This document provides a summary of a seminar on rippers, loaders, trucks, and hauling equipment. It discusses the different types of rippers including towed units, integrated units, back rippers, fixed and variable shank rippers. It describes loaders and the types including tracked, articulated wheel, and rigid frame loaders. It also discusses hauling equipment and trucks, describing rear dump, bottom dump, and side dump trucks. The document provides information on the operation and uses of this heavy construction equipment.

1. RIPPERS, LOADERS,
TRUCKS & HAULING
EQUIPMENT
SEMINAR
BY
J. V. SHALOM JUDIT

2. CONTENT
RIPPERS
• What is Rippers?
• Types of Rippers
• Ripping Efficiency
• Output
LOADERS
• What is Loaders?
• Types of Loaders
• Output of Loaders
• Bucket Factor
HAULING EQUIPMENT
• What is Hauling Equipment?
TRUCKS
• Trucks
• Types of Trucks

3. RIPPERS

4. WHAT IS RIPPERS?
• A tool that is used to tear or break something.
• It is used in construction, mining and quarrying.
• Cost of ripping vary from material to material to be ripped.
• While considering ripping cost, life of tips as well as shortening of life of undercarriage should
be considered.
• The selection of ripper type includes number of shanks required, ripping speed and amount of
ripper penetration. For hard material single shank is preferred, but where material is easily
penetrated and fractured into small pieces, a two or three shank ripper is used.

5. TYPES OF RIPPERS
Various types of rippers are used with the dozers. These may be classified as
• Towed unit - Towed units are generally cable operated and are hard to man oeuvre.
• Integrated unit - Integrated ripper units are hydraulically operated. With crawler
mounted tractors these integrated units are easy to man oeuvre and provides a more
compact and efficient units, while damage to tires is expected in rocky conditions.
Integral rippers are of two types- hinges or parallelogram.
• Back rippers - Back rippers are mounted on dozer blades, so that as the dozer
proceeds forward, Back rippers the back rippers pivot in the mounting brackets and
drag over the ground. Those are used in light duty works.

6. TOWED
UNIT
INTEGRATED
UNIT
BACK RIPPER

7. TYPES OF RIPPERS
Rippers can also be classified as follows:
• Fixed Multiple-shank Ripper - The fixed multiple shank ripper is used for comparatively
simple ripping operations. The shank moves only up and down during digging
operation. Digging depth is adjustable by changing shank pin position shank
• Variable Multiple-shank Ripper - The variable multiple-shank ripper can change the
angle of its shanks by means of ripper tilt cylinders. These are used where there are
many boulders, or where the quality of rock is not consistent.
• Fixed Giant Ripper - Fixed Giant ripper has only single powerful shank but is not
common as compared to variable giant rippers.
• Variable Giant Ripper - The variable giant ripper has a single powerful shank. The angle
of this ripper can he changed according to the ground requirements.

8. Fixed Multiple-
shank Ripper
Variable
Multiple-
shank Ripper
Fixed Giant
Ripper
Variable
Giant Ripper
Types of
Rippers

9. RIPPING EFFICIENCY
In order to achieve high ripping efficiency, following suggestions should be considered during
ripping operations:
• When material is not broken, loosen the surface in one direction, then cross-ripping should
be adopted.
• If material is soft, use more than one shank ripper.
• Ripping should be done downhill.
• Avoid reversing when shank is in the ground.
• When both dozing and ripping operations are required to be done, it should rip going out
and doze on the way in.

10. OUTPUT OF RIPPERS
Output of rippers depend upon the:
• Characteristics of soil
• Size of the tractor dozer
• Speed of the machine
• Shape and size of the ripper tooth
• Number of shanks used and
• Depth and width of ripping pass
However, following are the formulae used in general for calculating the output of ripper.

11. OUTPUT OF RIPPERS
Production per hour = (Bank-volume ripped per pass) x (Number of passes per hour)
Bank-volume ripped per pass = Length of pass x Width of ripping pass x Depth of penetration x
Efficiency
Number of passes per hour =
60
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑚𝑖𝑛)
Time taken in one pass =
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
+ Turn around time

12. LOADERS

13. WHAT IS LOADERS?
• A loader is a type of tractor, usually wheeled, sometimes on tracks, that has a front-mounted
square wide bucket connected to the end of two booms (arms) to scoop up loose material from
the ground, such as dirt, sand or gravel, and move it from one place to another without pushing
the material across the ground.
• A loader is commonly used to move a stockpiled material from ground level and deposit it into
an awaiting dump truck or into an open trench excavation.
• The loader assembly may be a removable attachment or permanently mounted. Often the
bucket can be replaced with other devices or tools.

14. TYPES OF LOADERS
• The loaders are classified in to two types, they are:
Crawler or Tracked loaders and
Wheel loaders
• The wheel loaders are further classified in to two types, they are:
Articulated type
Rigid frame type

15. CRAWLER OR TRACKED LOADERS
• Tracked (or crawler) loaders are machines with a tracked chassis and a loader that can be used
for digging and moving/loading materials.
• They are a versatile component of any fleet, able to perform many tasks.
• These days, loaders are most often needed to move heavy materials on a construction site. They
are well-suited for moving wood chips, sand, rock and recycled materials.
• Crawler loaders move on tracks, which can be manufactured using different materials and a
varying number of grousers to make them capable of manoeuvring various surfaces.
• Hydrostatic drives simplify the operation of the machines.

16. CRAWLER OR TRACKED LOADERS

17. WHEEL LOADERS
• Wheel loaders are four-wheel-drive machines used primarily to load loose materials with a
front-mounted bucket.
• A lift-arm assembly raises and lowers the bucket.
• Most wheel loader manufacturers classify their product lineup into four categories with these
approximate power and bucket-capacity specifications: compact (40-100 horsepower, 1.0-2.5
cubic yards); small (115-180 horsepower, 2.5-6.5 cubic yards); medium (230-400 horsepower,
3.75-15.0 cubic yards); and large (with horsepower ratings up to 1,800 or more and capacities in
excess of 30 cubic yards).

18. ARTICULATED TYPE
• This type of loaders is hinged in the middle of the front and rear axles.
• Due to their operational characteristics and capability of working in limited space and short
turning radius.
• Because of advantages quick thereby easier spotting of loads, less rolling resistance on turns.
• The articulation permits the load to pivot 30-45 degree either side of centre.

19. RIGID FRAME TYPE
• They are comparatively cheaper than articulated frame type of loaders.
• Rigid frame loaders are of two types namely two-wheel steer and all wheel steer.
• In all wheel steer loaders operators can switch from 4 wheel to 2 wheels.

20. OUTPUT OF LOADERS
• Output of loaders is calculated in hourly production in m3/hr (Q)
𝑄 = 𝑞
3600
𝐶
× 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
q = production per cycle = heaped capacity x swell factor x
bucket factor
c = Cycle time (in sec)
BUCKET FACTOR
• Bucket factor vary from 0.4 to 1.0 depending upon the height of bench nature.

21. HAULING
EQUIPMENT

22. HAULING EQUIPMENT
• Hauling units transport the earth, aggregate, rock, ore, coal, and other materials.
• Hauling units may be road vehicles or rail-road locomotives.
• Haulage mainly consists of trailers pulled by tractors or trucks.
• Trucks have high mobility and can haul various types of materials. But their performance and
output are greatly hampered on rough roads and in bad weather. For better performance,
greater road maintenance with lesser grade is required.
• Whereas rubber tyre tractors with separate wagons have better mobility and haulage speeds on
less maintained rough roads and can carry heavier loads than that of trucks. Crawler tractors
with wagons are employed when roads are very rough, and maintenance of roads is very costly.

23. HAULING EQUIPMENT
• These are used for short hauls due to low speeds. Locomotives are suitable for long distance
haulage on a fixed route, which is likely to be continued for a long period. These can be used in
any weather and rail-road equipment requires less maintenance.
• Road vehicles used for haulage on construction works are of two
• On-highway vehicles - On-highway vehicles are designed to be used on public
highways
• Off-highway vehicles - Off-highway vehicles are designed to be used on construction
sites and are designed and manufactured to preclude their use on public roads
• Thus they may or may not comply with legal on-highway limitations.

24. TRUCKS

25. TRUCKS
• Dump trucks are open vehicles which are capable of carrying and dumping earth, aggregate or
other loose material to construction sites on various projects such as dams, highway, ports etc.
• Generally heavy-duty machines of more than 10 tonnes payload are intended for on-site
haulage of construction or mine materials.
• Dump trucks in many sizes with pay loads ranging up to more than 300 tonnes are available.
These may have two axle or three axle and may be 4×2(2 wheels driven out of 4); 4×4 (all 4
wheels driven out of 4); 6×4(4 wheels driven out of 6).
• Special features of dump trucks usually include: heavy, all-welded chassis to sustain rough
ground conditions, extra-large wheel and tyre to support load and give good ground clearance,
ultra-heavy-duty tipping bodies constructed by high tensile steel to withstand damage from
high impact and highly abrasive materials.

26. TYPES OF TRUCKS
• The dump trucks are two types, namely
 On-highway and
 Off-highway.
• Off highway trucks are further classified in to three types, namely
 Rear dump
 Bottom dump
 Side dump

27. ON HIGHWAY TRUCKS
• For construction project dump truck is a very common and essential equipment and is available
in various sizes and types.
• The On-highway dump trucks are generally classified by the volumetric or tonnage payload
capacity. Generally, dump trucks of capacities ranging between 3 to 25cu m are commonly used
with a speed upto 80km hour. However, dump trucks of more than 200 cu m (300 tonnes)
capacity have also been manufactured.
• On-highway dump trucks have chassis, prime mover and power transmission system similar to
that of a truck, whereas the body of the dump truck is heavy duty type and is capable of tilting
towards one side by means of hydraulic jacks and can be operated from the cabin.
• In On-highway dump trucks a tail gate is provided at the rear so that while moving on the
highway the materials do not fell on the road. The tailgate opens when the body is doing the
tipping operation for dumping the material. The speed with which on-highway dump truck
travels is high can be upto 80km per hour or so depending upon the condition of the road.

28. ON HIGHWAY TRUCKS

29. OFF HIGHWAY TRUCKS
• These are used off the highway especially in earth moving and mining applications. These are
commonly known as Dumpers.
• The body construction is specially designed to absorb high-impact loading. The floor of the
body is of-high-tensile steel to reduce abrasion damage.
• The ratio of gross vehicle weight to horsepower is generally lower than for an on-highway
dump truck. Top speed of off-highway dump truck is also slow (30-40 km per hour).
• Since these are used on rough roads, oversize air cleaners and filters, shock proof mounting of
all instruments, dust- proofing of electrical system, cushioned mounting for radiators etc. are
provided.

30. REAR DUMP TRUCKS
• These are very common and heavy-duty trucks and are capable of handling even quarry rocks.
The body of these trucks is hinged at the back and fitted with a hydraulic ram (multi stage jack
or a telescopic hoist) on the underside to lift the front of the body and tilt it to the dumping
position.
• In on-highway dump trucks tailgates are provided at the rear whereas in off-highway dump
trucks the shape of the body at the rear is such that it facilitates dumping.
• Top front of the body is extended to form a cap over the cabin to protect it from hitting while
loading. The body rest on the main truck chassis frame provided with a number of rubber
cushions to absorb shocks while loading and travelling.
• In colder climates, where there are chances for freezing the material being transported, the
dumpers are available to prevent material from freeing.
• In these dump trucks, exhaust gases from the engine are carried through ducts in the front
slope sheet, in the bottom of the body, and on apportion of the side walls. The heated body can
also help when handling wet, adhesive clay soils, bauxite and other sticky materials.

31. REAR DUMP TRUCKS
• These are suitable to handle many types of materials but are most suitable for quarry rocks.
These are also used when:
Dumping is in restricted hoppers or fill.
Loading under a large shovel or dragline is subjected to sever loading impact.
Maximum flexibility is required for hauling a variety of materials such as earth,
sand and gravel and more bulky material such as blasted rock, ore, coal etc.
Maximum grade ability is required.

32. REAR DUMP TRUCKS

33. BOTTOM DUMP TRUCKS
• These are suitable for long hauls of easy flowing materials like sand, gravel, dry earth and which
are to be spread inlayers as on a fill of a dam. The material is discharged through bottom while
the vehicle is moving at a controlled rate by means of 2 longitudinal gates.
• These are unsuitable for big size material or wet or sticky materials due to limited openings.
• In bottom dump trucks the material can be discharged while the vehicle is in motion and laid in
a long windrow. This way of dumping will not hamper the passage of other vehicle and also
reduce the levelling efforts of the dumped material.
• These sometimes known as bottom dump wagons, are like semi-trailers, front end of which is
supported on the rear of the hauling tractor, and the rear end is resting on their own wheels.
Wide top area facilitates quick loading under shovels.
• Due to low long bodies they have fast speed on suitably maintained roads, but longer turning
radius is required and manoeuvring becomes more difficult in restricted spaces. With these it is
difficult to negotiate steep grades.

34. BOTTOM DUMP TRUCKS
• Therefore, bottom dump trucks should be used, when:
The material to be hauled is relatively free-flowing.
The road is suitably maintained, thus permitting high speed travel.
Long and steep grades are not existing in the way.
The load is to be spread in wind rows.

35. BOTTOM DUMP TRUCKS

36. SIDE DUMP TRUCKS
• These dump trucks are most suitable when dumping is required to be done in a long narrow
length or on one or both sides of a road (for dumping the material on road shoulders).
• These require very less time to dump the material, whereas the rear dump truck must stop,
reverse and then dump its load which needs a considerably more time.
• Side dumb trucks are available in self-propelled that is truck type models or in a fully trailer type
models (which is commonly known aside dump tractor-trailor).

37. SIDE DUMP TRUCKS

38. THANK YOU