Cultural Competency Definitions

Albert Bandura Social Learning Theory Study
Another theory that is relevant to the study is Albert Bandura's (1977) Social Learning Theory.
Unlike the experiential learning theory which is more focused on how the environment affects the
behavior of the individual, the social learning theory is based on the idea that we learn from our
interactions with others in a social context. Moreover, by observing the behaviors of others, people
tend to copy and develop similar behaviors. New concepts of social learning are being formulated as
new trends in distance education programs continue to emerge. The rise in popularity of these
programs continues to increase the physical distance between educators and students (Smith &
Berge, 2009). There are three key components to Bandura's social learning theory (Abbott, n.d.) that
are manifesting themselves in the Second Life (a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After observing the behavior of others, people then assimilate and imitate that behavior, especially if
their observational experiences are positive ones or include rewards related to the observed
behavior. According to Bandura (Smith & Berge, 2009), this kind of imitation involves the actual
reproduction of observed motor activities. This kind of learning through observing can also be
reinforced. Bandura called this as vicarious reinforcement. What he meant is that when the child
observes someone else being rewarded for a particular behavior this then affects the child in the
same way as it would had that the child produced the same behavior and been rewarded for it.
Similarly, vicarious punishment is possible where the child observes a model being punished for a
behavior thus the child is less likely to produce the behavior because of this observation. This kind
of reinforcement creates a chain of thought for the The presence of such reinforcement stimulate the
reward centers of our brain that triggers and motivates us into actually impersonate the
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Learning Theories Applied to Teaching
LEARNING THEORIES AND TEACHING
INTRODUCTION "learning is commonly defined as a process that brings together cognitive,
emotional, and environmental influences and experiences for acquiring , enhancing, or making
changes in one's knowledge, skills, values and world views" ( llleris,2000; Ormord,1995). This
process could be explained through several theories, some of which include ; behavioral, cognitive,
constructivist, and social cognitive learning theories. Presently teachers make use of these theories
in their classrooms in order to maximize the learning potential of students and also to create a better
learning environment inside the classrooms. This report includes a summary of these different
learning theories used in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this way the student could overcome the fear and insecurity and could gain confidence, since
he/she would have realized what to expect. Coming to constructivism, it describes learning process
as a process which involves learners' constructing knowledge from their own experiences.
According to this theory, new concepts and ideas are actively constructed by learner, based on their
past and present experiences or knowledge. In applying this theory to a classroom, the teacher acts
as a guide or facilitator, helping students along the way as they try to figure out things on their own.
For example, teacher could ask students questions like,' what is your opinion about this?' , 'what do
you think is the answer for this question?' , etc..
METHOD
PROCEDURE
In order to determine the level of application of these theories in Maldivian classrooms by teachers,
a survey was conducted, by giving questionnaires to fill in to a sample of teachers.
PARTICIPANTS
A total of 30 teachers were used in this survey, of which 15 were science stream teachers, while the
other 15 taught to commerce students.
RESULTS The results got are displayed in the forms of graphs below.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3

DISCUSSION According to the results got from the survey, all the theories – behavioral, cognitive,
social cognitive

Literature Review On Communication Satisfaction
LITERATURE REVIEW Communication Satisfaction
Engin and Akgöz (2013) explains communication satisfaction as a criteria or a theory constructing
concept about the upward and downward communication among executives and employees
containing work related information. They state that when an employee is satisfied with the
communication within the organization, it is expected that they will perform and be at their best.
However, misunderstandings from the inability of managers to communicate effectively to their
subordinates lead to poor performance (Chitrao, 2014). According to Greenbaum, Clampitt, and
Willihnganz (1988), the Communication Satisfaction Questionnaire has been proven to be the most
widely used method to measure organizational communication satisfaction. Downs and Clampitt
developed the questionnaire and eventually did a critical review on studies of communication
satisfaction (as cited in Engin and Akgöz, 2013) and Zwije–Koning & De Jong (2007) evaluated the
communication satisfaction questionnaire and compared it to the critical incident technique to see
which method is better to measure communication satisfaction. They mention that employee attitude
and judgment in many communication practices are the main focus of the questionnaire as these
factors show the influence of communication satisfaction on employee behavior. ... Show more
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The eight dimensions are communication climate, supervisory communication, organizational
integration, media quality, horizontal or informal communication, organizational perspective,
relationship with subordinates and personal feedback. The researchers felt that the most
Although stated as a good method to measure communication satisfaction (Zwije–Koning & De
Jong, 2007), they believe that it is not recommended for diagnosing communication problems and
generating recommendations. Employee

High Performance Teams
In today's business world, more and more organizations are moving away from the use of individual
work assignments to a combination of manager–led and self–directing teams. These businesses are
relying on groups of unique individuals to come together and work on a common goal with a shared
purpose. The ultimate goal for these teams are to produce more than what the individuals could do
separately. In order for those teams to accomplish this, they must become high performance teams.
High performance teams consist of a small number of individuals with complementary skills, who
are committed to a specific goal and mutually agree to hold each other accountable for their results.
Those teams who make it to this level experience autonomy, ... Show more content on
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If it is a known fact that individuals tend to compare themselves to each other, then why are leaders
in organizations so surprised that conflict, rivalry, or competition amongst team members occurs?
Part of the reason is because while organizations have changed their thinking from an individualistic
form of production to a collectivist form of teams, they have failed to change their form of
recognition, incentives, motives, and culture to match. Organizations are promoting the idea of
teams and working together for a common goal and purpose, all while offering incentives that are
unchanged from the original idea of individual motivation and it is creating competition rather than
the cooperation that they need for high performance teams (Beersma, Hollenbeck, Humphrey,
Moon, Conlon, & Ilgen, 2003). Unfortunately, there has been considerable controversy over the idea
of competition and cooperation in teams. Some research shows that competition is beneficial, while
others show that it creates the conflict organizations are trying to avoid. Therefore, it is important to
examine the idea of competition and cooperation and seek to decide which is better to pursue.
According to Scarborough (2012) one of the best qualities of business leaders or entrepreneurs is a
competitive nature. So, if

The Movement Of Child And Youth Care Practice Within The Uk
This paper will focus on key factors which hold prevalence to the movement of child and youth care
practice within the UK. Reference will be made to Child and Youth Care (CYC) within the context
of a Residential Child Care setting (RCCS) which will be defined. Attention will be drawn to the
most significant historical events which have influenced the development of Residential child care
(RCC) and the overarching identity attached to it. Consider will be given to relationship between
RCC and Social Services and the importance of RCC as a single profession. This will include
discussion around knowledge base and qualification of the Residential Child Care Worker (RCCW).
For the context of this paper any reference to RCC or the RCCS will refer to a children 's home
based in the UK.
Smith et al (2013) describes the RCCS as "a children's home, residential school, hospital or secure
accommodation". Smith adds that within RCC "a child is offered care–physical nurturing, learning
opportunities, specialised behaviour training and promotion of health and wellbeing". A modern
approach within the paradigm of RCC, offering aversion from historical events which have formed
perception that RCC is a last resort and a family setting is the preferred choice The Curtis Report
(1946) and Children Who Wait (1998). A number of child abuse cases over the last 20 years have
resulted in national attention. This has resulted in negative attention being draw to RCCS and
societal pressures for the

Different Definitions For Cultural Competency
There are various definitions for cultural competency depending on the various, but each definition
relates to one thing, understanding an environment other than your own. In the Psychology
dictionary, cultural competency is defined as, "Taking ownership of the abilities and insight which
are recommended for and particular to a chosen culture." To be culturally competent, one must
possess the capacity to work effectively with people from a variety of ethnic, cultural, political,
economic, and religious backgrounds. It is being aware and respectful of others values, beliefs, and
traditions. As social workers whom work closely with children, we must be mindful to the customs
and parenting styles of those we serve. Cultural competency is ... Show more content on
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These standards provide guidance to social workers in all areas of social work practice in
responding effectively to culture and cultural diversity in policy and practice settings. (NASW) The
standards provided by the National Association of S.W. are to enhance knowledge, skills, and values
in practice and policy development relative to culturally diverse populations. In other words, they
are set into place for everyone to be treated fairly.
There is often as wide a range of differences within groups. Examples of the different types of
cultural groups are gender, culture, disability, parental status etc. Within each group, we must take
into account the differences in each group. Cultural considerations are crucial to the effectiveness of
any counseling approach. ( J.J Murphy) For example, a white social worker may not see oppression
in Black Americans, because they are going through conflict and pain themselves, and they have not
considered the pain blacks endured and their white oppression. (G. Applebey) Another example of
cultural consideration is Hispanics and Latinos. In an article by Karen Peterson–Iyer, it states that
"The United States defines someone "Hispanic" or "Latino" as a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto
Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race." (K.
Peterson) In the Unites States, Hispanics are not considered as a race. The Hispanic culture is not
taken into

Social Judgment Theory: Twitter And Non-Profit Organizations
Throughout everyday of a person's life they receive messages in variety of different ways. They can
hear it from another person, see it on the television, or even read them in a newspaper. Every time a
message is received a person has to use their own judgment to decide what they are going to do with
it. To try and figure out what people do with messages and how they use their judgment researchers
in the field of communication have designed studies to try and come up with evidence that support
their hypothesis. All of the components previously mentioned make up what is called the Social
Judgment Theory and researchers have been designing experiment with different variables for years
to try and get a better understand of what this theory is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The results that were found did in fact support the hypothesis that they originally formed at the
beginning of the experiment. The subjects showed most attitude change when they were presented
persuasive messages on topics that they viewed in the latitude of noncommitment. Them not having
known much about the topic or cared much about it before the experiment is what was most likely
responsible for causing the subjects to change their attitude about the topic (Siero & Dooje, 1993).
The University of Kentucky has its own way of critiquing the Social Judgment Theory. They think
that the Social Judgement Theory is comprised of two seprate parts. The first part is when the
individual either sees or hears the message that is presented to them and they immediately evaluate
it to see what latitude or position it falls into. The next step of the theory is weather the individual
will either decided to reject or accept the idea that they heard (University of

The Impact Of Omari On A Culturally Competent Household
Omari was raised in a culturally competent household, as a result of this, it has enabled him to
experience multiple cultures his entire life. This is unique, because not many children are able to say
they were raised in a household that was African American and Asian with the religious faiths of
both Christianity and Muslim existing under the same roof. While the United States is becoming
itself more culturally competent, it is uncertain how many families raise their children with this
same understanding (Yan & Wong, 2005, pp. 181–188). Omari was able to learn in this environment
and was given the opportunity to make decisions that benefited him, while still maintaining the
support of his parents. Aside from religious and ethnic challenges he faced, being able to learn from
what his parents experienced while they were growing up helped to shape the way he is today.
Growing up in areas that were not ideal and moving to a better place, was one manner his parents
were able to help ensure that he would be given better opportunities than they had. This allowed him
to make the decision to leave his parents and join the military. Which, while rough, has given him
his present situation. The most difficult part of Omari's current situation has to do with his living
environment. Which was once a desirable area, is now drug ridden due to the economic collapse.
Omari still focuses on the positive of this aspect, that he has his parents support and close friends he
grew up with. A

Annotated Bibliography On Multicultural Supervision
Annotated Bibliography
Supervision & Staff Development, SWGS 6615
Professor Hertz Oriana Golfarini
March 8th, 2016
Introduction: Multicultural according to dictionary.com "representing several different cultures or
cultural elements." Multiculturalism is vital in the social work profession and especially in
supervision because everyone involved (supervisor, supervisee, and client) cultural backgrounds and
assumptions are taken into account. Creating a space for multicultural supervision allows for
everyone to learn from each other. Multicultural supervision is important in today's social work
because the world is becoming more global and diverse and being able to have a space where all ...
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Ancis, J. R., & Marshall, D. S. (2010). Using a Multicultural Framework to Assess Supervisees '
Perceptions of Culturally Competent Supervision. Journal of Counseling & Development, 88(3),
277–284. The authors interviewed four participants about their feelings on multi–cultural
supervision. The participants felt their supervisors encouraged "explor[ation of] multicultural issues
with the goal of increase[ing] understanding of clients and of themselves" (p.282). The awareness of
supervisor's own multicultural understanding lead to more self–disclosure on behalf of everyone
involved. One result from this study is the concept and complexity of advocacy and how involved
supervisors are in supporting their supervisees in engaging in it. In this study supervisors were seen
as "open, accepting, and flexible" (p.282) in the supervision process, which seemed to affect both
relationships (supervisory and clinical).
Eketone, A. (2012). The Purpose of Cultural Supervision. Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work
Review., 24(3/4), 20–30. The author state all four types of cultural supervision (cross–cultural,
culturally appropriate, culturally competent, and culturally effective) are applicable the work done
between the Māori social workers and their clients. The author believes it is difficult for mainstream
agencies to "find appropriate cultural supervisors [added to the] lack of confidence in using Māori
approaches...by many young Māori

Albert Bandura Social Cognitive Theory
ALBERT BANDURA'S SOCIAL COGNITIVE
INTRODUCTION
Bandura's social cognitive theory highlighted the importance of observing and modeling the
behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. Albert Bandura developed this theory which
was influenced by social behavior theories. This is because he believed that learning theories in
vogue at that time and resulted in incomplete explanations of the acquisition and performance of
prosocial and deviant behavior (Schunk, 2000). According to Nevid (2009), social cognitive theory
proposes that individuals do not simply respond to environmental influences, but rather they actively
seek and interpret information. Children observe the people around them behaving in various ways
as illustrated during the famous bobo doll experiment (Bandura, 1961 as cited by McLeod, 2011).
When children learn, they have their own aim or motive such as solve a problem, finish their
homework or complete some experiments. With these aim to accomplish, they observe, judge and
react to their perceived progress. As what Schunk (2000) had cited Bandura (1986), Kanfer & ...
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First, usually children are likely to mimic or imitate those people it perceives as similar to itself or
when they think if they imitate the model, they can succeed in accomplishing something. Then, the
people around them will give respond or feedback to the behavior they imitate with either
reinforcement or punishment. If a child imitates a model's behavior and the consequences are
rewarding, the child is likely to continue performing the behavior and vice versa. Children will also
take into account of what happens to other people when they decide whether or not to copy
someone's actions. Some applications of this social learning theory that teachers can apply in the
classroom learning and teaching are teacher as a role model for students, choices of teaching
materials, controlled–drilling activity in classroom and providence of reinforcement to

Use Of Pictographs Can Improve Cross Cultural Communication
Pictographs
Moreover, the use of pictographs can improve cross cultural communication. Pictograms is a visual
language aim to establish the most important type of communication using visual language to
transcending language barriers. For instance, it was stated, "Languages allow us to communicate
with each other in a relatively effortless way because they rely on many types of conventions (e.g.,
morphological, syntactic, semantic, phonetic)" (Nakamura & Zeng–Treitler, 2012, p. 535). It is a
language that enables the essential meaning to be understood visually at a glance, irrespective of
differences of cultural or language.
In additional, pictograms is use in the Medical Health industry to improve the communication with
people who speak different languages. To emphasize, it was stated, "As a universal language to
communicate with people speaking different languages, pictographs can be an efficient tool to
improve healthcare education for this underserved population" (Choi, 2011). Pictograph is a
powerful tool to use for cross cultural communication.
Furthermore, the ability to have and create pictograph will enhance cross cultural communication.
For instance, as it was stated, "There is a good chance that pictographs created using a combination
of representation strategies may yield higher recognition rates. (Choi, 2011) The combination of
pictographs and communication will improve the language barriers in cross cultural communication.
Resources
Additionally, the resources

The Juvenile Service Department Is A Centralized...
A) Overview of the agency; purpose/mission: The Juvenile Services Department is a centralized
processing, referral and evaluation center for all youths arrested in Miami–Dade County. While at
the JSD, all youths are provided with juvenile screening and substance abuse/mental health
assessment. (http://www.miami–dadeclerk.com/families_juvenile_arrested.asp) B) Population being
served: The population being served at Juvenile Service Department includes adolescents and
children. The program serves youth of all genders, races and ethnicity. C) Services rendered to
clients: Services at the Juvenile Service Department include incorporate referrals to group based
associations (CBO 's) for different reasons, for example, substance abuse counseling, family therapy,
individual therapy, teen court, anti–gang strategy, community resources prevention services,
violence intervention project (VIP), and Youth Commission. likewise youth are assigned to
sanctions that include phone reporting, monitoring educational goals, no new law violations,
curfews and group benefit. These approvals advance youth obligation, mindfulness and a better
understanding of the group. Additionally offered by the agency is the opportunity to sign up for a
library card. D) Explain your role in the agency: As an intern at the Juvenile Services Department, I
have a caseload of youth that are participating in the program, I am responsible for conducting
intake assessments with the child and the child's parent's

Human Diversity Issues In Social Work
There are several issues related to issues of human diversity that have influenced the development of
my interest in social work. As I take a look around my community and what is occurring in the
world I notice the different cultures, environments, and lack of humanity. I took an interest in these
three categories and learned there are recurring issues within each. There is a lack of cultural
competency in the society. Different cultures do not interact effectively with one another as much as
they should. A person may interact differently with a certain culture once they are forced or need to.
For example, a person may only interact with a person from a different culture for work purposes or
attending a certain event. Majority of people (cultures) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rather, it was helping my peers with homework or a certain situation within their life. In my late
teenage years I became interested in mentoring my peers and underclassmen. (People seem to
gravitate towards me for advice frequently.) In high school, I was introduced to becoming a
counselor as a career. I was then convinced that becoming a counselor or a social worker was the
career field for me. As a teenager, I developed a goal and showed an ambition that has not altered.
As an adult I would like to continue my journey to become a social worker and eventually open my
own practice. I believe Barry University of Social work would be the best school for me to obtain
my goal. Barry University is known for its Master of Social Work program. The classroom setting is
nice and I will be able to have one on with the professors, when needed. Compared to other
universities the courses provided here will prepare me to pass the license exam for the state of

Social Workers : An Important Factor Of Engagement...
Social workers will come in contact with many different people from various ethnic and cultural
backgrounds. It is important for social work professionals to become cognizant and diversify their
knowledge base when it comes to servicing people in the community of various cultural
backgrounds, ethnic groups, race, sex, national origin, sexual orientation, gender identity or
expression, age, marital status, political belief, immigration status, religion, and mental or physical
disability. Even the environmental factors play an important factor of engagement strategies and
rapport building (NASW, 2008, pp. 1). The main points of this paper will be geared towards coming
up with a strategy to engage with Mr. Fahza which was provided through the ... Show more content
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This makes it difficult to effectively assess Mr. Fahza's wishes. Countertransference I feel that Mr.
Fahza needs to be handled with a lot of care being that he is an old man suffering from end stage
liver cancer. Being that Mr. Fahza is an Iranian Muslim who does not speak English, I feel that he
needs a translator who is not his family member in order to assist with communication. This way, it
will be easier to provide necessary assistance to the client without interference. Even though Mr.
Fahza is old, sick and does not speak English, he needs to be allowed to make individual decision as
to whether he should continue with chemotherapy or to be placed in hospice. His son should not be
allowed to cause any interference despite the fact that he wants to relay all the health information
directly to his father. I think that it will be possible to assess Mr. Fahza's wishes without interference
if a translator is provided. Scholarly Literature According to Diller (2007), working with culturally
diverse populations require a social worker to be aware of personal values and beliefs, have
knowledge of how the client views the world, and utilize effective and culturally appropriate
intervention strategies. Therefore, working with Mr. Fahza requires the social worker to demonstrate
awareness of personal values and beliefs. In addition, the social worker needs to understand how Mr.
Fahza views the world and apply culturally appropriate

Organizational Justice
2.1 Theory Organization justice plays a very important role in employee motivation, loyalty, and
well–being (Mc Shane et al, 2013). To minimize the feeling of injustice, corporate leaders have to
understand well of the concepts, theory and forms of organization justice (Mc Shane et al, 2013).
There are three different but overlapping forms of organization justice, which are: Procedural
Organizational Justice, Interactional Organizational Justice and Distributive Organizational Justice (
Elovainio et al, 2002). 2.1.1 Procedural organizational justice: According to Oxford Dictionary,
procedure refers to 'an established or official way of doing something'. Procedural justice is the idea
of fairness in the processes of resolving disputes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is the justifications provided to people that express information about why procedures were used
in a certain way or why outcomes were distributed in a certain fashion (Muzumdar). The perceived
level of informational justice is higher when more sufficiency of explanations are disclosed
(Fricchione, 2006). Informational justice shows the transparency in the procedures adopted to
accomplish certain judgment or result (Muzumdar). The second part is called as interpersonal justice
which referring to the respect and dignity with which one treats another (Colquitt et al, 2001). It is
how a person is being treated by his supervisors, subordinates or others (Muzumdar). Treatment by a
supervisor is defined as respect, dignity, motivation, encouragement and so on. Since interactional
justice emphasizes one–to–one transactions, employees frequently seek it from their supervisors.
This creates an opportunity for the organizations to train union leaders to behave more justly
(Skarlicki et al, 1996). They were taught to give explanations and apologies (informational justice)
and to treat their reports with courtesy and respect (interpersonal justice) Leaders of an organization
have to behave in a particular manner in order to influence their subordinates to enhance
productivity (Karris, n.d). For example, individuals who reported to trained leaders revealed more
helpful citizenship

Social Work Capstone Reflection
This capstone course assisted in connecting all the material I have learned thus far in the program as
well as helped me to identify what skills and knowledge I need to continue working on. The
capstone presentation, as well as class, helped me to practice strength–based language and be
conscious of how I describe my clients when presenting them to others. It can be a habit to use
negative language to describe a problem–saturated story and unintentionally describe a patient's
story in a way that comes off as stigmatizing. This class helped me become conscious and tactful
about how I word sensitive circumstances. It was a great experience to present my patient's case to
the class and practice being thoughtful of how I portrayed my patient's presenting problem to the
group.
A patient frequently comes to a social worker with a variety of problems, and it can be
overwhelming trying to determine where to start with the patient. In capstone class, we discussed
presenting problems and determining which problem is more appropriate to focus on within the
agency setting. In class we were able to practice identifying the presenting problem by using case
vignettes as an example. This activity was extremely helpful in learning how to identify a patient's
presenting problem and acquiring the skill to determine which problem takes precedence within
certain settings. Two overarching perspectives that I will focus on are striving to be culturally
responsive and using evidence–based

The Social Exchange Theory in Interpersonal Relationships
Interpersonal communication is a form of communication that takes place between two people who
have an established relationship. There are many different levels of interpersonal communication
and theories of interpersonal communication. One of the theories that is used to explain changes in
social behavior is the social exchange theory. The social exchange theory proposes that social
behavior is the result of an exchange process between two people. The basic concept of the
exchange theory is that it emphasizes the cost between the interactions of people and their social
environment. Exchange theory attempts to explain human behavior under the content of a balanced–
equal ratio within the distribution of giving and receiving. "At the heart ... Show more content on
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These types of exchanges are rather strong in real life and tend to create enduring links. Many of
these social exchanges are readily recognized and described by those taking part in them through
speech. For instance, the reference to such words as "indebted", "owe", among others, points to the
exchanges that take place in real life. The social exchange theory controls our behavior as well as
the reinforcement for our actions because before we act in most circumstances, we will weigh the
rewards and costs of the behaviors. The behavior that we use is the one believed to produce the
highest reward and the lowest cost. What we may perceive to be acceptable or unacceptable in the
relationship is our comparison level that we weigh the rewards and costs against. The comparison
level of alternatives is when we weigh the rewards and costs relative to the perceived alternatives.
People also have a comparison level for the alternative relationships. With a high comparison level,
we may believe the world is full of lovely people just waiting to meet us. When this level is low, we
may stay in a high–cost relationship simply because we believe we could not find any better
elsewhere. Molm (1991) shows that in recent research on individual judgments losses have a greater
effect on people then gains. Social exchange according to Blau (1964) can be observed everywhere
once we are sensitized

My Passion For Palliative And Hospice Care Social Work
When it came to envisioning my advanced block placement, I knew I wanted something different,
something to transform the way I practiced social work for the last fourteen years. The timing ideal
as my passion for palliative and hospice care social work was in transition. I seized the opportunity
in preserving it by securing an international internship where I could research the cultural
differences in the quality of both the tangible and intangible deliverables in providing compassionate
end–of–life care. The destination, Nepal!
Knowing I was traveling to an underdeveloped nation, I did my homework, or did I? I partnered
with an ancillary community college who I thought focused on expanding the development of social
work as a discipline in Nepal and were teaching BSW students to become nearly the first truly
'educated' social work practitioners in the country, which excited me. Disappointingly, the system
lacked structure and organization.
My trip started off tumultuously, as did my relationship with my host, consequentially who lacked
hospitality among other qualities, leaving me to discover the copious cultural dichotomies and
challenges around every corner, alone, daunted by the lack of local support. Thankfully my Seminar
Instructor, Wanda Anderson, LICSW and my classmates supported me through the pit falls every
step of the way!!! Learning that the Nepalese culture and its diverse issues, for example, the concept
of time management, which is idle, punctuality

Examples Of Capstone Reflection
This capstone course has helped me tie together all the material I have learned thus far in the
program as well as helped me to identify what skills and knowledge I need to continue working on.
The capstone presentation, as well as class, helped me to practice strength–based language and be
conscious of how I describe my client's when presenting them to others. It can be a habit to use
negative language to describe a problem–saturated story and unintentionally describe a patient's
story in a way that comes off as stigmatizing. This class helped me become conscious and tactful of
how I word sensitive circumstances. It was a great experience to present my patient's case to the
class and practice being thoughtful on how I portrayed my ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
There is a variety of evidence–based research on varying cultures and each culture's perspective
regarding medical care. Evidence–based practice will be extremely helpful among the hospital
setting because it will allow for one to acquire knowledge from reliable resources. Using evidence–
based practice is important because it allows social workers to utilize well researched interventions
which will best serve the patient's. I will continue to work within the hospital setting and need to be
sensitive of how different cultures feel about the medical system as well as treatment options. At
times, I have found myself wondering why my patient does not want to go a certain treatment route
and have used evidence–based practice to form a better understanding and approach. Social workers
can use evidence–based practice to educate themselves as well as the whole treatment team. In
conclusion, evidence–based practice has allowed for me to share articles with coworkers and have
dependable evidence to fall back on when advocating for my patient within team meetings. In week
five, I found the topic of suicide to be very helpful because I have discovered that I need to gain
skills for working with patients who are suicidal or facing death. Many cancer patients have to think
a great deal about death and often times contemplate suicide. Throughout my capstone presentation,
it became evident how difficult it was to process death with my patient who had a

Social Judgment Theory Essay
Abstract
The best theory to addresses how people's attitudes change as situations and involvement change is
social judgment theory. A review of the literature on social judgment theory (SJT) improves
understanding of one's own judgment process and of one's work, marital and interpersonal
relationship. The social judgment theory of attitude change was first presented by the U.S.–based
Turkish psychologist Muzafer Sherif (1906–88) and the U.S. psychologist Carl I(vor) Hovland
(1912–61) in Social Judgment (1961). SJT attempted to explain how attitude change is influenced
by judgmental processes. The focus of SJT was about attitude change on a specific issue that results
from judgments on related issues. This study provides insight literature ... Show more content on
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However, Carl Hovland died before completing the book Social Judgment in 1961, thus Sherif
carried on their study and published the book after Hovland's death (Sherif & Hovland, 1961).
Carolyn W. Sherif, Muzafer Sherif's wife, is one of primary theorist of social judgment theory
(Sherif et al., 1965). Carolyn W. Sherif and Muzafer integrated the social judgment–involvement
approach into the study of individual attitude and behavior within the patterned interaction of such
groups in Attitude and Attitude Change: The Social Judgment–Involvement Approach (1965), the
book in which the social judgment–involvement theory is detailed.
Fundamental Theoretical Ideas
The focus of SJT is that an attitude change on a specific issue will result from judgments on related
issues. Because we cannot observe a person's attitude using traditional research methods, therefore
the social judgment theory was developed (Sherif & Sherif, 1968). Based on Muzafer Sherif and
Carl Hovland's research (1961), they establish the ordered alternative questionnaire to measure the
judgments. The questionnaire requires that the participant rate a list of statements as being
acceptable, objectionable, or non–commitment (neither acceptable nor objectionable). An
individual's latitudes of acceptance, rejection, and non–commitment represent an individual's
feelings about the topics. According to Sherif et al.

Exchange Theory In Mate Selection
The Role of Exchange and Rational–Choice Theory in Mate Selection
Zenobia C. Wright
Florida A&M University
Abstract
The goal of this paper is to give readers a better understanding of the Exchange Theory, as well as
Rational Choice Theory. To do this, we demonstrate how the typical scenario of mate selection for a
romantic relationship in today's society involves trading things one may personally value for
something that they feel is of equal value that the other person in the relationship possesses. We will
pay particular attention to the connection of exchange theory in interracial relationships between
blacks and whites. This is what we call the Exchange Theory. While also seeking to select a mate, in
our minds, we calculate the things that we like and dislike about the person. Although
subconsciously done, we are constantly making a list of pros and cons of things we value and object
in the other person. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is Exchange Theory? Exchange Theory is a way of thinking created for the purpose of
describing and explaining assumptions, procedures, and outcomes of social exchange. According to
Segre (2014), the focus of the Exchange theory is directed towards corresponding duty created by
social actors when exchanging resources. In simpler terms, the Exchange Theory asserts that
people's behaviors and the choices that they make are all made for the purpose of and intent to
achieve a desired personal goal while also maximizing or making the most out of that opportunity
for themselves. George C. Homans developed the Exchange Theory in his work "Social Behavior as
Exchange". Here, Homans attempted to explain the relationship between actors who are in direct
contact with one another (Cook & Whitmeyer,

The Three Approachs Of The Three Theories Of Communication
1. Though persuasion skills seem intangible and only possessed by a few lucky individuals, they can
actually be broken down into techniques. Three of these approaches, the principles of liking,
authority, and social proof, can be explained by three theories of communication. Elaboration
Likelihood Theory states that when one processes a message critically, through the central route, it is
more likely for that message to change one's belief and behavior, whereas if the message is
processed superficially, through the peripheral route, there will only be a short–term attitude
modification. There is a higher level of elaboration, or the degree to which a person assesses a piece
of information closely, when the person feels fondly towards the persuader because people have a
higher likelihood of paying attention to individuals they like. They are more likely to comply and
wish to please. Theory of Reasoned Action explains that the manner in which one acts is affected by
one's attitude about the behavior, in addition to one's beliefs about subjective norms (how other
people want one to act). The principle of authority works with this theory because people are more
likely to obey and believe someone who has power over them. Experts are believed because they
have more information than the person, and can morph the subjective norm, as well as an
individual's own attitude about a behavior. Cognitive Dissonance refers to when different cognitive
components are inharmonious and

Social Media And Social Work
Social Media and Social Worker the Odd Couple Social media and social work, quite the odd
couple. This odd couple has now become closely entangled. According to the "Article
Communication Technology Integration into Social Work Practice," 66% of the new social work
graduates are social media savvy. Social media has become an essential part of social work, but
concerns have been raised. Although we know the world is constantly changing, author Lindsey
Getz notes:
The use of mobile technology in healthcare has secured a foothold. But while opportunities exist for
social workers to adopt these technologies in their practices, acceptance has been slow. The
reluctance is not surprising as the foundation of social work is built on human interaction. But the
research and experience thus far indicates that mobile application technology has the capability to
support the social worker–client relationship.
One type of social media used by social workers are "Cyber– therapy," which is a three–dimensional
virtual world making it possible for client and worker to work together by using digitally generated
caricature– like images on their computer screens, and entering an online therapy community and
participating in individual or group counseling. Self–guided, web–based interventions is another
social media used in social work. Social workers use this as access to a wide variety of online
interventions. The client goes online, answers a questionnaire and receives therapeutic

Example Of Social Judgement Theory
Social Judgement Theory
In the discourses of everyday human interaction, messages are crafted, communicated, received, and
responded to. Social Judgement Theory argues that how the recipient of a message perceives and
interprets a message, involves a process of judgment and effect that is based on the recipient's ego
(attitude) and anchoring position (opinion) about the topic. This process is key to the resulting
assimilation, rejection, or persuasion of that message. Where does this theory come from and how
does it work? This paper will explore how Social Judgement Theory was developed and is
described, along with providing an evaluation and example of the theory in practice.
The Development
Background
Social Judgement Theory is a theory of persuasion and attitude change. It was developed by the
work Muzafer Sherif and Carl Hovland in 1961. The central figure in the development of this theory
was Muzafer Sherif. Originating from Turkey, he is considered one of the founders of social
psychology. He is best known for his research on the autokinetic effect in the 1950's, which
describes the illusion that a small and stationary pinpoint of light in a dark room actually moves.
Using this same effect, he applied it to the way we perceive messages and change our beliefs and
positions over time.
Carl Hovland was considered an early communications theorist. He is best known for his work on
attitudes and social communications. He was a former Yale University Professor and

Comm 4331 Essays
Study Guide
Test #1
1. What influences beliefs, attitudes, behaviors and values
2. What is correct and true about persuasion
Receiver must think it is voluntary,
3. Define persuasion
Persuasion: involves one or more persons who are engaged in the activity of creating, reinforcing,
modifying, or extinguishing, beliefs, attitudes, intentions, motivation, and or behaviors within the
constraints of a given communication context –– an activity or process, persuasion is a tow way
street
4. Define values: Something important to you
5. Define beliefs: Something you believe to be true
6. Define attitudes: How you feel toward something
7. Attitude: tendencies or predispositions, represent favorable or unfavorable evaluation of ... Show
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Cultural issues and differences between U.S. and other cultures
Individualism vs. Collectivism
Collective cultures (China) value harmony, concern for others, & group goals while individualism
culture value independence and personal goals
27. Audience analysis: pay attention to the situation, keep their attitudes, values, & beliefs in mind,
remember their demographics, and remember their states & traits
28. Target audience: the majority group that the persuader/advertiser is trying to persuade
29. From First day – different ways interpersonal / context / different areas of persuasion
– Context – target audience, interpersonal, mass/public, social or group, mediated,
– Intrapersonal – self persuasion
– global/intercultural
30. Differences between males and females:
– men are more successful than women in their attempts to persuade others.

Men – stereotypes, physical, social role theory – what we view as acceptable / Goal differences
Males: More persuasive than women because of physical appearance, tone of voice, social rule
theory (not so negative)
Females: Communal behaviors–warm and nurturing
31. Communal behavior – warmer and more nurturing
– female doctors need to use this to be more effective while male doctors use an aversion strategies
32. Central routes: rational thought and

The Juvenile Service Department Is A Centralized...
) Overview of the agency; purpose/mission: The Juvenile Services Department is a centralized
processing, referral, and evaluation center for all youths arrested in Miami–Dade County. While at
the JSD, all youths are provided with juvenile screening and substance abuse/mental health
assessment. (http://www.miami–dadeclerk.com/families_juvenile_arrested.asp) B) Population being
served: The population being served at the Juvenile Service Department includes adolescents and
children. The program serves youth of all genders, races, and ethnicity. C) Services rendered to
clients: Services at the Juvenile Service Department incorporate referrals to group based
associations (CBO 's) for different reasons, for example, substance abuse, counseling, family
therapy, individual therapy, teen court, anti–gang strategy, community resources, prevention
services, violence intervention project (VIP), and Youth Commission. likewise youth are assigned to
sanctions that include phone reporting, monitoring educational goals, no new law violations,
curfews, and group benefit. These approvals advance youth obligation, mindfulness, and a better
understanding of the group. Additionally offered by the agency is the opportunity to sign up for a
library card. D) Explain your role in the agency: As an intern at the Juvenile Services Department, I
have a caseload of youth that are participating in the program, I am responsible for conducting
intake assessments with the child and the

To Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis
In 2015, there were 5,818 incidents of single–bias hate crime reported by the FBI ("Latest Hate
Crime Statistics Released."). This shows that while times have changed since the 1950s, prejudiced
behavior is still an enormous issue. With this in mind, the question arises: is prejudiced behavior
inherent or acquired? By majorly focusing on racism, this complicated idea is displayed through
Harper Lee's captivating novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, and other literary sources. Prejudiced
behavior is learned, not born.
Throughout the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, ten–year–old Scout's innocence of the tense racial
environment she lives in demonstrates the true roots of bigotry. When Scout makes small talk with
Mr. Cunningham, the father of Scout's classmate and Atticus's client, she is completely unaware of
the tension in the air saying, "I was advising him, when I slowly awoke to the fact that I was
addressing the entire aggregation... 'What's the matter?' I asked'" (Lee 40). Scout diffuses the
strained environment by reminding Mr. Cunningham of his humanity. Similar to Atticus, Mr.
Cunningham has a child and a family at home, by appealing to this side, Scout causes the mob to
disperse. Her success in this matter is largely due to her ability to experience this serious situation
with a child's heart. She realizes that something intense might happen, but she doesn't understand the
gravity of the situation that she charges into. Her childlike innocence guides her to diffuse an

A Social Worker Has A Large And Diverse Population
A school social worker has a large and diverse population that they work with. This can cause a
variety of needs that a social worker has to try and meet. One population a school social worker may
have to work with is immigrant children. Working with immigrant children can bring many
challenges, including higher educational and social needs, due to not fully understanding the English
language. Another challenge that may be present is working with a higher probability of these
children living in poverty. One way a school social worker can help meet the needs of immigrant
children is through after–school programs. Joy Pastan Greenberg (2014) shows this in the journal
article Significance of After–School Programming for Immigrant Children ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
After–school programs have proven to have positive effects on social and emotional development.
The benefits are protection and opportunities for enrichment, socialization, and acculturation. Also,
after–school programs help to increase educational attainment. This is important when only about
20% of learning happens in the classroom. After–school programs provide activities such as art,
sports, recreation and educational enrichment. It also allows children to form relationships with
peers and adults. Another benefit of after–school programs that it encourages the development of
identity and personal exploration (Greenberg, 2014, pp 243–251).
A school social worker has many different roles when working with immigrant children. One role
that a social worker has is being an advocate for the need of after–school programs. School social
workers also advocate for funding at a local, state, and federal levels. Another role is being an
educator. School social workers can educate families of the benefits that after–school programs
have. They can also educate the community members about specific immigrant populations. This
way the community members can better understand more about the culture of the immigrant
population in their community and became more culturally sensitive. School social workers can also
educate policy makers on the importance of after–school programs. An additional role a social
worker has in this setting is a broker, connecting

Albert Bandura Social Learning Theory
"Self belief does not necessarily ensure success, but self disbelief assuredly spawns failure"
(Bandura, 1997). Albert Bandura was affectionately described as the "jovial genius" by one of his
former students for his wisdom, humility, and wonderful sense of humor. Albert Bandura believed
that social learning formed the basis for personality development (Bandura, 1977). Bandura's theory
is perceived to be an "internal reward", such examples include "pride, satisfaction and a sense of
accomplishment" (Social Learning Theory: Understanding Bandura's Theory of Learning, n.d.). It is
evident that internal thoughts and cognitions help connect learning theories with cognitive
developmental theories. Bandura suggested that his concept surrounding the social learning theory
could be considered a "social cognitive theory" (Social Learning Theory: Understanding Bandura's
Theory of Learning, n.d.).
Albert Bandura once said that, "learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous,
if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do" (Bandura,
1977). His theory integrates a continuous interaction between the environment, our own behaviors,
and our psychological processes.
To understand observational learning, Bandura and his colleagues researched observational learning.
This provided considerable guidance for teachers who are interested in instructional modeling and
teaching by demonstration. Note that the root meaning of the word

Cultural Competency And Social Work Practice
The BusinessDictionary.com defines cultural competency as, "A set of behaviors, policies, and
attitudes which form a system or agency which allows cross–cultural groups to effectively work
professionally in situations. This includes human behaviors, languages, communications, actions,
values, religious beliefs, social groups, and ethic perceptions. Individuals are competent to function
on their own and within an organization where multi–cultural situations will be present" (2016).
Our communities are composed of various ethnicities which have led to the need to incorporate
cultural competency in state legislation, federal statutes and programs, private sector organization
and academic settings. The Indicators for the Achievement of the NASW Standards for Cultural
Competency in Social Work Practice is the manual that guides the social practice in attaining
cultural competency.
Since cultural competence includes attaining the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to enable
practitioners to provide effective care for diverse populations, reading and adhering to the Indicators
for the Achievement of the NASW Standards for Cultural Competency in Social Work Practice, will
allow me to incorporate the ten standards in my daily practice. The ten standards include; ethics and
values, self–awareness, cross–cultural knowledge, cross–cultural skills, service delivery,
empowerment and advocacy, diverse workforce, professional education, language diversity, and
cross–cultural leadership.
Some

Essay about Locus of Control and Social Behaviour
Imagine, you just recently came down with a cold and you are feeling really sick. How did you end
up getting sick in the first place, was it just due to random chance, or was it because you were
stressed and not watching your health? According to Julian Rotter's social learning theory, the two
different mentalities people have about how much influence they themselves have on their life
events can be categorized into two different groups. Those with internal control believe that they
have control over their own behaviour and the subsequent outcomes. Conversely, those with
external control more often tend to believe that outcomes are beyond their control. The locus control
concept of internal versus external control can be used to understand ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Freedom of movement in this case is taken to mean "...a person's generalized expectancy that
any...related set of behaviours will lead to need satisfaction" (Crowne, 2009). Evidence suggests that
the relationship between expectancy (freedom of movement) and reinforcement or need values to be
multiplicative, but an ampersand is used instead because data on the relationship is still considered
inconclusive (Crowne, 2009). Note that in both cases, expectation plays a huge role in determining
whether behaviour occurs. Regardless of how big a need or reinforcement, if expectation of
satisfaction in a given situation is zero or low, behaviour is unlikely to happen. The concept of
external and internal control can be thought of as having low or high expectations for situations that
involves personal commitment or action. The primary concerns of this concept involve activities
that require one to make judgments about one's own skill or aptitude in a task. If one does not
believe that they are skilled, and that any choices they make will make any difference, than activities
that are mostly skill based are highly unlikely to occur. Instead, people with external control will be
inclined to participate in activities that are more heavily luck based, because the expectancy for
reinforcement (rewards) or a need fulfillment tend to be higher than ability based activities.
Consider the

Social Work: Kantian And Utilitarian Theory
Shared values are essential in the creating a successful relationship between the client and social
worker. Social workers operate within society, not only to assist the individual but to create a more
cohesive society. Values and ethics permeate the whole of social work practice and the society
within which it practices (Shardlow 1989). Values are afforded a high position within social work,
this is highlighted in: "Social work is a professional activity. Implicit in its practice are ethical
principles which prescribe the professional responsibility of the social worker" (British Association
of Social Workers (BASW) Code of Ethics). However, there is a danger that any list of values will
become something which is quoted ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Social work takes its values from various sources, including – Kantian, Utilitarian, Common
Morality and Professional Codes of Conduct. Both the Kantian and Utilitarian theories cannot
provide social work practice with a complete set of values and ethics. Both the theories have their
limitation and strengths. Kant saw the world in black and white, even if a lie could prevent a greater
evil the act of lying is fundamentally wrong. Utilitarian theory justifies actions by the end justifying
the means. Social work concerns "respect for the person", this idea originates from Kant, an
eighteenth century German philosopher. Beauchamp (1996) defines the principle as a fundamental
standard of conduct on which many other standards and judgements depend, a principle that
provides an essential norm in a system of thought or belief. Common morality is the idea that all
humans have an inbuilt awareness of certain moral norms e.g. murder is wrong, stopping a child
running into the road is right. Western philosophy has been debating ethics and morality for
thousands of years and still has not formalised a definition for them, so how can anyone truly
understand? Furthermore, if the greatest philosophers throughout history have been debating ethics
and morality, how can the common man truly understand it?
Social work is centred on ethical and moral issues within

Three Key Components Of Albert Bandura's Social Learning...
Another theory that is relevant to the study is Albert Bandura's (1977) Social Learning Theory.
Unlike the experiential learning theory which is more focused on how the environment affects the
behaviour of the individual, the social learning theory is based on the idea that we learn from our
interactions with others in a social context. Separately, by observing the behaviors of others, people
tend to develop similar behaviors. New concepts of social learning are being formulated as new
trends in distance education programs emerge. The rise in popularity of these programs continues to
increase the physical distance between educators and students (Smith & Berge, 2009). There are
three key components to Bandura's social learning theory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
First, observational learning is where learners observe behaviors by others in order to start the
learning process. Bandura's second and third stages of social learning; imitation and behavior
modeling, will occur if a person observes positive, desired outcomes in the first stage. If, for
example, an instructor attends and observes a course in–world and is entertained, informed, and
approves of the way students act, they are more likely to want to teach a course in–world
themselves. They can then use the behavior they experienced to imitate and model other instructors'

Examples Of Social Judgment Theory
Heald, J. E. (1991). Social Judgment Theory: Applications to Educational Decision Making.
Educational Administration Quarterly, 27(3), 343–57.
This study (Heald, 1991) uses social judgment theory, a theory that is supposedly nontraditional to
the field of education to improve the ability of school administrators in identifying more accurately
students who are at risk of dropping out of school. The study argues that social judgment theory,
although it is not traditionally utilized in educational decision–making, has significant potential in
that area. Particularly, the researchers argue that social judgment theory offers decision makers
(perhaps not just those in educational settings) the opportunity to better understand "the nature of
their intuitions, inferences, and biases and the role they play in their judgments" (p. 355).
Ex post facto data were collected on 120 students who were 7th graders during the 1985–1986
school year. Their records had been randomly chosen from rural, urban, and suburban school
districts in Atlanta, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An odered alternatives scale was created to assess the three latitudes with regard to the believability
of various percentages of students who drink at most five drinks at social gatherings. Nine questions
were given as alternatives. Following the survey, an intensive social norms campaign that began the
previous year was resumed to reduce high–risk alcohol consumption on campus. Posters with
several different messages of the statistics of alcohol consumption were displayed and widely
distributed around campus. In the spring of the following year, another survey was conducted to
display reproductions of the campaign messages and measured the amount of exposure the students
had to the messages in the last three

Control Theory
6 The Complexity of Control Travis Hirschi 1935– University of Arizona Author of Social Bond
Theory Hirschi's Two Theories and Beyond T ravis Hirschi has dominated control theory for four
decades. His influence today is undiminished and likely will continue for years, if not decades, to
come (see, e.g., Britt & Gottfredson, 2003; Gottfredson, 2006; Kempf, 1993; Pratt & Cullen, 2000).
Beyond the sheer scholarly talent manifested in his writings, what accounts for Hirschi's enduring
influence on criminological theory? Three interrelated considerations appear to nourish the appeal of
his thinking. First, Hirschi's theories are stated parsimoniously. This means that his theory's core
propositions are easily understood (e.g., the lack of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His goal was to start a theoretical fight; he succeeded (see also Kornhauser, 1978). Again, as a
control theorist, he argued that these two perspectives asked the wrong theoretical question: Why are
people motivated to commit crimes? For differential association theory, the answer was that youths
are enveloped by a deviant culture that they learn in interaction with others. This positive learning–
that is, learning to value crime–is what moves them to break the law. For strain theory, the blockage
of goals creates a frustration that is the engine that drives individuals into crime. Hirschi, however,
asserted that these theories were explaining something that did not require explanation–motivation.
If humans would by their natures seek the easy and immediate The Complexity of Control 111
gratifications inherent in crime, then they did not need to learn to want to commit crimes or be
driven into crime by unbearable strains in order to break the law. In effect, such criminal cultural
values and strains were redundant and thus did not explain who would be a delinquent and who
would not be a delinquent. For Hirschi, of course, the proper theoretical question was: Why don't
people break the law? What differentiate offenders from non–offenders are the factors that restrain
people from acting on their wayward impulses. The theoretical task thus

Social Violation Theory Vs Social Judgment Theory
Understanding yourself is an important step of effectively communicating with others. The two
theories presented this week were both interesting topics as they provided me with an opportunity to
look at my own behaviors in introspection. The theories for this weeks discussion are the social
judgement theory and the expectancy violations theory. The social judgement theory is a theory by
Muzafer Sherif who was a social psychologist at the University of Oklahoma. Sherif theorized that
When we receive new information, we internally compare it to our point current point of view to see
where it should be placed on an attitude scale. He believed that on any given topic there is a scale
that represents our attitude towards a subject. This includes our latitude of rejection, latitude of
acceptance and latitude of noncommitment. The latitude of rejection is the viewpoints we are more
likely to reject within the topic at hand, the lattitude of acceptance is the range of ideas that we find
to be acceptable and the latitude of noncommitment cover the ideas where we are open to be swayed
either way. If we are heavily biased one way or another, sherif indicates that we are liked ego–
involved. Our ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While it's posible to feel passionate about middle–of–the–road positions, social judgement
researchers find that massive attidue anchors are usually located towards the end of the scale
(Griffin, Ledbetter, & Sparks, 1994, pg. 180). The more passionate we are about a subject, the less
flexible we are when hearing the opinions of others. In speaking with others, Sherif suggests if our
message is within the listeners latitude of rejection it can have a negative impact on the conversation
and push the listener away. He indicates to have a positive impact on someone who is ego–involved
in a subject to approach the topic from within our listener's lattitude of acceptance or lattitude of

Example Of Social Judgment Theory
Heald, J. E. (1991). Social Judgment Theory: Applications to Educational Decision Making.
Educational Administration Quarterly, 27(3), 343–57.
This study uses social judgment theory, a theory that is said to be "outside the traditions of
education," to improve the ability of school administrators in identifying more accurately students
who are at risk of dropping out of school. The study argues that social judgment theory, although it
is not traditionally utilized in educational decision–making, has significant potential in that area.
Particularly, the researchers argue that social judgment theory offers decision makers (perhaps not
just those in educational settings) the opportunity to better understand "the nature of their intuitions,
inferences, and biases and the role they play in their judgments".
Ex post facto data were collected on 120 students who were 7th graders during the 1985–1986
school year. Their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The social norms approach predicts that providing information concerning the actual norms of
occurrence in behaviors that tend to be misestimated will result in more accurate perceptions of the
norms, and eventually lead to a reduction in the harmful behavior. The researchers then carried the
assumption that students misperceived norms regarding how many alcoholic drinks their fellow
students would have (they typically assumed that other students drank a lot more than they did), and
that this misperception of norms would then lead the students to practice unhealthy drinking
behavior. Another assumption the researchers held was that "changes in latitudes will produce
changes in attitudes," which meant that the establishment of the three latitudes in SJT would result
in more credible and more persuasive messages to the target audience that would then reduce high–
risk alcohol consumption among students in the

Cognicy Theory Of Albert Bandura's Self-Discognitive Theory
The theory used in this study will be self–efficacy theory part of the social cognitive theory as
conceived by Albert Bandura. Albert Bandura was born in Canada in 1925. Growing up in a town
with only one school, he and his fellow students often had to take charge of their education (Pajares,
2004). This early experience influenced Bandura later in studying motivation and human behavior.
After high school, Bandura went to the University of British Columbia where he decided to
concentrate on psychology. Bandura's beliefs in self–development sent him onward to the University
of Iowa to continue his studies. Bandura earned his M.A. degree in 1951 and his Ph.D. in Clinical
Psychology in 1952. Later, Bandura joined the faculty at Stanford University where he made his
career. Bandura's research at Stanford focused on social modeling in human motivation. Here he
began a program of research on children's development of self–regulatory capabilities. In 1977,
Bandura published Social Learning Theory, a book that changed the direction of psychology
throughout the next decade (Pajares, 2004). Bandura later developed the social cognitive theory of
human functioning. Social cognitive theory described people as proactive, self–organizing,
reflective, and regulating individuals, not simply beings shaped by reactions.
According to Bandura's theory, human functioning is dynamic and involves personal, behavioral,
and environmental influences (Mills, Pajares, & Herron, 2007). The theory, which

Application Paper
Application Paper The social penetration theory is a theory composed by Altman and Taylor in
which people are compared to onions. This may seem like an absurd comparison, but when explored
more deeply it makes quite a bit of sense. The social penetration theory is a description of the multi–
layered nature of people's personalities. As the outer skin of an onion is peeled away another layer is
found beneath it, and if you remove that layer you will expose another layer, and so forth. The same
holds true for people; as we get to know someone better we expose more layers of their personality
and hence become closer to the core of the individual, or the private self The outer layers of our
personality is the public self, or characteristics ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How do we know when to disclose ourselves and when not to? According to Jourard a person is
more likely to self–disclose when he believes that his audience is of good will, or someone with an
attitude of love and trust. Now we must ask a question as to how much one should disclose to
people? The breadth and depth of self–disclosure is determined by the degree of intimacy a person
wants to achieve, with another. This theory claims that peripheral (public) items are exchanged more
frequently and sooner than private information. This usually happens in the beginning of a
relationship when it is still on a more impersonal and superficial level. According to one study, only
about 2 percent of people disclosed intimate details about themselves during this level of the
relationship, the majority of talk between two individuals on this level was about public items, or
worldly experiences they both knew about. Self–disclosure is reciprocal during the beginning stages
of developing a relationship. New acquaintances generally achieve equal levels of openness, perhaps
due to the vulnerability of both people knowing nothing about the other. Instant intimacy usually
does not happen with people, it is something that both parties must strive for in order to attain. At
the beginning of a relationship penetration is usually fast, but as the layers of personality are
revealed, it slows

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