Horizontal Integration

Horizontal Integration
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Competition DG Information, communication and multimedia Media
Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law
Miguel Mendes Pereira*
"The ICT and Media Sectors within the EU Policy Framework"
U.L.B.–SMIT (Studies on Media, Information and Telecommunications) CEAS–Norwegian School
of Management, Oslo Telenor Broadcast
Brussels, 7 April 2003
OUTLINE
Introduction I. Convergence and integration 1. Technical convergence 2. Economic convergence 3.
Efficiencies II. Competition issues 1. The competitive arena 2. Foreclosure 3. The dominance test
III. Vertical integration 1. 2. 3. 4. The gate–keeper issue Foreclosure of input markets Leveraging
Network effects
IV. Horizontal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to have an idea of the recent increase in the price for audio–visual contents it is sufficient to
compare, for example, the price paid for broadcasting rights of the Football World Cups of 1990,
1994 and 1998 – 241 million ECU – with the price paid for the same rights in respect of the World
Cups of 2002 and 2006 – 1,7 billion Euro. Only large companies seem to be able to afford such
astronomical costs.
2
"Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law" – M. Mendes
Pereira
In face of economic barriers of such dimension, media companies have shown a trend towards
concentration. 3. Efficiencies What appeared to be particularly new about these alliances and
mergers in the media industry was the search of not only the traditional economies of scale but,
above all, the search of economies of scope. This translated into an attempt to use the same product
in a number of different ways: pure entertainment and telecommunication, or entertainment and
information, or information and telecommunication. From an economic point of view, economies of
scope basically translate in lower Average Total Costs as a result of producing a wide range of

products. The main feature of this type of concentrations is the vertical integration of the different
levels of production and distribution of media products that leads to companies which are able
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Strategic Aspects Of Globalization And Mergers And...
Globalization can be summarized as process by which the experience of everyday life, marked by
the diffusion of commodities and ideas, is becoming standardized around the world. Factors that
have contributed to globalization include increasingly sophisticated communications and
transportation technologies and services, mass migration and the movement of peoples, a level of
economic activity that has outgrown national markets through industrial combinations and
commercial groupings that cross national frontiers and international agreements that reduce the cost
of doing business in foreign countries (Merriam, 2013).
2– Integrations& Merging and Acquisitions In the 1990's, seemingly not a day goes by when the
business press doesn't report on multimillion– dollar mergers and acquisitions. Companies of all
sizes and all industries worldwide are seizing the opportunities to broaden their competitiveness by
forging corporate combinations with strategically synergistic partners. The goals of achieving
growth, tapping into new markets, and creating unassailable strategic advantage underlie each
transaction (Clemente & Green Span, 1998). Mergers and acquisitions (abbreviated M&A) is an
aspect of corporate strategy, corporate finance and management dealing with the buying, selling,
dividing and combining of different companies and similar entities that can help an enterprise grow
rapidly in its sector or location of origin, or a new field or new location, without

Monopoly : A Business With No Competition
Monopoly Aggressive business owning, buying up your competitors or distributors to maximize a
company's profit, running a business with no competition. Webster's defines a monopoly as
"exclusive ownership through legal privilege, command of supply, or concerted action" or "a
commodity controlled by one party". A clear example of what a monopoly is as simple as the board
game Monopoly, the game is played exactly what the name says it is, the player becomes a
Monopoly, buying up multiple companies that are related in some way to maximize the most money
that play can gain from those businesses. Monopolies are quite simple, take for example, there is a
local company that makes car parts out of steel, the company purchases the stock steel from a
factory that makes steel stock. To make the steel stock the steel stock company buys the raw
materials from a mining company. If the car parts company wants to maximize their profits, they
simply buy up the steel company. That way they are not over charged for the steel stock and can get
it at a low rate. If the wanted to further maximize their profits they would buy the mining company
as well, giving the car parts company total control of where their supply came from and control of
the cost, this is called vertical integration. There are two types of monopolies: vertical monopoly and
horizontal monopoly. Vertical monopoly or vertical integration is buying up the companies that are a
part of the whole manufacturing process. Examples

Should Businesses Use Aggressive Forms of External Growth...
Should businesses use aggressive forms of external growth (such as takeovers) or should they rely
on less hostile options (such as mergers)? There are two ways a business can expand, internally
(which is also referred to as organic) and externally (which is also referred to as inorganic). In this
report, I'm mainly going to be focusing on external growth. Firstly, what is meant by 'external
growth'? "External Growth is when businesses grow by integrating (joining) with another business."
(Exercise Book) There are also two ways of externally expanding; merging or taking over. "Merging
is when two (or more) businesses reach an agreement to join together and operate as one business. It
tends to be mutually beneficial to both businesses. A ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other Advantages of Mergers Increasing the confidence of the shareholders of the merged company.
Reduce redundancies Beneficial to a struggling company by helping it to survive. Making a strong
presence in the domestic markets. Financial Resources Sources: http://kalyan–
city.blogspot.com/2012/08/what–are–advantages–of–mergers.html Once again, "A takeover is when
one business buys another business. This tends to be more hostile as the buying business is the main
one to benefit." There are some advantages you can gain from this. Firstly, likewise to merging,
there can be international growth. "Businesses can make their services or products available globally
by acquiring businesses in various locations internationally. For instance, Belgium brewing
company, InBev took over Budweiser for $52 billion in 2008 in order to expand its presence in the
U.S. market and create one of the largest consumer beverage companies in the world, according to
The Times. Due to the acquisition, profits of the company rose by 11 percent in 2011, according to
France 24." (http://smallbusiness.chron.com/) Another advantage from a takeover that I also
mentioned earlier is Diversifying Products. "One example is Kraft 's 2010 takeover of Cadbury for
$19.5 billion. The acquisition diversified Kraft 's candy line with more than 40 brands, increased
revenue and sales as well as the company 's international presence, especially in

Critically Evaluate the Main Potential Advantages and...
Which way to grow? The question is, should the company expand horizontally or should the
company diversify or expand vertically? There is no clear cut answer to this question. There are
advantages and pitfalls to each of these methods and there are many examples of organisation where
a certain choice has proven extremely profitable and vice versa. This essay will provide advantages
and disadvantages of horizontal expansion by comparing it with vertical and diversified growth. The
reader will be presented with the facts and at the end will be allowed to make his own decision. One
major deciding factor on growth strategy will be the organisations long term strategy and the
behaviour of the Markets, and its competitors. Horizontal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
BMW have also started to offer financial services in the UK. Horizontally expanded companies are
extremely vulnerable to fall in sales and cyclical downturns. Advantage of diversification is that the
firm can provide a stable profit stream by offsetting losses in one area to increasing profits in
another area. The obvious reason for horizontal expansion is the benefit of cost reduction. As the
firm increases its scale of operation it generally experiences a reduction in long–run average costs.
After the merger the company can rationalise its operation which leads to instant reduction in
overheads. But it's important not to become to big that leads to diseconomies of scale. Another
reason for the reduction in costs is due to the benefit attributed to the learning curve. The learning
curve was responsible for the reason why European plan manufacturers could not compete with
Boeings' production efficiency in the 1950s. A firm producing 100 units a day learn faster then a
firm producing 10 units a day. A company can also improve its efficiency by merging with a
company that already has benefited from the learning curve. The question is how easy the
knowledge can be transferred? One major disadvantage of firm that has only expanded horizontally
is that it becomes reliant on it suppliers and distributor. If these suppliers have a

B2b Exchanges And Business Activity Perspective
"Business–to–business (B2B) exchanges or marketplaces provide dramatic opportunities to
automate collaborative business processes with customers and suppliers, generate internal
efficiencies, and reach new markets at minimal cost." – (Kenjale & Phatak, 2002)
The epigraph quote from a 2002 article in the CRM magazine provides the commonly used and
accepted definition of Business–to–Business (B2B) exchanges. The key differentiating attributes of
the B2B Exchanges from the Business–to–Consumer (B2C) exchanges are: the target customers
(Business customers such as Resellers, Industrial market, etc.); the nature of demand which is
"derived" based on consumer demand; and the exchange process which are more formal in nature
(more purchase ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
366). The Vertical market is based on specific industry sectors, such as the computer manufacturer
Dell's inclusion of chip maker Intel and AMD into its exchange. The Horizontal market is a wider
supply market that cuts across several industries, such as FedEx and UPS providing transportation
and logistical exchanges for a wide variety of businesses. The Internet provides an immense
resource value to both markets. In the vertical market, the dominant resource benefit is derived from
the lower costs of buyers' operations, lower inventory requirements as well as the removal of
distribution channel blockages such as agents and brokers where a Just–in–time (JIT) manufacturing
is complemented. In the Horizontal market, the Internet provides: expanded market reach, increase
liquidity in the market, reduction of geographical and logistical barriers and more.
The second perspective considering the Procurement stages is also noted in the book "Digital
Business – Concepts and Strategy" as, "Three types of B2B exchanges often illustrate the history of
the relationship between a seller and a buyer: new buy, modified rebut, and straight rebuy" (Coupey,
2005, p. 367) which takes the vantage point of procurement activities. In a new buy procurement
situation is encountered by building new exchange relationships where the burden of all the
procurement process stages (Information

Mergers, Construction, Manufacture, Natural Resources And...
1 Introduction Since the early 20th century, mergers began to play a great role in the development of
modern corporations in different fields such as foods, construction, manufacture, natural resources
and technology. A merger can be defined as the absorption of one firm by another (Ross, Westerfield
and Jeffrey, 2002). The acquiring firm maintains its name and identity, and it obtains all the assets
and liabilities of the target company. The acquired company no longer exists as an independent
entity. While mergers could be categorized into three types: horizontal mergers, vertical mergers and
conglomerate mergers. Horizontal merger means that a firm takes over another firm in the same
industry and at the same stage of the production ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other companies, however, merge in order to reduce the agency costs, which seem not for sound
economic reasons. This essay is an attempt to argue that the majority of companies merge for sound
economic reasons, whereas some might merge for other reasons. The rest of this essay is as follows.
In order to show the importance of mergers to social economic development and corporate growth,
section 2 will outline the development of merger activities and volume of corporate mergers in
European and American market. Section 3 will focus on the sound economic reasons of three
different types of mergers to discuss their important role in corporate mergers. Section 4 will
introduce the concern of reducing the agency cost via mergers to display other possible motives for
mergers and section 5 will conclude. 2 Development of merger activities The merger activities have
presented upwards or downwards trends and created some specific merger waves. A series of merger
waves has been witnessed to in numerous countries. For example, the merger waves of the US, with
a worldwide economic impact, have been characterized by five major waves or periods of typical
merger activities process (Drogalas et al, 2006). This essay now turns to outline the volume of
mergers in American and European Market during the fifth merger wives, which are mainly led by
global strategy of corporations in

The Use of Horizontal and Vertical Integration by Carnegie...
The use of horizontal and vertical integration by Carnegie in the industrialization period
Throughout history many people used unfair ways to improve their lives over others. In the late 18th
century and early 19th century the use of vertical integration became more popular and used by
large business owners. Vertical integration is when a company attempts to own all parts of the
business by owning every piece that goes into the product being created. One large business owner
who was a robber baron and particularly used vertical integration was Andrew Carnegie. He used
these tactics as a way to improve his business and wealth. Under the table deals, allowed
businessmen's company's to flourish, resulting in them becoming wealthy, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The use of vertical integration by Carnegie was taking business away from other industries who
needed citizens and companies to purchase their product. Carnegie became more popular and people
started to buy his steel over others which had a negative effect on society as a whole while only
improving his earnings and taking from other industries. Along with using vertical integration
negatively, Carnegie was a robber baron. A robber baron is a business owner who tends to use
ruthful tactics to gain more wealth. Carnegie Steel and many other business enterprises had people
working for them in harsh conditions that were unsafe and unsanitary. Along with getting low pay,
the workers were also forced to work 7 days a week for unbelievable hours. Carnegie's factories
were unsanitary, poorly ventilated and the employees were underpaid and overworked in unsafe
environments. Overall, Carnegie abused his power of wealth to overrule his employees and used
vertical integration to take from other industries, but without doing so he would not be as successful
as he was. If Carnegie wanted to be a successful business leader, he would have to do whatever it
took to improve his company without breaking the law. In the late 18th century and early 19th
century, there were no laws on how workers should be treated, wage laws or how sanitary factories
must be showing that Carnegie was not the only business owner treating his employees as he did.

Documentum
Claude–Marcel Grand–Pierre
Dr Ramdas Chandra
Marketing Management
Documentum Case Study
1. Background.
Documentum was founded by Howard Shao and John Newton in 1990. These two database
engineers after hearing about the problems their customers at Ingress were faced when they tried to
put several documents from different departments together, decided to create software that would
allow the management of unstructured information as documents and hence they created what they
called "Enterprise document management". Currently that term has evolved to what is now called
"Enterprise content management". According to IT Experts: "ECM systems primarily focus on the
capture, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of digital files for ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore Companies also faced the risk that the startup would run out of money and also lack
proven execution experience. Also the technology that Documentum uses while revolutionary has
been only tested with two companies Boeing and Syntex it will be very difficult to explain to
potential clients what exactly the software can bring to them in terms of value and what exactly are
the ramifications of using the software in their companies.
Opportunities
Because Documentum's technology is something new and its concept is revolutionary selecting a
target market presents a challenge. There are many companies that could benefit from this type of
software especially in the areas where the software has already been tested: aircraft maintenance and
pharmaceutical NDA. According to the case, management has retained 5 scenarios (Exhibit 6) that
followed a process developed by Geoffrey Moore. The real problem lies on how does Documentum
goes about selling the product do they go about it vertically or horizontally?
Threats
The major threats that we can discern is the fact that the technology is revolutionary in itself and that
those types of technological advances are most of the time adopted by early visionaries.
Furthermore explaining the technology to potential clients can become a challenge because the
clients themselves don't know what they are looking for and might also not be willing to consider
the expenditures involved in such a project.
3.

Role Of Cost And Price Leadership For Tesco
P4 – IMPROVEMENT WORK Porters 5 Forces for Tesco. Cost and leadership Cost and price
leadership was developed by Michael porter and it was to help companies make use of a strategy
which would put them on top of their competitors known as a competitive advantage. The cost and
price leadership aim at increasing the profits and market share of Tesco's through charging their
customers lower prices, while still being able to make a profit on every sale they make. This is
beneficial to Tesco's as it will attract customers to their store rather than them going to a store such
as Morrisons to purchase products. An example of Cost and price leadership was when Tesco began
competing against Asdas, Tesco's decided to lower the cost of their prices which they cut 25% of the
price on over 380 items. This method bears advantages such as Increase in profits, increased brand
awareness, an expansion of there customer base. Disadvantages may include potential of a loss, it
may also lead Tesco's to making cheaper products Differentiation Strategy Differentiation strategy
are competitive strategies which Tesco can use to make themselves different within the market, it
can include Tesco's establishing different features, benefits and services which standout to the
customers. Differentiation strategy is the strategy which involves Tesco's identifying their buyers
most important demands and needs in relation to their products and making a way to suit that
product to that buyers needs in terms of

Managing A Business Model : Porter's Five Forces
Manage for Success – Two Companies Approach Porter's five forces provide a methodology to
evaluate the external markets. Its consideration of substitutes, threats and power of buyer and
supplier assists with the development of an integration strategy. A thorough analysis can isolate
attractive opportunities in support of building a profitable business model. These strategies can
leverage vertical and/or horizontal integration of new business entities. These entities are designed
to help with growing market share, increasing efficiencies and/or reducing costs. Online business
using the internet has experienced significant growth over the last two decades. According to the
Internet World Stats (2014) the number of worldwide internet users has grown from an estimated 16
million in 1995 to 2.9 billion in 2014. This world of interconnectivity has provided a way for people
all around the globe to communicate with one another in a real time format. The internet has
removed the distance between governments, industries, businesses and individuals. This
interconnectivity has helped to establish the foundation for a globalized community. The ease to
establish global boundaries have put new emphasis on the management of systems to support these
expanded markets and communications. This places an emphasis on leaders to virtually lead
organizations. It also places a new burden on the systems and processes to establish these links, set
direction, and monitor and manage

A Summary Of Andrew Carnegie And J. P. Morgan
During the time of the American Industrial Revolution famous names like Andrew Carnegie and J.P.
Morgan were investing their money in the Steel and Financial industry to strike it big and become
even richer. Both Carnegie and Morgan, being the brilliant investors that they were, had two very
similar, but different strategies to make the most money possible and rule their markets. While
Morgan believed in horizontal integration, Carnegie invented a system that was much more
interesting and complex, which would be appellated vertical integration. Morgans method of
horizontal integration is defined as, "the acquisition of additional business activities that are at the
same level of the value chain in similar" (Staff, April 2015). Morgan was buying all the smaller steel
mills and railroad companies to allow him to rule the whole market, which worked, but had several
downfalls. Even though Morgan owned a large amount of factories and percentage of the industry, it
didn't mean that he was going to make more money easier. Carnegie, on the other hand, used his
method of vertical integration, which would allow him to ultimately defeat J.P. Morgan's threat on
the market. Vertical integration is "a strategy where a company expands its business operations into
different steps on the same production path, such as when a manufacturer owns its supplier and/or
distributor" (Staff, December 2015). So, in Carnegie's instance, he was buying all the smaller
companies that he orders

Corporate Strategy
CHAPTER 6 STRATEGY FORMULATION: CORPORATE STRATEGY Corporate Strategy
Corporate strategy deals with three key issues facing the corporation as a whole: 1. Directional
strategy– the firm's overall orientation toward growth, stability, or retrenchment 2. Portfolio
strategy– the industries or markets in which the firm competes through its products and business
units 3. Parenting strategy– the manner in which management coordinates activities, transfer
resources, and cultivates capabilities among product lines and business units Corporate strategy is
primarily about the choice of direction of the firm as a whole. In other words, this includes decisions
regarding the flow of financial and other resources to and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Under the full integration, a firm internally makes 100% of its key suppliers and completely controls
its distributors. With taper integration, a firm internally produces less than half of its own
requirements and buys the rest from outside suppliers. With quasi–integration, a company does not
make any of its key supplies but purchases most of its requirements from outside suppliers that are
under its partial control. Long–term contracts are agreements between two separate firms to provide
agreed–upon goods and services to each other for a specified period of time. Horizontal Growth
This can be achieved by expanding the firm's products into other geographic locations and/or by
increasing the range of products and services offered to current markets. Horizontal growth results
in horizontal integration–the degree to which a firm operates in multiple geographic locations at the
same point in an industry's value chain. Horizontal integration for a firm can range from full to
partial ownership to long–term contracts. Diversification Strategies The two basic diversification
strategies are concentric and conglomerate. Concentric (Related) Diversification Growth through
concentric diversification into a related industry may be very appropriate corporate strategy when a
firm has a strong competitive position but industry attractiveness is low. Conglomerate (Unrelated)
Diversification When

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Zara?
Introduction.
In any organization, there is strategy follow up with their suppliers. To supply them what they need
to run the organization business in a better way, also to gain consumers satisfactions. I will explain
how Zara used supply chain from raw materials to consumer purchase.
At the beginning, Zara is a Spanish clothing and accessories retailer based in Arteixo Gallicia. The
company was founded in 1975 by Amancio Ortega and Rosalla Mera. It is the main brand of the
biggest fashion group in the world. Zara design it is own state of the art delivery circulation
network. The theme of the company called sales of profits that was as a competition that did not
state any rate of supply management and earnings.(Burns, 2001). Two of the clothing ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Plan with good control might help the business to overtake the bad situation and converted to good
situation. I will explain what are the disadvantage of Zara's fast fashion disruption System, and how
these disadvantage offset by the advantage.
First of all, the meaning of the fast–fashion is when most of the clothing shops are leading the
modern world by tempest trade in short time. The items should be distinguished onto shelves very
fast as much as more often than the industry norm. Some of the famous retailers shop in the
worldwide countries like Britain, Spain and Sweden were included in fast–fashion.(Hodge, et
al.,2003). Even though those companies are productively utilized the meaning of fast–fashion, Zara
raised dramatically on every level.
However, Zara's concept of fast fashion is to take out the product from the store or factory as more
faster than other fast fashion participants. This should be in two weeks before the others, but the
companies this process might take months. This means Zara talented to offer the newest fashion
before the magazine even issued it is own new fashion clothes. Zara is not only fast but creative as

Contributions Of Industrialization
Industrialization was a time period where the process of manufacturing goods became easier
because of technological innovations. The changes during the Industrial Revolution contributed to
the rise of big business because industries wanted to expand their efforts. Industrialization assisted
manufacturing industries by making production more mechanized and efficient. Technological
innovations due to industrialization caused a rise of factories and employment opportunities in
America. The benefits of industrialization did not come easy; sacrifices were made which resulted in
unfair conditions for laborers. The rise of big business led to calls for the reform of industry because
monopolies were overthrowing other companies, which is unfair for these companies.
Industrialization led to the rise of big business, however it resulted in injustice.
As companies continued to gain high profits from their industrial endeavors, they wanted to grow
bigger and bigger. When companies realized that they were in control of all parts of their business
they could make the most profit; this is known as horizontal and vertical integration. John D.
Rockefeller, co–founder of the Standard Oil Company, "pursued a strategy that came to be known as
horizontal integration, in which a dominant corporation buys or forces out most of its competitors"
(Shi and Tindall 632). "Instead of depending upon the products or services of other firms, known as
middlemen," the company owns everything it needs in

Dhl’s American Adventure
DHL's American Adventure 1. DHL used several strategies for entering market of the United States,
they can be divded into corporate level ,business level and operational level strategies. For the
corporate level strategies, Globalization Strategies are adopted, DHL invests $1.2 billion in entering
the U.S. market. DHL is the largest express carrier in Europe with a 40% share, and the largest
international express carrier in Asia, also with 40%. There is a global economy now, all businesses
involved in foreign trade, world trade has to be transported, and DHL thinks that they have to be
everywhere for providing the transport. If DHL did not enter in the U.S. with a completed network,
it would be very difficult for them to hold ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
DHL has a better situated in terms of air transport after completing the integration of Airborne Inc..
DHL is a company that capable to change, innovate, be flexible, adapt and learn. DHL changes its
focus to U.S. customers who want to cut costs by sending parcels overland rather than by air, it is a
case of changing itself to adapt the U.S. trend. Learning to employ and train staff as Starbucks can
show its capability of learning. Moreover, DHL provide personalized service to customer and it
becomes one of its most important competitive advantages. Focused Differentiation is used by DHL
to provide high perceived service benefits to selected market segment. It can be explained by the
case of Skechers USA Inc., "UPS and FedEx are more reluctant to go to remote locations. DHL will
just do it. If their driver has to sit in the parking lot and fill out the air bills, he'll do it." says Michael
Cardenas, Skechers'office services manager. All of the competitive advantages of DHL are best
suited to aa mature industry. In this mature industry, it is under Hypercompetitive conditions. As to
sustain competitive advantages, organization have to focus on ability to change, speed, flexibility,
innovation and disruption of market. DHL is an expert in express carrier, and all above–mentioned
competitive advantages of DHL are suitable in this mature industry with hypercompetition. There
are some weaknesses of DHL

Dbq Robber Barons
When evil people do evil things, they should not deserve being the most powerful people in our
society or government. A monopoly is the exclusive possession of the supply of a good or service
and that means they have complete control of an entire industry, that just doesn't seem fair. Many
monopolists are considered robber barons and some were captains of industry, however they are all
in some way selfish, names like John Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie and Cornelius Vanderbilt come
to mind. That is why I proposed a bill to target the railroad industry, the most corrupt monopoly of
them all, if we can stop them we can stop everyone else. The railroad industry promotes horizontal
integration, vertical integration and discriminates against smaller companies, that is why I wanted to
stop them. My first reason to pass this "commerce" act is that the railroad industry discriminates
against other companies and people. Some of us may have wondered, How are monopolies harmful?
Well, "monopolies are generally viewed as harmful because they obstruct the free competition that
determines the price and quality of products and services offered to the public," (Our Documents 1).
Those selfish snobs like Cornelius Vanderbilt, should understand what they do negatively affect
other people and that it's not right, they are ruining the american dream with their unjust ways.
Conditions for railroad workers were very bad, wages averaged a dollar per day and many workers
injured themselves on the

What´s Vertical Integration
When searching for research to analyze and write about, I leaned more towards marketing and sales,
which I want to ultimately work in. When I came across this article "Moving close to the customers:
effects of vertical integration in the Swedish commercial printing industry", I was interested in what
vertical integration was and what it meant. I also was caught by the fact this was published using
Swedish commercial printing. In this day and age, our country is becoming more and more
globalized, and relies on other countries services and goods. I always find it interesting what other
countries are doing in terms of business and maybe industries in America can learn from what they
have implemented.
Starting of reading this article, I was completely lost and wanted to quit. Vertical integration seemed
too big of a concept to wrap my head around and the article had so many stats and figures I was
going crazy. After dissecting the article parts by part and figuring out what vertical integration
meant, the research started to make sense. To start off what the research talks about lets define
vertical integrated. According to Adelman, it states that "a firm is vertically integrated whenever it
'transmits from one of its departments to another good or service which could, without major
adaptation, be sold in the market.'". Ultimately a company is vertically integrated when "firms
integrates activities in the value chain to produce its own inputs and/or takes care of its own

Cadbury Executive Summary
By last estimates, the 8 Cadbury factories in the UK had employed 3,000 workers. However, the
stringent restrictions on the entry of skilled workers from rest of Europe can affect Cadbury's hiring
decisions in the future.
By the estimate which was taken shows that Uk employed 3000, workers to work in the 8 factories
that they own. There are restrictions to bring workers who are skilled from the rest of the countries
in Europe. This will have a major impact in their recruitment process.
The imposition of taxes is yet another political factor that will determine how Cadbury manages its
investment and payment to shareholders. For example, Value–added Tax rose by 2.5% in 2010 and
increased chocolate prices and reduced sales.
Taxes is a major ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Licenses can be for marketing or production.
Franchising
Franchising is also known as rapid market expansion to other parts of the world. Franchise was
found in North America. Franchise is usually done well done business for example food outlets.
When the brand is well known internationally and also when there are opportunities to make the
brand more famous that's when franchising plays a part.
Substantive growth strategies
Horizontal integration is of additional business activities that are in similar or different industries.
Because the different firms are involved in the same stage of production, horizontal integration
allows them to share resources at that level. If all of the producers of a particular good or service in
a given market were to merge, it would result in the creation of a monopoly which is also known as
lateral integration.
Horizontal integration is being business activities being added into the company regardless whether
it is different firms or in the same stages of production. Horizontal integration helps them to share
the

A Case Study On The Supply Chain System Of Zara Fashion
Fundamentally it is a discussion on the supply chain system of ZARA Fashion and also the
innovative strategies of supply chain system of ZARA clothing company also the competitive
advantageous they are enjoying while beating the competitors while Putting the lights on the ZARA
strategies and thinking styles of vertical and horizontal integration through which they are getting
the best outputs.
Therefore company enjoying the best competitive advantageous on its competitors as the
innovational strategies and especially the trained employees that are fully responsible to all out puts
which are ambling them not to depend on out sourcing's. while increasing the cash flow very swiftly.
ANSWER TO Q # 1
Detailed Explanations.
ZARA business model is distinctive and different from the other compared traditional models
because the company has several strategies that the other fashion retailers don't have , keeping the
big difference of out puts between the other and Zara outlets.
The main points is also the ZARA manage the strategy of distributions and in the same line of
actions and vertical integrations also , and they cut all the cost of outsourcing as well . Also as
ZARA has unique business model. Innovational models dies creative values and their products are
generally cheaper than others like IKEA and other brands as well and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Innovational models and the creative values and their products are generally inexpensive than others
brands and are highly successful to innovative other existing models in the

Walgreens Horizontal Integration Strategy
At present Walgreens appears to be operating in a Horizontal Integration strategy demonstrated
through its merger with Boots Alliance and a reported inquiry to purchase Rite–Aid. (Nichols, 2015)
Market Penetration is another strategy which Walgreens is presently operating within. Their change
in strategy to focus on the customer and improve customer service and relationships is one strategy
that is being used to penetrate a market with vast competition that needs a differentiator to remain on
top. A broader view of objectives indicate that long–term opportunities exist in areas such as supply
chain improvement, acquisition synergies, and increased pharmaceutical sales. The merger with
Alliance Boots provides a ripe platform for negotiation

Starbucks Corporate Strategy Essay
Starbucks Corporate Strategy Corporate Strategy fundamentally is concerned with the selection of
businesses in which the company should compete and with the development and coordination of that
portfolio of business.[1] In the case of Starbucks the corporate strategy they have implemented is
unique to their industry which has allowed them to differentiate from their competitors and is
summarized best by Howard Schultz CEO of Starbucks, "We're in the people business serving
coffee,[2]" high quality specialty coffee and related products in a European café environment. It is
clear Starbucks is in a growth strategy utilizing three key techniques that support its Mission, "to
inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is clear Starbucks Business Level Strategy is effectively aligned with its Corporate Strategy
helping it mitigate industry threats and create a competitive advantage within its industry. Functional
Strategy The functional level of Starbucks is the level of the operating divisions and departments
that must support the business strategy by enacting the strategies and by providing constant
feedback for improvement.(fn) Starbucks has been successful at ensuring its employees and
customers understand their strategy by utilizing the following, but not limited to, functional level
strategies. PG 141 Corporate culture is a key component to the success of Starbucks. When looking
at the seven dimensions of corporate culture (fn textbook pg 338) Starbucks emphasizes Team and
People Orientation along with Innovation and Risk–Taking and pose less emphasis on a competitive
environment or an outcome oriented approach. (see appendix c) In order to ensure a strong corporate
culture Starbucks utilizes innovative and simple ways to ensure the key values are deeply held and
widely shared. (fn) By visiting up to 40 stores weekly by the CEO Richard Schultz, creation of
Starbucks Broadcast News to convey company news, or administering an "attitude survey" every 18
months to all employees they ensure the company and its partners (employees) are connected. (fn
textbook) The HR management practices at Starbucks are tied to its business strategy by ensuring
the

Unique Aspects of Industrial Market Segmentation
What are the Unique Aspects of Business Market Segmentation?
A business firm must define the market in which it wishes to operate.
In defining the market, business market managers choose descriptors (bases) that characterize and
delimit a market, with the intent pinpointing groups of firms that are of greater interest to the
supplier firm.
What are the Models of Business Market Segmentation?
Wind and Cardozo Model
Bonoma–Shapiro Model
Wind–Cardozo Model Of Business Market Segmentation
According to appropriateness dimension, the DMU characteristics is the most appropriate followed
by organizational characteristics and product characteristics perceived as the least appropriate.
On the other hand organizational ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But in business markets, because intermediate transactions are involved, a firm must first choose the
stage in the value–adding chain before selecting the horizontal market segments.
Consider the value–adding chain schematically shown in the previous diagram.
An organization would have to decide whether to sell propylene, isopropanol, isopropyl acetate
(chemical intermediates), and/or plastics.
The stage in the value–adding chain where it decides to sell its output represents its choice of output
markets.
Suppose the organization chooses to sell isopropanal.
It must now decide whether to sell to producers of acetone, chemical intermediates, coatings,
agricultural and biological chemicals.
The latter decision reflects

How Did You Use Horizontal Integration
Social Studies MP4 Project on John D. Rockefeller
Q: What was your early childhood like?
A: Well, to start off, I was born in Richford, New York. Later as a kid when I was fourteen years old,
I moved with my family to Cleveland, Ohio. I began some small business ventures when I was
sixteen. My first real office job was an assistant bookkeeper with Hewitt and Turtle. Then, at age 20,
I worked as a commission merchant in hay, meats and other goods with a business partner.
Q: What was the start of your oil career life like?
A: I established the Standard Oil Company of Ohio in June 1870. Soon, my company was one of the
most profitable ones in Ohio. After a while, I decided to turn away from my other jobs and give all
my time and effort into my ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was not a process that happened overnight and it took lots of effort. As we got more successful,
we started buying out our competition. This is one of the main ways we created a monopoly. We
were even so prosperous, that our enemies, Pratt and Rodgers realized there was no point competing
against us, and proposed a secret deal with us to be acquired into our company.
Q: Why did you use horizontal integration?
A: Horizontal integration was one of the main ways that I succeeded. One of the ways that I used
horizontal integration was to buy railroads to ship my oil to where it needed to go for more money
and profit. I also bought out my opponents for more money and less competition. This is how I
started my monopoly.
Q: Can you tell us about your habit of giving away dimes?
A: Well, haha, later in my life I started carrying around a bag of dimes, and I gave one away to every
person I met. I loved seeing children get the brand new coin with the happiness on their faces. I
always told them that they should not spend it and put it towards their savings. In my whole life, I
gave away about $300,000 worth of dimes. This means that I gave around 300,000 different people
dimes in my whole life. So if I gave a dime to twenty different people a day, it would have taken me
50

Horizontal Integration In Star Wars And The Matrix
In the modern–day transmedia world, developing a truly successful franchise proves to be
challenging against the ceaseless competition worldwide; hence, the concept of horizontal
integration is of upmost importance to amount to this objective. Ultimately, horizontal integration is
the act of owning various media enterprises which, in turn, can aid the original media outlet in
creating an overall more successful franchise. Two of the world's largest media companies, The Walt
Disney Company and Time Warner (Larivière, 2015.), endorse this system as a means of expanding
their universal appeal to consumers, as well as enhancing their ranking in the world of media;
consequently, generating more profit and achieving the status of a "successful transmedia franchise".
Perhaps the two most renowned media franchises owned by these respective companies are Star
Wars and The Matrix, which demonstrate the benefits of horizontal integration with regards to ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The success of both epidemics proves to be as a result of intertwining the story–world as a whole
through "multiple texts to create a narrative so large that it cannot be contained within a single
medium" (Jenkins, 2016). Transmedia story–telling ultimately relies on horizontal integration to
achieve success. As Jenkins (2011) states, elements of a fiction get dispersed systematically across
multiple delivery channels for the purpose of creating a unified and coordinated entertainment
experience. In other words, contemporary franchises need to break the boundaries of traditionally
telling a story within a set media outlet; instead, branching out this story–world into different medias
to achieve a maximum fan–base through areas of consumer interest. For example, Disney holds
ownership of the Star Wars

Organizational Culture Is The Key Values, Beliefs And...
Organizational Culture:
Organizational Culture is the key values, beliefs and attitudes shared by the members of an
organization. Organizational culture includes an organization 's expectations, experiences,
philosophy, and values that hold it together, and is expressed in its self–image, inner workings,
interactions with the outside world, and expectations for the future. A key source of organizational
culture is usually its founder. It can be sustained by creating and spreading organizational stories and
organizational heroes.
London Drugs has had a strong culture since it was founded 70 years ago. Their culture was
originally focused on entrepreneurship and is very original. A big part of their culture focuses on
taking care of their people and helping out communities. London drugs does this by providing
family assistance program to its employees. An example of this family assistance program is where
employees are helped during their hard times like funerals. Keeping the environment clean is
another important element of London Drugs culture. They have created the "What's the Green
Deal?" program, which ensures everything in the company is done in a way which does not harm
the environment. According to the Vice President of London Drugs, the best part of the company's
culture is that you get a very open, familial feeling when you are working. The reason behind is that
everyone knows how to treat each other and support each other. A big part of the culture is to focus
on

Economic: Monopoly and Vertical Merger Essay
ECO 365 WEEK 4 Discussion Question
2. What are the differences among horizontal, vertical, and conglomerate mergers? Provide real–
world examples of each type of merger. What policy do you think the US should follow toward
mergers? Why?
Horizontal mergers take place between companies in the same industry. These companies are rivals
who sell the same goods or services. When a merger takes place, a rival is eliminated and potential
for gains become higher. A vertical merger is one in which a firm or company combines with a
supplier or distributor. For example, if a car making firm is receiving chassis from two suppliers and
decides to acquire them, it is a vertical merger. On the other hand conglomerate mergers are those
between firms that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Government intervention takes place when there is necessity to support the economic fabric of the
nation. For example, when the US government provided bailout packages to investment banks the
objective was to rescue the banking system of the United States. The fiscal intervention has the
objectives of reducing unemployment, ensuring growth, and controlling inflation. An example is a
fiscal stimulus package that reduces unemployment. The direct goal of taxation is to finance
government programs, reduce government deficit, and to pay off the debts of the government.
Taxation is reduced to stimulate the economy. A real–world example is that currently President
Obama has announced that the effective corporate tax rate will be cut to 28% and for manufacturers
the effective rate will be 25%. The goal of this policy is to encourage businesses to invest more and
become more competitive. Regulations are imposed to control unacceptable economic behavior. For
example, around 2000 there were a number of large accounting scandals that shook the confidence
of investors. To regain the confidence of investors, the Sarbanes Oxley Act 2002 was passed. This
regulation sets higher standards for Public Company Boards, management, and public auditors. The
goal of this act was to restore investor confidence in public companies. The goal was also to bring
greater transparency and accountability in the management of public companies.
References;
1.

Case Study : Corporate Level Strategy
NishitKumar Patel
Assignment 7
MGMT 510
Student ID 99836
Chapter 9
1) Corporate level strategy is afraid with the strategic decisions a business makes that affect the
entire organization. Financial performance, unions and achievements, human resource management
and the distribution of resources are considered part of corporate level strategy. Usually senior
manager makes strategy decision at corporate level. Units are identified as cost centers, profit
centers or investment centers. Essentially, this suggests that corporate objectives can be broken
down into subunit objectives which are optimizations of those elements of the income statement and
balance sheet. Many multi business companies allow their business units the freedom to act ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Method of strategy
Knowledge of strategy
Analysis the strategy
Evaluating your firm with strategy
Result of evaluating strategy
3) Vertical integration is a strategy used by a company to gain control over its suppliers or
distributors in order to increase the firm's power in the marketplace, reduce transaction costs and
secure supplies or distribution channels.
To make a part of a larger unit Vertical and horizontal integration help to expand a company line up
or down the product line and across the service producers both relate to strategies that are made to
grow your business but they differ in approach. Vertical and horizontal integration is mostly done by
recognized businesses because they are financially stable to take risks. Expanding horizontally is
much simpler than vertically. Horizontally integrating simply to increase your market share by
including a similar company. Vertical integration use forward integration and backward integration.
Forward integration is a strategy where a firm gains ownership or increased control over its previous
customers. Backward integration is a strategy where a firm gains ownership or increased control
over its previous suppliers. Vertical integration is different from horizontal integration where a

Disney Vertical Integration Essay
Disney has expanded in both vertical and horizontal dimensions. They have 5 main business
categories, notably media networks, studio entertainment, theme parks and resorts, consumer
products, and internet and direct marketing.
Vertical Integration
The adaptation of both upstream and downstream vertical integration has allowed Disney to have
greater control over their value chain system. It has allowed Disney to maximise their profits to earn
from every aspect of a movie from its production, marketing, distribution to its merchandise.
The creation of Buena Vista Distribution in 1953 was Disney's step towards forward integration. The
creation of their own distribution firm ended their contract with their existing distributor RKO and
enabled Disney to be more cost efficient by eliminating their distribution fees. Disney's acquisition
of ABC in 1995 was another forward vertical integration as it was another platform when Disney
could broadcast their productions. Their acquisition of ABC is another example of forward
integration.
Besides distribution channels, Disney also had a home video division that released Disney's
animated films on digital video discs (DVDs). This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1997, they launched their subscription service, Daily Blast. It was a question mark in the Boston
Matrix which did not move on to become a star and was quickly divested. Another portal called GO
Network which Disney had set up to try to compete with other major portals such as yahoo was also
divested when it could not gather enough traffic to compete with its rivals which led Disney to
decide to focus on its stars such as e–commerce and on providing news and entertainment content
through its individual Web sites. It can also be seen when Disney decided to divest its number of
products by half in 1999 and instead decided to build stronger campaigns and invest in their stars
such as Winnie the

Advantages Of Mercadona
Mercadona's Strategy vs. Competitors' Strategies
In this part of the report, we are going to first identify the objectives of Mercadona, so we have a
clear understanding of the "What" of the company. Then, we will investigate the "How" of the
company with a breakdown of Mercadona's strategies into three parts, Competitive Strategy,
Functional Strategy and Corporate Strategy. Furthermore, we will identify the differences between
their strategy and those of its competitors, after which we will conclude with an explanation of the
competitive advantages of Mercadona, and the positive results that were delivered from these
strategies.
The "What": Objectives
For Mercadona, their objective is basically to satisfy the 5 components that enables its ... Show more
A large amount of suppliers have exclusive contracts with Mercadona, and most have long–term
contracts to ensure long–term trust and collaboration. Additionally, Mercadona has direct relations
with producers, they purchase the products from its origins with no intermediaries to control costs of
production and quality.
"Synergies"
Mercadona creates synergies within the supply chain, by transforming what is outsourced to almost
an owndership with the goal of controlling quality, price and protection over the competitors. This is
a relationship of total cooperation, and is a fundamental part of the company.
"Social Responsibility Involvement"
Many big corporations are now becoming focused on giving back to the society, and Mercadona is
one of them. They came up with a program for Environmental and social actions, which is based on
logistics optimisation, energy saving and waste prevention and management. In 2014, Mercadona
saved 34 million kWh. Besides going green, Mercadona also have collaboration with 53 food banks
and other organisations and daily delivery to 73 soup

Horizontal Integration Vs Vertical Integration
In the structure, vertical integration allows a company to take hold from start till the end of the
process. Usually, the vertical integration is seen in manufacturing process. Thus, in manufacturing,
vertical integration allows to control backward as well as forward process, right from controlling
raw material to the final step of controlling the consumers. The vertical integration is used to expand
the new operations in the firm. EX: a departmental store previously used to hire trucks and tempos
from outside for the transportation of the goods. Now, the store has expanded into new operation, it
has purchased its own trucks and tempos which as a result decrements the transportation cost since it
does need to pay outsiders for transportation. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example: Two firms doing the bakery business merged and expanded their business in bakery.
Horizontal integration is better for larger companies rather than small firms, as the companies
goodwill is at stake when getting into acquisition & merger. It sounds beneficial for economies of
scale. It increases its power and business in market sector. It is used in business which are trying to
invest in foreign markets. Seeing all the negative and positive aspects, vertical integration is much
better and useful than horizontal integration. Vertical integration is more controllable as the
expansion is within the firm only. Thus it is less rigorous. The collaboration or merging act can be
less controllable as the previous firm is now dependent upon the new merged firm. Trust is the main
key in horizontal integration as it can be a loss in case the other merged firm can be fraudulent. In
my opinion, vertical integration is best for the workers as it enhances their skills and capabilities by
expanding the operations and introducing new operations within the firm. This implies that workers
will be able to discover their core capabilities and competencies within the organization, introducing
them to new processes may realize their areas of specialization which results in job satisfaction and
they will be motivated towards their work, which is better for them as well as the growth of the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Zara
Q1:
As described by the case study, explain the supply chain for Zara from raw material to consumer
purchase. The supply chain is a system made amongst different companies producing and
distributing the product. Specifically, the supply chain contains the steps it takes to deliver goods or
services from the supplier to the customer. The supply chain from raw material to consumer it's from
design and production to distribution and retailing. Zara has unique and rabid supply chain today.
Design and production are internal process and are done in company. At Zara's headquarters, there
are creative teams of three hundred professionals doing a design process. They responsible for
design the designs which will satisfy customer needs and keep pace with fashion. Zara's supply
chain is unique as well. Current conventional wisdom calls for manufacturers in all ... Show more
Are these disadvantages offset by the advantages? The fast fashion distribution system
disadvantages may be through different huge quantities required when they implement the order
may find defects. Require huge number of labor to implement this huge number of models and
designs. Can be out of date designs if it not delivered on the date thus no error should be made.
Require contentious monitoring the designs and models. Costly if there aren't countries like Asia
which low labor cost exists. if supplier doesn't supply on time may incur the company the loses of
the clothes out of date fashion . Huge number of tons will be consumed faster than before because of
this fast fashion. This was the possible disadvantage of the fast fashion distribution system. There
are a lot of advantages that offset the disadvantages of the fast fashion distribution system. We may
say here fast fashion requires innovation and brainstorming to get new designs overtime to be

Horizontal And Vertical Integration For A Profitable...
Horizontal & Vertical Integration to Compete Porter's five forces provide a methodology to evaluate
the external markets. Its consideration of substitutes, threats and power of buyer and supplier assists
with the development of an integration strategy. A thorough analysis can isolate attractive
opportunities in support of building a profitable business model. These strategies can leverage
vertical and/or horizontal integration of new business entities. These entities are designed to help
with growing market share, increasing efficiencies and/or reducing costs.
Online business using the internet has experienced significant growth over the last two decades.
According to the Internet World Stats (2014) the number of worldwide internet ... Show more
Integrating e–commerce within the marketing channels can provide an efficient method to run and
conduct business. Gaining operational efficiencies can provide a competitive advantage. These
advantages can manifest themselves in the form of growing market share, improved customer
experiences and cost control. This channel of e–commerce can envelope the entire value chain
network. Leveraging this capability, across the value network, supports both vertically and
horizontally integrated businesses. Integrating e–commerce has become the new norm to conduct
business.
This analysis will compare and contrast how a vertically integrated company such as Fresenius
Medical Care (FMC) and a horizontally integrated company such as Integra LifeSciences (ILS) have
integrated e–commerce to support effective value chain strategies. It will discuss similarities and
differences, on how to best adopt, an integrated e–commerce approach for both a vertically and
horizontally run business. This analysis will use examples from FMC and ILS to outline how e–
commerce has provided a competitive advantage in marketing their products and services. The
analysis will conclude with recommendations for both companies to enhance their future campaigns.
Assessment
Change is constantly occurring. Businesses try to stay ahead of the change curve through strategic
planning. This planning sets the tone through goals and objectives. Leveraging new technology can
help with meeting those

Horizontal Integration Case Study
Integrated healthcare is defined as the collaborative provision of varying healthcare services through
one common system (Zon and Lam, 2014). Integration in the healthcare system can take different
forms. In this case, study, both vertical and horizontal types of integration can be seen. In healthcare
systems that make use of a horizontal integration, that is similar services are grouped together and
operate under a single unit (Hernandez, 2000). The most common horizontal integration practices
involve the geographical alliance of two or more hospitals located in the same area. Other forms of
horizontal integration practices amongst hospitals include group practices, family health teams,
regional geriatric programs, and multi–hospital systems (Burns and Pauly, 2002). Horizontal
integration is established with the overall goal of reducing administrative and utility costs
(Hernandez, 2000). While at the hospital, Nirit Sharma discovered that the hospital had a wide
variety of services. At the hospital, there were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, several issues have been seen to arise in the Uniontown general hospital's case study.
While Uniontown general hospital is a fully integrated system, referrals to other hospitals and
facilities have proven to be a challenge. When Nirit's wife is referred to a specialist, she arrives in
time for the appointment only to find that the specialist does not have her results. This is due to the
lack of integration between Uniontown general hospitals with the specialist's office. This deficiency
in the system causes her wait for two more months before the specialist can reschedule another
appointment. Such a situation could lead to fatal results if a patient has a serious condition. This can
be resolved through the integration of all federal, state and private–owned practices under a single

Corporate Level Strategies
Corporate Level Strategies Kinds of Grand Strategies: * Stability Strategies * Growth Strategies *
Retrenchment Strategies * Combination Strategies Stability Strategies The basic approach is
'maintain present course: steady as it goes.' In an effective stability strategy, companies will
concentrate their resources where the company presently has or can rapidly develop a meaningful
competitive advantage in the narrowest possible product–market scope consistent with the firm's
resources and market requirement's Types of Stability Strategies * No change strategy: * Firms
adopting this strategy maintain the same level of operations * Small business firms desire
satisfactory level of operations rather ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Forward integration took place at Modern Suiting when it diversified into worsted suiting. With an
investment of Rs.7 crore, it acquired sulzer looms, sophisticated fabric processing facilities and
other sophisticated equipments to manufacture a premium terry wool suiting with the brand name
'Amadeus'. * Backward integration at Modern Woolens involved a collaboration with Schild of
Switzerland for wool processing, combing, and woolen tops which are necessary for the production
of woolen textiles. In this manner, a number of backward and forward linkages were being
attempted within the Modern Group with the objective of raising the turnover to Rs.250 crore by
1992. Horizontal Integration * When an organization takes up the same type of products at the same
level of production or marketing process, it is said to follow a strategy of horizontal integration *
For Eg.: When a luggage company takes over its rival

Horizontal And Vertical Integration During The Gilded Age
The Gilded Age was a period that transformed a mainly agrarian society into an urban industrial
society. It made several positive contributions to society and greatly advanced the economy.
However, the Gilded Age also produced negative outcomes that came along with industrialization
and the rise of large cooperations. Industry, labor unions, and immigration together created the
Gilded Age which was characterized by economic growth coupled with political and social
inequality. To begin, throughout the Gilded Age, economic power was held in the hands of few.
Many cooperations aimed to reduce competition through the use of horizontal and vertical
integration. Vertical integration is the combination of all phases of production into one organization.
Horizontal integration is the combination of competitors into one organization in order ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both migrated towards cities in order to find work. However, even once they found work they
received low wages and endured dangerous working conditions. Child labor was also common as
displayed in document C where a child working in a sweatshop. Parsons stated "can you not see that
it is the INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM and not the "boss" which must be changed?". She argued that it
was not industrialization but corruption and the actions of the bosses that created this situation
consisting of unfair treatment of workers (To Tramps – the unemployed, the disinherited and
miserable, 1884). In addition, many were discriminated against even in society. The Chinese
Exclusion Act demonstrates the racism that still existed in American society during this time period.
It stated, "the coming of Chinese laborers to the United States be, and the same is hereby suspended
(United States At Large)." At first immigrants were needed to fuel industrialization, but once the
United States believed there were enough they limited their immigration and unfairly excluded the

Case Study Of Zara Supply Chain
The supply chain is the network created amongst different companies producing, handling and/or
distributing a specific product. Specifically, the supply chain encompasses the steps it takes to get a
good or service from the supplier to the customer {1}. Supply chain management is a crucial
process for many companies, and many companies strive to have the most optimized supply chain
because it usually translates to lower costs for the company and in Zara's case a highly competitive
and profitable system. Here we are going to discuss Zara's supply chain or network. Design the
starting point is a collaborative phase where teams of creative professionals carry out the design
process and store managers who act as trend spotters and report everyday to headquarters. When it
comes to materials Zara's supply chain is unique where they make 40 percent of their own fabrics.
As for cutting they produce more than half of its own clothes and even things that are farmed out are
done locally to maximize time efficiency. Zara cuts fabric in–house and then sends the cut designs to
one of several hundred local ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That been said, Zara incurs a higher cost on materials and labor by not outsourcing to the cheapest
source globally. Spain being in Europe makes it a lot more expensive especially with labor laws and
minimum wage and that also increases the cost of materials where we know Zara make 40 percent
of their own fabric and the rest probably are purchased on a local rather than a global basis. The cost
is offset by the cost savings of not having items shipped all over the world. It is also offset by faster
response time between each stage and the closer proximity for distributing or shipping in the
Spanish markets and Europe. Zara's competitive advantage is speed 'fast' fashion which is alot more
important than the minimal amount that Zara could save by sourcing

Vertical Integration
In business world, there are three types of integration: vertical integration, horizontal integration and
lateral integration. Horizontal integration is when the company is expanding the business by creating
existing products with different brand names or acquiring another company within the same
portfolio. Lateral Integration is when company is acquiring a company, or creating a company that
does not have any similarity in the value chain. The last integration is the focus on the discussion in
this thesis writing, the vertical integration. Vertical integration can further be splited into two types,
forward and backward integration. Forward integration is creating or acquiring a company one
supply chain ahead of the owned company. While backward ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For example, a supermarket chain may take over a bakery and a tyre manufacturer merger with a
producer of rubber. The main motive behind such integration is to ensure an adequate supply of
good quality raw materials at a reasonable price. Another aim might be to restrict the access of the
rival firms to the supplies.
Vertical integration forward is when a firm merges with, or takes over, a market outlet. For instance,
an oil company may buy a chain of petrol stations and an airline may merge with a tour operator.
The two key motives behind this form of vertical integration are to ensure that there are sufficient
outlets and the products are stored and displayed well in high quality outlets. A firm may also hope
that such a merger may help in the development and marketing of new products.
As with horizontal integration, problems may be encountered with vertical integration also. Again
there may be management problems. The managers of the merged firms may not be familiar with
running, for instance, a market outlet. The two firms may also have been of different sizes and this
may require some adjustment or the buying in of some supplies from other firms or the selling of
supplies to other firms.
3. Conglomerate

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Bracings In Steel Structure
OBJECTIVE
This document's purpose is to look for various available bracings used in a steel structure, which can
be applied during construction to prevent the building from succumbing to the damage occurred due
to the lateral movement, vertical movement, oscillatory movement, etc. caused by the seismic forces
such as earthquake force and also forces such as wind load acting laterally.
For the abovementioned purpose detailed information regarding bracings and various types of
bracings are to be identified, and also their functions and different advantages/disadvantages are to
be studied simultaneously. Each bracing will have distinct characteristics and method of application,
so the most suitable one is to be chosen among the lot by analysis ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Diagonal bracing is obstructive in nature as it blocks the location of opening which ultimately
affects the aesthetic of the building elevation. It also sometimes hinders the passage for use.
Diagonal bracing can be single diagonal or double diagonal as shown in Figure below. If there is no
architectural limitation, diagonal bracings are considered to be the most efficient in resisting the
lateral forces due to wind as these form a fully triangular vertical truss. The beams and columns are
designed to take the gravity loads only.
K–bracing
The full diagonal bracing is not used in areas where a passage is required. In such cases, k–bracings
are preferred over diagonal bracing because there is a room to provide opening for doors and
windows etc. as shown in Figure below
Eccentric bracing
Besides K–bracing, there is another type in which door and window openings can be allowed known
as eccentric bracing as shown in Figure below. Such type of bracing arrangement cause the bending
of the horizontal members of the web of braced bent. Generally these types of braced bents resist the
lateral forces by bending action of beams and columns. These provide less lateral stiffness hence
less efficient as compared to diagonal

Horizontal Integration

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