Virtual Organization

Virtual Organization
Running head: RIORDAN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS International Business Legal Issues
Riordan Manufacturing University of Phoenix BUS415 Business Law Scott Waddell Riordan
Manufacturing is an industry leader in plastic injection molding with plants in Georgia, Michigan
and now China. With the company's expansion into a global market, the electronic commerce (e–
business) will be a beneficial form of commerce that is currently flourishing in the modern world of
global business. The Internet is used to buy and sell goods and services world wide. Cheeseman
(2004) explains that the economic growth of computer technology and e–commerce has exceeded
that of manufacturing in the United States economy. E–business is used to increase ... Show more
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To ensure that exports go only to legally authorized destinations, the U.S. government requires a
destination control statement on all shipping documents. Each foreign country has its own antitrust
laws that must be complied with when exporting. They reflect the nation's commitment to an
economy based on competition. This provides consumers with goods and services at the lowest price
that an efficient business can profitably offer. The Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of
Justice enforces foreign antitrust issues in the Federal Court. Riordan has provided its employees
with intensive training so they understand it is unlawful for a U.S. firm to pay or offer to pay money
or give anything of value to any foreign official for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business.
For example, a person charged with violation of the anitbribery provision of this Federal Corrupt
Practices Act (FCPA) may try to use the defense that the payment was lawful under the written laws
and regulations of the foreign country or that the payment was associated with demonstrating the
product. Prosecution under federal criminal laws in the Federal Court can be subject to
imprisonment and fines. Riordan personnel are aware that if a person or company is found in
violation of the FCPA, they can be banned from doing business with the federal government and can
be suspended the right to do business in the U.S. International Business Differences and E–business
Restrictions
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US Tax Policy
US Tax Policy – Export Subsidies or Leveling the Playing Field?
On October 22th 2004, President Bush signed into law the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004.
This is a new tax law, which provides tax breaks for U.S. manufacturers, multinational operations,
and a host of other industries. The American Job Creation Act was designed to replace the current
Extraterritorial Income Act or ETI, which the WTO had determined was a disguised export subsidy,
and therefore, in violation of international trade rules. However, the issue is much more involved.
The WTO failed to take into consideration equally strong arguments for the U.S.'s need for export
tax credits to counteract the European Union's Value Added Tax. In order to more fully ... Show
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The goods upon arriving at the destination country would not need to be taxed as they were already
taxed from the country of origin. However, the "destination" principle was used in determining how
indirect taxes should be handled, which meant the indirect tax could be adjusted at the border and
either rebated to the producer or waived altogether. Additionally, the indirect tax could be applied to
imports. Individual countries were permitted to decide whether to rebate the indirect taxes on
exports and/or to impose them on imports. This too would be balanced if all direct and indirect taxes
were defined the same way internationally, but this is not the case. The problem with imposing
indirect taxes on imports arises when for one country a direct tax has been mislabeled as an indirect
tax. When this occurs, countries without equivalent indirect taxes do not get a tax rebate on their
exports, but must pay the indirect tax when their goods arrive at the destination country. When the
GATT made the distinction between the two taxes, value added taxes or VATs were rarely used.
Since the VAT replaced the EU's multi–stage sales tax system, the GATT classified the VAT as an
indirect tax. This was a mistake on the GATT's part as Hufbauer author of The Foreign Sales
Corporation Drama: Reaching the Last Act? explains "GATT alchemy transforms a series of

International Relations in Robert O. Kehoane and Joseph S....
Robert O. Kehoane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. "Power and Interdependence" In this text, Keohane and
Nye try to shape and define a new concept of power applied on international relations based on the
notion of interdependence, which is a concept broadly used and misunderstood in the discipline.
Interdependence is getting more and more important in defining international affairs, inter–state
relationships and worldwide behaviors; for a good understanding of the issue, we should now define
the cornerstone, the backbone of the whole topic. Interdependence means, in Keohane and Nye's
words, the situation of "mutual dependence [...] characterized by reciprocal effects among countries
or among actors in different countries". Although it is certain ... Show more content on
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These three features will be, moreover, compared to some realistic assumptions, in order to evaluate
their potential adherence to the present situation. Multiple channels: informal meetings or discussion
that work as "trasmission belts" among governments and, more in general, societies; they take place
at three different levels. We must notice that bureaucrats from different countries deal directly with
one another at meetings and on the telephone as well as in writing ,moreover, it is a date of reality
that multinational firms and banks affect both domestic and interstate relations. Absence of
hierarchies among issues: Whereas "the Cold War period was so dominated by the issue of military
security that other important issues were almost neglected. Minor role of military force: As military
resources are getting more and more costly, and as particularly among industrialized, pluralist
countries the perceived margin of safety has widened. These three features can be put in comparison
with three main assumptions of the realist tradition, namely the "state–as–sole–actor" model, a
hierarchy of issues in which security is the primary task and finally the consideration of force as the
most effective instruments. Looking at the world today, we may think that these three realistic
assumption may seem fairly demode; however,

Bussiness Environment
Assignment brief BTEC Higher National Diploma (Business) Level 4 ACADEMIC COLLEGE OF
LONDON |Unit Number |1 | |Unit Title |Business Environment | |Name of the Assessor | | |Date of
Issue | | |Submission | ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Usually, adjustments would be made to strengthen the organization on the areas considered to lack
the right competences. As a student of this course, you are expected to demonstrate you understand
the challenges thrown by the environment within which businesses operate. You are to analyse these
challenges and show how organizations are poised to address them without losing focus of the
overall aims and objectives of their business. You are to assume you are a manager in the retail giant
of your choice, such as TESCO, and together with a team of consultants you have been asked to
compile and analyse the pressures and problems confronting your employing organization. You will
present these findings in the form of a report covering a range of tasks. Tasks: 1. Identify the
mission, objectives and responsibilities of the organization within its environment. Identify the
mission, values and key objectives of the organization and explain how it differs for different
organizations. (P1) Evaluate the extent to which the organization achieves the objectives of these
stakeholders.(P2) Explain the responsibilities of the organization and strategies employed to meet
them, towards all stakeholders.(P3) 2. Investigate the economic, social and global environment in
which organizations operate. Explain how economic systems attempt to allocate and make effective
use of resources.

Deconstructing Zara Handout Version
1. The global economy may be viewed as a pyramid. The growing number of opportunities at the
base of the pyramid highlights the role this bottom tier will play in the years to come. How would
you take advantage of this often–ignored level if you were occupying a top management position at
a prominent MNE? ANS: The global economy can be viewed as a pyramid. The top of the pyramid
consists of one billion people with per capita income of $20,000 or higher. The second tier consists
of another billion people making $2,000 to $20,000 a year. A lot of the world 's populations, about 4
billion people, live at the base of this pyramid, making less than $2,000 a year. (one billion的人在金
字塔顶端每年收入是高于20千，another billion make 2千到20千一年, 大多数人在低端大约4B
人， ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Third, establish trust. It is important to establish trust despite those differences. This is the only bond
international business persons can share. Fourth, understand the importance of language. While not
every manger will be able to learn the local language of their international business, and every
manager may not need to, it is important to respect other languages. They are neither good nor bad,
but merely an aspect of conducting international business. Fifth, respect cultural differences. It is
necessary for managers to avoid ethnocentrism, the selfish mentality where they consider their own
culture, ethics, and norms as rational and morally right. Sixth, understand that no culture is
inherently superior in all aspects. Neither the culture of the manager nor that of the local business is
perfect. Much of culture is neither good nor bad, but simply the way those individuals conduct their
daily lives. Therefore, it is important to not impose cultural values on others but also to not take it
personally when others may attempt to do so. 5. Identify the three categories of tangible resources,
and provide an example for each category. ANS: The first category is financial resources and
capabilities, meaning the depth of a firm 's financial pockets. The capabilities include abilities to
generate internal funds and raise external capital. Example: Hainan 's ability to raise capital through
tapping into Soro 's pool of funds.（筹集资金） The

Essay on Death Penalty
Death Penalty – Herrera vs Collins
The Supreme Court addressed the constitutionality of executing someone who claimed actual
innocence in Herrera v. Collins (506 U.S. 390 (1993)). Although the Court left open the possibility
that the Constitution bars the execution of someone who conclusively demonstrates that he or she is
actually innocent, the Court noted that such cases would be very rare. The Court held that, in the
absence of other constitutional violations, new evidence of innocence is no reason for federal courts
to order a new trial. The Court also held that an innocent inmate could seek to prevent his execution
through the clemency process, which, historically, has been "the 'fail safe' in our justice system."
Herrera was not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since 1994, support for the death penalty has again declined. Today, 66% of Americans support the
death penalty in theory. However, public support for the death penalty drops to around 50 % when
voters are offered the alternative of life without parole. (See also, DPIC's report, Sentencing for
Life: American's Embrace Alternatives to the Death Penatly)
Religion
In the 1970s, the National Association of Evangelicals (NAE), representing more then 10 million
conservative Christians and 47 denominations, and the Moral Majority, were among the Christian
groups supporting the death penalty. NAE's successor, the Christian Coalition, also supports the
death penalty. Today, Fundamentalist and Pentecostal churches as well as the Church of Jesus Christ
of Latter–day Saints (Mormons) support the death penalty, typically on biblical grounds, specifically
citing the Old Testament. (Bedau, 1997).
Although traditionally also a supporter of capital punishment, the Roman Catholic Church now
oppose the death penalty. In addition, most Protestant denominations, including Baptists,
Episcopalians, Lutherans, Methodists, Presbyterians, and the United Church of Christ, oppose the
death penalty. During the 1960s, religious activists worked to abolish the death penalty, and continue
to do so today.
In recent years, and in the wake of a recent appeal by Pope John Paul II to end the death

MGT 448 Final Exam / 100% correct answers Essay examples
MGT 448 Final Exam / 100% correct answers http://www.homeworkmarket.com/content/mgt–448–
final–exam–100–correct–answers 1. While workers in manufacturing industries are considered to be
vulnerable to the negative effects of globalization, workers in service industries are relatively secure.
a. True b. False 2. Which of the following was set up to promote economic development globally? a.
World Bank b. International Monetary Fund c. United Nations d. World Trade Organization 3.
Companies hope to lower their overall cost structure or improve the quality or functionality of their
product offering which allows them to compete more effectively by engaging in a. predatory ...
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mergers and acquisitions are quicker to execute than greenfield investments. b. foreign firms are
acquired because those firms have valuable strategic assets. c. they believe they can increase the
efficiency of the acquired unit by transferring capital, technology, or management skills. d. there is
evidence that most mergers and acquisitions realize more than anticipated gains. 18. Which of the
following is NOT a factor that drives the shift to services in recent times? a. Reflects the general
move in many developed economies away from manufacturing and toward service industries. b.
Many services can be traded internationally. c. Many countries have liberalized their regimes
governing FDI in services. d. Rise of Internet–based global telecommunications networks has
allowed some service enterprises to relocate some of their value–creation activities to different
nations. 19. The Single European Act committed EU countries to adopt a single currency, the euro.
a. True b. False 20. The level of economic integration is highest in a a. common market. b. political
union. c. customs union. d. free trade area. 21. An economic union involves all of the following
EXCEPT a. free flow of products and factors of production between member countries.

China: Rising to Be the Next Superpower? Essay
The rise in China from a poor, stagnant country to a major economic power within a time span of
twenty–eight years is often described by analysts as one of the greatest success stories in these
present times. With China receiving an increase in the amount of trade business from many
countries around the world, they may soon be a major competitor to surpass the U.S. China became
the second largest economy, last year, overtaking Japan which had held that position since 1968
(Gallup). China could become the world's largest economy in decades. China's economical strength
comes from its international trades as the economy has grown to a rate of 10.3% in 2010. It has
become the world's largest exporter in the global economy. In the ... Show more content on
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The U.S has gone through a major economic struggle and is still fighting for stability. It is, also,
undergoing a recession which occurs whenever gross domestic product and the total output of goods
and services fall for two consecutive quarters. The 789 billion dollars stimulus package has not
created many private sector jobs and the hundreds of billions in TARP money squandered by
Treasury Secretary Geithner to bail out General Motors, Chrysler, Bank of America, AIG and
Citigroup has not reached most business and working Americans (Peter Morici). Though the
unemployment rate has decreased, it is because many Americans have stopped looking for jobs and
are no longer in the unemployment rates. This, of course, does not show any improvement in the
U.S economy. Most of the taxpayers' money is being used to support illegal families with
American–born babies; while, many illegal Mexicans are taking jobs from citizens who are
desperately searching for jobs. With this unattended problem the country's economical repair will be
prolonged. Americans have been bombarded by new worries in recent days with the war in Libya,
unrest in much of the Middle East, and the seemingly endless series of catastrophes in Japan as
reported by a recent Gallup poll measuring economic confidence. Added to that, there is a weak job
market, increasing fuel prices, and fierce budget battles in Congress, obviously, it is clear the U.S.
economy still faces

Book Review: The Bottom Billion by Paul Collier
Paul Collier's book is about the future of the world. Most of the world is on the positive trajectory
set by growth and prosperity. The 21st Century is the age of the middle class. For most of the world,
things are looking up. However, Collier is concerned with a group of countries that are not part of
this trajectory. Collier is concerned with approximately 58 countries that constitute about one billion
people, or 20 percent of the earth's population (Collier 7). This "bottom billion" group belongs to
countries that are not progressing with the rest of the world's pace; in fact, they seem to be diverging
and falling apart when everyone else around them are growing. The purpose of the book is to show
these countries are, in fact, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If Collier's recommendations for reversal of decline are to have any weight, then these traps must be
escapable, and they are (albeit very difficult to escape). However, many countries are finding once
they escape these traps, they are trying to enter a global market that is already very productive and
not easy for new countries to enter (Collier 6). However, despite Collier's suggestions to reform the
bottom billion, he acknowledges the fact that "The societies of the bottom billion can only be
rescued from within" (Collier 96). Therefore, he creates instruments that the successful nations
(specifically the G8 is his target audience) can implement to ensure the bottom billion are set up for
success and able to reform their own countries into growing economies. The four instruments
Collier suggests are aid, military intervention, laws and charters to standardize emerging markets,
and trade reforms to ease transition into the global market (Collier Part 4). The international
relations theory behind Collier's argument is an interesting mix between realism and idealism. The
realist portion is supported by Collier's argument that the bottom billion pose a very real security
and economic drain against the rest of the world. Outside investors (and even internal investors)
have not directed capital towards these countries due to the fact that the risk of these countries, be it
returned or perceived, is very high

International Global Organization : Heifer International
Heifer International is a global organization that focuses on providing communities in developing
counties with better farming techniques and education, allowing them to pull away from the never–
ending cycle of poverty. Founder Dan West came up with the idea for Heifer International when he
was an aid worker during the Spanish Civil War. During his time as an aid worker, one of his tasks
was to provide hungry refugees with a single glass of milk. While doing this he suddenly had the
thought "What if they had not a cup of milk, but a cow"(World Hunger and Poverty). From this one
thought Heifer International was born. Since its creation in 1944, Heifer International has grown
tremendously, operating on four continents and tailoring their ... Show more content on
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Nepal also has a high adolescent fertility rate, 68 per 1,000 live births, for women ages 15–19. A
small portion of these pregnant women (less than 50%), are estimated to have had at least one
prenatal exam. This high adolescent fertility rate and lack of prenatal care are two of the main
reasons for Nepal's high maternal mortality rate. Additionally, Nepal is in the "worst 25% of
countries" (Chianca, Balcom, & Robertson, 2011) for infant mortality, due to its rate of 45 deaths
per 1,000 live births. A vast majority of the children in Nepal experience malnutrition, with 40% of
them categorized as underweight. On top of all of this, 70% of the population in Nepal does not
have access to sanitation facilities and 12% of the population lack clean water sources (Chianca,
Balcom, & Robertson, 2011). All of these issues can be linked back to the intense poverty and lack
of education in Nepal. The poverty gap ratio is estimated to be 20%, making it one of the largest in
Asia. While there is no quick fix to the poverty issue in Nepal, Heifer International's work has made
vast improvements in the lives of the participants.
In the country of Nepal, Heifer International has the program Heifer Project International Nepal
(HPI–Nepal), which is considered to be one of their strongest programs. They first began their work
in Nepal in 1957, when Nepal's government requested "assistance with introducing

Supply and Demand and Price Essay
1. Name two types of market failure. Explain why each may cause market outcomes to be
inefficient.
Market Power– In some markets, a single buyer or seller may be able to control the market prices.
Market Power can cause inefficiency because it keeps the price and quantity away from the
equilibrium of supply and demand.
Externalities– The impact of one person's actions on the well–being of a bystander. Since buyers and
sellers do not consider these side effects when deciding how much to consume and produce, the
equilibrium in a market can be inefficient from the standpoint of society as a whole.
2. What happens to consumer and producer surplus when the sale of a good is taxed? How does the
change in consumer and producer surplus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because people will continue demanding/buying the product. No matter how expensive bread
may become, people will still rely on it as a necessary staple of survival. On the other side of the
coin, when demand is more elastic, the deadweight loss will be greater since the demand curve is
flatter. The less people rely on a service/product the more likely they will be to forfeit its usage.
4. What does the domestic price that prevails without international trade tell us about a nation's
comparative advantage?
The effects of free trade can be determined by comparing the domestic price without trade to the
world price. A low domestic price indicates that the country has a comparative advantage in
producing that good and that the country will become an exporter. A high domestic price indicates
that the world has a comparative advantage and that the country will become an importer. When a
country becomes an exporter, producers are better off than consumers. When a country becomes an
importer, consumers are stronger than producers. In both situations, the gains from the trade exceed
the losses.
5. What is the difference between the unilateral and multilateral approaches to achieving free trade?
Give an example of each.
Unilateral trade agreement would be any agreement that is imposed on one national by another, and
benefits one

The Impact of Offshoring on the U.S. Economy
Off–shoring is the establishment of business operations outside national boundaries. The process of
moving business outside these boundaries is to garner an advantage either through tax breaks, lower
wages, lower transportation cost and/or relaxed regulations ("Offshore definition," 2014). Many
firms either branch out as a horizontal multinational or vertical multinational. Horizontal
multinational's produce the same good or services as abroad. This foreign direct investment (FDI) is
done to strategically place production closer to the target market. Doing this provides advantages
surrounding transportation cost while enhancing learning associated with local needs. A vertical
multinational is one that fragments a portion of its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Multinational Corporations". The analysis will evaluate factors motivating firms to move off–shore
and the associated impact on the U.S. work force. The three measures that will be discussed are 1)
value added (i.e. the measure of capital and labor gain at a given production stage), 2) capital
expenditures (i.e. land, buildings and equipment), and 3) employment (i.e. number of jobs
lost/created). The paper will conclude with a discussion of outcomes between 1977 – 2003 using
data supplied by the Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Assessment
Economic integration aims to reduce cost and increase value for both producers and consumers. This
is accomplished by increased international trade for goods and services. Economic integration has
expanded markets by which firms can "play". Firms are more self–serving, their motive is to reduce
cost and increase profits. To do this firms have begun to off–shore their operations. Off–shoring
allows a firm to lower cost and establish a presence closer to target markets. This process has
become easier with technology advances. For example, information can be shared and transactions
made with the click of a button. International borders are easy transcended with expansive
transportation networks. This facilitates product movement and placement of resources, supporting
just in time (JIT) manufacturing. Critics of this believe overall economic well–being is affected
when companies off–shore, since jobs and

DBQ: Opium in China Essay examples
DBQ: Opium in China
While most of the Western Hemisphere was undergoing drastic advancements, such as former
colonies gaining their independence and transforming into more modernized nations, a lot of
mishaps were occurring in the Eastern Hemisphere–China, specifically–a nation that was notorious
for its isolation from foreign influences. European nations began to greedily eye China's abundance
of desirable resources, such as tea, porcelain, and silk. However, China had very little need or desire
for European goods. In an attempt to resolve the trade imbalance Britain began importing opium
into China, which would prove to be disastrous for the Chinese population. The dispute over the
importation of the drug eventually led to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He acknowledges that the Queen was surely too kind–hearted to impose that sort of treatment on
another country, especially seeing as how she made each ship that went to Canto carry a document
that said, "you shall not be permitted to carry contraband goods". Thus, the Queen did not openly
allow the trade of opium to continue, but failed to enforce the law. He implores her to make sure that
the laws of the central dynasty were not violated again (Document 2). The perspective being shown
is from a Chinese man who does not use opium, for he sees it as only causing harm. Lin Zexu was
the imperial commissioner who was originally assigned to stop the opium trade in Canton. He was
fiercely opposed to the exchange of opium and his actions were considered to be a major catalyst for
the start of the Opium War. The emperor wrote to Zexu, "You have caused this war by your
excessive zeal" (Document 6). By 1839, war was imminent. The opium trade had caused the
reversal of the silver deficit, now putting an economic strain on China, while Britain's economy
flourished from the profit they were making off the drug. Because it was being illegally imported,
all of the money was going directly to Britain instead of to the Chinese government in the form of
taxes. This caused a severe economic decline in China as unemployment rose, agriculture declined,
and funding for public improvements diminished. During a public meeting in Canton, an agreement

Economic Freedom & Wealth Essay
Economic Freedom and Wealth Economic freedom is the ability for an individual to prosper with
minimal intervention from government. In an economically free society, individuals are empowered
to succeed or fail based on their own individual abilities. Higher levels of economic freedom lead to
higher levels of economic growth and income. The level of economic freedom varies among
different regions and countries across the globe. Thus, levels of prosperity and wealth also vary
widely across the globe. The Heritage Foundation, in cooperation with The Wall Street Journal,
researches several factors to measure economic freedom across the globe. The Foundation issues the
results of their research in the Index of Economic Freedom. The Foundation ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Many countries with policies similar to China also have high rates of bribery and corrupt
bureaucrats. In other, more democratic countries such as the US, starting a business is a simpler
process and just requires the right capital expenditures. "Economic freedom is highly correlated with
societies' openness to entrepreneurial activity that creates new jobs and increases opportunity and
choice for individuals in advancing their own well–being (Miller, 2011). Trade Freedom Trade
freedom is a highly important factor in determining economic freedom and wealth. No one single
country has the resources required to sustain the current standards of living in developed or
developing nations. Trade requires specialization according to a country's comparative advantage.
Specialization allows the most efficient and effective use of a country's scarce resources, whether
that be natural resources or labor resources. The Index shows the economic benefits of specialization
and trade. "Trade freedom reflects an economy's openness to the import of goods and services from
around the world and the citizen's ability to interact freely as buyer or seller in the international
marketplace" (Miller and Kim, 2011). Tariffs, export taxes, trade quotas, trade bans, and other trade
restrictions all hinder the free flow of foreign and domestic commerce. Tariffs and export taxes
increase prices to both

2. Should China Revalue the Yuan Against the Dollar? If...
Should China revalue the yuan against the dollar? If so, what impact may this have on (1) US
balance of payments, (2) Chinese balance of payments, (3) relative competitiveness of Mexico and
Thailand, (4) firms such as Wal–Mart, and (5) US and Chinese retail consumers?
China, the largest growing market in the world, currently has a policy regarding monetary regulation
that allows the Yuan to "float". This has seen the Yuan appreciate by approximately 24% over the
past few years. Today, the exchange rate between the Chinese Yuan and the American Dollar is
approximately 6.3 Yuan to 1 Dollar. Some argue that China should revalue the Yuan again the dollar,
establishing a more fixed exchange rate. Others believe that current should allow ... Show more
This would allow people in the United States to export the goods they produce more easily due to
them being relatively cheaper in comparison to their past price. Having exports increase, however,
would cause America's imports to decrease. This would make it harder on international firms that
have production occurring in China and other places around the world. A lot of Americans would
believe this to be a good thing, as it would reduce job migration overseas. On the other hand, I see
this as hurting the established American companies that rely on overseas production. If the United
States did not have much production occurring overseas, then a weaker dollar would increase
exports without as much of a detriment to the imports needed by corporations. With the increasing
international trading of firms, revaluing currency would cause them to have to reevaluate their
strategies and accommodate a more valuable Yuan. In the meantime, they would lose profits until
their new strategies could be implemented. Another argument against the Yuan being revalued that I
learned through the assignment reading was that a massive change in exchange rate policies could
cause "macroeconomic turbulence". This could have unexpected results of economic decline due to
the uncertainty the revaluation of the Yuan could have on the economy. While change itself is
neither good nor bad, change that produces uncertainties would have the negative

Transfer Pricing
Transfer Pricing in Developing Countries An Introduction
Topics
1. Abstract 2. International tax law & its sources 3. Brief history of International Tax Law 4. Who
gets the pie? 5. Arm 's length principle : Cornerstone of International Tax Law 6. Transfer pricing
methods 7. Problems with of source taxation of MNE 's 8. Internet & e–commerce : Achilles heel of
current International taxation regime? 9. Formulary Apportionment (FA) 10. Existing uses of
Formulary Apportionment systems in the world 11. Developing countries & Formulary
Apportionment 12. Critique of Formulary Apportionment 13. Transfer pricing and Formulary
Apportionment : One continuum 14. Conclusion 15. Acknowledgements 16. References
Section 1 Abstract The aim of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Initially, the League of Nations appointed 4 eminent economists (Prof. Bruins of Netherlands, Prof.
Einaudi of Italy, Prof. Seligman of the USA, Prof.Stamp of UK) to conduct a theoretical study of
international double taxation. Their expert report published in 1923[6] was used as the basis of the
1928 models[7] which in turn find their pattern repeated in many of the Treaties of today. 3.b) 1935
Model convention[8] The 1935 Model Convention defined the term "business income" and was the
first model treaty to contain specific provision on allocation of profit from one company to an
associated company. Though the 1935 convention was never formally adopted it was of great
significance because of the issues it dealt with. The 1935 draft adopted the principle of income
attributable to a permanent establishment based on separate accounting. Interestingly, it provided
two more methods – a) empirical method (percentage of turnover for example) b) fractional
apportionment under which net business income was determined by various factors. Further, the
1935 model provided for all items of income other than those allocable to specific sources to be
grouped together as "business income" and rendered taxable on a net basis. The 1935 draft was
mainly based on the "Carroll Report" [9] which was compiled based on Carroll 's visit to 27
countries to extensively study their tax systems. Carroll

Reducing Barriers to Free Trade Essay
Introduction Free trade has long be seen by economists as being essential in promoting effective use
of natural resources, employment, reduction of poverty and diversity of products for consumers. But
the concept of free trade has had many barriers to over come. Including government practices by
developed countries, under public and corporate pressures, to protect domestic firms from cheap
foreign products. But as history has shown us time and time again is that protectionist measures
imposed by governments has almost always had negative effects on the local and world economies.
These protectionist measures also hurt developing countries trying to inter into the international
trade markets. With the recent global recession we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2009). This in itself shows the high standards of sustainability can be made from free trade (Gidney,
M. 2009). Fair trade provides two key benefits that can help with the current world economic crisis.
First it provides sustained benefits for producers that can help maintain their business through
fluctuations of the world market (Gidney, M. 2009). Second, fair trade helps to maintain fair prices,
additional social premium, and long–term partnerships that help provide better living standards for
millions of people in over 60 countries (Gidney, M. 2009). Free trade cannot grow without the aid of
governments to help promote and sustain it. Governments must support free trade by first modifying
current trade policies to remove barriers against free trade. Lastly governments must act and enforce
regulations to protect against unfair trade practices.
What can Governments do to promote free trade? The basis of free trade is that in a growing
economy the comparative–advantage shows that resources flow from lower productivity to those
with higher productivity (Carbaugh, 2009). Along with increased employment in developing
countries and higher standard of living, consumers benefit from more diversity on the market and
cheaper prices. One of the baggiest challenges government's faces is the pressure from public and
domestic firms to protect the local work force from cheap foreign imports. Governments must find

Riordan’s Competitive Advantages Essay examples
Riordan's Competitive Advantages The research will describe which competitive advantages
Riordan has in common with McDonald's and Burger King. This study will estimate, which
competitive strategies Riordan could use to improve innovation and sustainability of business
operations both in the United States and in the global market. Research will explain why those
competitive strategies were chosen and estimate how they may affect sustainability of long–term
organizational performance. The examination will also explain how the global market would affect
the business strategy of Riordan. Riordan Organization McDonald's and Burger King The
McDonald's Corporation and the Riordan Manufacturing Company are both main industry leaders in
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Riordan can increase its competitiveness by using farsighted capacity planning, by making use of
the breakeven analysis of financial statements. This will help Riordan improve the process that it
already uses, and by using the just–in–time inventory, which would help the company in the area of
its operation processes. These strategies can be implemented by ensuring a better eye for detail,
adding the key values of extreme precisions and enthusiastic quality control to help continued
success in the future. Business Decisions Differentiation and cost leadership were two strategies
chose because they are the most common between the different companies. Amazingly two leading
organizations from different industries are using the same competitive strategies and tactics. The two
competitive strategies may be the reason both organizations are leading within their industries.
Differentiation is a type of competitive strategy with which the organization seeks to distinguish its
products or services from competitors (Valdehueza, 2009). Riordan's organization sells heart valves,
plastic bottles, fans, and medical stents. Clearly, they have a large variety of products. According to
Valdehueza, cost leadership is a competitive strategy with which the organization aggressively seeks
efficient facilities, cuts costs, and employs tight cost controls to be more efficient than the
competition. Decreasing business costs

Essay about International Trade Simulation
International Trade Simulation
Gina Caraiman
University of Phoenix
ECO 360
Kimberly Swaney
March 5, 2007 International Trade Simulation
Introduction
This simulation will provide reasons for international trade and help me determine which countries
to trade with, what products to import or export. Also, help with determining when to impose trade
restrictions like: tariffs and quotas, and when to negotiate trade agreements. Overall, the story in this
simulation has cast me in the role of the Trade Representative of Rodamia, where my office
develops and coordinates international trade and investment policies, and leads negotiations with
other countries on above mentioned subjects.
I am the president's Chief Trade Advisor, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scenario two:
1. Would you levy an anti–dumping tariff or impose a quota?
I would levy and ad valorem anti–dumping tariff, (Ad Valorem Duty means value added; it refers to
a duty, tariff, or tax that is a percentage of the price of the product.). Because
2. At what level would you set the tariff or quota?
I would set the tariff at $40/unit, because even though the tariff raises the price of the product and
can lead to loss in consumer surplus, some of this loss is compensated by a gain in the government's
revenue from the tariff. This leads to a lower deadweight loss as compared to what happens with a
quota. This tariff is 25% of the export price which is equal to the dumping margin. As the price of
watches increases because of the tariff, imports from Suntize decline to 2.00 million units and
domestic production increases to 6.00 million units.
Scenario three:
1. Would you impose a tariff on imported corn?
Yes I would impose a tariff on imported corn from Uthania and Alfazia because I need to protect my
infant domestic industry which would give me time to attain productive efficiency.
2. At what level would you set the tariff?
I think a level of the tariff should be at 6.00%. I realize that imposing this tariff means that Uthania
and Alfazia can also impose tariffs on cheese imported from us, but our balance of trade decreases to
$4

International Trade Theories Essay
International Trade Theories Mercantilism
Mercantilism was a sixteenth–century economic philosophy that maintained that a country's wealth
was measured by its holdings of gold and silver (Mahoney, Trigg, Griffin, & Pustay, 1998). This
recquired the countries to maximise the difference between its exports and imports by promoting
exports and discouraging imports. The logic was transparent to sixteenth–century policy makers–if
foreigners buy more goods from you than you buy from them, then the foreigners have to pay you
the difference in gold and silver, enabling you to amass more treasure. With the treasure acquired the
realm could build greater armies and navies and hence expand the nation's global influence. ... Show
In An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), Smith attacked the
intellectual basis of mercantilism and demonstrated that mercantilism actually weakens a country.
Smith maintained that a country's true wealth is measured by the wealth of all its citizens, not just
that of its monarch (Mahoney, Trigg, Griffin, & Pustay, 1998).
A country is said to be more productive than another country, if it can produce more output (goods)
for a given quantity of input, such as labour or energy inputs. An example is that there are only two
countries, Australia and Japan. They both produce computers and wine, and only one factor of
production, labour. Japan produces 6 computers for every 1 bottle of wine, where as Australia
produces only 4 computers for every 3 bottles of wine. This suggests that Australia should export
some of its wine to Japan, and Japan should export some of its computers to Australia. Australia has
an absolute advantage over Japan, when producing wine, and Japan has an absolute advantage over
Australia, when producing computers (Gandolfo, 1998).
Economists use the term absolute advantage when comparing the productivity of one person, firm or
nation with that of another. The producer that requires a smaller quantity of inputs to produce a good
is said to have an absolute advantage in producing that good (Gans, King, & Mankiw, 1999).
Comparative Advantage
The

Issues Responsible for Failure of Doha Talks and Possible...
Title: Issues responsible for failure of Doha talks and possible solutions.
Name:
Course:
Sunderland ID:
EThames Students ID:
Intake:
Introduction:
Current Doha round has been one of the most eventful round but its irony that members couldn't
reach to condenses. This research paper concentrates on reasons that caused friction among the
nations and possible solutions that can be used to resolve these issues or reasons. Agricultural issues
and industrial goods market issues, talks has been suspended without any further notice of next
round. At the end all the hard work after years of negotiation wasn't successful ad differences among
the participating nations proved insurmountable.
Pascal Lamy, the Director General of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then president of United States and European commission president assured flexibility. Even heads
of developing countries like India and Brazil participating in G8 meeting showed their interest in
pushing for the breakthrough. (Bhagwati & Sutherland, 2011)
G6 minister headed for Geneva after St. Petersburg meeting where they were prepared to transform
their promises of flexibility into concrete deals. Pascal Lamy, the Director General of the WTO
convinced these nations to discuss these issues. Lamy was pushing for USA to reduce domestic farm
support and European Union for increasing access for domestic agricultural market and at the same
time developing nations like India and Brazil will be convince for reducing their industrial tariffs.
Problem here was each group was expecting other group to give in first. In these triangle of issues
main hurdle in the talks were issues in agricultural sector which has been mentioned above. The
third issue of convincing of India and Brazil for reducing their industrial tariffs didn't even make it
to the discussion because there wasn't any result from the discussion of first two issues.

In the negotiations USA and European Union were expected to cut the subsidy they were providing
to domestic farms at the same time developed nations were expecting India and Brazil, to open their
domestic market for agriculture and agricultural goods. Negotiations had the first jolt when far from
removing subsidy to agricultural

Situation Analysis: Heifer In The Spanish Civil War
Situation Analysis
Background
In 1944, Dan West, a former farmer and aid worker in the Spanish Civil War was unsatisfied with
temporary aid given to refugees and created Heifer also known as Heifer International. Heifer's first
donation was 17 heifers hence the name. For over 70 years, Heifer has distributed livestock,
agricultural training to more than 125 countries in hopes of ending poverty and hunger. Heifer wants
to empower impoverished communities by bringing commerce and sustainable agriculture to
families within the area so that they can become self–reliant.
Heifer works with local communities to strengthen the economy by securing the livelihood of small
scale farmers and women by using our value based approach. Our value based approach ... Show
Full is the full amount to implement the project in that country and share is a smaller portion of the
overall cost for the project. Shares can range from $10 to $500 while full can range from $10,000 to
$25,000. Donators can also donate in someone else's name, during special occasions, and to where
money is needed most.
Competition
Sentence Intro:
2 paragraphs 1 about and why
Lutheran World Relief
A organization based in Baltimore, Maryland that focuses on sustainable development projects and
disaster relief.
ADRA

The American Reaction to Richard Cobden: An Economy of...
Introduction Though Anglo–American relations are not currently hostile, they were not always this
way. This paper will explore the free trade beliefs of Richard Cobden, and show that Americans who
rejected his ideas did so out of ignorance and fear. The paper will begin with a description of
Cobden's context and beliefs and then move to an analysis of American Anglophobia and
Anglomania and governmental responses to Cobden. Context Trade liberalization in Great Britain
signaled an era of intense change in the European economy. The document that triggered this change
was the Cobden–Chevalier Treaty of 1860. Anglo–French trade antagonisms had reached an
agonizing level for the two countries, beginning with the Congress of Vienna and ... Show more
Later, in the same speech, he stated that the goal of the League was not to simply have cheap corn,
but to have corn "follow the same law which the monopolists in food admit that labor must follow;
that 'it shall find its natural level in the markets of the world'" (Bullock & Shock, 1957). Cobden
also believed that military spending, instead of aiding growth, prevented markets from operating as
they could if more money was available for private investment (Stringham, 2004). He believed that
market interaction was the most influential factor in the success of the most powerful nations and
that Britain should lower its military spending if it wanted to compete in the global market. In 1996,
Knight, Loayza, and Villanueva conducted a study which confirmed Cobden's beliefs, concluding
that "military spending retards economic growth; namely, through crowding out human capital
investment and fostering the adoption of various types of trade restrictions" (as cited in Stringham,
2004, p. 108). Though this study–and others like it–came much later than Cobden's time, he planted
the seed of doubt in many citizens' minds about what they had previously seen as the benefits of
military growth. Ironically, Cobden viewed the U.S. as a threat to Britain's economic influence. The
U.S. had lower taxes and less military spending (which would eventually rise with the two World
Wars) and attributed the country's sudden economic rise

Case Study
COLUMBIA SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY MBA 5581 – E–COMMERCE DESIGN &
DEVELOPMENT [pic] Research paper: Rite Aid Case study Professor: Dr. Andy Saucedo Student:
Nguyen Thi Hong Van Student ID: 186151 Submission date: December 5, 2010 Abstract Rite Aid
Corporation is the third largest drugstore chain in the United States based on revenues and number
of stores. Besides more than 4,000 of retail drugstore in 31 states of the US, online store contributed
to 32.1% of revenue of Rite Aid in fiscal year 2010. E–commerce application in purchasing and
processing transaction also boost Rite Aid business. This research paper will discuss about the e–
commerce ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The guidelines in Import Manual can be summarized as followed: 1) Merchandise information and
technology require accurate item information, source tagging guidelines (UPC), purchasing orders,
and EDI. 2) Shipment and routing require distribution and transportation information. 3) Accounts
payable requires accurate vendor information and invoice processing within TradeCard system. 4)
Expense offsets identify noncompliance areas and penalties for vendors. 5) Import information
outlines requirements for import suppliers. Set of documents and procedures also stated in Rite Aid
Vendor Supply Chain Guide, Section VIII: Import Manual for the consistency and accuracy of
purchasing orders. Tasks in the order–settlement process are divided into different parts that
appointed directly to Rite Aid, TradeCard, and the vendors as followed: – Rite Aid is responsible for
the Import Quotes sheets with detail description of items, Harmonized Tariff System (HTS)
number/classification, C/O, delivery information of FOB port, and Rite Aid code/item number for
repeat order (Rite Aid Supplier Compliance Guide, 2010). Rite Aid also conducts import testing
program that managed by Bureau VERITAS Consumer Products Services, Inc. Besides, Ride Aid
implements factory audits to selects and maintain vendors due to criteria of

Heifer International Report
There are about 870 million people in the world who are malnourished due to inadequate intake of
calories, micro nutrients, and protein. Many organizations have tried to minimize this crisis one in
being Heifer International. In the article, "Got milk? The impact of Heifer International's livestock
donation programs in Rwanda on nutritional outcomes", Rosemary Rawlins, Svetlana Pimkina,
Christopher Barrett, Sarah Pedersen, and Bruce Wydick discuss an experiment involving Heifer
International and a donation of goats and cows to Rwanda. Rwanda is one of the most malnourished
countries in the world and Heifer International wanted to find out if the donation had an impact on
the nutritional status and dairy/meat consumption of the country. In ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Household members were asked how many times they ate certain foods in the last two days. The
question was given in a short time period, two days rather than two weeks, to prompt respondents to
remember everything they ate and provide accurate results. Members were also asked how much
milk or meat their household consumed in order to measure monthly household consumption of
dairy and meat. The consumption value was then divided by the household's total members in order
to establish the amount consumed per person per month. The study involved two groups. The first
group, known as the "Beneficiaries", consists of households that received an animal a year prior to
the survey. The second group, known as the "Prospectives", consists of households that applied and
were approved to receive an animal in the future. Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Nearest
Neighbor Matching (NNM) were used in order to see if the donation had an effect on consumption
of dairy/meat in the first group "Beneficiaries". They compare the value to consumption of
dairy/meat in the second group, the

Essay on Status Of Transition From Socialism
Vietnam is a country whose economy is evolving. Its rapidly changing economy is facing significant
alterations in the process of transition. Vietnam is moving away from its current economy, which is
a non–market socialist one, towards a market economy with a socialist orientation. Vietnam is one
of the poorest countries in the world with a Gross Domestic Product of only $300. High levels of
population along with the proper training will allow Vietnam to effectively use its number one
resource, people. Australia plays a key role in assisting Vietnam's economic growth and
development through their aid programs.
Economic reforms are changing Vietnam from an agricultural rich economy to a service industry
one. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are now highly self–sufficient. They are self–run, determine what their production inputs and
outputs are, and are responsible for the financing and accounting of their firm. Though they seem to
be individual entities, the government still has a strong hold on them because the governments has
complete ownership of the firm, even though there are shareholders.
With the institution of Doi Moi the economy of Vietnam has experienced a very strong growth. The
past decade the Gross Domestic Product averaged 7.5%. Throughout the most recent years the
growth has not been as severe but still positive. It was gaining strength as 2000 began but has been
slowing down. There is still a positive growth but not as significant as in the mid 90s. See following
chart for the Real GDP Growth in %.
Towards the end of the 90s many factors accounted for this slow down. Economics reforms were
slowing as well. State owned enterprises and banks were becoming inefficient as well. This, along
with a decrease in demand and consumption, a decrease in foreign and local investing, as well as a
decrease in outputs all contributed to the slow down in economic growth. So, as this slow down
became evident, changes needed were made in order to increase the GDP. In the year 2000, certain
things happened which did in fact raise the growth in real GDP. The world economy was growing
and manufacturing and commodity prices were improving as well.

Should Trade Sanctions Be Stopped Essay
SHOULD ALL TRADE SANCTIONS BE STOPPED?
To most of the world, sanctions are a mixed blessing. On the one hand, they reinforce trade rules
and promote respect for them. On the other hand, they tend to undermine the principles of free trade
and provoke a kind of 'trade envy'(Charnovitz) in other international organizations.
Trade retaliation goes back quite a ways; we see examples of it in much of US law:
–Antidumping Act of 1916, which has seen little use.(Charnovitz)
–International Labor Organization, from the Treaty of Versailles 1919, which served as an
international dispute system, but no economic measures were ever recommended until 2000, against
Burma.(Charnovitz)
–UN ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
World leaders often decide that the most obvious alternatives to sanctions are no good – military
action would be too strong and diplomatic protests too weak. Sanctions can provide a satisfying
dramatic display, but avoid the high costs of war.(Library of Economics) This isn't to say that
sanctions don't cost a thing, just that they're often less costly than the alternatives.
A second advantage to sanctions can be seen through foreign pressure to promote internal change,
assuming that the sanctioned government wants to comply with the rules, but can't because of
domestic politics.(Charnovitz) We can see in many cases that sanctions are being imposed primarily
for signaling purposes – either for the benefit of allies, other third parties, or once again, their own
citizens. If the sanctions aren't carefully targeted or the costs are too high for the sanctioning
country, the intended signal may be lost.(Library of Economics)
Sanctions intended to change the behavior or government of a target country are very difficult to
design. They have to be imposed as quickly and easily as possible.(Library of Economics) By
moving too slowly, it gives the target country time to adjust by finding alternative markets, finding
new allies, and by gaining domestic support of its own policies.
Another advantage of trade sanctions is the fact that they have the power to be enacted

Week 2 Assignment
Week 2 (7) Trade and Comparative Advantage Chapter 3 Problem set Exercise 2.1 Assume there are
just two countries in the world, i.e. the European Union (EU) and the Rest of the World (RW). Both
countries produce and consume 2 products: bicycles (b) and apples (a). Per bike, the EU puts in 3
hours of labour while the RW puts in 5. Per ton of apples, the EU needs 2 hours v. the RW 1 hour of
labour. A further given is that the EU has 2400 hours of labour available v. RW 1600. The world
relative demand has the following form: demand for bikes/demand for apples = price of apples/price
of bikes. Please answer the following questions: a. How high are the opportunity costs of a bike in
the EU and the RW in the absence of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In your answer you are to use the terms opportunity costs and/or relative prices. Home has a
comparative advantage in the production of cloth and steel, where it is relatively the most efficient.
We also say that Foreign has a comparative advantage in the production of cloth, where it is least
disadvantaged compared to Foreign. Although Home has an absolute cost advantage for both sectors
(Brakman p65). However put Labour in consideration, Home only have an advantage over Foreign
in the steel sector; while Foreign has a comparative advantage in production of cloth (where it is
least disadvantaged). At Home, the relative price of cloth in term of steel is: 10/5 or 2 The relative
price of steel in term of cloth is: 5/10 or 0.5 In Foreign the relative price of cloth in term of steel is:
50/50: 1 The relative price of steel in term of cloth is also: 50/50: 1 The relative price unit of both
products in both countries is also called the opportunity costs. b. Draw the production possibility
curve for each country and indicate (both graphically and in words) what the advantage of trade is
for each country. [pic] The light gray line indicates the gain from trade for both countries. Home:
Foreign: L/a LC: 100 L/a LC: 100 L/a LS: 200 L/a LS: 100 Home: 1000/5 = 200 steel 1000/10 =
100 cloth Foreign: 5000/50 = 100 steel 5000/50 = 100 cloth Exercise

Tybcom Exam Time Table
(203) FIRST HALF 2012 ( Unique Exam Code 22300001)
PROGRAMME OF THE THIRD YEAR B.COM. (THREE YEAR DEGREE COURSE)
EXAMINATION
Candidates for the above examination are requested to be in attendance at the place of examination,
fifteen minutes before the time appointed for setting of the first paper and ten minutes before the
time fixed for setting of each subsequent paper. THEY ARE FORBIDDEN TO TAKE ANY BOOK
OR PAPER INTO THE EXAMINATION HALL. Seat numbers and places of examination will be
announced on the college notice boards four days prior to the date of commencement of the
examination. Smoking is strictly prohibited in the examination hall. The written examination will be
conducted in the following order :–
Days and Dates ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Applied Component Group : Paper – VI/VII Export Marketing. Vocational Subjects : Paper VI –
Tourism and Travel Management – Emerging Concepts for Effective Tourism Development and
Information, Communication and Automation (V) Tax Procedures and Practice – Central Excise (V)
Advertising Sale Promotion & Sales ManagementManagement of the Sales Force, Sales Promotion
and Public Relations (V) Computer Application – Java Programming I & II
Foreign Trade Procedures and Practice – Shipping and Insurance & Foreign Trade Documentation
(V)
3
Days and Dates
Thursday, March 29, 2012
Time
Paper
11:00 a.m to 01:00 p.m. Principles & Practice of Insurance – Property and
Liability Insurance (V)
11:00 a.m to 01:30 p.m. Applied Component Group : Paper – VI/VII

Export Marketing (OLD) Export Marketing (REV) 11:00 a.m to 02:00 p.m. Export Marketing
Vocational Subjects : Paper VI – Tourism and Travel Management – Emerging Concepts for
Effective Tourism Development and Information, Communication and Automation (V) Tax
Procedures and Practice – Central Excise (V) Advertising Sale Promotion & Sales
ManagementManagement of the Sales Force, Sales Promotion and Public Relations (V) Computer
Application – Java Programming I & II Foreign Trade Procedures and Practice – Shipping and
Insurance & Foreign Trade Documentation (V) Principles & Practice of Insurance – Property and
Liability Insurance (V) 11:00 a.m to 01:00 p.m.

Impact of Globalisation on International Public Policy Essay
Introduction
Agreements on International Public Policy have never been as abundant as in the last century. In the
meantime, Globalisation has become a major phenomenon around the world, at various levels. So, it
will be interesting to know if globalisation makes agreements on International Public Policy easier
or harder.
Looking towards history, Globalisation has deeply affected both national and international way of
governance. Focus will be made on the economical and political aspects of globalisation and its
effects on IPP1 in those fields.
"Globalisation" has been very difficult to define clearly, and many scholars tried to give a accurate
description. To link globalisation to IPP, let's see how agreements on IPP evolved ... Show more
Internationalization refers to the increasing importance of international trade, international relations,
treaties, alliances.2.
Regionalisation means a less interconnected world , with a stronger regional spirit. (Mercosur for
example).
A definition of "Globalisation" would be that : "Globalisation typically refers to the process by
which different economies and societies become more closely integrated3."
Another definition would be that: "Globalisation describes a process by which national and regional
economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through the global network of trade,
communication, immigration and transportation."4
According to those definitions, globalisation seems to be a process that creates an international
market for goods and services, that creates a rise of standardised norms and social behaviour, that
facilitated centralisation of international politics through supranational entities such as the United
Nations, the World Bank or the World Trade organisation.
Looking towards history, markets has been increasingly integrated to a global market, which was
followed by the spread of ideologies (liberalism, democracy, capitalism, human right).
2: Herman E. Daly, 1999, Globalization Versus Internationalization: Some Implications,
Introduction 3: Nilson, 2010, p.1191
4: Financial Times Lexicon definition

Public policy is embedded into

Heifer International Case Study
THON has the stronger website because of the direction towards the goal of the organization, to find
a cure for childhood cancer and provide financial help for families that are currently affected by
childhood cancer. Heifer International's is the weaker website because of the lack of direction
towards the main goal, which is to help end world hunger by means other than monetary donations.
Both organization's intended audience for the websites is potential donors to the organization.
THON's website instantly draws in the potential donors they're aiming for because they make the
depressing topic of childhood cancer lighthearted and exciting throughout the website. Heifer
International's website allows potential donors to recognize the upsetting topic of world hunger
when first entering the website but isn't as direct with how to help the cause of the organization.
THON's goal is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are multiple different sections of the page that offer a viewer the opportunity to help, but it
isn't very specific in how they could exactly help. The overall color scheme of the website is very
bland and neutral because of the organization's effort to try and match the feeling accompanied with
poverty. As seen in image 2, the people on the page aren't very happy looking and resemble the
blandness of the page. The unsatisfying look of the people on the website causes the page to look
discouraging and upsetting, which makes it more difficult for a potential donor to become interested
in the organization and donate. There's also a lot of white space throughout the page and not a lot of
contrast between colors of text and background of pictures or the page itself. There also are too
many topics being introduced on the main page and not a way for a viewer to be completely sure of
what the organization's focus is on because all topics are of equal

Capital Punishment Should be Abolished
Capital punishment is the punishment of death for a crime given by the state. It is used for a variety
of crimes such as murder, drug trafficking and treason. Many countries also have the death penalty
for sexual crimes such as rape, incest and adultery. The lethal injection, the electric chair, hanging
and stoning are all methods of execution used throughout the world. Capital punishment has been
around since ancient times; it was used in ancient Rome, and one of the most famous people to be
crucified was Jesus Christ. Capital punishment is now illegal in many countries, like the United
Kingdom, France and Germany, but it is also legal in many other countries such as China and the
USA. There is a large debate on whether or not capital ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Joanna Yeates was an architect who was only 25 years old when she was murdered. Her murderer,
Vincent Tabak, was described by Yeates' family as not showing any remorse for his actions, and her
family released a statement that said "For us, it is with regret that capital punishment is not a
possible option for his sentence." They wanted justice to be served for Joanna, and believed this
would only be possible if her murderer received the death penalty. However, because it is illegal in
the UK, Tabak received a punishment of being jailed for life for at least 20 years. Thirdly, capital
punishment is believed to be morally right as there is no risk of a prisoner escaping if they are
sentenced to death. When dangerous prisoners escape, the lives of nearby citizens are put in danger;
this wouldn't be the case if the prisoner received the death penalty. On 17 September 2012, 131
inmates escaped from a Mexican prison. Many of these inmates were highly dangerous, and the
lives of nearby people were put in danger. If capital punishment were legal in Mexico, some of these
inmates may have received the death penalty, not escaped and therefore not put anyone in danger.
On the other hand, many believe the death penalty should remain illegal in Britain and be made
illegal all over the world because there is no proof to support the theory that it acts as a deterrent.
The murder rate in death penalty states in the USA is higher than the

Essay on Economic Analysis of The U.S. 2001-2003
Economic Analysis of The U.S. 2001–2003
Economics have many indicators to describe how it runs. The indicators can show if the economy
has improved or declined. The economic indicators that will be focused on in this analysis of the
United States economy from 2001 – 2003 will be the consumer price index, the imports and exports,
the unemployment rate, and finally the gross domestic product. Now while most may know the
meanings of the previously stated indicators, for those who don't, they remain useless unless
defined. To begin with, these indicators will have to be defined in full to aid in understanding the
analysis in more detail. It will be after that that the actual analysis of the economy of the United ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Obviously unemployed rate is defined as "the fraction of the labor force that is unemployed" . To
define the unemployed is important as well, because it refers to those that have no job, but are
actively looking for work, not to those who are not working and are uninterested in searching or
getting a job . The reason that unemployment is so important in determining the economy's success
is because it is intertwined with the gross domestic product, as in when the gross domestic product
falls, unemployment is increased, and when it rises, there is a decrease in unemployment . To make
what is being explained clearer, when there is unemployment, production is down; therefore there is
less money and goods produced out of the economy. This is how unemployment relates as well.
The last indicator to be defined is probably the most the important of them all, and that is the gross
domestic product. The gross domestic product is defined as " the total market value of all the final
goods and services produced within an economy in a given year" . There are two types of gross
domestic product, real and nominal. Real GDP is adjusted to how prices have changed, as nominal
GDP is the current price as it is calculated . There is so very much that goes into the gross domestic
product that in this analysis only the percent change from the years will be shown as important. A
percent that is positive is obviously

Global Operations Management
Global Operations Management
Abstract The world offers significant business opportunities for every company, however,
opportunities are accompanied by significant challenges for managers. Managing global operations
across diverse cultures and markets represents a big challenge and opportunity for companies. To
compete in the global market and be successful, companies must learn the strategies, policies, norms
and technology necessary to conduct international business. The opportunities for global expansion
are numerous, and attaining success is a matter of developing the right strategy to win local markets
and its consumers.
Global Operations Management In today's global economy many ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Each country has its unique ways of communicate, act, think, or behave and managers should need
to identify and recognized these differences to bridge the gaps between cultures for real
communication to take place (Global Strategic Management, 1999). The language barrier is one of
the biggest obstacles PPQ Parts manager will have to face when doing business in international
markets. Language is one of the contexts in which the company should do adequate research before
entering a foreign market, especially when the foreign language is a different one. Keeping an open
mind and sensitivity to these differences can lead to better channels of communication and
understanding for both parties. Cultural issues are present in all aspects of global activities,
including selling to foreign customers, buying materials overseas, working with vendors, and setting
up operations. Other issue that the company may face is complying with foreign government
regulations and labor requirements. A company looking to set up manufacturing facilities in a
foreign country may also face difficulties in making an effective transfer of core technologies,
poorly trained local workers, financial restrictions, and a lack of inputs and supplies that meet the
necessary quality standards. It is necessary that PPQ Parts managers identify and learn these
regulations if they don't want the company to get involved in any

Analysis of Special Economic Zones in India
BBM 301
Uday pratap
SEMINAR AND GROUP DISCUSSION
ANALYSIS OF SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES IN INDIA * INTRODUCTION:
SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES is a geographical region that has economic and other laws that are
more free–market oriented than a country's typical or national laws. "Nationwide" laws may be
suspended inside a special economic zone.
The category 'SEZ' covers the following: * free trade zones (FTZ), * export processing Zones (EPZ)
* free Zones (FZ) * industrial parks or industrial estates (IE) * free ports * free economic zones *
urban enterprise zones
Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors, typically
an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Access to a large well–trained and skilled work force * Incentives which include 100% income tax
exemption for a period of five years and an additional 50% tax exemption for two years thereafter. *
100% FDI is also provided in the manufacturing sector. * Exemption from industrial licensing
requirements and no import license requirements is also given to the SEZ units.
Attractive incentive and great investment opportunities have attractive many business tycoons to
step into the SEZ all over the country. The first step was taken by the Mahindra World City at
Chennai. The SEZ was promoted by Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd and

Swot Pest Analyse of Marriot International
Marriott International Introduction This research focused on SWOT analysis, Porters 5 forces model
and PEST analysis of Marriott . Marriot International is a leading company with more than 3,700
lodging properties in 73 countries and territories. [Marriott International] Marriott International
manages many hotels brands. Marriott Hotels & Resorts are located more than five hundred
hotels, two–thirds of them – in the U.S. This is a hotel with a full range of services: they are
equipped fitness and business centers, shops and swimming pools. JW, Ritz–Carlton and edition – a
brand of luxury hotels. Marriott Executive Apartments provides accommodation businesspeople.
Grand Residences manages the resort property. Marriott Vacation ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Well, it's better than nothing .There is no another way to protect visitors of the Marriot. From the
beginning they had to think about such effects. Perhaps security may be powerless against terrorists.
Because they are well prepared for terrorist attacks, and ready to do anything to achieve goals. Issue
2. Timeshare not popular anymore. 70 years of the 20th century it was popular among the club's
holiday. Timeshare was averted the crisis in the American real estate market. [city–of–hotels.ru
]Owners of real estate that hotels, ranch, give on lease rooms to clients for 20 or 30 years.
Customers were buying vacation ownership. It was very easy and beneficial for owners. Today in
the world there are two major operators timeshare this RCI [RCI] and Interval International
[www.intervalworld.com] RCI implements timeshare in hotels at different levels and Interval
International operator implements on Luxury hotels. In the market timeshare has not yet stabilized.
When in the market there is already strong competitors ,which can find housing from 3 stars to
luxury, people will not use the Marriott timeshare services becuse they provide only luxury
apartments .Secondly wherefore they are keeping offices and employees engaging in timeshare, in
our time, you can simply reserve your accommodation in the hotel for a period that you want. With
the reservation the client can

Essay on The European Union
The external policy of the EU is generally considered to consist largely of trade negotiations on
various bilateral and multilateral stages. There is much debate over the effectiveness of policy with
respect to the developing world; in the context of this discussion I have used the term 'developing
world' in its widest sense, although I will most commonly focus on the Mediterranean counties,
ACP, and Latin America. It should also be made clear that for these purposes I will not be drawing
too much on historical background, rather examining the issue over the last fifteen to twenty years,
and how the changes in political climate within Europe may be affecting the developing world in the
future. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, the EU has placed significant limitations on which goods are to be traded freely and
which incur tariffs. Those industries which threaten weaker European industries face barriers to
trade, however the process of deindustrialisation in the West has meant that these tend to be older
primary and secondary industries which are precisely those on which developing countries are likely
to concentrate. Tsoukalis rightly points out that free access for industrial exports means very little if
there is "little to export" . This could seem to make the gesture of trading preferences
seem rather more hollow; nevertheless, the EU remains the most important source of foreign capital
for many third world countries .
Most studies on trade effects of EU policy yield a positive result for developing countries, however
the broad consensus is that the benefits are at best marginal and short term in nature; that is to say,
the growth of exports in a particular nation has been shown to be determined by that country's
export supply conditions (degree of outward orientation in business strategy, bureaucratic
constraints, activity of investors etc.). However it has also been shown that in those countries where
export conditions were indeed favourable,

Passing On The Gift Dan West Character Analysis
Dan West was an exceptional man and a great leader. He graduated from Manchester College in
1917. He knew most of the students, and his classmates remember him as a friendly and social
person (Yoder 22). He enjoyed thinking deeply about topics which greatly impacted his leadership
skills and qualities. In Passing on the Gift: The Story of Dan West by Glee Yoder, a quotation from
The Goshen News after Dan West died stated, "The Church lost a plain and simple man, who saw in
every person a divine image; his goal in leadership was to enable others to let this image come
alive" (165). Dan West loved the Church of the Brethren. Dedicated to spreading peace and ending
hunger, he created the Heifer Project, an organization giving animals such ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He encouraged others to talk, and he listened to their opinions. In Passing on the Gift: The Story of
Dan West, Glee Yoder states, "He had a knack, a way of conveying a certain amount of support and
at the same time challenging each person to pursue his or her own thoughts" (133). Dan West
demonstrated this quotation on summer with a group of campers. At a camp, Dan decided to
challenge the campers by starting a talk session called "open forum" where he took a group of
campers, and by the end of the discussion, every single camper wanted to join in on the discussion.
He wanted everyone to feel as though they had something special and unique to contribute to the
group. Willing to listen, Dan allowed and encouraged each person to speak (Yoder 36, 37). He
enabled others to act, according to Kouzes and Posner's principles of leadership. Enabling others to
act requires a leader to incorporate others in a conversation and actively listen to them. Dan West
demonstrated this when he allowed every camper who wanted to speak, speak. He wanted each
camper to feel special; therefore, he involved each one. He "helped many to believe in their own
worth, including the slow ones as well as the brilliant. He encourages persons to develop their own
potential in their own way" (Yoder 37). Through this, Dan West enabled the campers to act by using
their voices

Study Quiz 1 Essay
1.
Marketing is:
e) all of the answers listed
2. The presence of price and quality variance in markets means:
c) A few suppliers' productsand services are best buys. Most are not 3. Marketing is about:
b) Increasing customer satisfaction, which in turn increases profits
4. Product innovation and the diffusion of innovation create:
d) All of the answers listed 5. Marketing is the business discipline responsible for:
c) Product innovation and the diffusionof innovation 6. The focus of companies needs to be on
winning:
c) Both a and b 7. A responsibility of marketers is to sell new products and ideas to:
d) All of the answers listed 8. Excellence in advertising and promotions is most needed:
b) When your products ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
c) Asuperior distribution system 2. Walmart has increased the productivity of _________.
c) The whole of the United States
3. Economic history is hard on:
d) All of the answers listed 4. _________ leads as the innovator and mass market trendsetter in
reducing supply chain anddistribution costs.
a) Walmart 5. What created the mixing of cultures?
b) Trading route crossroads 6. In many parts of Europe a system of transportation as efficient as that
of ancient Rome wasnot present until:
c) The 18th or even 19th century 7. The refrigerated cargo ship was invented in the _______.
b) 1880s 8. What is yet to fully react to the extraordinary changes in distribution over the last four
generations?
d) All of the answers listed
Study Quiz 1.4
1. The losers in the global distribution and supply chain dynamic are particularly those with:
b) No longer competitive manufacturing or farming skills
2. The winners in the global distribution and supply chain dynamic are particularly those with:
b) Traders who respond to market forces fast and well
3. What has changed the global marketplace are new communication and transportationtechnologies,
low labor costs and ______________.
c) Quality and on–time delivery assurancecontracts 4. When domestic and global sources in existing

trading alliances come under pressure toinnovate, reduce prices and increase services:
e) a, b and c above 5. When an economic downturn occurs as a result of shifting investment and

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