The Articles of Confederation gave Congress certain limited powers but had major weaknesses, including no national taxation or courts. Two ordinances established procedures for settling and governing the Northwest Territory. However, Shay's Rebellion showed the need for a stronger national government. Delegates at the Constitutional Convention replaced the Articles with a new Constitution that established three branches of government and granted Congress new powers like taxation. It also included compromises on representation and slavery.

1. The Articles of Confederation

2. “No taxation without representation”It means, 'We will only pay taxes that our representatives in a House or Assembly [or similar body] have approved and passed into a law. The slogan was used by the American revolutionaries and meant they they weren't willing to pay taxes imposed by the British House of Commons - as they were not represented there.

3. Common SenseA pamphlet written in America by Englishman Thomas Paine, published on January 10, 1776.It called for American independence anda union of the American colonies It was propaganda and influenced colonists to pursue both in the Revolutionary War.

4. The Articles: powers to Congressmake war and peace (sending/receiving ambassadors and making treaties), raise an army and navy (build a navy and raising an army by asking the states for troops),print money (set up a money system, fix uniform standards of weights and measures), andset up a postal system.

5. Major weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation:No chief executive to enforce the lawsNo national court system

6. Could not collect taxes from individuals

7. No National CurrencySuccesses of AoCTreaty of Paris (1783)ended the Revolutionary War, recognized 13 colonies as free and sovereignstates, and recognized the Mississippi River as the country’s new western border

8. Successes of the AoCLand Ordinance (1785) provided a way to divide western land into separate territories and created a procedure for the new territories to apply for statehood and join the United States.

9. The Land Ordinance of 1785Congress, eager for revenue from the sale of land in the Old Northwest, adopted the Ordinance of 1785. That law required the government to survey the Old Northwest before selling the land to the public. The territory was divided into townships of 6 miles (9.7 kilometers) square. These townships were further divided into 36 sections, each 1 mile (1.6 kilometers) square, an area that equals 640 acres (259 hectares). The 640-acre units were then auctioned off to the public for a price of at least $1 an acre.Few farmers could afford to buy as much as 640 acres. Land speculators, such as the Ohio Company and the Scioto Company, grabbed up most of the land. These companies then divided the land into smaller sections and sold them at a profit.

10. Land Ordinance of 1785

11. Successes of the AoCNorthwest Ordinance (1787) established a plan for governing the new land between the Appalachian mountains and the Mississippi River. This plan set up government for the territory and also abolished slavery in the new western states.

12. Northwest Ordinance of 1787The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established a government for the Old Northwest, which then became known as the Northwest Territory. The ordinance also provided for the eventual division of the region into three to five states. Congress appointed the first officials of the territory—a governor, a secretary, and three judges. When the territory reached a population of 5,000 adult males, it could elect an assembly and send a nonvoting delegate to Congress. When any division of the territory reached a population of 60,000, it could apply for statehood.

13. Impact of the ordinances The ordinances of 1785 and 1787 paved the way for full-scale migration to the west. The laws also established guidelines for the administration of all U.S. territories.

14. Failure of the AoCShay’s Rebellion (1787)a group of Massachusetts farmers, lead by Daniel Shay, protested the rising taxes on land. They attacked a federal court house. The revolt convinced many people that the U.S. needed a stronger central government to prevent violence and disorder.

15. SolutionsTo fix some of the problems with the AoC a Constitutional Convention was called. At the convention the delegates threw out the AoC and created a new document called the Constitution.Constitution: a written plan of governmentA document that outlines the powers and limitations of governmentBicameral: a legislature with two houses

16. The Articles of Confederation Vs. The Constitution

17. Constitution:Provides a written framework for government.A plan or instruction manual of powers and restrictions for governmentLimits or restricts certain powers

18. Discuss:Why is a constitution essential to a government?

19. Articles of ConfederationThe national government had no chief executive to carry out laws made by congressThe President heads the executive branch of the governmentPresident enforces the laws.Constitution

20. ConstitutionArticles of ConfederationBoth national and state courts exist.

21. Depending on the case, some cases fall under state jurisdiction and others under federal.

22. No national courts

23. State courts had jurisdiction within their stateArticles of ConfederationConstitutionCongress did not have the power to tax

24. Congress is given the power to taxConstitutionArticles of ConfederationCommon national currency

25. Only the national government has the power to make money

26. There was no national currency

27. Each state coined its own money Discuss:Defend my claim: The need for a strong executive leader is essential to the functioning of government.

28. Great or Connecticut CompromiseTopic: Representation in CongressLarge States: Virginia PlanLarge states wanted representation by population Small States:New Jersey PlanSmall states wanted equal representation

29. The Great CompromiseBicameral legislature equal representation = Senate (2 per state)proportional representation =House (population)

30. (3/5 Compromise) Three/Fifths Compromise: PopulationSouthSouthern states wanted slaves to count in population countsThey were more dependent on slavery.NorthNorthern states did not want slaves to countThey were less dependent on slavery

31. 3/5ths CompromiseFor the purposes of representation, five slaves would be counted as 3 free people

32. Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise

33. THINK:Which of the compromises would you say is most important to our government today?