Epigenetics can be used to explain the phenomena that cannot be explained by genetics/genomics, such as the differences between monozygotic twins, which are considered to be genetically identical.

1. Epigenetic Modifications &
Epigenomic Technologies

2. CONTENTS
EPIGENETICS BASICS DNA METHYLATION HISTONE MODIFICATION
• Definition
• Modifications
• Introduction
• Function
• Introduction
• Research Methods

3. 1 EPIGENETICS BASICS
Phenotypic differences in monozygotic twins
Epigenetics can be used to explain the phenomena
that cannot be explained by genetics/genomics,
such as the differences between monozygotic twins,
which are considered to be genetically identical.
Epigenetics is the study of changes in organisms
caused by modification of gene expression rather
than the alteration of the genetic code itself.

4. DNA
methylation
Histone
Modification
Histone
Modification
Epigenetic
modifications
Chromatin
accessibility
transcription
patterns
 Types of Epigenetic Modifications
 Functions of Epigenetic Modifications

5. 2 DNA METHYLATION
Where does DNA methylation occur?
What are the effects of DNA methylation?
• Repression of transposable elements or highly transcribed genes
• Cell differentiation and embryonic development
• Association with silencing histone modifications
• Vertebrates: almost exclusively within CpG islands
• Plants: CpG and nonCpG (primarily CpNpG and CpHpH, where H
= A, T, C)

6. Bisulfite
Sequencing
Next-generation sequencing
DNA purification and denaturation
Bisulfite conversion
Bisulfite-treated sequence
Reference genome (untreated)

7. MeDIP-Seq
 Workflow of MeDIP-Seq
Fragmentation
Ligation
Denaturation
Y
Immunoprecipitation
Purification
Amplification
Sequencing Sequencing
Cancer
Normal

8. Histone modification types:
Histone modifications may affect chromatin accessibility and gene expression.
Example: H3K4me3 is a mark associated with transcriptionally active chromatin;
H3K27me3 leads to compact chromatin, which represses gene expression.
3 HISTONE MODIFICATION
Methylation
Acetylation
Phosphorylation
Ubiquitination
Sumoylaiton

9. Histone
ChIP-Seq
ChIP experiment
DNA release
Library preparation
Deep sequencing
 Crosslinking
 Fragmentation
 Immunoprecipitation
 End repair
 Adapter ligation
 Library amplification

10. THANKS
info@cd-genomics.com
1-631-275-3058 45-1 Ramsey Road, Shirley,
NY 11967, USA
www.cd-genomics.com