
Her-2/neu Breast Oncogene that
is present in
multiple copies
in 20-30% of
invasive breast
cancer
Determine
prognosis and
guide
treatment
Tissue
Monoclonal
immunoglobulins
Multiple
myeloma and
Waldenstrom’s
macroglobulin
emia
Overproductio
n of an
immunoglobul
in or antibody,
usually
detected by
protein
electrophoresis
Help diagnose,
monitor
treatment, and
determine
recurrence
Blood, urine
Progesterone receptors Breast Increased in
hormone-
dependent
cancer
Determine
prognosis and
guide
treatment
Tissue
PSA Prostate Elevated in
benign
prostatic
hypertrophy,
prostatitis and
with age
Help diagnose,
monitor
treatment, and
determine
recurrence
Blood