Ice Cubes

Ice Cubes
Data Analysis Does the type of liquid of an ice cube affect how long it takes to melt? The hypothesis
was: if an ice cube made of water is allowed to melt at room temperature; then it will melt slower
than other ice cubes made from other types of liquids. The liquid the ice cubes were made of is the
independent variable. The control variable for the experiment was the ice cube made of plain water.
The experimental group are the ice cubes made from other liquids. The time it took takes the ice
cubes to melt is the dependent variable. The three control variables are the temperature of the
freezer, the amount of liquid to make the ice cubes, and the ice cube tray. After 10 minutes of the ice
melting is when the major changes start; when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were three trials for each liquid. Liquid 1 had an average melting speed of 56 minutes and 43
seconds. Liquid two did not freeze, because the freezer was not cold enough, the freezer had to be
1.85 degrees Celsius to freeze. Liquid 2 has an average melting speed of 0. Liquid 3 had an average
melting speed of 49 minutes and 3 seconds. The type of liquid used to make ice cubes did affect its
melting time. The liquids melt at different times. Liquid 3 melted faster than the other liquids.
Liquid 2 did not freeze, therefore it could not melt in the first place. Liquid 1 was 7 minutes and 43
seconds behind in the average melting time. The independent variable was the liquid used to make
the ice cube. The dependent variable was the time the ice cube took to melt. Liquid 2 had not even a
single flake to melt. The outcome of the experiment makes sense, because soda has more sodium
than water. Soda has 33 milligrams and water has 15 milligrams of sodium. The amount of sodium
in the soda, which is less than in the water, is an extraneous variable. One of the extraneous
variables of the experiment are the temperature of the table. Another extraneous variables are: the
amount of light created from the sun, there were windows open during the experiment. There are
more extraneous variables such as the way the ice cube melted, or froze. If the ice had more time to
freeze, or less, the outcome of the experiment would have been
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Mountain Dew Chemistry Lab
The density of an object relative to the density of a liquid will determine whether the object floats or
sinks in the liquid. The "Bozeman Video" says that when atoms are more compact in an object, the
object is more dense. When an object is more dense than the liquid it's being put in, it sinks. If the
object is less dense than the liquid it's being put in, it floats. In a lab we did, we put a regular
Mountain Dew can that was full into a bucket of tap water and salt water. We also put a can of diet
Mountain Dew into both buckets. We observed whether they would float or sink. When we put a can
of normal Mountain Dew into a bucket of tap water, the Mountain Dew sank. Why? This was
because the density of the tap water in our class averaged 0.98 g/mL. Our class average data said
that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Mountain Dew was more dense than the tap water, so it sank. The atoms were more compact in
the can of Mountain Dew than the tap water, so it sank. When we put this can of Mountain Dew into
salt water, the Mountain Dew floated on top of the water. Our class average data concluded that the
Mountain Dew's density is 1.01 g/cm3, while the salt water's density is 1.03 g/mL. Therefore, we
came to the conclusion that the Mountain Dew floated on top of the water because it was less dense
than the water we put it in. "A Fish Full of Folly" video says that when you compare two objects
that have either different masses or different volumes, they will have different densities. This density
is what will tell you whether an object will sink or float in the liquid you put it in. If an object has a
smaller density than the liquid you put it in, the object will float. If it has a larger density than the
object you put it in,

Penny Lab Report
1. What happens? – My assumption on how many water drops will fit on the penny before water
drops off the side, is that around 30 drops of water, 20 drops of dish oil, and 20 drops of dish oil will
fit on the penny with the eyedropper.
2. Sketch the side view of the penny just before the liquid spills over. (I suck at sketching so I'm
doing a written description).
First liquid (water) – There were 41 drops of the water. I saw Lincoln large than before I started the
activity.
Second liquid – There were 27 drops of the stroke alcohol. The "bubble" that made by stroking
alcohol on the penny was tinnier than the first liquid.
Third liquid – There were 34 drops of the dish wash oil. The water external had much more
tightness than the first and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Besides it counts on how much united force each liquid consists of.
4. Why did the penny need to be shiny (clean)?It needs to be shiny and clean so that I could the
bubble that molded by both liquid more apparently and exactly. If the penny was unclean, it might
have effected the look of the bubble.
5. Did the coin have to be a penny? Explain.
I believe that the coin didn't need to be a penny. For this journal, the same quantity of exterior area is
needed so if you use pennies, cents or dimes, it does not matter if you use all same coins in the lab,
the only thing that would have changed is the amount of drops.
6. Could this property of water explain why some bugs can walk on water? Explain.
Some bugs can walk on the water since the exterior tension admits the insect to walk on the water.
7. Could this property of water explain why a small paper clip can float on water in a glass that is so
full that the water is just about ready to spill out? Explain.A small paper clip can float on water in a
glass that is so full that the water is just about ready to spill out since the amount of mass of paper
clip is inferior than it resembles to

Capillary Action Lab Report
Measuring surface tension using capillary action
Aim: To find the surface tension of varies liquids including water, olive oil, sunflower oil, sprite and
salt water through capillary action
Hypothesis: I believe that water has the most surface tension as there is a high relatively attraction
of water molecules for each other unlike other liquids. This is because the molecules attract each
other because of its polar property. The structure of water molecules means that the hydrogen ends,
which are positive compared to the negative ends of oxygen which makes water molecule stick
together, which is why its hard to break these intermolecular bonds.
Research:
Understanding capillary action
In order to understand capillary action, you first need ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When working through this equation, make sure all of your units are in the proper metric form:
density in kg/m3, height and radius in meters, and gravity in m/s2.
If the density of the liquid is not given, you can look it up in a reference book or calculate it using
the equation density = mass/volume.
The unit for surface tension is one newton per meter (N/m). A Newton is equal to 1 kg–m/s2. To
work out the units on your own, simply solve the equation with just units. S = kg/m3 * m * m/s2 *
m. Two of the meter units cancel out two of the per meter units and you are left with 1 kg–m/s2/m or
1 N/m.
Science that will be used:
In this experiment both physics and chemistry are involved. Chemistry is when the part of the liquid
becomes denser than the rest of the liquid to support something. While physics
It depends on the forces of attraction between the particle within the given liquid and also the gas,
solid or liquid in the contact with it. Equipment:
Container
Salt water
Water
Vegetable oil
Extra virgin oil
Orange juice
Ruler
Tubes Risk/safety

Why Do Liquids Evaporate At Different Rates
The purpose of this lab investigation is to determine why liquids evaporate at different rates. The
Lab manual defines rate of evaporation (ºC/s) as temperature change divided by the amount of time
taken to reach the lowest temperature. Factors such as the intermolecular forces (IMFs) of a
molecule determine the rate of evaporation. Observing the rate of evaporation allows one to figure
out the IMFs of a liquid. IMFs are the attraction of molecules, by which physical properties of a
liquid are determined. There are three main types of IMFs: London dispersion forces, dipole–dipole,
and hydrogen boding. London dispersion forces are the weakest IMFs due to unequal electrons and
consist of a temporary dipole. Dipole–dipole forces are attractions ... Show more content on
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The data table of IMFs of a liquid (below) display the strength of each substance. Methanol,
Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol, and Water were all hydrogen bonding, while Acetone was dipole–
dipole, and Pentane was London dispersion. The rate of evaporation table shows that all the
hydrogen bonding liquids had the lowest rates of evaporation, except for Methanol whose rate was
0.113 ºC/s. This data corresponds with the notion that stronger IMFs have slower rates of
evaporation, due to more energy and time needed to break their strong bonds. On the other hand,
when a molecule lacks highly electronegative atoms, that molecule will have a faster rate of
evaporation due to its inability to attract bonds. Pentane doesn't have any highly electronegative
atoms; therefore, it was justified as to why it had the fastest evaporation rate. Observing the bar
graph below, the liquids increased (slowest to fastest) in rate of evaporation from Butanol Propanol
Water Ethanol Methanol Acetone Pentane. In that same order, the liquids also increased from
strongest to weakest IMFs. Lastly, reviewing other groups' data resulted in similar findings. Other
groups had Butanol as the slowest and Pentane as the fastest rate of

Liquid Chromatography Lab
Chromatography is a technique used to separate a mixture of compounds for analytical or
preparative purposes. In liquid chromatography, the mixture of compounds is dissolved in a liquid
mobile phase and then travels through a stationary phase, which acts as the adsorbent. Solute
molecules interact with the stationary phase through adsorption and desorption. A compound which
has stronger interactions with the stationary phase will move slower than a compound with weaker
interaction with the stationary phase. The components of a mixture are separated based on their
differences in mobility. Usually the stationary phase is a polar porous compound, such as silica gel,
which has a large surface area and hydroxyl groups, giving it the ability to ... Show more content on
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Ortho–hydroxyacetophenone travelled higher up the silica gel TLC plate than its para counterpart
because ortho was less polar and formed fewer interactions with the silica gel adsorbent. Ortho–
hydroxyacetophenone formed intramolecular hydrogen bonds between its carbonyl and hydroxyl
groups. Para–hydroxyacetophenone formed intermolecular hydrogen bonds with its carbonyl and
hydroxyl group. P–hydroxyacetophenone was more polar, so it travelled a shorter distance up TLC
plate due to its many interactions with polar silica gel. Polar compounds have stronger dipole–dipole
interactions which require more energy and higher temperatures to melt, accounting for p–
hydroxyacetophenone's high melting point. Unknown #16 contained the compounds acetaminophen,
caffeine, and acetylsalicylic acid. The distances acetylsalicylic acid and ibuprofen travelled along
the silica gel plate were very similar, but since the Rf value of the unknown was closer to
acetylsalicylic acid than to ibuprofen, it was determined that acetylsalicylic acid was one of the
unknown compounds. Since ibuprofen and acetylsalicylic acid travelled the greatest distance up the
TLC plate, they had the least amount of attraction to the silica gel plate, making them the least polar
solutes. For column chromatography, unknown #16 contained 0.0457g ferrocene, 0.0137g 9–
fluorenone, and 0.0114g acetylferrocene. Their mass percentages were 44.15%, 13.24%, and
11.01%, respectively, determined from a total of 0.1035g of the compound mixture. Ferrocene, 9–
fluorenone and acetylferrocene had melting points of 174–175̊C, 83–86̊C, and 83–85̊C, respectively.
The mixture after evaporation accounted for roughly 68% of the original mixture. This was mainly
due to product loss from keeping only the pure test tubes. Based on the amount of product obtained,
unknown #16 consisted of mostly ferrocene, and least of

High Performance Liquid Chromatography
High Performance Liquid Chromatography, abbreviated HPLC, is a type of Chromatography that
uses liquids to separate mixtures. Unlike other chromatography methods, HPLC uses liquid mixtures
for both the mobile and the stationary phases. A syringe is used to inject a small amount of the
mixture we're looking to separate into the HPLC column, and the mobile phase acts as the
transporter. The mobile phase contains a carrier liquid that is comprised of all of the dissolved
substances that are of interest (the ones that we are looking to separate from one another). Since
HPLC uses a reversed–phase stationary phase, this allows polar molecules to elute first and
nonpolar last. Therefore, it is imperative to use a polar molecule for the mobile phase ... Show more
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For example, samples (ex: hair strands, saliva, etc.) that have been gathered from a crime scene
could be further examined using an IR spectrometer. The device is high specific and would be able
to identify the exact compound(s) contained within the sample using functional group analysis. This
would allow forensic scientists to work with law enforcement officials in many ways, such as
identifying a person of interest to arrest, or identifying the cause of death of an individual. This can
also be applied in the pharmaceutical world, as well. Scientists are the major players in figuring out
which molecules contained in medicine are harmful/lethal, and many testing trials are performed
using various instruments (IR, HPLC, etc.) to identify and reformulate the chemical ingredients
before they are released for public

Sludge Test Lab Report
Sludge Test Conclusion (B211)
The original sludge we received was a dark, foggy, yellow color with three insoluble solids
submerged in the liquid mixture. After further observation, we saw medium sized chunks of black
solid at the bottom of the sludge bottle. There were also tiny, clear spheres of solid and small, silver
solids in the shape of disks. The sludge smelt like alcohol or acetone. After testing our sludge, we
found a total of two liquids and four solids.
One of the liquids we found in our sludge was identified to be acetone. To identify this substance we
separated it by using fractional distillation. Fractional distillation essentially heats up the liquid
mixture you are trying to separate and turns the liquid into gas. The gas then travels into the
collecting tube and condenses through the tube into the collecting test tube. This technique separates
pure substances into fractions. In this case, acetone was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We separated the substance by using separation by flotation. With separation by floatation we had a
mixture of solids and liquid; we had to pick out the solids from the sludge bottle. After doing that we
had to find the density of the aluminum, which was 2.81 g/mL. In regards with solubility, it was
insoluble in acetone, water, ethanol, and even alcohol. It had no distinct odor when we wafted it and
appeared silver in color, hard in consistency, and had a disk–like shape. The third solid that we
found in our sludge bottle, we identified as glass beads. To separate it, we did the same technique we
did for the last one, which was separation by flotation. With separation by floatation we had a
mixture of solids and liquid; we had to pick out the solids from the sludge bottle. After we finished
separating the solid, we found the density to be 2 g/mL. Regarding solubility, it was insoluble in
acetone, water, ethanol, and alcohol. It had no distinct odor and appeared clear and

Chapter 3 Quiz
CHAPTER 11SAMPLE QUIZ QUESTIONS
11.1. What two physical characteristics of a liquid are principally used to determine its flammability
classification? ref. p. 264
11.2. Which of the following physical characteristics of gasoline makes it particularly hazardous to
have basementsin service stations?
a. vapor density
b. vapor pressure
c. low flash point
d. low boiling point ref. p. 267
11.3. What two physical characteristics of a liquid are principally used to determine its flammability
classification?
a. flashpoint and boiling point
b. flashpoint and firepoint
c. boiling point and firepoint
d. volatility and boiling point ref. p. 264
11.4. What principal physical characteristic of gasoline makes it particularly hazardousto have
basementsin ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
p. 266–267& Ch 10, pp 236–237
11.80. A r oom that m eas ur es 12'x 15'x 10' has gener al di l uti on exhaus t venti l ati on of 1 room
change per hour to prevent explosion. Calculate the maximum tolerable level of gasoline vapor
leaking into the room atmosphere. State any necessary assumptions. Gasoline has the following
characteristics:
FLASH POINT: –40
O
F
BOILING POINT: 36.1
O
C
LEL: 1.5%
UEL: 7.8%
VAPOR DENSITY: 2.48
ANS: Since the contaminant will mix with the air in a general dilution exhaust ventilation system,
sufficient makeup air must be continually introduced to keep the contaminant level at or below the
LEL, which is stated above to be
1.5%.

Vent rate = 1 room–chg/hour = 12'x15'x10' = 1800 ft
3
/hr
Let X = the maximum allowable gasoline vapor leak
Then X/1800 = 1.5% = 0.015
X = 1800 x 0.015 = 27 ft
3
/hr ref. p. 266–267 & Ch 10, pp 236–237
11.81. A gl ue–making process releases ethylene glycol that becomes generally diluted and
interspersed throughout the plant atmosphere. The rate of release is 2.4 cubic feet per hour vapor
volume at standard plant temperature and pressure. The plant ventilation system is of the general
dilution type with makeup air being supplied at windows and doors throughout the plant area.

Sludge Lab Report
In the Sludge Lab our overall objective was to sucessfully separate a sample of Sludge into separate
the different materials that make it up. We did this by using various methods of separation such as
filtration, sifting, evaporation, removing by hand, and fractional distillation to achieve this. Once we
had all the pure substances we began testing their characteristic properties. We used several
characteristic properties to identify the pure substances. For the liquids we tested flammability,
density, and boiling point. For the solids we tested solubility in water and density. These were useful
in identifying pure substances because by looking at what we learned from them, along with the
color, odor, and transparency of the substance we were able to make an educated guess at what the
substance was. However, there is one liquid we weren't able to test for characteristic properties and
we don't know what is it. This is because this liquid is absorbed into the filter paper from then we
filtered it. We were able to meet the overall objectives of this lab. We were able to separate two
liquids, four solids, and one substance. We are classifying this simply as substance #1 because while
it was originally a liquid when we filtered it it got absorbed into the filter paper. What we do know is
that it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its has the odor and appearance of isopropanol, and it is flammable. It also has a density that is close
the the density of isopropanol. However the boiling point is higher than the boiling point of
isopropyl alcohol. I think this may be because we switched test tubes a little late. This would make
the point on our graph we read as the boiling point higher than it should have been. The second of
our liquids, liquid #3, was water. It had the appearance and odor of water. Like water, it was also
inflammable. While the density and boiling point are not exact they are close to those of

Why Do Different Liquids Evaporate The Fastest
The question I would like to answer for my science project is what liquids evaporate the fastest. This
topic gets my attention because I would like to see how fast liquids evaporate in comparison to other
liquids. Another reason this topic sparks my attention is because I like how the water cycle works in
many different ways; for example, one minute we have water being evaporated into the atmosphere
and being changed into a gas and the next minute it comes back down in the form of rain. For my
experiment, I will be taking four liquids and putting half a cup of each liquid into separate cups;
then I will put them all in the same place so that they all will evaporate in the same conditions. I will
then monitor and take notes everyday to see ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Well, liquids with more density will evaporate slower because they have more attraction between
their molecules. This information came from: WWW.enotes.com/homework–help/why–do–some–
liquids–evaporate–easily–faster–than–319881 .
Also, why does evaporation go through a physical change? Evaporation goes through a physical
change because the liquid(s) get evaporated into the atmosphere and turn into a gas called water
vapor. Next, it gets turned back into a liquid and comes back down to the ground as rain. This
process is called the water cycle and it's a physical change because it can be changed into a new
substance but can be changed back to its original substance. This information came from what I
already knew from previous science classes. How do liquids evaporate in different conditions? Well,
water can evaporate in any conditions, but evaporation works best in warm conditions. I got this
information from: www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_evap.html . How does the world use
evaporation? The world uses evaporation for the water cycle. The water cycle helps us in many
ways. It helps filter our water, but if the atmosphere is very polluted you could get something called
acid rain, and acid rain isn't a good thing for anything to digest or even

The Effect Of Liquid On The Growth Of Jelly Marbles
"The Effect of the Type of Liquid on the Growth of the Jelly Marbles Overnight"
The purpose of this experiment was to find out if different liquids change the growth of the jelly
marble overnight. Jelly marbles are superabsorbent giant growing polymer beads. Polymer is a
substance that has a molecular structure consisting entirely of a large number of similar units bonded
together. Jelly marbles start out small as plastic–coated beads and when submerged into water
overnight (approximately 24 hours), they absorb about 300 times their weight in water and become
transparent gel–like beads. But, in this experiment, the liquid component with be changing from
water to vegetable oil to dish soap. If the jelly marble is submerged into 20 ml of vegetable oil
overnight, then, the jelly marble will expand the least among the other jelly marbles tested.
Experimental Design: IV: The type of liquid ( water, dish soap, and vegetable oil) DV: The growth
of the jelly marble in given liquid Control: Water (room temperature) Constants: Brand of jelly
marble, amount of liquid(20 ml), amount of time jelly marble is submerged, Type of beaker/cup, and
the amount of jelly marbles used in each liquid.
Materials:
Three Cups
Six Jelly Marbles(two per cup)
20 ml of water
20 ml of vegetable oil
20 ml of dish soap
One balance
One ruler
One calculator
Spoon
Dimple tray
Red sharpie
Caliper
Procedure
1. Grab all materials listed above to the lab area.
2. Take one Jelly Marble and place it on the

Liquid Evaporate The Fastest Essay
Research Paper
This paper is on our seventh grade science project about which liquid evaporate the quickest. We are
researching and testing which liquids evaporate the fastest. Liquids are used to keep you hydrated,
and can cause different climate in different areas. It depends on if you live close or if you're far
away from large bodies of water.. Precipitation and evaporation, are the two main parts of the
project and it is what this project is based off of because when liquids evaporate from the ocean and
the particles rise and are caught into the clouds and are saved until heavy enough to fall and turn
into rain, sleet, snow, or hail which is decided on temperature.
In this project the idea on which liquid would evaporate the quickest. The cooking oil should
evaporate the quickest because it is the lightest liquid coming in at 1.01 which has the least density
out of all of them. Density is the degree of compactness of a substance. The other liquids density
come close but are not the lightest. Water has the density it has because after evaporation comes
precipitation . How is evaporation helpful or dangerous to our society? Evaporation is great it gives
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the project we are only going to to put only about an oz. for each liquid in each separate cup.
The way we will be testing these we are going to put them each in their own plastic cup and each of
them will get a second glass cup, and to see which will be the fastest to evaporate fully we will put
12 of the cups out at one time. The time we are going to give it to evaporate is about a week. If it
does not fully evaporate in a week will add more time. These liquids are not thick and will hopefully
evaporate in a week, and it should only take a week if the weather is right. They will be set outside
in full sun view so the temperature stays more humid throughout the whole time, also it won't take
as

Liquid Chromatography
9.1 Orbitals and Theories of Chemical Bonding
1. Which one of the statements concerning valence bond (VB) and molecular orbital (MO) bond
theories is correct? a) MO theory predicts that electrons are localized between pairs of atoms. b) In
VB theory, bonding electrons are delocalized over the molecule. c) MO theory accurately describes
bonding in O2 and NO, VB theory does not. d) VB theory can describe molecular bonding in
excited states. e) MO theory is used to accurately predict the colors of compounds.
Answer: c
9.2 Valence Bond Theory
2. Which of the following statements is/are CORRECT? 1. The overlap between an s orbital and a p
orbital is called a pi–bond. 2. The overlap of two s orbitals in H2 is ... Show more content on
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a) tetrahedral b) trigonal–bipyramidal c) square–planar d) square–pyramidal e) see–saw
Answer: d
21. What is the molecular geometry around a central atom that is sp2 hybridized, has three sigma
bonds, and one pi bond? a) trigonal–planar b) trigonal–pyramidal c) bent d) T–shaped e) tetrahedral
Answer: a
22. What is the molecular geometry around a central atom that is sp3d hybridized and has one lone
pair of eletrons? a) trigonal bipyramidal b) trigonal–pyramidal c) see–saw d) tetrahedral e) square–
planar
Answer: c
23. What is the hybridization of a central atom that has four sigma bonds and has no lone pairs of
electrons? a) sp b) sp2 c) sp3 d) sp3d e) sp3d2
Answer: c

24. Upon heating, CaCO3 decomposes to CaO and CO2. What change in the hybridization of
carbon occurs in this reaction? a) sp to sp2 b) sp2 to sp3 c) sp3 to sp d) sp2 to sp e) no change
Answer: d
25. One product of the combustion of ethane, C2H6, is carbon dioxide. What change in
hybridization of the carbon occurs in this reaction? a) sp3 to sp2 b) sp3 to sp c) sp2 to sp3 d) sp2 to
sp3d2 e) sp2 to sp
Answer: b
26. Nitric acid, HNO3, dissociates in water to form nitrate ions and hydronium ions. What change in
hybridization of the nitrogen atom occurs in this dissociation? a) sp2 to sp3 b) sp2 to sp c) sp3 to sp
d) sp to sp3

High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method
A simple, selective and precise stability indicating isocratic reversed–phase high–performance liquid
chromatographic method (RP–HPLC) was developed for the determination of buprenorphine
hydrochloride in pharmaceutical microemulsion formulation. A forced degradation study of
buprenorphine hydrochloride microemulsion formulation was carried out in accordance with
International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines Q1 (R2). The chromatogram was
obtained with 10 mmolL−1 potassium phosphate buffer adjusted to pH 6.0 with triethanolamine and
acetonitrile (17:83, v/v) as mobile phase, a C–18 column; PrincetonSPHER –100 C18 HPLC
column (250 × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm) kept at 30◦C and UV detection at 284 nm. The compound was
eluted isocratically at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1. The average retention time for buprenorphine
was 14.319 min. The method was validated according to the ICH guidelines. The validation
characteristics included accuracy, precision, linearity, range, specificity, limit of Quantitation and
robustness. The calibration curves were linear (R2 > 0.999) over the concentration range 1.0 – 500.0
µgmL−1 for buprenorphine hydrochloride and the recovery study for the compound was above 95
%. No spectral or chromatographic interferences from the microemulsion excipients were found.
The drug was found to be labile under oxidative stress condition; whereas, it was stable under all
other stress conditions. This method is rapid and simple and does not require any sample

Carbonated Liquids
The type of liquids that individuals consume, especially those with dysphagia, can have a significant
impact on the efficiency of their oropharyngeal swallow. Several studies have looked at the overall
effect of drinking carbonated liquids in children with dysphagia, adults with dysphagia or those with
a neurologic impairment. It is thought by some researchers that using carbonated beverages in
dysphagia rehabilitation will trigger the swallow more easily, and may decrease the risk of
aspiration. Each study investigated whether or not this was true, and if drinking carbonated
beverages helped improve the efficiency of the swallow in the participants. A quasi–experimental
study done by Lundine, Bates and Yin (2015) looked at how carbonated ... Show more content on
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This study took many precautions to maximize reliability and validity such as having the same
person review videoflouroscopy footage, and having the same team of people review the footage for
measurement. If there was a pediatric dysphagia patient with a brain stroke or TBI, this would not be
the best evidence to support the use of carbonated liquids. While I would not rely solely on this one
study to use for a pediatric dysphagia patient, I would use it to support the decision to incorporate
carbonated liquids. Looking at adult patients, a crossover study done in Greece, by Sdravou, Walshe
and Dagdilelis (2011), looked specifically at the effects of carbonated liquids versus non–carbonated
liquids on swallowing in adults with neurogenic dysphagia. The hypothesis was that carbonated
liquids would increase swallow efficiency and reduce risk of aspiration. There were 17 participants
between the ages of 18 and 80 years old who had to meet six criteria. All participants were
considered to have dysphagia with associated pulmonary disease. High–density barium sulfate
mixed with deionized water was used as the solution for the liquid samples (nectar carbon
thickened–liquids). The measurements of the swallow (oral transit time, pharyngeal transit time,
initiation of pharyngeal swallow, pharyngeal retention) were done by videoflouroscopy. The
participant's swallow was also rated

Diffusion on a Liquid in a Liquid
Part A: Diffusion on a liquid in a liquid.
I did an experiment with three different glasses of tap water from the faucet. All three cups
measured the same which happened to be 13 cm from the top of the cup to the bottom of the cup. I
let the water settle, and sit for about an hour so the temperature was the same for all three cups. I
then placed one drop of food coloring into the first glass and waited for the coloring to reach the
bottom. I calculated 93 seconds. I then went to the second glass and duplicated the experiment in the
same exact manner and counted 107 seconds. Finally I went to third glass, did the same as before
and counted for 103 seconds. To figure the rate of diffusion you must divide the distance the dye
migrated in cm ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It appeared to be shriveled throughout the whole specimen. It measured 2,000 cubic millimeters in
size. The specimen in the 3.50% solution was also softer more so on the outside, it appeared to be
darkened more towards to outer edges and also smaller in size than the original size pre exposure to
the solution. It measured 3,000 cubic millimeters in size. The specimen took from the 1.75%
solution seems pretty close to the size that it originally appeared. The color was the same as before
however it did seem softer to the touch. It measured 4,000 cubic millimeters in size. The final
specimen taken from the 0.00% solution was significantly bigger than before it was placed in the
solution and a lot harder. The color stayed the same. It measured 6,000 cubic millimeters in size.
2..
Table 1: Potato Core Measurements
Salt Solution: 0.00% 1.75% 3.50% 7.00% Beginning avg volume 4,000 cubic millimeters 4,000
cubic millimeters 4,000 cubic millimeters 4,000 cubic millimeters Ending avg volume 6,000
cubic millimeters 4,000
cubic millimeters 3,000 cubic millimeters 2,000 cubic millimeters
Disscusion:
The results came out the way they did because of the simple process called osmosis. Because the 7%
solution had so much more sodium than the

How Does Clear Liquid Affect The Rate Of Evaporation Rates
This is my research report on my science project. My topic is What Clear liquid affects the rate of
evaporation. I chose this topic because I wasn't able to choose a project I wanted to do. So I looked
through the list and saw this topic. Then suddenly I think back to a wet afternoon and very cold a
few years ago. That morning I saw a puddle of water and when I came back it was half way drained
down. So i thought back to that moment long ago which I still remember. And so not only I needed a
project, I also was a little interested into this topic. I was also interested into rates of evaporation
when I saw this question. The question i'd be answering is What clear liquid has a faster evaporation
rate.
For the independent Variable, we're changing one of the liquids to something different. We're
changing hydrogen peroxide to Nail Polish remover. we'll be keeping water, alcohol, ... Show more
We'll measure how long each liquid evaporates at room temperature. So each liquid won't evaporate
faster just because of the temperature. Each liquid has a different evaporation rate. Evaporation
occurs when a liquid is sitting in a spot for too long. The evaporation rate of a liquid is affected of
what type of liquid it is. And the temperature of what the liquid is sitting in. Such as a puddle sitting
in 100 Degrees Fahrenheit. The puddle will evaporate faster because it is in a hot environment.
Evaporation can also happen when it's cold. However heat makes the liquid evaporate faster. I did a
lot of research, and based on a lot of sites. Some say Nail polish remover evaporates faster than
alcohol. While some say Alcohol is faster than nail polish remover. So i'll say nail polish remover is
going to be faster. If i leave nail polish out then it will evaporate the fastest. Because nail polish
contains acetone which makes its molecules evaporate faster to

Liquid Chondroitin
Liquid glucosamine chondroitin is used to treat joint pain and inflammation associated with
osteoarthritis and other joint and bone conditions. So why does glucosamine and chondroitin work
so well together? They are both molecules which make up the cartilage that is found in our joints. It
is normal for cartilage to break down and repair itself however it is abnormal when the repair stage
breaks down. If glucosamine and chondroitin are not present in sufficient quantities then repair of
joint cartilage can not take place and this is what leads to osteoarthritis and other painful joint
conditions. By taking a glucosamine and chondroitin supplement, you ensure that there is always a
ready supple of the cartilage building blocks to repair your joint cartilage. What is glucosamine?
Glucosamine used to form and repair cartilage. It is also an ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It has also been shown that the pain relief is very similar or even the same as that experienced by
patients taking NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti–inflammatory medications). The benefit of liquid
glucosamine chondroitin over NSAIDs is the lack of side effects and discomfort. There are very few,
if any, side effects to taking glucosamine and chondroitin joint supplements. There is also some
evidence that NSAID's can actually INCREASE the progression of arthritis! This is a big risk to
take if you are trying to reduce your arthritis symptoms. Glucosamine chondroitin on the other hand
can protect the cartilage leading to long term relief from arthritis symptoms. Why Liquid? Liquid is
absorbed quicker than any other form of substance that we put into our body. Short of injecting
yourself with glucosamine chondroitin, a liquid form provides the fastest possible absorption into
the bloodstream. That is why liquid glucosamine chondroitin supplements come highly
recommended from doctors and patients

Effect Of Temperature On Viscosity
TEMA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
International Baccalaureate Diploma Program
Physics HL
Individual Investigation
NAME:
Barbara Daniels
TITLE:
The effect of temperature on terminal velocity a falling sphere in liquids of different viscosities
Research question: how does the terminal velocity and viscosity of a liquid change as a result of the
change in temperature?
Personal engagement:
People, who have trouble swallowing solids, must often drink thick ones to satisfy their hunger. In
traditional markets, most of liquids that are being sold are left in the scorching sun. One of these
liquids is honey and thus, I would want to investigate if temperature affects the thickness of the
other liquids such as engine oil and liquid soap. If it does, the liquids left out in the which will thusly
not be beneficial to those who have trouble ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A falling object reaches terminal velocity when the time interval is constant for an equidistant
distance.
Viscosity varies with temperature. Liquids flow easier after heating. When the temperature of motor
oil or engine oil is low it affects the performance of cars and other machines, which use it, as low
temperature is not favorable to them. Temperature affects viscosity and the terminal velocity of the
falling object because the average speed of molecules in a liquid increase as they gain more energy
from heating. Thus, the time the molecules stay in contact with other molecules near them reduces.
Also, an increase in temperature causes the intermolecular forces in the liquid to decrease.
Therefore, the relationship between temperature and viscosity is inversely proportional.
Variables:
Independent Variables: Type of fluid used in investigation Temperature

My research project is based on the Liquid Crystal Display...
My research project is based on the Liquid Crystal Display or (The LCD). The developer of the
LCD was a group of engineers, led by George Heilmeier a engineer himself. They started to develop
this in between 1964 and 1968. When his group thought they had finished, they later found out they
were wrong. George and his group had used Dynamic scattering method which had worked poorly.
Later a man named James Ferguson came along and replaced it with and improved version. He had
used twisted nematic field effect fro the LCD. It was released for sale in the 1970s, it sold very
quickly over thousands of people bought it in the United States.
LCD allows you to see, real advantages over other display technology. LCDs also consumes less
energy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the sensors that a LCD has is the backlight sensor. This increases productivity, life by
stabilizing the brightness, after the system starts up and automatically. It also connects ambient
temperature and adjusted the brightness over time. There is also a touch sensor for the touch LCD
monitor. This works because of the electromagnetic interference caused by your hand. This happens
when you move your hand near or close to the screen.
In addition the LCD computer monitor is in fact soldered. One of the components that is soldered is
the capacitors. Another thing that is soldered is some of the copper wires. There are nine
compartments inside an LCD monitor. It has two polarized filters one on top and one on the bottom.
In the center of these two filter is were the LC remains. On top and bellow the LC is two other films,
then on top of that there is a transformed electrode. Then on the bottom of the lower filter is the back
light/mirror. Then to finish it off there is either a red, blue or green film, which can be adjusted to a
certain brightness. On the back of all of this is where the wires are connected to the battery and
supply voltage. In conclusion Liquid Crystal Display is now a million dollar product that sells all
over the United States. Liquid Crystal Display is now very popular because it is practically every
where. These are some of the products that contain LCD. iPads, Microwave

Evaporation Lab
There are also some other common properties that are transitions from one state to another, such as
vaporization, this is the process by which a liquid or in some cases a solid that can change into a gas.
Evaporation is a similar form of vaporization. However, evaporation is defined as the process by
which particles escape from the surface of a non boiling liquid and enter the gas state. Some lab
experiments can be conducted to actually see the effects of evaporation. Like the liquid bromine lab
where you add a small amount of liquid bromine into a bottle, and within a few minutes, the air
above the liquid bromine will turn into a brownish–red color because some of the bromine
molecules escaped from the surface of the liquid. These molecules then became gas molecules, or
bromine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The process of evaporation occurs because the particles of a liquid have different kinetic energies. In
some cases surface particles with higher than average energies can overcome the intermolecular
forces that bind them to the liquid. The particles can then transition into the gas state. Evaporation is
an essential process in nature. For example in nature evaporation removes fresh water from the
surface of a ocean, leaving behind a higher concentration of salts. In areas such as the tropics,
evaporation occurs at a higher rate,resulting in the surface water to be saltier. All water that falls to
Earth in the form of rain and snow has been previously evaporated from oceans, lakes, and rivers.
Evaporation of sweat plays an important role in keeping a human cool. Sweat, which is mostly
consisted of water, cools a human by absorbing body heat when it evaporates. Energy which is in
the form of heat is absorbed from the skin, causing the body to cool down. As a liquid is cooled its
viscosity normally increases, but viscosity also has a tendency to prevent

Sample Resume On Liquids And Liquids
5 min.
Introduction/Motivation:
Activate prior knowledge–"Alright friends, we are going to learn some more about liquids. Who can
tell me something they know about liquids? We have been learning a lot about solids and liquids but
I want to know what you remember about liquids."
Tell students that you will be picking three students to say what they know about liquids. This will
speed up the time and will make sure all the activities are experienced.
"Yes liquids can be see–through. Another way to say see–through is transparent."
"Alright two more facts about liquids." Hold up two fingers to visually show how many more
students will be chosen.
"Yes! Liquids pour. Do some liquids pour faster than other liquids? Do some liquids pour slower
than others?"
Hold one finger up to symbolize that one student will talk and then we will move on.
"One more fact about liquids. Raise your hands."
"Yes liquids can be bubbly. What is an example of a liquid that is bubbly?"
"Pop is a bubbly liquid! I like how you were able to remember facts about liquids!"
Communicate the learning objective–"Today we are still going to focus on liquids but in a different
way. We are going to learn about the level of liquids while they are in a container. We are going to
have different centers that focus on the liquids inside containers with different activity. We will be
measuring water, cutting and gluing, and coloring today in our groups."
Introduce academic

Gas Chromatography And High Performance Liquid
Chromatography
Table of Contents
Part A: 3
Introduction: 3
Gas Chromatography (GC) 3
Gas– solid chromatography 3
Gas–liquid chromatography 3
Advantages: 3
Disadvantages: 3
High performance liquid Chromatography (HPLC) 4
Advantages: 4
Disadvantages: 4
Part B: 5
Introduction 5
References 6
Part A:
Introduction:
Forensic Chemistry involves a variety of different techniques in which have the ability to analyse
samples found on crime scene, one set of techniques is that of chromatography.
Chromatography is a process commonly used to separate substances in accordance to their
differential distribution between what is referred to as a stationary phase and a moving or 'mobile
phase'. There are a variety of different types of chromatography some include; paper
chromatography, gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography.
Chromatography works by analyzing a substance in terms of its retention time when passing through
what is referred to as a stationary phase. Retention time refers to the amount of time a substance
takes to pass through the stationary phase, upon analysis the retention time determines what
substances are present within a sample. For example, if a particular substance within takes longer
than another to reach the 'detector' results can then be categorized into which substances are present
within the sample. The results found are presented in what is called a chromatograph.
A chromatogram...

Lab Report: How Dense Is This Substance?
Experiment Title:How Dense Is This Substance?
Name(s):Praventh.R
Purpose:
Is this liquid/substance greater than or less than 1g/mL? Will the liquid/substance be highly viscous
or will it have a low viscosity? I am proving/comparing if a liquid is more dense than others.
Hypothesis:
My hypothesis for this lab is that tomato juice will sink for any fluid our group chooses. I say this
because tomato juice is in the middle of the viscosity number line. Also I think the substances that
will float are Maple Syrup, Oil, and Dish Soap. I say this because they are more thick than the other
liquids so it will hover above the other liquids.
Materials:
75 mL Maple Syrup
75 mL Dish Soap
75 mL Lemon Juice
75 mL Oil
75 mL Tomato Juice
Measuring Cups
Weighted Scale
250 mL Beaker
Procedure:
Chose 5 out of 7 liquids/substances.
Measure 75 mL of a liquid/substance into a cup.
Place liquid/substance on weighted scale to calculate the density. Record results on a piece of paper.
When finished finding the density, pour the liquid/substance into beaker.
Repeat steps 1–3 with 4 other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The density of Maple Syrup was 1.15 g/mL and the density of Lemon Juice was 0.74 g/mL which is
0.41 less than Maple Syrup. Maple Syrup would be high viscosity and Lemon Juice would be low

viscosity so it makes sense of how big the gap is between the two liquids. Maple Syrup's mass is 20
g greater than Lemon Juice and all this liquids had the same volume which is 75 mL. This
experiment helped me understand that if the density is greater, it will sink. On the other hand, if the
density is less, it will float over the substance. If the liquid is neutral buoyancy, it will not float or
sink so it would hover over the substance. Also liquids with less viscosity, it will sink. Liquids with
a high viscosity will float over any substance. This is my conclusion for this

Liquid Gelcaps
using Aleve Liquid–gels because the naproxen sodium inside the liquid–gels may cause problems in
unborn child and/or during birth. Aleve Liquid–gels should be kept out of the reach of children and
should be taken with a full glass of water. Adult consumers and children over 12 can take one
capsule every eight to twelve hours. Two capsules can be taken within the first hour but three
capsules should not be taken within a 24 hour period. Inactive ingredients in Aleve Liquid–gels
consist of FD&C blue #1, gelatin, glycerin, lactic acid, mannitol, pharmaceutical ink, polyethylene
glycol, purified water, sorbitan, and sorbitol.
Aleve Gelcaps
The last type of Aleve the investigator has decide to use in this investigation is Aleve Gelcaps. Aleve
Gelcaps are a non–steroidal anti–inflammatory drugs and are used as a pain relievers and/or fever
reducers. Other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The active ingredient in Aleve Gelcaps is naproxen sodium. There are 220 mg of naproxen sodium
in Aleve Gelcaps and 200 mg of naproxen. The naproxen sodium may cause stomach bleeding. The
risk of stomach bleeding is higher if you are over age 60, have had stomach ulcers/bleeding
problems, take blood thinning/steroid drugs, take other prescription/non–prescription, NSAIDs,
have three or more alcoholic drinks a day, or take more gelcaps for longer than directed. In addition,
naproxen sodium may cause severe allergic reactions. Symptoms for allergic reactions are hives,
facial swelling, skin reddening, rash, asthma (wheezing), blisters, and shock. Users of Aleve
Gelcaps are cautioned to stop use and call doctor if they feel faint, vomit blood, have bloody/black
stools, have stomach pain that does not get better, pain worsens or lasts more than 10 days, fever
gets worse or lasts more than three days, experience difficulty swallowing, new symptoms

Super Wooling Liquid Research
SuperCooling Liquids When we can cool a liquid below its freezing point without it forming as a
solid; this phenomenon, that still puzzles scientists today, is called supercooling. Supercooling keeps
a liquid in the same state even when it is below its freezing point and when it should turn to a solid.
Molecules are naturally sticky except while moving quickly when they bounce off each other.
However, as the temperature drops, the molecules begin to stick together to form solids if it is cold
enough. This happens as the temperature of a liquid drops and is helped by the presence of tiny
particles, called crystal nuclei, which start the solidifying process. Supercooled liquid is unstable
and will freeze in seconds on contact with tiny particles. The contact usually requires a force like a
hit or a push of the liquid to make it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Will all types of water act the same when supercooled? Does it matter to the process of supercooling
if a water sample is absent of impurities or contains impurities and/or minerals? We will research
some of the important points of supercooling liquids and all things that must be considered before
we can make our hypothesis.
Matter
Water is liquid matter that freezes at O degrees Centigrade or 32 degree Fahrenheit. Freezing occurs
for water at this temperature when this substance has a phase change from a liquid to a solid. Before
we can answer whether or not different waters can be supercooled, we need to look at what water is
and its composition. Water can be described as
Matter. It is made of atoms and these atoms are constantly moving or tumbling around when water is
in its liquid state. When water becomes solid, the atoms are still able to move, but they are now
slowed to a vibration type of movement.
Matter and

Properties Of Water Related To Square Dancing
Throughout the article, the author talks about how the properties of water can be related to square
dancing. The molecules of water take the place of the dancers as they move coordinately. Water does
not conform to the same properties of other liquids. Water has many different properties that are
talked about in the article. The most famous and most talked about property in the article is water's
density at low temperatures; like how it expands as it cools. Other liquids condense as they get
cooler but water does the opposite. At super cooled temperatures, the properties of water become
stranger as it is able to exist as a liquid much below its freezing point. Another strange property of
water is that in super cooled states, it splits into two ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The structure becomes more open as water begins to expand as it reaches its freezing point. Water
becomes lighter since the molecules are spaced out, creating an open structure. Ice being lighter than
cold water allows water to flow underneath a layer of ice in the winter and keep animals and plants
living in the water alive. Scientists are able to get super cooled liquid water by having very clean
water samples. At temperatures below –38 degrees Celsius, scientists cannot keep water from
freezing so they must use computer simulations. Putting water in nanoscopic pores keeps it from
freezing at super low temperatures because the hydrogen bonds are broken down so the water is not
as stable. Using sponge–like material to nano confine water was not successful because the large
holes froze and caused crystallization throughout the material. This problem was solved when Sow–
Hsin Chen created a new material called MCM–41. He and his colleagues filled the material with
water, cooled it to –73 degrees Celsius, and bombarded it with neutrons. They were able to examine
water's structure without it

How Can Different Liquids Cause The Liquid To Rise More...
Experimental design
Investigative Question: Will different liquids cause the liquid to rise more under constant pressure
and temperature?
Hypothesis: If salt, sugar, and vinegar solutions were tested by putting them in a container and
setting it under a lamp to see which will rise the highest, the the water with salt will rise the highest.
Independent Variable: The liquids used for thermal expansion.
Dependant Variable:Which liquid solution would rise the highest in a controlled setting
Control Group: Water
Constants:
Amount of liquid with solution in the plastic bottle
Size of container
Amount of heat each liquid solution is receiving with 100 watt light bulb
Amount of time put under lamp Experimental Groups: Plaster water bottle with 30g ... Show more
Insert a straw in the hole of the drilled cap bottle making sure that the tip of the straw does not touch
the base of the bottle
Seal and making sure the straw stay in place
Place the plastic bottle with water under the heat lamp with 100 watts of incandescent light bulb
turned on
Observe and place ruler beside the straw. Record the height of water level in the straw at 1 minute, 2
minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, and 5 minutes with a ruler
Record observation and repeat 5 times
Repeat step 1 and add 30g of salt in a pitcher
Fill plaster water bottle with 500ml of salt solution wudion a funnel and label it "salt"
Repeat Step 3 to Step 7 using the plaster water bottle filled with the salt solution and record
Repeat step 1 and add 30g of sugar to the water
Fill paster water bottle with 500ml the sugar solution with a funnel and label it "sugar"
Repeat step 3 to Step 7 using the plastic bottle filled with the sugar solution and record.
Repeat step 1 and add 30 ml of vinegar to the water
Fill plastic water bottle with 500 ml of the vinegar solution and label it

Flammable Liquids
Arson Detection : The Discovery of Flammable Liquids . In this practice , we analyzed flammable
liquids by the method of gas chromatograph . First of all , we tried to find the retention time of
standard flammable liquids to be able to identify our unknown sample comparing with their
retention times . The standards samples were : charcoal lighter , gasoline , kerosene , light fluid ,
shellac thinner , and paint thinner . The retention time is calculated by the formula : We injected 5
(1)�L of paint thinner using the syringe needle into the gas chromatograph and we used the speed
of 1cm/min to test which volume could be used . However , the pick was too high and we changed
the volume (2)to 1 �L , which was better . With the parameters defined ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
3 . Why might there still (12)ne accelerant (13)present on materials found at the base of the fire even
though the building was almost entirely burned down ? – Because a considerable portion of the fuel
remains (14)unburned and what does burn can leave characteristic burn patterns or diagnostic signs .
4 . How might one determine the physical location of the origin of the fire , so that he might know
where to look for evidence of accelerant ? – By the burn/damage patterns found at the origin of the
fire it is possible to have an idea of which accelerant was used . When volatile vapors burn above a
flammable liquid accelerant they leave distinct patterns (15)unlike other combustible products
usually found in a structure . Conclusion Based on the comparison of the retention times of the
standard flammable liquids and the average of the unknown sample , we concluded that kerosene
was the accelerant used . We run this samples five times and each time we had a different peak that
did not match with the standard's peaks . So , we calculated the retention time and we found that the
unknown sample had a retention time of 0.7 (16)min and the kerosene had 0.8 (17)min as the
retention time , which was the one more close

Why Do Liquid-Liquid Extracts
In general, during the summer term 2016, I learned the procedures to prepare silicone pellets,
perform liquid–liquid extractions, concentrating the extracted fractions to a smaller volume using
concentration tubes and also performed an intake–uptake experiment using the silicon pellets
prepared. I also filled up the M1 form and it is already approved. The preparation of pellets
consisted of cutting a silicone sheet with a hole puncher to get a uniform and constant size for each
plug. The pellets were placed in a rounded flask connected to a soxhlet extractor and for 32h are
constantly washed with methylene chloride at 50°C. Once the required time was completed, the
pellets went into the incubator for a period of 3 days and finally they were completely dried in an
oven for 3h at a constant temperature of 200°C. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The liquid extraction was done by using three batches of methylene chloride of 25 ml each. The
solution was passed through a funnel containing sodium sulfate and wool to absorb any possible
contaminants and water residue. After this procedure was performed several small boiling chips
were added to the round flasks and the solution was then evaporated to a very small volume. The
solution was then transferred to concentration tubes and further evaporated to a volume of 1 mL by
constantly adding a solution of hexane so that all of the methylene chloride was replaced. As a final
step, 50 µl of TMX and OC standard were added to the extraction

Keep It Liquid
Keep It Liquid
Introduction:
The objective of this lab was to witness the change in temperature of cyclohexane with different
substances added. There are certain techniques for a solid, liquid, and a gas to have a certain phase
change (Hall, 15). There are also different ways for there to be a phase change when it involves a
solid, liquid, or a gas. The process of phase change is usually being witnessed in the different
weather changes we have. When snow begins to fall in the winter it falls as a liquid, starts to freeze
from the atmosphere, then fully freezes when it is set on the ground from the winter temperature. It
then begins to melt and turn back into a liquid as the temperature begins to heat up, then evaporates
as the liquid starts to boil and steam up. (Phase Change, 17). In this experiment, we hypothesized
that our trial three with 0.612 grams of benzoic acid would have the greatest effect on temperature
change since it held the greatest amount of mass.
Methods:
Due to safety hazards that can occur with this lab, start by placing on our safety goggles before we
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In results, we see how much each trial had been effected with the different substances and different
amounts added to cyclohexane.
In an experiment similar to ours, after their data has been obtained, the enthalpy curve is calculated
to be calculated (Haun, 2017). In our experiment, the freezing point of cyclohexane is 6.55 °C
(Solvents, 2017). With trial two and three, we calculated the molarity and molality. For trial two, we
had the molarity of 0.637160081 M and had the molality of 8.188m, which is provided below.
In this equation shown above, our trial three our molarity ended up as 0.63716014 M and our
molality ended up being 8.18627m.
Table 1.1
Trials
(grams of cyclohexane)
Additive Substance
Mass of Additive
Lowest Temperature (°C)
Highest Temperature (°C)
1. 4.947

Evaporation Compared To A Bowling Ball
(1) According to David Perkins, when a liquid is evaporating it's just molecules that are escaping
into the air as a gas. In order for the molecules to be able to escape certain energy is needed,the
molecule determines the amount of energy that's gonna be used. As an example he used the juggling
of a tennis ball compared to a bowling ball. He says that it's gonna be harder to juggle a bowling ball
because it has a bigger mass compared to the tennis thus causing more energy needed in the bowling
ball. One of the factors affecting evaporation would be the mass of the molecules in the liquid.
Another factor would be how stuck the molecules are together, if the molecules are stuck together
and have a strong connection, evaporation would be much ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Evaporation is a crucial step to help the water cycle since without evaporation there would be no
rain and no rain means no plants and no plants means no oxygen, meaning no us. Another thing
apart from heat that helps evaporation is air pressure. If the pressure is high it means that water
won't evaporate as fast, since the pressure pushes the molecules down making it hard for them to
escape.
(4) In this article named How Relative Humidity Affects Evaporation written by Atula Gupta we
discuss how relative humidity affects evaporation. Relative humidity the amount of water vapor in
volume of air divided by the amount of air in that volume is called humidity. Depending on the
temperature,the higher it is, it can increase the rate of evaporation and the amount of water vapor in
the air. At a given temperature, there is a maximum amount of water vapor that air can hold and
when the maximum capacity is reached the process of condensation

Extraction Of Salt From A Mixture. Priscilla Etim. Thursday
Extraction of Salt from a Mixture
Priscilla Etim
Thursday 2:30pm–5:20pm, Dr. Smriti Anand
Collin County Community College: Preston Ridge Campus, Department of Chemistry,
McKinney,TX
INTRODUCTION:
Every individual is different in a specific way. Like people, substances have unique qualities, such
as properties, which aid chemists to differentiate and identify the particular components the
substances consists of. These particular qualities are identified as either physical or chemical
properties. Physical properties are properties which do not require a chemical change of its
composition in order for the substance to be classified. A few examples of physical properties
include color, density, odor, boiling point, melting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Use a glass beaker to pour an adequate amount of the liquid substance and use the pipette from the
glass beaker.
5. When placing the large test tube in boiling water, be sure to keep the face of the large test tube
away from you or any lab partners with safety tongs.
6. When dealing with glass objects such as a glass beaker or thermometer, be sure to hold the item.
In instances where glass is broken during the experiment, do not clean up the area yourself! Notify
your instructor immediately.
7. If there is a chemical spill, notify your instructor immediately to prevent any further damage.
8. Do not eat or drink any of the liquids or substances associated in lab.
PROCEDURE: I. LIQUID – Identification of an Unknown Liquid: Using the physical properties of
Solubility, Density, and Boiling Point.
PART A. Solubility Take two test tubes, label each test tube according to solvent. Add 1 mL of
distilled deionized water to the first test tube and 1 mL of ethanol to the second test tube. Next, add
1 mL of the unknown liquid to each test tube, shake for a small period of time, and observe
patiently. During this observation, you will be able to determine whether the two liquids mix
completely, slightly, or not at all. If the two liquids mix completely, then you should be able to see
one liquid mixed together without a visible line indicating two different substances. This means the
two liquids are considered soluble. If the two liquids

Managing Liquid And Non Liquid Waste
Objectives
The primary objectives of warehousing is to maximize the effective use of the warehouse resources
while satisfying customer requirements. The key objectives are warehouse resources and customer's
requirements.
Environmental management
A waste management plan to outline measure to support the proper treatment, storage and disposal
of wastes generated during operations on the site. The plan must be prepared to welcome the
cooperation with the council and shall include but not necessarily be limited to;
Performance and standards measures to deal with this waste
A description of how these actions and measures would be effective and monitored over time
An Identification of the quantities and type of waste that would generated ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Typical waste are stored in freight flow bins and are moved by warehouse regularly into two of
4.5m3 bins that is given to us by a JJ Richard licensed waste transport company. These bins are
moved on weekly basis.
Empty packing involves to clean damaged packaging and product that requires disposal and are
stored in a designated place of a warehouse that is appropriate to store these kind of material.
Chemical that gets discharged while the operations are being carried out are to get cleaned
immediately, to be placed in large plastic bags, to be labelled and town into wheelie bins and need to
be kept in the freight flow area.
The waste hierarchy principles that are outlined below should be adopted for the audit of waste
materiel consumed at the site with the flowing evaluation for each and every material or product;
Reduction:–
Reduction or prevention of the generation of waste is the most effective solution.
Recycling and composting:–
We can often recover resources from the waste. Energy recovery: We can also receive value value
by generation of energy from waste.
Disposal:
If the above options do not offer an appropriate solution then waste should be disposed of.
Occupational Health and

The Viscosity of Liquids
39. The Viscosity of Liquids
After studying the present lecture, you will be able to
Define viscosity and viscosity coefficient
Outline the method to measure viscosity using Ostwald viscometer
Determine the average molecular weight of a polymer
Determine the surface concentration of 1–butanol in aqueous solution
Measure the distribution coefficient of a solute betweenn two solvents
39.1 Introduction
Viscosity, one of the transport properties, arises because of intermolecular attractive and relatively
long–range forces. Viscosity coefficient ([pic]), a specific constant characteristic of a liquid could be
expressed by the following equation of Poiseuille.
[pic] ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The constant a is sensitive to the shape and varies from zero for hard sphere or 0.5 for random coils
to 2.0 for rigid rods.
Variation of specific viscosity of a solution [pic] (specific viscosity or reduced viscosity) is defined
as [pic], where [pic] is the viscosity of solution i and [pic] the viscosity of pure solvent) with the
concentration of solute is given by the equation:
[pic] (39.7)
where, c is concentration of the polymer in g/mL and K is a constant.
The determination of average molecular weight of polyvinyl acetate in acetone and methanol uses
the following Procedure:
Prepare solution of polyvinyl acetate in acetone containing approximately 1 mg/ mL. From this
prepare four more solutions of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 mg/ mL by dilution. Measure the specific viscosity

of all the four solutions as described above.
Repeat the above experiment with solution of polyvinyl acetate in methanol.
Plot [pic] versus c and calculate [pic] and K from equation (2). Also, using the empirical formula (1)
and constant of K and a from the table given below, determine the molecular weight of polyvinyl
acetate in these two solvents.
|Solvent |K |a |
|Acetone |21.4 x 105 |0.68 |
|Methanol |38 x 10–5 |0.59 |
39.4 Excess Surface Energy

Mixture Of Unidentified Organic Compounds Lab Report
A couple of mixtures of unidentified organic compounds (a mixture of two liquids and another
mixture of two solid compounds) were obtained, and the compounds of each mixture were then
separated, isolated, and purified. The compounds of the liquid–liquid mixture were isolated by
simple distillation, and the compounds in the mixture of solids were extracted by liquid–liquid
extraction, and later purified through recrystallization. Physical properties –such as boiling points,
melting points, and densities– were used to identify each isolated compound. After analysis, the first
liquid was identified by a boiling range of 81.0°C–81.3°C and a density of 0.7882g/mL, and the
second liquid was identified by a boiling range of 91.7°C–91.9°C and a density of 0.8578 g/mL. The
crude solid products were purified and recrystallized, providing a white crystalline solid (MP =
35.2–37.8 °C) in 46.9% yield, and a white powdery solid (MP = 121.9 – 122.1 °C) in 2.40% yield.
Introduction:
SIPCAn (Separation, Isolation, Purification, Characterization, and Analysis) are necessary
procedures in any chemical lab. Not only do chemists perform these SIPCAn procedures while
conducting experiments and running reactions; they are used in many industrial applications every
day to purify small impurities, such as in food processing, purifying solvents and liquid reaction
products in chemical experiments, and widely in the oil and petroleum industry. There are a number
of ways to go on with these

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