3. sexual reproduction:
• eukaryotic reproductive adaptation
• advantage: mixing of genes from two
parents to create more genetic diversity in
the offspring
• not being identical to the parent is
advantageous for a species… if an outside
stimulus is introduced that the species is
unable to withstand, there is a greater
chance that at least some members of the
species will have a variation or gene
combination that can make it
3
4. METHOD
meiosis-
a type of cell division where the cell divides twice
• this results in four daughter cells each with
half the number of chromosomes of the
parent cell
• produce gametes and plant spores.
WHY HALF?
4
5. Consider humans:
Humans have 23 PAIRS of chromosomes
(or 46 total chromosomes)
If a female cell of 46 chromosomes combined
with 46 chromosomes of a male cell, the resulting
offspring would have TOO MANY- 92
chromosomes!
Therefore, a different cell division process must
occur for the production of sex cells: meiosis.
5
6. XX – female
XY- male6
HUMAN CHROMOSOME Karyotype
one set from mom
one set from dad
autosomes: 22 pairs
of body cells
sex cells: X or Y
chromosomes
homologous
pair 1
15. 15
MEIOSIS 1:
Interphase 1- cell replicates DNA
• (This will not happen again in the second
division!)
• prepares for cell division
16. 16
MEIOSIS 1:
Prophase 1-
• homologous chromosomes pair up
• make a tetrad
• crossing over- non-sister chromosomes
exchange genetic pieces of chromosome
• results in NEW COMBINATIONS of genes on the
chromosomes
20. 20
MEIOSIS 1:
Anaphase 1-
• homologous chromosomes separate
• independent assortment: each new cell
randomly gets ONE chromosome from the
homologous pair
***Genetic variation***
21. 21
MEIOSIS 1:
Telophase 1-
• spindle breaks down
• cytoplasm divides
• each cell will have HALF the genetic information
because it only has ONE CHROMOSOME from
each homologous pair
25. MEIOSIS 2:
Cytokinesis 2: 4 haploid cells are produced
• 4 spermatids:
gametes produced in
the testes of males
• one egg and
3 polar bodies:
gametes produced in
the ovaries of females
(polar bodies
degenerated & are
not fertilized)
25