Management Approaches

Management Approaches
Contemporary Theories of Management
Contingency Theory
Basically, contingency theory asserts that when managers make a decision, they must take into
account all aspects of the current situation and act on those aspects that are key to the situation at
hand. Basically, it's the approach that "it depends." For example, the continuing effort to identify the
best leadership or management style might now conclude that the best style depends on the
situation. If one is leading troops in the Persian Gulf, an autocratic style is probably best (of course,
many might argue here, too). If one is leading a hospital or university, a more participative and
facilitative leadership style is probably best.
Systems Theory
Systems theory has had a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As they expend more energy, they seek more structure to maintain stability. This trend continues
until the system splits, combines with another complex system or falls apart entirely. Sound
familiar? This trend is what many see as the trend in life, in organizations and the world in general.
Additional Sources of Management Theory
Information, Management Decision Making
Knowing What a Manager Does
Introduction to Management and Organizational Behavior
Freedom–Based Management
More Links on the History of Management
What is Scientific Management?
AOM's Management History Divisions' Web Site
Development of Management Thought
A Brief History of Management
The Four Contemporary Approaches to Management 1. Sociotechnical Systems 2. Quantitative
Management 3. Organizational Behavior 4. Systems Theory
How the Approaches are Different from One Another
Sociotechnical systems theory is a contemporary approach to management that says that a proper
combination of workers (the social system) and their knowledge, training and tools (the technical
system) leads to organizational effectiveness in satisfying customers. Emphasis: Social + Technical
Quantitative management is another contemporary approach to management that prioritizes
mathematical or statistical analysis as basis for decisions. Emphasis: Quantitative analysis
The organizational behavior contemporary approach mainly considers the behaviors and interactions
of workers. Emphasis: Individual and

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Offender Treatment Approaches
This paper will explain similarities and differences between juvenile and adult offender treatment
approaches and programs. It will explain tow similarities and differences related to treatment
approaches and treatment programs. It will also include an insight gained as a result. Differences
Adult offenders treatment approaches and programs include goals that discourage prevent
punishment, incapacitation, and rehabilitation (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service
Administration, 1998). In addition, the juvenile offenders do not stress punishment. Moreover,
juvenile offenders do not enter a plea of guilty or not guilty. Instead, juvenile offenders have an
initial hearing, which allows them to admit or deny their guilt in a petition.

Approaches to and Types of Genre
Genre is known to change discourse by the format the information is presented to the audience
(Varela, 2008). It is also a category of composition that is characterized by a particular style, form or
content as dictate by Webster Third Dictionary. However Trosborg (n.d) stated that for the past
decade, genre identification, classification and description have been scholarly concern. Certain
scholars dictate that genre is defined primarily around its basic external criteria such as journals and
newspaper discourse while other scholars stand on the opinion that genre can be classify by its
communicative purpose, linguistic content and form of role its play in the discourse made (Trosborg,
n.d).
One of the scholar Swales (1990) stand firmly that the defining criterion for genre is the socio–
rhetorical context, the categories defined by the community and communicative purpose. Therefore
there is certain approaches of a genre to be effetively delivered to the audience after taking into
account to what dictate an effective genre.
In this part of the essay, there will be discussion on how the commonly used approach of genre is
utilize for which purpose of discourse. They are, typography, oral, and iconography approach. All of
these approaches of genre usage will be discussed in detail in this section of the essay.
The first type of genre is typography genre which consist of written form of discourse. It includes
books, magazine, newspapers, websites, diaries, memorandums,

Pedagogical Approaches
The emergence of new and many times innovative technologies in response to meeting a need
regardless of that need being academic or industry driven has changed several aspects of the
technical communicators approaches to writing. More specifically surveying the advent of digital
interfaces and the responses of this community both academic including pedagogical approaches
and those applying their skills in the workforce will present a picture of where concerns and
advantages lie. This paper will survey a theory based on how the development of new technologies
has and will continue to guide the way in which technical communicators interact, create, and
conceptualize their discipline as well as an inevitable impact on pedagogical approaches and
versatility in the subject matter. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Philip Rubens' article, "The Impact of Innovative Communication Technologies: Online
Documentation, the Reader, and the Writer" will be used to survey the foundational materials and
concerns with the reader/writer relationship that developed in response to new and purely digital
based text. Janice Tovey's article, "Computer Interfaces and Visual Rhetoric: Looking at the
Technology" being written nearly ten years after Rubens' will provide a snapshot into the furthering
developments and insights that came in response to an expansion of digital technologies and new
interfaces for writers. Moreover, Tovey's work expands on Rubens' work into the affect that these
technologies had on the reader/writer relationships. Lastly, the article written by Stuart Blythe (et
al.), "Professional and Technical Communication in a Web 2.0 World" will be used first examine the
range of fields that the technical communicator operates in a professional capacity and as a result
suggestions on possible refocusing a pedagogy that is inclusionary to "visual design" (Blythe et al.
281).

Evident Base Approaches
Evident base approaches are very important in the human service field. Evident base practices at its
core is about curiosity and knowledge, asking questions like, where did this knowledge come from
(Farley, 2009) ? In addition, who imparted this knowledge and when did it become knowledge. They
also want to know why this knowledge is better than what already exist (Farley, & et al., 2009)
Therefore, research plays important role in answering these questions. We as providers need to assist
clients with effective and proven approaches that have some level of success therefore research is
important in finding what works. As mentioned in my previous discussion Heroin is causing all
kinds of problems therefore, effective solutions to combat the

3 Effective Approaches
According to Early Childhood Education Today, the three effective approaches that a teacher must
follow in standard four is to "integrate your understanding of and relationships with children and
families; your understanding of developmentally effective approaches to teaching and learning; and
your knowledge of content areas to design, implement, and evaluate experiences that promote
positive, developmentally appropriate learning for all children" (Morrison, 2014, p. 13). When a
teacher follows these approaches they are able to achieve great relationships with children and
parents. They will also be able to have a great teaching and learning environment in the classroom.
When I was observing the classroom, the teachers in the classroom were

The Theoretical Approaches Of Psychology
Psychology is the scientific "study of the mind" (Gross, 2015) and behaviour, which includes the
study of humans and animals. There are various approaches in modern psychology. A theoretical
approach is a perspective which is someone's view about human behaviour, there can be many
different theories within an approach, however they all piece together the same assumptions.
(McLeod, 2007). A theory is an attempt by theorists to try to explain behaviour. Theories are not
facts but can be verified by testing. Theories can then be evaluated which I aim to achieve through
this essay, where I will briefly explain the theoretical approaches in psychology and aim to focus on
an analysis of each perspective which consists of the psychodynamic, ... Show more content on
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Also, his aim which is to give a complete theory of human nature is way over–ambitious. Yet, this
can be argued that cognitive psychology has identified unconscious processes, like our memory
(Tulving, 1972), processing information (Bargh &Chartrand, 1999), and social psychology has
shown the significance of implicit processing (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995). These findings have
confirmed unconscious processes in human behaviour.
Most evidence for theories is taken from Freud's case studies, e.g. Little Hans. This case study was
only based on one person in detail. Little Hans case study was carried out via mail contact with his
father, only meeting Hans after the case was published which many would argue is not reliable.
Freud got his results from talking sessions known as "free association" with patients which he wrote
as case studies. Some patients in question are often small numbers of middle–aged Jewish women
from Vienna that suffered comparable issues, which are biased samples, this makes the
generalization to the wider population challenging. (Gross, 2015). Re–examinations of Freud's
theories propose that he occasionally distorted his patient's cases to fit with his theory, e.g. being
Dora and Ratman, both separate case studies both claimed he misrepresented facts and was
unsuccessful in curing them. The theories are also greatly criticized by the humanist approach for
being sexist against women. (Sulloway, 1991).
The behaviourist perspective was a radically

Theoretical Approaches To Community
According to our textbook, community is defined as "people bound either by geography or by webs
of communication, sharing common ties, and interacting with one another" (Hutchison, p. 298,
2012). Communities are all around us whether it be a school setting community or a social media
community such as Twitter, Facebook, or Instagram. This community can also be broken into two
categories: One is territorial community, meaning the community has territory that it is on, and the
other is relational community, meaning the community does not have a territory. When examining
the theoretical approaches to community there are five theoretical approaches to community:
"contrasting types approach, spatial arrangements approach, social systems approach, social capital
approach, and conflict approach" (Hutchinson, p. 301, 2012). All of these approaches show how the
communities around an individual can affect them physically and mentally. Out of the ... Show more
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When working with specific communities, the geographic information system is a great resource
when trying to understand the territorial mappings within the community. These mapping of the
different stores, resources, and landmarks within the community can help a social worker to realize
the problems within the community. Also, if a social worker is helping a client who is facing
situations such as drug addiction, violence, or child abuse, the social worker can use the geographic
information system to help the client to realize how their environment is making an impact in their
lives. The geographic information system can also help to figure out a better community where the
client's life will most likely benefit them rather than hinder their physical, mental, and emotional
state. By looking through the spatial arrangement approach, we can understand how the
communities can impact and individuals' state of

The Systems And Work Approaches
SOCIOTECHNICAL SYSTEMS AND WORK APPROACHES
In organizational development, sociotechnical systems are a perception to intricate organizational
work design recognizing the interaction between technology and people in the workplace. It
involves harnessing technical aspects and people 's aspects of organizational processes and structure
in order to achieve combined optimization of quality–work and technical performance in individuals
' performance. A historical viewpoint of how management techniques evolved to encourage and
support the sociotechnical approach will be discussed. In addition, the stages of innovation and how
Roger 's diffusion of innovation informs the adoption of the sociotechnical systems will be
displayed.
Historical Perspective to Management
The scientific approach was created by Fredrick Taylor, who use scientific measures in analyzing
assignments determine ways of increasing work efficiency (Benders, 2004). Taylor developed four
philosophies of scientific management (Benders, 2004). First, managers should create a scientific
perspective to work, and it should replace work guidelines. Second, managers need to hire and train
employees in order for the right duty to be performed by the right person. Third, managers need to
cooperate with workers in orders for jobs to match specific strategies. Finally, management needs to
guarantee a suitable division of duties between employees and managers. Scientific management
focuses on the need for teamwork between

Approaches to Organisation and Management
2
APPROACHES TO ORGANISATION AND
MANAGEMENT
Organisational behaviour is a discursive subject and much has been written about it. The study of
organisations and management has therefore to proceed on a broad front. It is the comparative study
of the different approaches that will yield benefits to the manager. The study of organisations, their
structure and management is important for the manager. Identification of major trends in
management and organisational behaviour, and the work of leading writers, provide a perspective on
concepts and ideas discussed in more detail in other chapters.
Learning outcomes
After completing this chapter you should be able to:
■ identify major trends in the development of organisational ... Show more content on
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This is a surprising oversight when you consider that many of his plays deal with issues of personnel
management and organizational behavior.5
However, the systematic development of management thinking is viewed, generally, as dating from
the end of the nineteenth century with the emergence of large industrial organ– isations and the
ensuing problems associated with their structure and management.6 In order to help identify main
trends in the development of organisational behaviour and management theory, it is usual to
categorise the work of writers into various 'approaches', based on their views of organisations, their
structure and management. Although a rather simplistic process, it does provide a framework in
which to help direct study and focus atten– tion on the progression of ideas concerned with
improving organisational

Positivism And Paradigmatic Approaches
The practice of qualitative research comprises of many different paradigmatic approaches. The main
three include positivism, interpretive, and critical approaches. These approaches serve as different
ways in which knowledge is socially collected and analyzed. Now, each paradigmatic approach
comprises of unique traits, some which are similar to each one another and others that are exclusive
to a specific approach. These similarities and differences will be examined below. To begin, the
main approach used in qualitative research is positivism. The Positivism Approach is rooted in
philosophy and used to pursue casual explanations by generating questions as hypotheses, otherwise
known as theory testing. Positivism uses the idea that there ... Show more content on
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In examining these relationships, Symbolic Interactionalism attaches meanings and attitudes to
certain people and objects. Another sub–approach branching from the Interpretive Strand is the
theory of Dramaturgy. Dramaturgy figuratively compares the behavior of the individual or "self" to
that of a theatrical play. This concept emphasizes the presence of a front stage (public stage) and
backstage (private stage). Depending on the stage, the individual undergoes an impression
management which produces a distinctive performance. This impression management is a
continuous individual phenomenon. In essence, Dramaturgy is used to analyze how individual
behaviors change in relation to different surroundings. A third sub– approach of the interpretive
approach is Phenomenology. Phenomenology focuses on the human consciousness and how it is
experienced. Rather than its presence being objective in nature, (as seen by positivist),
phenomenologists argue that the human consciousness is dependent on specific circumstances and is
deliberate. The main goal of phenomenology is to examine how individuals experience aspects of
social life and living it also stresses the fact these experiences are different for each individual. The
last sub–approach belonging to the Interpretative Strand is Ethnomethodology. Similar to
Phenomenology, Ethnomethodology studies how individuals process their

Approaches to Management
Management
"Management is a set of activities directed at an organisation's resources, with the aim of achieving
organisational goals efficiently and effectively."(Davidson, Simon, Gottschalk, Hunt, Wood &
Griffin (2006) p.5). Management has been practiced for thousands of years by many different
civilisations. As a result there are many different approaches to management, two of which are, the
behavioural and contemporary management perspectives. The behavioural perspective recognises
the importance of behavioural process in the workplace and emphasises individual attitudes and
behaviours, and group processes. The Hawthorne studies are famously associated with this
perspective and along with studies on technology and social systems ... Show more content on
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The human relation movement pioneered the evolution of management and lead to the development
of Organisational behaviour.
Organisational behaviour (OB) is the field of study concerned with human behaviour in
organisations. The human relation movement forged many imperative concepts, however many of
its assertions were seen as simplistic and although theoretically correct, failed to hold in real
working environments. As a result OB was formed to supplement the assumptions made in the
human relations movement. OB took a holistic view of behaviour and addresses individuals impact
on the organisation as well as the organisation's impact on the individual. An example of this is the
movement's assumption that "worker satisfaction leads to improved performance." (Davidson,
Simon, Gottschalk, Hunt, Wood & Griffin (2006) p.24). If anything OB suggest otherwise, that
is improved productivity leads to satisfaction not the other way. The emergence of OB further
established the importance of behavioural processes in the organisation and contributed to changing
managerial thinking, by constructing employees as valuable inputs to their system.
An organisational system consists of: inputs from the environment, transformational processes,
outputs into the environment and a feedback loop(as illustrated below), all of which are interrelated
and the

Existential-Humanistic Approaches
Why are various existential–humanistic approaches needed? Provide examples to support your
answer. To begin with, of the therapist/counselor is to apply a vast area of methods when dealing
with clients, by providing them with the necessary tools using various existential–humanistic
approaches. The reason is that there are no two people alike in the world. With this in mind, people's
problems, beliefs thought process, and their 'here and now' is a representation of our individuality
and how each of us handle things. Therefore, when a person comes to see a therapist, it is important
for that therapist to be able to help and address their issues, in the best way possible. This involves,
the therapist/counselor to be knowledgeable, with various

Four Parenting Approaches
Parenting approaches can severely affect the minds and brain development of young children. Kids
are very impressionable at a remarkably young age. They often look up to their parents as role
models and rely on them to teach them how to grow up. How they are raised can affect how they
think and act. Abuse is a huge factor in how a child will develop into a teenager and young adult.
Physical abuse, emotional abuse, and psychological abuse will directly impact a child's way of
thinking in the future. A certain someone who was abused in their youth may think that is is alright
to harm their own children because that was how they were brought up in their childhood. It can
lead to different approaches in parenting that will make an impression on their children.
The four main parenting approaches are indulgent parents, neglectful parents, authoritative parents,
and authoritarian parents. Each style can lead to very different lives of children depending on ...
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Neglectful parents are almost completely uninvolved in their child's life. They often don't care for
their needs, whether that be physical, emotional, or other needs. Their homes are commonly not a
safe place for them to be at. A child could be left home alone for a long time without the parent
present. This can cause trust issues in a child as they grow older and they may not to maintain a
relationship with someone.
Indulgent parenting is another harmful type of parenting. While these parents are involved in their
child's life, they are very lenient. This style has parents being loving and nurturing for their child.
They often give their children big gifts as they don't want to conflict with them or make them angry.
They will often act more as a friend than a parent. This is an unhealthy relationship between a child
and parent as it can make a child think they could do anything without worrying about any

Theoretical Approaches In Psychology
Psychology is the scientific "study of the mind" (Gross, 2015) and behavior, which includes the
study of humans and animals. There are various approaches in modern psychology. A theoretical
approach is a perspective (view) about human behavior, there may be several different theories
within an approach, but they all share these common assumptions and principles. (McLeod, 2007). A
theory is an attempt by theorists to try to explain behavior. Theories are not facts but can be verified
by testing. Theories can then be evaluated which I aim to do through this essay, where I will briefly
explain the theoretical approaches in psychology and aim to focus on an analysis for each
perspective which consist of the psychodynamic, humanist, cognitive and behavioral approaches
where I will analyze the strengths and weaknesses of each approach separately.
The psychodynamic approach founded by Sigmund Freud was a lot of our behavior, is determined
by unconscious thoughts, memories. Freud developed the first complete theory of mind and is the
founder of a series of techniques called psychoanalysis. This aims to explore the unconscious mind
by using techniques, such as free association, dream interpretation etc. and then and be used treat
abnormal behavior. Psychodynamic psychology ignores the aspects of science and instead focuses
on trying to get inside the head of individuals to make logic of their relationships, experiences and
how they see the world. (McLeod, 2007). Freud's theories

Approaches To Nursing Shortage
Approach in Leadership and Management to Nursing Shortage.
Different approaches in leadership and management can be utilized in solving issues that are facing
nursing practice. If we look around, there is the increasing demand for healthcare givers. This in turn
is linked to the increased number of people with chronic diseases clearly using more health–care
services, people who are older have more chronic disease and nurses that are aging, thereby retiring.
The aging population and chronic disease are creating storm that is driving demand for nurses
(Grant, R. 2016). This has impacted nursing workforce resulting in shortage of nurses. Nursing
leaders and management have a big role to play in resolving the issues of nursing shortage. This
writing paper is on the different approaches in leadership and management to nursing shortage. The
purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the different approaches that can be utilized by
nursing leaders and managers to address the issues of nursing shortage in practice through the use of
theories, principles, skills, and roles of the leader and manager . The paper will also incorporate the
approach of the writer's personal and professional viewpoints and why such approach is appropriate
to the leadership style.
Introduction
Leadership is described as the act by which leaders guide the followers towards achieving the goal
of the corporation, whereas management is the achievement of corporation goals by the use of
organizing skill,

Calpers Approaches
What is CalPERS trying to do? What is your assessment of CalPERS approach to corporate
governance? Why have they adopted this approach? CalPERS is attempting to change the way
corporations are governed in America by electing effective boards and educating the public. Their
approach is to identify companies that have "high institutional ownership; high CalPERS ownership;
poor financial performance; and some sort of corporate governance 'sin.'" CalPERS then gathers
enough proxy votes to pass resolutions that they have proposed. Their approach seems to be sound,
as seen in their 1991 proxy season when CalPERS achieved 10 of their 12 resolutions. They adapted
this approach because they can be more effective with resolutions than by holding board seats. Are
they being successful? As a CEO of a Fortune 100 company, what would you think about all of this?
As of the writing of this article, CalPERS has been very successful. As a CEO, I would be
intimidated because organized shareholders can implement real change. The size of CalPERS also
brings visibility with it. If my company was targeted by CalPERS it would become obvious to other
investors that there was something amiss in our company, putting my job in jeopardy. Examine the
specific1991 proxy proposals offered by CalPERS. How would you (as, say, the Penn State
University endowment) vote on each? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The advice is non–binding, so the shareholders would not be interfering with the directors' duties.
The makeup of the committees also lets the largest shareholders, meaning those with the most to
lose, have the largest voice. My only concern is that "at least" 5 of the 9 positions are held be the 50
top shareholders. I would like to have some wording that guarantees a position to a group outside
those large investors to represent small

6 Approaches To Dementia
6 Approaches To Beat Dementia
Summary: Dementia can be defined as a group of mental and social symptoms that affect and
hamper the daily functioning and routine patients. Let's take a look at some of the natural and highly
effective ways or approaches that can help you in your fight against dementia.
Main Content: Dementia can be defined as 'a common term for numerous cognitive problems
usually portrayed by memory deterioration, and noticeable trouble in the areas of language, object
recognition, unsettling influence of official capacity, which is the capacity to arrange, compose, and
abstract.'
A portion of the symptoms of dementia are like depression, so now and again it might be hard to
separate the two. For instance, lack of concern and loss of enthusiasm for exercises and leisure
activities, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Exercise On A Regular Basis
The Alzheimer's experts admit that exercise done on a regular basis can diminish the danger of
building up Alzheimer's disease by up to 60%. For the individuals who have as of now developed
signs of cognitive issues, regular exercise can extensively put the brakes on and reduce the rate of
the damage. Exercise done on a regular basis is known to stimulate the capacity of the mind to keep
up old connections and make new ones.
2. Solid Eating Routine
A decent eating regimen is dependably the best remedy for turning around the impacts of dementia.
A Mediterranean eating regimen is often suggested for people suffering from dementia. Keeping up
a consistent level of glucose, eating food items rich with omega–3 unsaturated fats and a lot of
fruits, vegetables and meat hold the key to maintain dementia.
3. Long, Quality Rest
Dealing with sleeping issues is quite common in people suffering from to dementia, Alzheimer's
disease and Lyme disease. It is a potential indication as well as a high–risk element. Researchers
have uncovered that long and continuous sleeping hours can help in removing out toxins from the
brain.

4. Management Of

Expressive Therapy Approaches
Three Expressive Therapies Approaches
As a future counselor, there are many therapeutic perspectives to explore as a better alternative or at
least the one that will accomplish the clients' therapy needs. The therapeutic relationship may
approach a holistic intervention emphasizing on expressive therapy. Such as: Art therapy, music and
dance therapy, play therapy and few more that have been excluded from the purpose of this essay.
Worthy to mention that the formers have been used as an adjunct to the traditional modalities of
therapies (Kottler & Sheppard, 2015).
Expressive Therapy at a Glance
Refers to various therapies approaches based on the assumption of nonverbal meaning by the release
and solution of client's therapeutic needs. Even ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Counseling may involve children into drawing, building structures, dressing up with costumes
themes, playing with cards or catching a ball. By using the interactive nature of play, trust is
stablished between counselor and child. Former most, aim to feasible communication and problems'
resolution. However, it is important to note that there is a wide spectrum in counseling theories play
therapy approaches. For instance, an approach that will be based in play's emphasize solely, while
others approach will integrate play and verbal communication as part of addressing the issues
(Kottler & Sheppard, 2015).
Therefore, as a future counselor the application of expressive therapies seems to be one of many
preferred approaches on my behalf. The human component of uniqueness, inspire a great emphasize
of feeling, emotions, vocal and movements to be expresses. Beginning with a crying and perhaps
ending with a laughing can be limitless or blocked by many conflicts or dysfunctional issues. Then,
by the evaluation of different therapeutic alternatives such as art therapy, music and dance therapy,
and play therapy many future clients may be guided and helped to express their emotional burden
and find some

What Are The Approaches And Approaches In Language Teaching
Approaches and methods in language teaching
During this second unit we reviewed the most important approaches and methods in language
teaching used nowadays. These methods are based in theories that view the language and the
learning process differently, in consequence, they have different goals and uses depending what the
teacher wants to accomplish.
Many years ago, languages were taught taking into consideration only the structural forms that
integrate the language: grammar, vocabulary, isolated sounds and phrases, etc. and other important
characteristics were ignored. The audiolingual and Total Physical Response methods are examples
of these. Their principal characteristics are that they focused in pronunciation of the language, their
goal is help the learners to accomplish a native accent. These methods see the learning process as
something that must be taught ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It sees the language paying attention to explicit and measurable outcomes the learner is going to
accomplish. Usually describe behaviors and offers can do statements. It is very student centered,
because he is the one who is going to do certain activities.
This approach offers clears goals and objectives that once achieved can help the learners in real live
situations. Its difference is that is standardized.
A teacher using the competency based approach must be an analyst of the circumstances of the
learning process, be able to identify the students current level of knowledge, be able to communicate
the objectives of the class, provide corrective feedback when needed and offer the class different
activities according the learner needs and level of expertise.
The learner must become a self–monitor of their own advances, strategic communicator, be able to
transfer the knowledge it possesses to real life situations and transform it to new situations and
finally be able to perform what he has

Essay Approaches to Therapy
I have learned various types of counseling models that would be beneficial for the clientele I would
like to work with in my profession. I would like to incorporate person centered approach and
psychoanalytic approach in my profession because I have the characteristics required of a person
centered therapist and I find the psychoanalytic approach interesting for clients. I want to work with
a diverse population of clients with issues from anxiety to paranoid schizophrenia. The person
centered approach the client is guided through their problems where he/she will begin to notice the
changes that need to occur in their lives. On the other hand, psychoanalytic approach, the therapist
must engage in to help the client solve their issues at ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Human nature is what founders regard as hypothesis of their perspective approaches. The human
nature view of the psychoanalytic theory by Freud states(as cited by Corey,2009a), ' our behavior is
determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivations, and biological and instinctual drives as
these evolve through key psychosexual stages in the first six years of life' ( p. 61). While growing
up, I was taught genes are what puts together a person therefore a person thinking pattern, stages of
life, and motivations may not be developed entirely on the individual but a trait. However, everyone
does not feel, think, and behave like the next person. Becoming knowledgeable of how a person
develops not only mentally but physically, emotionally, and even spiritually can be the key to treat a
client effectively with the psychoanalytic approach.
Corey (2009a) discusses the human nature aspect of person centered theory, stating 'Rodgers
believed people are trustworthy, resourceful, capable of self understanding and self–direction, able
to make constructive changes, able to live effective and productive lives, therefore they will be able
to manage their own problems in due time through treatment'(p.169). Corey (2009a) elaborates on
the human nature of psychoanalytic theory stating Freud felt people's behavior was influenced by

The Approaches To Speaking
a. Approaches to Speaking The teaching of a productive skill, like speaking, is a vital part of any
language education. Approaches to teach speaking have been changed noticeably during the time.
The behaviorist approach, which is a traditional way of teaching, includes drilling, memorizing,
answering and not questioning, checking and not correcting, individual learning, teachers are the
sources and producers of knowledge, students are the recipients, and leaving no place for much
thinking and understanding [1]. The Presentation, Practice, Production (PPP) is an approach based
on behaviorist teaching [2, 3]. The PPP approach focused on accurate use of the grammatical forms
taught at the Presentation stage. But very few students who finished their English courses were able
to use their English to communicate adequately with others. ... Show more content on
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This Task–based Learning (TBL) framework differs from the PPP approach because the focus on
language form comes at the end [4]. The TBL approach is a subset of cognitivists and sociocultural
approach [1, 5]. In cognitivists, the task is a means of carrying topics into classrooms, adding newly
acquired knowledge by practicing it, and finally encouraging students to produce an output [1].
Finally, in sociocultural approach, the students try to learn and improve their speaking by social
interaction with other students. In this approach, they interact with each other, the teacher, etc. This
kind of interaction will help them construct new knowledge and then able to function on their own

Approaches to Health
INTRODUCTION
This report will be investigating the various sociological perspectives on health as well as the
models and definitions of health and ill health. These topics will assist in the understanding of how
different people and different cultures react to ill health.
1.1–CONTRASTING SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON HEALTH
In modern society there is a general consensus that 'good health' is something that everyone wants to
experience and that each individual knows what this involves. Because there are so many different
definitions of health and ill health it can become a very complicated concept. Walsh (2011) states
that "In sociological terms 'health' and 'illness' are contested concepts. This means that the general
meaning of these words should not be taken for granted.
Negative Definition of Health
The negative model is based on the idea that health is the opposite of disease. The definition
believes that disease is a biological state where the individual is afflicted by a physical condition or
illness (Walsh, 2011: 325). It views the body as a machine that may malfunction at times, because
for some reason or another, its parts have stopped working. The damage to these machine parts is
the disease. It a health care professional's role to identify these fault and repair them. This is based
on medical intervention via drugs or surgery. This can be a very negative outlook on health because
some conditions could be caused by social factors, so a physical approach to

Bilingual Approaches
One of the main challenges in assessing the effectiveness of bilingual approaches in language
instruction is to identify clearly defined methods for measuring the quality and quantity of bilingual
input. Interviewing parents and teachers, and naturalistic observations are useful in obtaining
information about input in any language spoken by children to establish relationships between input
and language outcomes.
For purposes of this research, the samples were taken from the School "Expandiendo Horizontes"
which is the starting point of our research. It is a school for children who remain at home with
parents who speak languages, other than English and French.
The big issue of the research is that the sample strongly focused only in children who are developing
Spanish language, in addition to English or French, nevertheless, some differences ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
One is that it does not allow researchers to make causal statements about the situations they observe.
For this reason, behavior can only be described, not explained. Furthermore, there are ethical
concerns related to observing individuals without their consent. One way to avoid this problem is to
debrief subjects after observing them, and ask for their consent then, before using the observations
for research. This tactic would also help avoid one of the pitfalls of overt observation, in which
observers ask for consent before observation has started. In these situations, when subjects know
they are being watched, they may alter their behavior in an attempt to make themselves look more
admirable. Naturalistic observation may also be time consuming, sometimes requiring dozens of
observation sessions lasting large parts of each day to collect information on the behavior of interest.
Lastly, because behavior is perceived so subjectively, it's possible that different observers notice
different things, or draw different conclusions from their

The Psychological Approaches Of Psychology
There are different psychological approaches in psychology. I mentioned these in great detail in my
previous assignment; I will now discuss the different psychological approaches to health practice.
The psychological approaches are; Behaviourist, Psychodynamic, Humanistic. The behaviourist
theory is all about teaching behaviour whether it is appropriate of not when you can see the changes
in behaviour is when you know it has worked. The behavioural learning technique is the result of
conditioning. Conditioning suggests that a reward following a desirable response acts as
reinforcement and increases the likelihood that the desirable response will be repeated.
Reinforcement is the most important part of the behaviourist approach. A nurse in a healthcare
setting provides reinforcement at each step. For example, when a little girl is having to get a blood
test done and is afraid and rejecting to do so peacefully, the nurse will look for some positive
behaviour and then immediately reinforces by saying, you are such a big girl or you did an excellent
job with that! The psychodynamic theory says that behaviour is driven by subconscious forces in
which we have no control over. These unconscious forces can be accessible through a slip of the
tongue (Freudian slip) or in dreams/nightmares and signify the unconscious truth. In a healthcare
location, these subconscious forces are studied to try and attempt to make a diagnosis. The use of the
psychodynamic theory can be obliging in

Cross Curricular Approaches
Introduction
The title of this assignment is managing thinking and learning across the Curriculum. This is
important as teachers are responsible for teaching a diverse range of subjects using creative
approaches that raise standards (Ofsted, 2010). This assignment is divided into three main sections.
Firstly, this assignment will evaluate a variety of creative approaches to the teaching of thinking and
learning across the Curriculum. Secondly, the advantages and disadvantages of teaching strategies
which can support and enhance the thinking and learning of children in a Year 3 classroom will be
analysed. The third aspect of this assignment will discuss the creation and usage of resources to
support the Medium – Term Plan (MTP) which have some ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Furthermore, connections can be made between subjects to develop prior knowledge which pupils
have gained with new information that teachers need children to acquire. Similarly, adopting a cross
– curricular approach allows the recognition of several opinions and helps teachers 'to build more
knowledgeable, lasting and transferable understandings of the world' (Barnes, 2015: 261). There are
various strategies which can be used to teach thinking and learning effectively. These strategies can
assist teachers in planning and delivering lessons which allow creative outcomes to be achieved.
Further on in this assignment creative approaches will be shared to suggest how they may be used in
the classroom alongside a variety of

Approaches to Inclusion
1 Introduction In this report the researcher aims to demonstrate a critical understanding of the
principle that early years settings should provide for the needs of all children, including those with
sensory and learning needs, gifted children, and children from remote and nomadic populations,
children from linguistic, ethnic or religious minorities and children from other disadvantaged or
marginalised areas or groups. For the purpose of this report, the researcher will use the term
'Children with Special Educational Needs' to refer to the above groups. The researcher will provide a
critical awareness on how theoretical models have changed ways of thinking about inclusive
practice and the implications of this on legislation and policy ... Show more content on
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All educational policies, says the Framework, 'should stipulate that disabled children attend the
neighbourhood school, 'that would be attended if the child did not have a disability.' (UNESCO,
1994., p.24) There is seemingly little doubt that the catalyst for inclusion within the English system
lies in the sentiments outlined in the Salamanca Statement. As Hornby, (2002)., asserts, 'The
statement has resulted in what, at times, appears to be a tidal wave of inclusion intent preached with
overpowering zeal by the church of inclusion.' (p.7) It is observable, though, that despite this
'missionary zeal' the implementation of inclusionary practices, within the English system, began
slowly. Although some might argue that the last Conservative government, through the Code of
Practice (DFE, 1994), encouraged children with special educational needs to 'join fully with their
peers in the curriculum and the life of the setting' (p.11), others contended that: 'the code only
addressed 'identification and standardisation' in an attempt to end the vagueness of special
educational needs, previously delivered through a postcode lottery of provision.' (Clough, 1998. p.2)
2.3 Theoretical Models It is commonly accepted that there are two contrasting 'models' or 'views' of
disability currently present within modern day

A Variety Of Collaborative Approaches
Evaluating the Relative Effectiveness of a Variety of Collaborative Approaches In today's
educational environment, the need to evaluate an educator's approach to methods and techniques of
teaching has reached a critical level. The collaborative culture in the schools allows for sharing of
expertise and ideas which make for a strong learning environment (Grand Canyon University,
2012). While various collaborative approaches to education have, according to recent surveys, found
favor by many, resistance still abounds. The effectiveness of collaborative approaches varies based
upon leadership, time constraints, budget restraints, willingness of the participants, and personal
observation in the learning environment. In spite of its limitations, one can argue that a collaborative
approach to classroom education is an effective method of increasing the learning opportunities for
all students.
School Collaboration Time Leonard & Leonard (2003) suggested that ... Show more content on
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Based on classroom data collaboration is a key in the implementation of making changes in
strategies and for higher performing achievement in student's learning levels. Administrators must
allow effectively collaboration within the community during school time; which allows teachers and
colleagues a deeper understanding and stronger connection with students (Shea, Sandholtz, &
Shanahan, 2017). In addition, there are different approaches in effective collaboration in the
classroom and in the school curriculum. Making provisions for teachers to work together before or
after school hours may require reallocation of resources or securing additional funding (Leonard &
Leonard, 2003). Administrators think it is imperative that teachers sharpen their skills with the
collaborative community so all students can have an opportunity to learn. Thus, it is essential to the
future well being of all students to have a quality education in order to face the challenges in the
global world market of

Approaches To Policing
Approaches to Policing The world we live in has seen many changes in styles of policing. Whether
it is strategic, community, and problem oriented, all three forms of policing have provided proven
benefits for law enforcement and communities. When we look at all three approaches and
effectiveness each have displayed we will be able to understand which approach works better in
different locations across the United States. Law enforcement is not a one size fits all. Different
approaches need to be utilized in different parts of the country. While all three styles of policing
have the same end goal, each styles approach towards reaching that goal is different.
Strategic Policing Having a more technically focused approach to policing is ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This method takes more time and effort to reduce crime. Analyzing the issues surrounding crimes
and effectively addressing them requires a police department to accept a different type approach.
Rachael Boba and John Crank reported, "The notion that police could become more effective by
focusing on problems has kindled an increasing body of applied research in police departments in
the USA as well as other countries such as the UK and Australia" (Boba & Crank, 2008). Crime
prevention is a key element in problem–oriented policing. Knowing how to stop the crime before it
occurs. In order for problem–oriented policing to work well, management needs to know what the
underlying issues or crimes are and allow officers to focus on preventing them from

Approaches To Phony
The teaching film Three Approaches to Psychotherapy from 1965, showed the techniques used by
world–renowned psychotherapists: Carl Rogers, Fritz Perls, and Albert Ellis. Rogers's technique of
Client–centered Therapy, Perl's technique of Gestalt Therapy, and Ellis's technique of Rational
Emotive Therapy . Rogers, Perls, and Ellis, each had a thirty–minute session with a client "Gloria".
She is a young divorced mother, who volunteered her problems with parenting, dating and her
relationship with her daughter. During the session between Rogers and Gloria using Client–centered
Therapy, Rogers used unconditional positive regard,empathy, and genuineness while working with
Gloria. Gloria expressed that she felt connected and heard by Rogers during ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Ellis's technique of Rational Emotive Therapy was used during the session. Ellis worked with Gloria
thinking process and how she sees herself. Along with her life events. He spent the most of the
session challenging Gloria to think in absolutes. Such as, "awfulizing" and "catastrophizing". This
according to Ellis is what is making Gloria feel so dissatisfied with herself and this is how she is
sabotaging relationships and potential relationships with others. Ellis works with Gloria in
correcting her irritation thoughts. In doing this he believes that she can reverse their consequences
on her life. Ellis states several times that this is a short session and if it were not Gloria would have
homework to go out into the world and speak with men with her true self. Avoiding the thinking that
she would not be good enough for these men. Even if she is not good enough it's not a bad

What Are The Approaches Of Nestle
1.0 THE CHANGE APPROACHES
The successful of the Nestle Company since 1866 from it startup till now is actually based on the
good planning by the managerial decision in the organization. However, the most important part is
they make the people in the organization is an important part in running its business. There is two
fundamental documents in the company that is The Nestle Corporate Business Principles and the
Nestle Management and Leadership Principles which is both are lay down principles that permeate
the whole of the Nestle group. While, both document is the Nestle Company policies and strategies
that they need to follow and also become the set of tone and style for the company approach in
running the business.
The change approach ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Organizational development is a set of behavioral science techniques designed to plan and
implement change in work settings (Lunenburg, 2010). Planned change that were mention before
this is showed that the changes of the Nestle Company is the result to accomplish their change goals.
For examples, Nestle believe in creating long–term, mutually beneficial partnership with our
suppliers and retail trade customers when the focus of the organization was always the long term
rather than the short term

Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches
RES/351
June 17, 2014 University of Phoenix
Professor Pamela Campbell
Business researchers utilize various forms of approaches to analyze and obtain information and data,
and two of the most popular approaches used are the qualitative research approach and quantitative
research approach. Each approach can be beneficial or in some cases may cause inconclusive results
depending on the type of research being conducted and what the nature of the study is. The
following will assess two different peer reviewed articles: one which uses a qualitative approach and
the other a quantitative approach. It ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both approaches use single, assorted, and longitudinal methods in the research design, but
quantitative requires stringent consistency and also utilizes a cross–sectional approach, along with
longitudinal, in order to acquire the most successful results. Quantitative research also maintains a
clear distinction between facts and judgments (Cooper & Schindler, 2008). Quantitative research has
numerous strengths and weaknesses as well. The most popular and main form of quantitative
research is the use of surveys, which are cheaper and less costly than other forms of data collection.
Another beneficial quality of the quantitative approach is the lack of contact between the researcher
and the participants, which allows researchers to collect data that could be more biasedly based if
used with the qualitative approach. However, quantitative research has its downfalls. Because the
sample sizes are so large it lengthens the time of the data collection process and interviewing the
participants again is usually not possible, which could alter the consistency of the results (Cooper &
Schindler, 2008).
As stated before, most quantitative research studies are used to define or measure something. Many
medical studies employ quantitative research to define the measurements of a specific issue. One
article

Approaches Of Teamwork
(b) Approaches to Develop Work Groups or Team Good teamwork is essential for high performance
in Procurement and Supply. Teams facilitate the performance of tasks which require the collective
skills, experience or knowledge of more than one person or discipline. When a task is handed by
well trained and efficient team, the task will be completed quickly and accurately. This helps to
expedite the procurement process and generate more revenue without having to add more staff.
Factors that shape the behaviour of team including:  The capabilities of the members  The nature
of the task  Physical environment  Communication  The use of technology Identify and
Analysis Stakeholder Start identifying the key stakeholders in the organization by conduct a
stakeholder analysis. Effective team lead should require keen analytical and intuitive skills to
identify ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An organisation should welcome diverse people and opinions. As everyone is different and each
person might bring a different attribute to our workplace. For example, when the team members
offer different opinions from ours, we should take the time to consider what they have to say, and
factor their insights into your decision–making. Competition and Conflict Productive conflict is also
crucial to effective decision making in groups or teams. Without debating and questioning key issues
through productive conflict, groups or teams may make decisions that have not been thoroughly
tested or evaluated. Productive conflict is one of many means by which teams or groups cooperate.
By agreeing to debate, question, test ideas, and evaluate proposals, members engaged in conflict can
form a cooperative enterprise. Competition may be invigorating, motivating, or serve as a spark plug
for improved performance in the short–term, it is not healthy for groups or teams to use this strategy
in the long–term. Motivation and

Fathering Approaches In Parenting
In my interviews, I questioned my father, Jeffrey Benac and my best friend's father David Dennard.
Jeffrey is the youngest of his siblings and came from a middle–class family with a military
background from his own father. It is unfortunate by the time Jeffrey was born his father's health
was poor and years later began to rapidly deteriorate. David also came from a middle–class family,
however instead of a father of poor physical health his dad had substance abuse problems, often
times being drunk and under the influence of alcohol. Although Jeffrey and David grew up with
different home lives, both Jeffrey and David have come to develop similar fathering approaches.
Part of their approach reflects some of the material we've learned this past semester and other parts
of the fathering approach drifts away. I discovered that Jeffrey and David both had similar views
concerning the punishment of their children, which didn't quite fall in line with our course material.
Both fathers commented on almost identically on the idea of parents in the role punishment; in
response to, "How does your role as a father differ from your wife's role" Jeffrey and David both
observed that they saw their role as the father to be the authoritative and punishing figure when their
kids stepped out of line. At the same time each of their wives is considered to be the supportive,
nurturing, and caring figure who would balance out the equation of the parenting approach. In week
six of class, the lecture

Research Methodological Approaches
Research Methodological Approaches
Introduction
This essay have discussed about the main methodological approaches and the definition and
explanation of the main philosophical terms, as well as mentioned about which philosophical
approach will be use in the research project for next year.
Business Research
Ontology
'A theory concerning the nature of social phenomena as entities that are to be admitted to a know
ledge system' (Saunders, 2007: 605).
The word 'ontology' seems to generate a lot of controversy. It has a long history in philosophy, in
which it refers to the subject of existence. It is also often confused with epistemology, which is
about knowledge and knowing.
Ontology is one of core areas of philosophical study, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The data collect by use questionnaires, and the quantitative data is more efficient.
Different with quantitative approach, for qualitative approach, the aim should be complete and
detailed statement, researcher may only know roughly what information is looking and he/she may
be subjectively immersed in the research process. The data gathering by use interview or focus
group, but the qualitative data may be less able to be generalized.
The research project has been decided to review the Apple Inc. development strategy during last 10
years.
According to what I learned from doing this research methodological approaches essay and analysis
the topic of research project, I found the most appropriate philosophical approach is the objective,
positivism and quantitative approach.
Bibliography
T. R. Gruber. (1993). 'A translation approach to portable ontologies', Knowledge Acquisition.
Jameson, F. (2002), 'A SINGULAR MODERNITY – ESSAY ON THE ONTOLOGY OF THE

PRESENT', Verso.
Bryman, A. And Bell, E. (2007), 'business research methods', Oxford university press Inc., New
York.
Donald, R. & Pamela, S. (2001), 'Business Research Methods', Irwin/McGraw–Hill Inc., New York.

Approaches to Environment Education
ASSIGNMENT ON PAPER I
EDUCATION IN EMERGING INDIA
TOPIC: Approaches to Environmental Education
Environmental Education has been described as education for the environment, education about the
environment and education through the environment. It is the process of recognizing values and
clarifying concepts in order to develop skills and attitudes necessary to understand and appreciate
the inter–relatedness among man, his culture, and his biophysical surroundings. Environmental
education also includes practice in decision–making and self–formulation of a code of behavior
about issues concerning environmental quality (IUCN, 1970). Environmental education is a
relatively young, dynamic and immensely complex field to study ... Show more content on
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The exchanges of view involve the whole series of distinctions, instructions, codes and signs
contained in the language, which tend to reveal the participants' thought processes. The individual is
helped to greater awareness of his own identity, to share in a socially significant experiment,and to
gain a deeper understanding of his environment. By discussion, the group as a whole and each
individual in it seek to raise their level of 'maturity', to enhance their ability to think things out in
different areas, including that of effective common effort.
3. Interdisciplinary Approaches in Environmental Education : The international and regional
meetings organized since 1975 in the context of the Unesco–UNEP International Environmental
Education Programme, especially the Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education
(Tbilisi, USSR, 1977), have underlined the importance of providing personnel responsible at
different educational levels with orientations and instruments stimulating the development of an
interdisciplinary approach toward the solution of environmental problems. In this perspective, the
interdisciplinary approaches in environmental education outlines current thinking about this very
special teaching problem, as well as several general approaches enabling an

Popular Leadership Approaches
As a leader, we make several decisions throughout a day and interact with several different
individuals, who require different types of attention and have different needs. To be an effective
leader throughout an organization, you must take several approaches to leadership, depending on the
individuals involved, the situation at hand, and the legal or ethical thing to do. There are three
popular approaches to leadership to consider during these times; situational leadership,
transformational leadership, and charismatic leadership. Understanding these approaches helps to
narrow down and determine what type of leader you are and to help a leader understand how to
implement these principles during their leadership. These approaches are essential to understanding
leadership and help to ease the decision making process that we are faced with all too often.
Arguably the most commonly used form of leadership is situational leadership and one that I closely
identify with. Situational leadership assumes that the appropriate leadership behavior varies from
one situation to another (Ebert & Griffin, 2015), this approach ... Show more content on
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This demand requires managers to be able to look at situations from different leadership approaches
and access what approach will be most beneficial to the organization. At times situational leadership
may be the best approach for a time being; while for an extended time and situation,
transformational leadership may be the best approach. All the while, charismatic leadership is
needed throughout an organization to spark a following of the culture. Leadership requires a person
to be flexible and to be able to access styles of leadership and how to ethically implement them onto
their organization. Understanding how leadership style and how ethical leadership work together is
essential to being a successful and effective

Contemporary Approaches to Management
Contemporary Approaches to Management and their Environments
The different approaches to management have been changed, fine tuned and discarded over the
years. In the coming paragraphs we will take a look at the contemporary approaches. We will
examine how they compare to each other as well as if they can be utilized in the three types of
environments; internal, competitive and macro environment. The first approach to management
would be the sociotechnical systems theory. Researchers believed that for an organization to be
successful it would need the social system and the technical system to work together in harmony.
The social system consists of the employees, their knowledge, skills, attitude and their
understanding of their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An organization needs to look at the environment around them and decide what will the best
approach for them to use. Since the organization wants to be successful they will need to find the
right fit for them. All contemporary approaches are utilized within each of the three environments to
make the best outcome of the organization and continue to improve with the changing elements of
today's

Approaches Of Psychology And Psychology
Approaches of psychology essay
Fray Brittany
Mr. Perez
Psych Pd.7
11 Sept. 2015
Word Count: 1,449 Psychology is a very complex thing to understand to make it easier it is split up.
There are different ways to interpret the big picture in psychology it makes senses for people to do
so. There are five approaches to psychology and they are Cognitive, Behavioral, Biological,
Humanistic, and Psychodynamic. All of these approaches are different from one another but can
sometimes be used together to get a better understanding.
"Behaviorist Approach emphasis the role of environmental stimuli in determining the way we act. In
large measure, this means focusing on learning– changes in behavior which occur as the result of
experience (Glassman, Hadad 100). Everything we know about behaviorism is through observation
and experimentation, it doesn't concern itself with internal thoughts such thinking or emotions they
also believe that people have no free will. Our surrounding and environment are the components that
determine our behavior. It is believed that when we are born our minds are "Tabula Rasa" or blank
slate waiting to learn from our environment. It is believed all our behavior is developed through
conditioning. For example, Ivan Pavlov a Russian physiologist conducted an experiment where he
rang a bell and immediately gave a dog food causing the dog to salivate before it was given the
food. When he rang the bell and there wasn't any food the dog would still have the same

Management Approaches

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