Essay On Corporate Tax

Essay On Corporate Tax
I write to you today to encourage you to support legislation to lower the corporate tax rate to 20%
for American businesses. I am aware that the House of Representatives has recently passed a bill to
reform the tax code and that you have voted in favor of the legislation. I recognize that you are
aware that there are no guarantees that the Senate will pass its bill. Also, I know that the House and
Senate will need to work together to send a bill to the President's desk for his signature. As a
Republican and a constituent in the 6th district, I implore you to ensure that Congress passes tax
reform and more importantly lowers the corporate tax rate.
Today, we see nations around the world that have taken advantage of lower corporate tax rates ...
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Perhaps that had a slight impact, but that does not correlate with the strong economic growth in
Ireland in 2015. For example, its almost been twenty years since Ireland joined the European Union
and much of their economic growth happened after they lowered the corporate tax. According to
Trending Economies, the European Union, itself, only grew a little above 2% in 2015, meaning
Ireland represents an outlier in that Irelands economic success was not due to the European Union,
but instead represents what happens to an economy when corporate tax rates are low.
As the son of a business owner and an inspiring entrepreneur or politician, I believe that
opportunities should be available to all Americans. I personally believe that lowering the corporate
tax rate creates more jobs and lowers unemployment. It is simple logic that the more money
corporations have the more the corporations will have the ability to expand their business and hire
more employees. This transpired during the 1980s when Ronald Reagan was president. In President
Reagan's Tax Reform Act of 1986, he and Congress, in 1987, lowered the corporate tax rate from
46–34%. In 1986, the unemployment rate was around 7% according to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics. In 1991, the unemployment rate dropped to 5.9%, which allowed for greater economic
prosperity in the 1990s. At the same time, Democrats argued that many corporations do not pay the
average 35% standard rate because of
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Country And Economy Overview Of The United Kingdom Essay
1. Country and economy overview of the United Kingdom (macro level)
1) Overview of the economy of the United Kingdom.
The economy of United Kingdom has long been one of the most advanced economies in the world.
Having been through the Industrial Revolution in 1900s, it has found its footing and established
itself as a global economic powerhouse. Measured by purchasing power parity, the UK is currently
ranked as the fifth largest economy in the world, contributing to 4% of the world GDP. It has a GDP
of $2.5 trillion. The United Kingdom is characterized by its open market, capitalist economy that
allows freedom of movement of goods and people within the European Union.
The United Kingdom, in particularly London, is one of the epicenter of the world 's financial
market. It has one of the world 's busiest derivative market and foreign exchange market. The
London Stock Exchange exerts a tremendous amount of influence on the world 's stock exchange,
with a total market capitalization of as of 6.06 trillion pounds as of December 2014. Overall, the
service sector, including the financial services sector, contributed 77.8% of the British GDP in the
first quarter of 2014.. The recent performance of the financial sector of the UK managed to beat
estimates is a clear evidence of its status as one of the leading financial command centers in the
world. The London Interbank Offered Rate, also known as LIBOR, is widely used as the key short–
term interest rate worldwide.
As with most

The Importance Of Tax In America
The United States is a nation that that was founded upon principles of liberty. The founders of this
country have instilled this into our foundation and culture. It is no coincidence that taxation has
been a top political issue since the formation of our government. The tax code has been continually
adjusted and is currently up for new reform. Due to many variables, there is a discrepancy between
the top nominal corporate tax rate and the effective rate that corporations actually pay. Aligning the
nominal and effective rates would allow for easier accounting, reduce the marginal cost of paying
taxes domestically, better alignment of incentives, and as the domestic and global economy is
changing, so must the tax code to be adequately ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the article "National Tax Rules and Sovereignty", author Charles McLure discusses how
globalization has allowed for tax havens to become a threat to tax revenues as capital has become
mobile and the country of residence for many businesses can be changed (2005). It is possible to
look around the globe and use the tax structure of another country to face a lower rate. If the US rate
were to be reduced, the US would become more competitive for tax reporting as the marginal
benefit of having that income taxed in other country is reduced. This will increase the likelihood of
multinational companies reporting income domestically and paying the tax domestically. Currently,
the IRS allows for 16 different types of deductions in the deductions section of form 1120, the U.S.
Corporate Income Tax Return (IRS 2017). This creates a gap between the nominal rate and the
effective tax rate. Businesses have an incentive to understate income and overstate total deductions
in order to reduce their amount of tax liable income. If the nominal rate was reduced and the number
of deductions was reduced, we would see a smaller gap between nominal and effective tax rates, as
there would not be as much manipulation of taxable income. For example, suppose a company earns
$100,000 in total income and all income is reported accurately and entirely domestically. In
situation one, they face a 25% tax but are able to deduct $50,000 from total

Case Study: Ikea In Japan
FIRST ENTRY
Ikea first entered Japan in 1974 but it then quit later in 1986. From a developing country to a
developed country, Japanese experienced rapid industrial growth after World War II. Japanese
became the largest economies in Asia with an annual GDP growth of nearly 10 percent. With the
increasing number of population living in the city, the demand for products and services in Tokyo
increases significantly. Thus, Ikea decided to enter Japan as the first step of its expansion on the
international market in Asia.
SECOND ENTRY
In 1974, Japan had attempted to establish its business in Japan through a joint venture with a
Japanese company. Ikea then withdrew from Japan market in 1986 due to its long term stagnant
sales. About two decades later, having the assistance of Japan External Trade Organization, Ikea ...
When there are falling prices, this often encourages people to delay purchases because they will be
cheaper in the future. In particular, it can discourage consumers from buying luxury goods (like
furniture with fancy design). Therefore, periods of deflation often lead to lower consumer spending
and lower economic growth, in turn creates more deflationary pressure in the economy. This
certainly causes malaise to Ikea's success in Japan. Just like any other developed country, Japan is
facing the problem of mounting government debt. Japan's public debt has currently exceeded one
million billion yen (243% of GDP). Although 90% of this debt is held domestically, it has reached
an extremely high level. By way of comparison, the portion of debt held domestically is 70% in the
United Kingdom, 47% in the United States and 35% in Germany. In order to cut the deficit, Japan
government is introducing a series of increases in sales tax to 10% in 2015. Addition of tax would
definitely affect the overall pricing of merchandises and customers' purchasing power thus influence
the sales of Ikea as

Analyzing The Stock Market Crash
Take a look at newspaper headlines from September to December 2008, one common theme will
emerge the stock market crash. At the end of 2007 the national debt was approximately nine trillion
dollars. Throughout 2008 companies and banks are becoming nationalized while others are being
saved from bankruptcy. By the end of 2008 the national debt increased to ten trillion. Every year
after the debt continued to rise. In August 2011 the Americas credit rating downgraded from AAA to
AA+ (nifi.org). Also, during 2011 47 percent of the debt was owned by China, Japan, and the United
Kingdom (nifi.org). Fast forward to 2014, an estimated seventeen trillion dollars is now the current
national debt total. February 10, 2014 congress raises the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The interest paid per year increases and could eventually be more than all other spending, making it
difficult to be paying off the principle of owed debt. National debt is continuing to rise. To help
reduce spending America must create a budget bill, invest in growth first, and agree that sacrifices
need to be made now. However, with any issue there are always people who will see problems as
opportunities for potential growth; either financial or personal. When looking at creating a budget
bill politicians and corporate leaders may say that the only way to make money is to spend money. A
budget bill would create career ending cuts in their departments that no company could get over,
resulting in a sellout of rival companies. Small towns and neighborhoods could lose the only source
of funding in that area. If growth is being invested in now profit margins will decrease because the
growth is not immediate causing interest to climb. It risks putting the economy back into a recession
by failing to create an immediate profit, increasing the current deficit. Making sacrifices now would
cause the older generation to work longer hours, pushing back retirement, taking the jobs for the
newer generation. The lack in profit, fewer jobs opening up would create another financial crisis.
Creating a solid, loop–hole free budget plan would not create another

Uk Tax Reform
Abstract
This paper examines the generally accepted desirable characteristic of a system of taxation. I
describe in this paper that even where every one agrees that the tax system should be simple as
dictated by the first maxim of Adam Smith, no country is yet to meet this standard. Questions on
policy, complexity, equity, administrative efficiency, cost of compliance all increasing the cry for a
tax change. Many Eastern Europeans have adopted the flax tax system and presently has an increase
economic growth. However, are they fully operating the flax tax system?
INTRODUCTION
Taxation is a levy or a charge imposed by a government on its citizens to raise revenue that finances
public spending. The government of every country of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The maxim fails to consider human behavior of maximizing opportunity available to them and will
do anything to pay less or no tax should the opportunity arise.
2 The tax which each individual is bound to pay ought to be certain, and not arbitrary.
The calculation of Income tax which is taking by employer paid net is ambiguous and difficult to
understand. Corporate bodies and Self employed individual submits their assessment for Income tax
computation through tax specialist because they can afford them. Corporate will always play on the
loopholes in order to reduce the amount of Income Tax they pay.
3 Every tax ought to be levied at the time, or in the manner, in which it is most likely to be
convenient for the contributor to pay it.
This maxim assumes taxpayers are responsible citizens. Taxes on salaries and wages are collected at
source for the government. The development of technologies gives opportunity to filing income
taxes through e filing. It is also easy to calculate tax burden using the e consulting available on the
HMRC website. The problem with the maxim is that tax it does not account for the circumstances of
the taxpayers by using income.
4 Every tax ought to be so contrived as both to take out and to keep out of the pockets of the people
as little as possible over and above what it brings into the public treasury of the

Corporate Tax Rate
Corporate Taxation: Reducing the Canadian Corporate Rate
Altering the rate of corporate taxation is a vital tool for federal monetary policy when adjusting to
the constantly changing local and global economy. The global recession of 2008 has illuminated the
political and economic significance of changing the rate of corporate tax in Canada, and has held its
effects under great scrutiny. Those that argue for a greater tax burden be placed on the wealthiest
businesses demand government intervention, reasoning that increasing tax revenue can decrease the
federal deficit and re–allocate money to vital lesser income groups and communities. The opposition
contends that the tax revenue gained will ultimately be lost in under–performing ... Show more
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Domestically, corporate taxes are a significant expense to businesses, so much so that corporations
pour massive resources toward acquiring the knowledge to take advantage of not only their local tax
system, but also international ones, in order to preserve as much capital as possible. As businesses
attempt to attain wealth, they mobilize towards lower–tax jurisdictions. Organizational planning is
also affected, as uneven taxes on different types of business entities lead companies like Enron to
form network webs of varying entities (Luna, LeAnn, and Murray 2008). Resource allocation to
operating tax loopholes and allowances may be considered uneconomic, but is crucial for business
survival. Domestic corporate tax rates are also inherently political; as each party has differing
mandates towards tax revenue generation and allocation. Governments now must consider tax
policy one of the major pieces to their platform. In Canada, the Conservative Party of Canada has
stressed the importance of the corporate tax rate as a vital cog in maintaining the health of the
economy. Over the last 4 years, the Conservative Party has decreased the net corporate tax rate by
2.5% with intention to lower it further to 15% effective January 1, 2012 (Canada Revenue Agency
2011).
The Liberal Party and the New Democratic Party (NDP) advocate a Keynesian–welfare

Globalization and Free Trade
In the actual free trade context in the globalized nation, it is referring to a freedom for businesses to
trade between countries at no barrier from government intervention which includes imposing tax on
the products and services, subsidies, import and export quota limitation, as well as imposing trade
legislation. However, this cannot be realized in today's world (White, 2008) due to the fact that each
country needs to protect and balance between the three major aspects which is the social, economy
and politic domestically in order to compete in the competitive world and at the same time
contribute to peace of the world. This is especially true for the developing countries such as
Malaysia, China, India and et cetera as compared to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The finished goods will then be imported back to the country and the domestic consumer will have
to fork out more money to afford the product where the initial raw material came from them. This
directly affected the increase in cost of living at the developing country to purchase the imported
goods at a higher price due to the fact that the research and development, technology and knowledge
were not as good as the developed countries. A significant example would be the Malaysia rubber
being the highest quality rubber in the world. One of the most famous brands in condom industry
named DUREX is made from high quality rubber from Malaysia (Sheridan, 2006). After
manufacturing the condom in Thailand which offers cheaper labors, they will market the product
throughout the nation which includes Malaysia. Since Malaysia does not have the expertise in
manufacture condom given the high quality local rubber, the local consumer has to purchase the
imported condoms which is of higher price.
As the demand increases for the raw material, it was exported out from the developing countries and
this will eventually lead to scarcity of resource as raw material is finite. When the supply of raw
material can no longer satisfy the need of demand, the large corporation will look for other
substitution material in other countries. Therefore, the developing country that relies on the income
from the sale of raw

The Distribution of Wealth
Dramatic facts surround the nature of the distribution of wealth becoming more concentrated during
the period between 1983 and 2004. In good parts of the period, labor unions were defeated and
implementation of tax cuts for the rich took place. 42% of the entire financial wealth generated by
the economy of the United States during the 21–year period went to the richest 1%.
The Current Statistical Trends of the Wealth Inequality in the United States Before the onset of the
2007/2008 global financial crisis, the 10% richest Americans group owned 80% of entire financial
assets in the United States. The top 20% richest Americans possessed 85% of the nation's wealth
meaning the bottom 80% of Americans only owned 15%. At this time, the richest 1% owned 35% of
the total wealth of America. After the great financial recession that began in the last quarter of 2007,
these figures changed dramatically. The portion of American wealth owned by the 1% richest
Americans rose from 35% to 37.2% while that owned by the 20% richest Americans increased from
85% to 87.8%. The global financial crisis led to a drop of 36% in the middle class wealth but only a
decrease of 11% for the top 1% richest people in the United States. This further widened the gap
between the two groups. At the start of the current decade, about 51% of the American population
was in the middle class. This was a 10% drop in the middle class population from that of the
previous 40 years. Compared to a number of developed

Global Corruption : Money, Power And Ethics
On any given day, if you were to tune into a news channel or browse the internet, there would be a
good chance that a story of corruption would be uncovered. Corruption has been taking place since
the beginning of time (literally). Some would say that is customary, and many would even argue that
it is inevitable. In the book, ¬Global Corruption: Money, Power and Ethics in the Modern World,
Laurence Cockcroft attempts to identify and educate others on the ethical (or unethical) dilemmas
that many individuals, companies, and/or governments are facing throughout the world. Global
Corruption provides the reader incredible insight into a wide array of instances of corruption. Mr.
Cockcroft begins by giving the reader a brief overview of what defines corruption, along with
several examples of corruption that has occurred throughout the globe. Then the author transitions
into why corruption occurs by identifying the common drivers of unethical behavior, and concludes
the book by offering some analysis on what measures need to be taken in order to fight global
corruption. As mentioned above, corruption is ever–present in today's society. But what qualifies as
corruption? If you were to look up the word corruption in the dictionary, it would probably be
defined as illegals actions in hope to achieve personal gain. In in the book, the author acknowledges
that corruption involves illegal actions, but global corruption, in itself, is a much more
comprehensive and complex subject. Even

Charlie Elphicke Father
Charlie Elphicke was born on March 14, 1971 in Huntingdon, England. Charlie is currently married
to his wife Natalie Ross, and they have a total of two children. Before getting into politics and
getting elected into Parliament, Charlie graduated from the University of Nottingham. Charlie was a
partner for the law firm Hunton & Williams, and also was working in the pharmaceutical research
business before he pursued politics. Charlie began his career in politics in 1994, when he was
elected to the London Borough Council of Lambeth. As a Conservative, he represented Gipsy Hill,
in which he defeated Labour leader Stephen Whaley for this position. After four years of serving, he
stood down and quickly became the chairman of the Dulwich & West Norwood ... Show more
"I have long been fighting for a change in the law when it comes to family policy, so that children
have the right to know and have a relationship with both parents" (elphicke.com). On February 25,
2013 Mr. Elphicke introduced a bill to Parliament which would help support Charlie's goal to put
the children first. Mr. Elphicke told Parliament that around 3 million kids in the United Kingdom are
living with separated parents and around 1 million children do not have contact with either of their
parents. The push for this bill by Charlie Elphicke was finally recognized by Parliament on March
13, 2014 when the Children and Families Act was passed by both Houses. Another issue that Charlie
Elphicke is trying to get ahold of is the tax avoidance of big multi–national businesses. "I spoke up
for the need to reform our tax law fundamentally. To make sure that tax on profits from business
carried out in the UK is paid" (www.elphicke.com). Mr. Elphicke says that the problem is not the
British businesses, but the companies who are world wide and do not pay the proper corporation tax
that they should pay. April 16, 2012 was the first day that the Finance Bill was debated in
Parliament and this is the bill that sets the taxes and the tax law. Charlie set forth a couple of ideas in
this Bill about anti–avoidance measures. "The first principle is that business tax rates should be low,
simple and attractive. Britain should be open for business, but open for business on a level playing
field for national and international companies" (www.elphicke.com). After years of continuing to
debate and pushing forward the idea, under the Labour party income tax receipts went up, while the
corporation tax stayed the same. To this day, Charlie Elphicke is continuing to call out many
corporations for the continuation of tax avoidance he

The Last Major Overhaul Of Theu.s Tax Code
The last major overhaul of the U.S tax code took place over twenty–eight years ago as part of the
Tax Reform Act of 1986. President Ronald Regan's Treasury Department proposed a tax–neutral
reform with the definitive duty of simplifying the overall code. However, the absence of any reform
since then greatly reflects the United States current condition, in that "The United States provides a
good example of an uncompetitive tax code" (Pomerleau & Lundeen, 2014). The following will
examine the main components of the tax code that make a nations taxing system competitive. It will
then identify two parts of the code, that when combined create a disadvantageous environment for
any American business who competes internationally. Foremost, most nation's taxing systems
characteristically have five main features that either make them greatly competitive or not.
Competitiveness includes desirability for both the society and business activity. A nations corporate
rate, its consumption tax, property tax, the individual tax, and its international (global or territorial)
are what make up the core features of competiveness. But is the competiveness of a nation's taxing
system related for both industrialized and developing nations? The answer is yes, but not
completely.
The differences between industrialized, transitioning, and emerging countries are great, especially
from a taxing and economic standpoint. "The terms industrialized or developed countries generally
refer to the member

Tax Reform Essay
The United States is in a recession; it has been facing some of the worse economic times since the
Great Depression in the 1930's. One option to fix the economy is to change the corporate tax rate.
To lower it or to raise it, that is the question economists have been speculating. America's high
corporate tax rate and worldwide system of taxation discourages U.S. companies from sending their
foreign–source revenue home, which makes U.S. companies defenseless to foreign acquisition from
the international opponents (Camp). Corporations and United States citizens have been fighting for
a tax reform, which would hopefully help the American economy; either by lowering the corporate
tax, or by raising the tax.
The United States corporate tax ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A tax haven is a country that offers foreign corporations and individuals relatively low corporate and
income tax rates, with a politically and economically stable environment. Some tax havens are
Switzerland, Hong Kong, Bermuda, Ireland, and the Cayman Islands. Although the businesses have
moved across seas, the United States forces them to pay the corporate tax. Fortunately for the
businesses, it they keep their income and money across seas they do not have to the pay the
American corporate tax, Unfortunately this is ghastly for the United States Government businesses
keep their products and profits over seas.
One proposal for the lowering of taxes in the United States is Herman Cain's 999 Plan. Herman
Cain is a republican politician running for president in the year 2012. The 999 Plan is a tax reform
plan that would change personal income tax, national sales tax, and corporate sales tax all to nine
percent. (Astor) The argument for the plan is that it would strengthen the economy and create jobs
because it would lower taxes by 26 percent on businesses, therefore giving them incentive to start
hiring, therefore creating new jobs for Americans. Currently the United States Unemployment rate
is at 9.1 percent. Also corporations would be more willing to bring their profits home due to the
lower

Selecting A Business Form Is A Big Decision For All Companies
Project #2
Eric Kitts
Liberty University Abstract
Selecting a business form is a big decision for all companies. Those involved in the entity need to
decide what is important in terms of how liability, taxation, time devoted to the company, e tc. There
is no right or wrong combination of factors to consider when deciding on the business form that is
right for your company. In this case, I will highlight the key attributes of the partnership,
corporation, and limited liability corporation (LLC) for potential clients interested in forming a new
entity after inheriting an organic farm from their father. They are interested in a business form that
will limit liability and reduce their tax burdens, but they are also concerned about ... Show more
He will continue to manage the operations of the orchard, vegetable gardens, grain fields, trout
pounds, poultry operation, as well as the fall corn maze and pumpkin patch that have been a staple
in the community for years. The five family members are all Christians and want to set up the
company in a way that pleases the Lord, so they have came to me for my guidance as to how to
accomplish this goal.
My goal is to inform Alex, Bill, Carl, and Devon of the different business forms, so they can feel
educated and informed when making this important decision. I want to thoroughly explain
Corporations, Partnerships, and Limited Liability Corporations to them, so they are aware of their
options. The siblings' father passed away after operating a successful sole proprietorship for many
years, so there will be a definite change in business forms. A sole proprietorship is no longer an
option due to the amount of members. Fleischman and Bryant (2000) explain that this form of
business "is an option only for a business with one owner" (p. 2).
I aim to advise the family in a way that honors God and allows them to set up this business in a way
that honors God as well. The Bible instructs us all in Colossians 3:23–24 that "whatever you do,
work heartily, as for the Lord and not for men, knowing that from the Lord you will receive the
inheritance as your reward. You are serving the Lord Christ" (ESV). The

Melting Up In The United States Case Study
Melt Up in US Equities: Dependent on Corporate Tax Cuts
Since President Trump announced details of his proposed tax cuts on 27 September, the S&P500 has
risen +2.7%, while the Russell 2000 has climbed +1.6%. Such a sharp rise in equity prices over a
short period would seemingly be consistent with rising expectations of a significant one–off increase
in after–tax returns on US equities due to an anticipated corporate tax cut. Meanwhile, political
dysfunctionality does not guarantee the passage of the proposed measures, whereby corporate taxes
would potentially be reduced to as low as 20% from 35%. Treasury Secretary Mnuchin has warned
Congress that the US equity market would be vulnerable to a significant correction should lower
corporate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Interestingly, the correlation between the higher statutory corporate tax rates and economic growth
during the aforementioned period is positive.
Corporate profits move pro–cyclically and what investors need to ideally focus on the effective rate
that companies pay. During recessions, the effective tax rate will often exceed the statutory rate due
to the decline in profits. Although the statutory rate has been relatively unchanged over the past
thirty years, corporations' effective tax rate since 2002 has been generally lower due to various tax
provisions offering relief passed by the Bush and Obama Administrations. According to data
embedded within the National Income & Product Accounts (NIPA), the decline in the effective tax
rate and since 2002 has been associated been associated with lower GDP growth rates compared to
the 1980s and 1900s. Thus, there seems little evidence of lower corporate rates, statutory or
effective, being associated with faster economic growth.
Corporate Tax Rates & Profitability: Macro Forces Still Matter
The relationship between corporation tax rates and profitability is both dynamic and complex. High
statutory rates of corporation tax in the 1950s and 1960s were also synonymous with high levels of
profitability. There was a secular decline in corporate profitability in the 1970s and 1980s due to
increased competition from

Saudi Arabia Case Study
The Saudi Arabian marketplace is recovering from a declining price of oil, their number one source
of income. Since the price of oil has been declining over the last few years, the oil market and
therefore the county has been functioning in a deficit. Since there no personal income tax, the
government relies heavily on the oil. They have been trying to get more foreign investors by and
they have been doing that by selling bonds, $17.5 billion to be exact. (Kim, 2016) "Saudi Arabia has
also started a new strategy dubbed Vision 2030 that aims to break the country's "addiction" to
crude." (Egan, 2017) Saudi Arabia is also wanting to invest money in the United States' economy.
They did that by recently pledging $ 20 billion for American ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For that reason, the country ranked in 28 in that category. Registering property became more
efficient because of the new technology making the process easier for everyone. (The World Bank,
2017)
Getting credit ranked 2 out of 12 on the strength of legal rights index. The government also made
make an amendment that made secured lending more flexible. The government highly recommend
that if you go through an established company like a partnership to get into business in Saudi
Arabia, you will have a better chance. When it comes to protecting minority investors the country
comes in the middle of the pack. They strengthened the protections of investors by strengthening
ownership and control structures of companies and by increasing corporate transparency
requirements. Which a great benefit for minority investors. (The World Bank, 2017)
Saudi Arabia does not a personal property tax, a benefit to their citizens; because of this,
corporations are taxed at a higher rate of 20%. (Trading Economics, 2017) This can pose a problem
as the country is needing outside corporations to do business within Saudi Arabia to generate
income. The government also made enforcing contracts easier with an electronic filing system,
which makes things contracts more accessible and they can be processed faster. When it comes to
resolving insolvency, the Saudi Arabia government has made strict deadlines for bankruptcy
procedures. (The World Bank, 2017)
The

Italian Tax Mores Case
Italian Tax Mores is a case study that follows the approach of increasing the tax revenue. The Italian
tax approach feels they deserve more tax amount and the American banking system struggles to deal
with a greedy Italian tax authorities. I will be explaining about the Italian taxes in regards to a
Kantian approach based on ethical reasoning. The Kantian ethical theory calls for this course of
action under the circumstances of forming a judgment about the case study using Kant's three
categorical imperatives. I will be formulating an argument based on why the American style tax
system was morally correct, and how the Italian system needs to make changes to the new American
banking system in Italy. In a brief description of the Italian Tax Mores, the case study starts out by
saying that the Italian tax system and the United States tax system are similar, since they both only
have "legal tax structure and tax rates" (Kelly 54). There are two options in regards to filing taxes,
the American style and the Italian style. Each of these options have sub–option to back up the
information. The American style was created for the Italian government to provide extra taxes,
which the firm was eventually ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Americans started off on an immoral basis by not adhering to the Italian local customs. The
local regulations decrease may cause a tax burden. In the end, the general manager sent the Italian
revenue service a check for the full amount of taxes due, even though the due date for the payment
was almost six months later (Kelly 56). Paying this money resulted in penalty and it should have
been avoided. The only option was to fire the American manager and hire an Italian manager who
would follow the company's commands of the Italian advisors. This is ethical wrong because the
Italian banking system did not treat the American managers with respect for the persons and the

Does Austerity Has Had A Corrosive Effect On The Disabled,...
This essay intends to argue that austerity has had a corrosive effect on the disabled, poor,
disadvantaged and penurious. There are various different measurements of inequality, the two that
will be analysed in this essay is the Lorenz Curve and the Gini coefficient. This essay will then
explore the case for austerity, and why the government decided to implement it. Since 2010,
inequality has gone down and employment has gone up. The crux of this essay will focus on the
way in which austerity has been implemented and the adverse consequences for those at the bottom
of society. The policies that have been enacted under austerity are more detrimental than the data
would lead us to believe. Austerity has a clear ideology behind it, an ideology

Executive Compensation
Where we were, Where we are, Where we going
By Cara Chengalath
Instructor: Berhane Elfu
JRSB 309 – Corporate Governance
February 11, 2013
Introduction In the aftermath of major scandals and bailouts in the United States, the world`s and
the public's confidence in public corporations, has been shaken. With the publicized scandals of
Enron and other corporations in the United States, the faith in public corporations fell as fast as the
stock market. Investors had no confidence in corporations or in their boards. Measures needed to be
taken to form regulations to provide stronger accountability, to prevent these types of scandals from
happening and to rebuild the confidence of investors. Corporate governance of publicly traded ...
This led to the Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002. SOX focused on corporate governance issues
within a firm and led to rules of practice for boards of directors. Although SOX does not have
mandates for executive compensation it does address how the compensation committee should be
independent and how they should govern themselves. This has become very critical legislation to
aid in ethical practices in public corporation executive compensation (Bruvik & Whitney
Gibson, 2011).
Current Trends in Executive Compensation The main foundation of executive compensation has not
changed, it is designed to attract, inspire, motivate and in the end retain the superior talent in the
management world. In 2008 a government fund TARP was "created to purchase troubled assets
from financial institutions" (Bruvik & Whitney Gibson, 2011, p. 79). TARP funds put
restrictions on executive compensation by; restricting paying out bonuses, limiting the "Golden
Parachutes", denial of benefits and used clawbacks if executive compensation was based on
misleading statements (Bruvik & Whitney Gibson, 2011). In order to receive TARP funding,
firms have to practice the US mandatory "Say on Pay" which was implemented in January 2011.
The United Kingdom has also implemented the "Say on Pay" concept. The "Say on Pay" is a
concept that "shareholders should be given a nonbinding vote on board of director's

Taxation Of National Tax Sovereignty For Income Tax
In this essay, the issues for taxation of national tax sovereignty for income tax, corporation tax,
value added tax and excise duties are discussed as well as an opinion as to whether sovereign
nations should compete or co–operate on matters of tax policy. Sovereign nations have different tax
rates and they tend to change with each tax year. The issues of direct and indirect taxes are
numerous and this essay will discuss two major aspects of each using the recent issue of Scotland's
independence for major explanations. These are direct taxes such as Income tax and Corporation
tax; indirect taxes such as Value Added Tax (VAT) and Excise tax.
Income tax as defined by Melville, 2014 (page 15) is: "tax assessed for a tax year (or "year of
assessment") and is based on the taxpayer 's total income for the year from all sources, ignoring any
income which is exempt from income tax" . Sovereign nations set their own taxes individually and
as such taxpayers respond differently depending on the changes in tax rate in the respective tax
system. The changes in income tax rate from one tax year to another affects both high and low
income earners. However, in an analysis for four decades of the US tax system, it was concluded
that high–income earners tend to respond to a greater extent to tax changes than low–income tax
payers . Likewise, Micro economists suggest that this is majorly due to the fact that educational
achievements are a major contributor to the differences in income between

Summary: Sully De Luqu
According to BCR the largest investors in Peru were the United States, the United Kingdom, Spain
and Chile. The main areas for investing are mining with 29%, services with 24%, oil and gas
projects with 17%, manufacturing projects with 10%, finance with 13% and energy with 6%. It is
illegal for public official or employees to accept bribe for any official duties as it is known as
corruption. Sully de Luqu e, M. F., & Arbaiza, L. A. (2005). A government agency known as
Contraloria General is responsible for supervision of procedures in public administration and is
responsible for combating corruption. There is a violent group in Peru named as Sendero Luminoso
or shining path which is the main concern for them regarding terrorism. It is growing ... Show more
The Peruvian Sol sustained to decline lately. So far this year the Sol has slipped by 2.9% against the
dollar. This is due to the weakness in Peruvian economy because the export sector loses speed and
articles of trade prices drift at multi–year low down. In order to curtail the weakening of currency
the Central Bank has raised the interest rate by 4 times in past six months. And continued to sell its
US dollar treasury in the confined market. Inflation rates in Peru also increased by 0.41% which was
0.21% in the previous month. It increased from 3.1% to 3.4% which was above than the central
bank limit that was

March 2003 and Market Niche Essay examples
ASSIGNMENT B –––RSM322H1F
Qijin Feng 997347740 RSM322H1F L 0201 Professor D.L.Losell September 29TH , 2011
TO: Manager of the Distillers Delight in the United Kingdom
From: Consultant
Date: September 29th, 2011
Subject: The strategy of the company and the problems the company faced in 2003
As the case stated, there existed a lot of problems in Distillers Delight in the United Kingdom in
2003. In addition, the strategy the company adopted affects the performance of the brand
significantly.
The strategy that the company adopted may be the market niche. Market niche is a strategy adopted
when there is a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, they reacted to the change so ineffectively, so that the company lost the early opportunity
when they could avoid the possible subsequent declination in sales. (Appendix K) The problem can
be shown by two aspects. Firstly, the company reacted to the tax increase by continuing the existing
price policy, which implies that they did not know what the customers need. Secondly, its
competitors reacted by taking aggressive advertising campaign in advance, however, it responded
slowly.
In conclusion, the company adopted the market niche strategy in order to target the specific group of
customers. However, the sense of crisis and the crisis management capability are the problems and
weakness of the company.
Appendix AA niche market is group of consumers or businesses that all have a very specific need or
want. http://www.marketing–consulting–company.com/niche–marketing.htm Appendix B
Delight was introduced in the United Kingdom in 1996, and it quickly became the market leader in
the low–proof category.
("Managerial Accounting and Decision Making", McGraw–Hill Create p. 5).
<Vbk: 9781121280953#page (5)>
Appendix C
This is a prospective area that may provide yet another cost reduction opportunity and at the same
time attract potential customers from a niche segment. A company when it compares the value
proposition that it offers against the attributes that customers

Capital Gains Tax in Nigeria
Term Paper written by Onipede Ibidunni Seun on Capital Gains Tax in Nigeria
Introduction
Discussing capital gain tax without first presenting a general overview of the entire concept of
taxation will be tantamount to putting a cart before a horse. It is therefore very important that justice
be done by explaining taxation and various types of taxes.
Taxation: A General overview
Tax and taxation has been variously defined by different authors. Oyegbile (1996) defines tax as a
sum of money paid by citizens of a country, state or community to the government for public
purpose. According to him taxation is one of the sources of income for government; such income is
used to finance or run public utilities and perform other social ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Such documents must be stamped before they can be tendered as evidence in a court or presented
for registration. * Probate tax: This is the tax paid on the property or estate of a deceased in order to
obtain letters of administration of the estate. The chargeable amount is based on the open market
value of the estate, as at the date of death of the deceased. * Capital transfer tax: This tax is imposed
on the capital value of properties transferred. This tax was introduced in nigeria in 1979 via the
federal government official gazette No. 18, vol. 66. The law was enacted to curb embezzlement of
public funds by private individuals since the bulk of any money stolen will be subjected to heavy
taxation when the estate is to be transferred. * severance tax: This tax is levied on the extraction of
natural resources like agricultural produce, forest resources, petroleum and metallic stones e. t. c.
this tax is levied to ensure that the benefits from the natural resources which in real sense are God
given free gifts of nature are shared by all. * Capital gains tax: This tax came about as a result of
Decree 44 of 1977. It is a tax on the gains which speculators or other property dealers realize on sale
of real estate or landed property. * Site value rating: This is a tax on unimproved capital value of the
site. The tax was introduced to encourage owners of undeveloped land to put them into immediate
profitable use.
STRUCTURE OF THE NIGERIAN TAX

International Accounting Testbank
Chapter 01
Introduction to International Accounting
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which of the following groups is a supranational organization? A) United Nations B)
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development C) International Federation of
Accountants D) All of the above
Answer: D Level: Easy LO: 1
2. Determination of net present value involves: A) forecasting future profits and cash flows. B)
discounting future cash flows back to their present value. C) analysis on an after–tax basis. D) All of
the above
Answer: D Level: Medium LO: 1
3. International accounting can be defined in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A) Reduce costs of doing business B) Protect domestic markets C) Protect foreign markets D) All of
the above
Answer: D Level: Easy LO: 3
14. A translation adjustment may be necessary when: A) notes to financial statements are converted
from one language to another. B) foreign currency financial statements are converted to another
currency. C) consolidated financial statements are prepared. D) hedging foreign currency.
Answer: B Level: Medium LO: 2, 3
15. What is "transfer pricing?" A) The cost to convert from one country's GAAP to another country's
GAAP B) The value of sales made in a foreign country C) The method of recording transactions
between divisions within the same company D) The taxes paid on sales in a foreign country
Answer: C Level: Easy LO: 3

16. ABCO Corporation has a parts division in country A. Its assembly division is in country B,
which has a higher tax rate than country A. To minimize the corporation's overall income tax, how
should ABCO set its transfer prices between its parts and assembly divisions? A) The parts division
should sell parts to the assembly division at low prices. B) The parts division should sell parts to the
assembly division at high prices. C) It doesn't matter what transfer price is

Krispy Kreme in Brazil
Founded in 1937 in Winston–Salem, North Carolina, Krispy Kreme is a chief branded retailer and
wholesaler of high–quality doughnuts, including its innovative Hot Original Glazed. Vernon
Rudolph bought a secret yeast–raised doughnut recipe from a French chef from New Orleans,
borrowed a building in Winston–Salem to bake in, and began selling Krispy Kreme doughnuts to the
local grocery stores. Krispy Kreme has sustained its intensification and lengthened the design of the
reliable Krispy Kreme store throughout the Southeast. They now have about 300 Krispy Kreme
factory stores and 90 satellites, and have continued growth. The speedy development fashioned
challenges in making sure products were always fresh and obtainable. With this ... Show more
This gives them a dissimilar nationwide civilization separate from its Spanish–speaking neighbors.
Even though Portuguese is the main language between the Brazilian culture there are other
languages such as English, French, German, Italian, etc., which are spoken by the people.
Market Entry Strategy The unsurpassed approach to enter into a Brazilian market would be to do
franchising. Franchising is a marketing–oriented technique of selling a business service, often to
diminutive self–governing investors who have operational capital but small or no previous business
experience. Krispy Kreme has franchised Korea, Japan, China, the Philippines, Indonesia, Kuwait,
Dubai, Mexico, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States where the business
originated. They have seemed to be victorious with aperture franchises in all of these countries and
plan to keep increasing in the upcoming. Krispy Kreme has the same franchising necessities for any
person who requests to procure into the Krispy Kreme franchise. Krispy Kreme has three
franchising requirements. These requirements are:
1. Applicants are obliged to have current tenure and working experience or previous ownership and
operating experience of multi–unit food service operations in the market that you wish to expand.
2. Their franchisees ought to possess the principal adequate to fund the expansion of the market.
They currently grant franchises

Mr C Higgins Essay
Global Marketing Assignment 1 Ellen's Stardust Diner Contents page Page Number Content 3
Introduction & Executive Summary 4 – 7 Analysis 8 Conclusion & Recommendations 9 – 11
Appendices, Research & References Introduction Ellen's Stardust Diner is a 1950's American style
diner that operates in New York City, on Broadway. They are a successful restaurant, mostly due to
their singing waiting staff and their unique style and set up. They serve classic American meals and
old fashioned creamy milkshakes. It opened in 1987 and was the first 1950's style diner in New
York. They opened a sister restaurant in Times Square in the late 1990's and are now keen to ...
Social London's West End theatres have a very, almost 'posh' stigma surrounding them. However,
this sort of image is being removed from the area as theatres are seen as less exclusive and are
attracting a different, more diverse type of clientele. However, the prices can still feel slightly high;
as standard tickets can range from £30 to £60 with the more prestigious tickets going for prices of
£90 and even more. Prices like these, even the lower ones, may discourage people with lower
disposable incomes from visiting the area and to find a cheaper alternative, such as local, smaller
theatres meaning that there would be fewer tourists around in the area. Other factors than ESD
should look at are how the culture differs in the UK compared to their home market of the US. In
general, portions are smaller which means that their new potential customers will eat less during
their meals. This could lead to more waste being generated from leftover food, this means that the
Diner would be overspending on ingredients. If they take this into account properly, then they can
make sure they order the right amounts of food in an attempt to reduce waste. Also, due to smaller
portions, the dietary requirements of British people are generally healthier and they may not be
enticed by classic 'American' foods. The West End is also seen as a place of classic British culture,
and an American

Fiscal and Monetary Policy
Introduction
As an assistant manager for Skanska I have been asked by my manager to explain how fiscal and
monetary policy decisions affect the business in which I work. To undertake this task I will provide
explanation of the fiscal and monetary policies. I will also explain what interest rate is and what
could be possible changes on it. Additionally, I will explain how both policies could make changes
in employment level. Fiscal policy
Economic climate is essential to be controlled within every single county because this helps control
important activities within the particular country. All countries where economy is developed created
and follow polices which ensure that money spent by government are used in an appropriate way. ...
(Ref.http://lexicon.ft.com/Term?term=corporation–tax)
Indirect Taxation
Indirect taxes are charged by government on producers or suppliers. The main aim of these taxes is
to reduce pollution and improve the environment. The examples of indirect taxes are value added
tax (VAT), excise duty, air passenger duty, insurance taxes such as car, home or pet insurance, TV
licence or driving licence.
(Ref.http://tutor2u.net/economics/revision–notes/as–marketfailure–indirect–taxation.html)
Value Added Tax (VAT)
This type of tax is charged almost on all products or services provided by organisations. For
instance businesses pay VAT for all products which are needed to manufacture the products and then
VAT is paid by customers if they want to buy manufactured products. VAT could be charged into
three different rates which are standard rate 20%, reduced rate 5% and zero rated 0%. Standard rate
is most common form of VAT and this is paid on almost all products or services unless they have
been specified to reduce or zero rate. Reduced rate is depend on products it's self and the
circumstances of the sale. The most common example of reduced rate VAT are domestic fuel and
power, installation of energy saving materials, sanitary hygiene goods or children's car seats. Zero
rated VAT is similar to the reduced rated VAT as is depend on

Financial Reporting Of Countries : France, Germany, Czech...
Kathia Sylvain
MSA 660
03/02/16
Midterm Exam
1. Question 5 Chapter 3
In this chapter, financial reporting of five countries: France, Germany, Czech Republic, The
Netherlands, United Kingdom, were discussed.
France
Finance leases are not capitalized. As a result, understatement of assets, liabilities, and debt–to–asset
ratio will occur.
From an accounting point of view, fair presentation is not applied.
Post–employment benefits are not recognized. Since they are being treated this way, reported
earnings and liabilities are being understated.
Income is affected by the lease payments and depreciation is tax based.
They use purchase method and Goodwill is capitalized and amortized.
Czech Republic
Purchase method is being used.
Goodwill is capitalized and amortized and may be written off to reserves in the first year.
However, if Goodwill is written off right away, income will not be affected by international norm.
Regarding the international norms, impairments are allowed to test yearly and reported earnings
decrease.
Consequently, debt–to–asset will be higher.
Germany
They use purchase method and Goodwill has several ways to be considered.
For instance, Goodwill can be written off. For the effects on reported earnings and debt–to–asset
ratio, there is no clear information about these variances. Netherlands
The purchase method is not commonly used in Germany. However, it is allowed to use in some

The Impact Of Corporation Tax Liabilities Of Individual...
Task 2
The impact of corporation tax liabilities of individual companies and groups of companies.
Corporation tax (CT) is tax paid by limited companies, most corporate bodies and other
unincorporated associations on their profits, adjusted for tax purposes (Jones, 2010). For United
Kingdom (UK) resident companies, "corporation tax is assessed on [their] worldwide income and
chargeable gains arising in a chargeable accounting period (CAP)" (ACCA, 2013, p. 576).
Corporation tax liability is calculated by multiplying total taxable profits (TTP) by the appropriate
corporation tax rate (Tax donut, 2015a). See Appendix 1 and 2 for details.
Impact on company growth and investment
The amount of corporation tax charged to a company can affect ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
[Positively affecting] both domestic... and foreign direct investment" (p.11).
If investment increases, demand in the economy will increase, resulting in increased demand for
labour, raise in wages, and more disposal income (HMRC & HM Treasury, 2013). Therefore, low
tax liability has a positive impact on both the company and economy's Gross Domestic Product
(GDP).
To encourage companies, grow the UK economy and create jobs, the UK government has reduced
the main tax rate from 28% in 2010 to 21% in 2014 (HM Treasury, 2013, 2014). It is argued that
reduction in tax rates will ease tax burden for businesses and reduce employment costs therefore,
stimulating investment (HM Treasury & Osborne, 2014). See (Appendix 3) for CT rates and effect
on CT liability.
Another example, in 2014, Wood reported that Boots Alliance had benefited from the series of tax
cuts to CT rate. Their profits increased by 16%, easing the tax burden by eliminating more than
£100m off CT liability.
However, reduction in corporation tax rates may mean less revenue collected by government from
CT. In 2014, Houlder reported that businesses will pay approximately £8bn less CT a year by 2016–
17. Indicating, corporation tax cuts are costing the UK government more than £5bn a year causing
other public funds to be cut. Reduction in CT liability may negatively affect "highly leveraged
companies because...after–tax cost

A Developed Country As The Most Socially Progressive States
Also, I would prefer to focus on a developed country as the most socially progressive states have the
most influence in the global market and are often compared with the United States. Ireland, an
island of 27000 square miles and a population of 4.6 million is ranked 6th in HDI as of 2014, proves
to have a high degree of development, on par with Germany and ahead of the US (at 8th). This is
reflected in Ireland's healthy social progress and economic efficiency. The GDP per capita is
~$45,000 with only ~5% of the country's population below the poverty line compared to 15% for
the US. Ireland is also also a very peaceful country and ranked 11th for income equality with a 34.3
GINI (2013). Throughout the history of Ireland, the country and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Widespread trade commenced in the period starting in 2500 BC to 400 AD with the population
consisting of various different rival groups, called the Celts, who shared a polytheistic, pagan
religion. This religion influenced stories and mythology surrounding the ancient monuments and
their use. Shortly after the year 400, St. Patrick brought Christianity to Ireland, which remained the
dominant religion while many Celtic traditions were retained. During this period, a change in
religion and the fall of the nearby Roman Empire, Ireland enjoyed prosperity, but was invaded by
the Vikings. They plundered some of the newfound riches and treasures but also established Dublin
and many other important cities, such as Wexford, Waterford, Cork, and Limerick. This control by
the vikings ended around 1200 when the Normans (from modern day France) invaded and
conquered England and Ireland, establishing a lordship which began the next several hundred years
of British rule. By 1600 much of this dependency was in the form of plantations controlled by
Britain, and in 1641 a rebellion was staged by the protestant colonists. Similar conflict continued
into the 1700s, and hundreds of thousands of people died during the first major famine of Ireland in
1740. A second uprising took place in 1798, shortly after which Ireland was formally joined with

Case report for Linear Technology
The main purpose of the report is to make a decision for Linear Technology on dividend policy. The
report analyzed the impact of changing future dividend policy on the value of the company, based
on its historical performance, financial history and market trends.
Linear Technology is a large–scale company which focus on the analog segments within
semiconductor industry. It went public in 1986 and announced its dividend policy on 1992.
Nowadays, under the market environment where dividends are unwilling to be paid, Linear still
insisted its dividend commitment.
Now Linear Technology is experiencing some difficulties with its profits that its quarter sales
number in 2003 was far below that in last fiscal year, despite some growth. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This encourage the Linear to use cash balance to buy back their shares. At last, Linear did not plan
to make acquisitions and it had over $1.5 million cash and short–term investment in recent years.
Therefore Linear should return some cash to its shareholders due to the advantages discussed above.
What are the tax consequences of keeping cash inside the firm?
Linear would pay the corporate tax for earnings no matter the company chose to keep the cash or
give it out. And if linear offered dividend, the shareholders had to pay for the dividend tax, meaning
shareholders paid double taxes. Considering the proposal raised by President George W Bush in
January 2003 that the taxes of dividends can be eliminate if they were paid out of earnings that had
already been taxed and the capital gain tax is still required, the shareholders would benefit from
saving dividend tax as if the company decided to offer dividend. Therefore the proposal would
encourage the company to return cash to the shareholders.
I would like to add sth. to your answer. Basically about why keeping money in the firm does no
good. Please look at the content below and choose do or do not add these in the answer : )
If the cash is kept in the firm, there are chances that these capitals will be reinvested and bring the
Linear Technology potential benefit from tax shield and interest earnings. Thus, a part of the
opportunity costs of paying dividend will be a deduction of tax by the nature of debt

Flat Tax Vs. Flat Rate Structure
What is a flat tax? Flat tax or flat rate structure is an income tax system where everyone pays the
same tax percentage rate regardless of their income. A flat tax applies the same tax rate to all
taxpayers, with no deductions or exemptions allowed.
Simplicity is a benefit of the flat tax system. One rate makes it easy to calculate taxes. It is easier to
understand and report flat taxes, because it taxes only one income. The flat tax gets rid of double
taxation on savings and dividends, because families are not required to report dividends, interest and
other business–related income, which is taxed at the business level. A flat tax employs territorial
taxation and eliminates global taxation. A flat tax promotes fairness, because no matter how much
money one makes they would pay the same percentage of taxes. Therefore, this tax system does not
discriminate based on income.
There are also some ways the flat tax system does not benefit taxpayers. It penalizes the low–
income population because we all rich and poor have to spend money on the same things, such as
food, housing and clothing. People with lower income would have less to spend on these things with
a flat tax. A flat tax would benefit only the rich, because they would have more money left. It
eliminates a back–up revenue source for the government, because the government relies heavily on
revenue generated from income taxes.
It is liked because it seems fairer to everyone. It carries the same percentage of tax across

Essay Lower Corporate Tax
A Case for lower Corporate Tax
Submitted by Student –201204997 on 11th of march 2013
Executive Summary
Policy Makers in the United Kingdom may as well take notice and acknowledge that lower
corporate tax can give essential profits to business competiveness without fundamentally hurting the
medium–term budget viewpoint.
Several countries lately have reduced or plan to reduce their corporate tax rates in order to stimulate
investment, create jobs and promote faster economic growth. This includes the Ireland where the
rate of Corporation Tax has been kept at 12%.Recently published report of Northern Ireland (NI)
Economic Strategy, identified lowering of corporate tax as the single measure that might have the
most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Studies by Economist Lee and Gordon(2004) found viewed the connection between corporate tax
rates and economic growth for 70 nations over a 27–year period they discovered that statutory
corporate charge rates are fundamentally adversely related with cross–sectional distinctions in
normal economic development rates and that reducing the corporate duty rate by 10 percent can
deliver a additional growth rate of 1.1%
Studies such as these provide strong evidence that lower corporate taxes do lead to long term
economic growth and by having high rates we retard the nation growth potential.
Competiveness
The Canadian legislature has set an unequivocal objective of having a lowest corporate tax in the
Group of Seven (G7) nations on January 1st, Canada brought down its corporate tax rate from 18
percent to 16.5 percent. the rate will eventually decrease to 15 percent. The Japanese administration
also affirmed corporate tax deduction by 5 percent with a specific end goal to increase local
investment and create jobs through improving Japanese firms worldwide competiveness and
improving business environment. Lee and Gordon (2004) argue that the elevated sticker value of the
nation high corporate charge rate not just makes the its economy less competitive all around, but
also it makes its business organizations less aggressive competitive they argue lower corporate tax
rates

Taxation And How Tax Avoidance Impacts On Various...
The essay will introduce the taxation and how tax avoidance impacts on various communication
channels. Also, it will describe the marketing and its importance the integrated marketing
communication. . In addition, there will be a discussion of the purpose and how it supports to build
relationships with consumers. Moreover, it will clarify the traditional communication techniques
and how the innovation developed the new media channel. Consequently, the essay will mainly
focus on integrated marketing communications component – promotional mix. Therefore, it will
investigate the methods of tax avoidance using the company's examples in practice.
According to blue book (year), claimed that the taxation is the charges that the government ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The multinational enterprise is a company that have headquartered in one country but has operations
in more than one countries (me, year). Also, it controls and manages production establishments with
operations (IB book, year). Moreover, according to me (year), the MNE's are the large corporations
which both produces and sells goods and services in various countries. Consequently, the
multinational enterprises seek to gain access to overseas markets, establishes the distribution
network and increases global sales. For example, the largest global 500 MNE's account for over
90% of the world's stock of foreign direct investment and nearly half of the global trade (Rugman
and Verbeke, 2013). Therefore, the international tax systems give opportunities to shift their profits
between countries and subsidiaries, reduce tax bills and decrease liabilities using the legal tax
avoidance and tax minimisation strategies (me, year). In addition, it enables enterprises to decrease
business costs and increase overall business profitability. However, it damages the state economy
and undermines trust in the tax system.
There are many other reasons why MNE's moves abroad or relocating their activities to another
country, such as rapidly growing competition makes businesses to seek competitive advantage from
the competition and secure place in the market. Consequently, multinational enterprises attempt to
find a ways, such as exploiting loopholes in tax law to increase

Economic And Co Operation Development
This research looked into the immediate effects of the Organisation for Economic and Co–operation
Development's (OECD) Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project with international
companies and governments beginning in 2016. OECD is an organization comprised of 35
countries, including the United States and United Kingdom, founded in 1961 to assist governments
in promotion and regulation of worldwide economic development. After years of speculation of
international companies finding loopholes within the current tax laws to avoid taxes through various
schemes, OECD released a document titled 'Addressing Base Erosion and Profit Shifting' in
February 2013, outlining a project they had begun working on. This project stemmed from
numerous discrepancies worldwide, the largest being political, countries wondered if these
international corporations pay their part of taxes on profit. The estimated 'gap' by OECD is between
4–10% of global corporate income tax revenues (OECD 2016). BEPS, by definition, refers to the
strategies that international corporations use to avoid taxes across the world. This is not to be
confused with tax evasion, BEPS refers to the legal ways which are being taken advantage of. BEPS
can be achieved through exploitation of loopholes in tax laws that allow for companies to move
profits to low tax areas using various tax instruments. Since the BEPS project was unveiled G–20
has joined OECD to back the entirety of the project. With G–20 sponsoring

Tax avoidance is a legal act of reduction in tax to be...
Tax avoidance is a legal act of reduction in tax to be paid to HRMC; this can be done through
schemes, planning or the use of any legal provisions. It can be provided through big accountancy
and law firms, through identifying loopholes in CT regulations. Small corporations are at a
disadvantage as it's more difficult for them to avoid CT, as they are limited to the size or the
company. If a company takes on transactions their main purpose is to benefit themselves and hence
reduce the quantity of tax liability due to the government (kerchingmagazine, 2014). However,
companies or individuals are entitled to disclose the use and reason for avoiding tax when they
submit their tax returns, at the end of the tax year (HMRC, 2014). Recently the ... Show more
This is done by deviating profits away from the original location where the activities took place; this
process is known as Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS). By having segregation in activities and
its location, it can abundantly reduce the amount of corporate tax to be paid. This is due to the fact
that in those countries, in the case of Starbucks Switzerland, the company would be subject to a
highly favourable tax treatment than in England, because of repositioning profits through internal
trade (Base erosion and profit shifting, 2014, p.52). In United Kingdom companies are taxed on
their profit at a rate of 25%. When the profits are tied to an international trade with comedies such
as coffee beans the tax rate can be low as 5% in Switzerland. This is where one of Starbucks supply
chain subsidiary is located; therefore working at the company's advantage when coming towards
transfer of pricing, hence this method reduces the organisations taxable profit greatly. Multinational
firms such as Starbucks, Apple and Google have been playing the corporate tax system by moving
their intangible assets from countries such as the United Kingdom to countries which has low tax
rates. Another procedure in which Starbucks avoids paying UK corporation tax is through
borrowing. Starbucks UK firms operations are funded through loans borrowed at high interest

Small Business Taxation By Claire Crawford And Judith...
University of Bedfordshire
Taxation
Small Business Taxation
Samaira Latif
1/5/2015
Table of Contents
Question 1 3
Question 2 5
Question 3 7
Question 4 10
Bibliography 12
Question 1
What is the key structural question which is discussed in this chapter and why is this question
important?
The report "Small Business Taxation" written by Claire Crawford and Judith Freedman (2008)
focuses on how small businesses are taxed and how improvements can be made to the system. The
focal point is on the impenetrability created by taking different approaches when taxing diverse
businesses with different legal forms. Crawford and Freedman look into depth of the differences
between taxing an employed and self employed contractor. Although all aspects and issues of
taxation within a small business are not covered it does provide background information on the key
structural question. The structural issues have been brought to attention for a number of years
however more recently this has had an impact with the UK resulting in the introduction, diminution
and the extraction of the "starting rate" of the corporation tax and for the increasing rates of national
insurance contributions imposed on the employed and self employed. These changes have
emphasised on the tax advantages for the self employed and significantly, the incorporated however
for some tax payers they have no other choice but to be an employee. Incorporated is usually ideal
when a larger business aims to raise

Uk Tax System Essay
A tax system is simply the collection of taxes in an economy. It is a sum of money paid by people or
businesses to a government, to be used for public purposes. Taxes are raised through various means
and the systems vary for each country. The main taxes in the UK, USA and Australia will be
explained. Countries use the taxes they receive in different ways. Aims and targets of most countries
vary, as does the amount of tax generated. Due to this, expenditure is prioritised and spent
accordingly. Government expenditure will therefore also be discussed.
The UK Tax system
In the UK taxes are collected for a variety of reasons. A wide variety of methods are used to raise
the different taxes. The UK government uses taxes to manage ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The projected revenue for 08/09 is ₤83.8billion (the third highest tax revenue source at 15.4%).
There are three rates for VAT: 17.5% (standard), 5% (reduced) and 0% (zero).
Those who have to register for VAT include businesses (including sole traders). Failure to register
can lead to heavy sanctions. It is compulsory for businesses with a taxable turnover of over ₤67,000
to register but those who receive less can also do so.
Goods and services liable to VAT are called 'taxable supplies'. Those companies who have a
turnover of ₤67,000 or more must charge VAT on all taxable supplies at whichever rate is
applicable. "'Supplies' include day–to–day sales as well as other supplies such as the sale of business
assets, items sold to employees and goods you take out of the business for your personal use." (HM
Revenue & Customs, 2008)
Lower rated supplies (5%) include fuel, power and children's car seats. Zero rated supplies include
some types of food, books and transport). Goods and services such as insurance, training, loans and
some forms of education are exempt from VAT.
Once registered, HMRC are owed the difference between output tax (VAT charged to customers)
and input tax (VAT charged by the supplier). If input tax turns out to be more than output tax, a
refund may be received.
Consequences of registering for VAT include:
" – VAT must be submitted to Customs and Excise
– Inspection from Customs and Excise officers

Essay On Corporate Tax

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