Sources of Energy, Energy Sources, Resources of Power in India

1. SNIST (JNTUH)
POWER PLANT ENGINEERING
Unit – I : ENERGY SOURCES : INDIA
Dr. S. VIJAYA BHASKAR
Professor in Mechanical

2. UNIT-I: Sources of Energy
Introduction to the Sources of Energy–
Resources and Development of Power in India.
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3. Introduction
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First Law of Thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics is the law
of conservation of energy, which states that
energy can neither be created nor destroyed,
and can be converted from one location to
other location and one form to another.
Energy exists in various forms.
Eg.: Mechanical energy, Thermal energy,
Nuclear energy, Electrical energy.
Energy is
the
measure
of
the ability
of
a body or
system
to do work

4. Power
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5. Power
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• Power 
rate of flow of energy
Energy is the
measure of
the ability of
a body or
system
to do work or
produce a
• Physical quantity of energy
per unit time  POWER
• Power is primarily associated with
mechanical work electrical energy

6. Plant  Power = Power Plant
6
POWER PLANT : Power
plant, is a unit built for
production and delivery of
a flow of mechanical
and/or electrical energy.
OR
Power plant is a machine
that produces and delivers a
flow of mechanical and/or
electrical energy.
Eg : IC Engine

7. 7
Sources of Energy
Conventional /
Non-Renewable
Unconventional /
Renewable

8. 8
The various sources of energy are
1. Fuels
2. Nuclear energy
3. Energy stored in water
4. Wind power
5. Solar energy
6. Tidal power
7. Geo thermal energy
8. Thermo electric power
Sources of Energy

9. FUELS
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A fuel is a substance which gives heat energy on combustion. The main
combustible elements of a fuel are carbon and hydrogen. The presence of
sulphur is undesirable though it is also a combustible.
Primary fuels occur directly in the nature.
Prepared fuels are also called as derived
fuels and are prepared artificially.
Primary Fuel Prepared Fuel

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11. Classification of Fuels
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Peat: First stage of
formation of coal from
wood

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13. Comparison
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14. Types of Coal
 Anthracite: The highest rank of coal. It is a hard,
brittle, and black lustrous coal, often referred to as
hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed
carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter.
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15. Types of Coal
 Lignite: Lignite coal is the lowest grade coal with the
least concentration of carbon.
 Sub-bituminous: Sub-bituminous coal is black in
colour and dull (not shiny), and has a higher heating
value than lignite.
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16. Types of Coal
 Peat: Peat is not actually coal, but rather the
precursor to coal. Peat is a soft organic material
consisting of partly decayed plant and, in some cases,
deposited mineral matter. When peat is placed under
high pressure and heat, it becomes coal.
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First Stage of Formation Coal

17. Types of Coal
 Bituminous: Bituminous coal is a middle rank coal
between sub-bituminous and anthracite. Bituminous
usually has a high heating (Btu) value and is the
most common type of coal used in electricity
generation in the United States. Bituminous coal
appears shiny and smooth when you first see it, but
look closer and you may see it has layers.
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18. Liquid Fuels
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 The main source of liquid fuels is PETROLEUM
 from Wells under earth crust
 formed with fish and plant life in presence
with bacterial action under pressure and heat
India  Assam and Gujarat
 Less space with Calorific Value
 Cleanliness with No ash problem
 Non-deterioration of oil in storage
 Easy to handle, transport and
control of consumption

19. Properties of Fuel
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20. Gaseous Fuels
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Natural Gas
 Natural gas is obtained from deposits in sedimentary
rock formations which are also sources of oil
 Methane (CH4) and Ethane (C2H6)
 CV  21,000 KJ/m3
 Generally is used in Automotives
Coal Gas
 The process consisted of burning a suitable grade of coal in
a bed with a carefully controlled air supply (and steam
injection) to produce gas and also coke
Coke-oven Gas
 It is obtained during the production of coke by heating the bituminous
coal

21. Gaseous Fuels
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22. Composition of Gaseous Fuels
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The calorific value is the total energy released as heat
when a substance undergoes complete combustion
with oxygen under standard conditions.
This will be prepared during the smelting process of Iron

23. ENERGY STORED IN WATER
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 The hydro power uses the
gravitational potential energy
of elevated retained water
which is transformed into
kinetic energy by flowing
through pipes at high speed.
 This kinetic energy is
converted into useful
electrical power using water
turbines.

24. ENERGY STORED IN WATER
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 When water is stored at a particular place it
attains potential energy by virtue of the head
created with respect to datum level. Similarly
moving stream of water possesses kinetic
energy.
PE and KE
 The water energy is converted into mechanical
energy with the help of water turbines and this
mechanical energy is used to drive an alternator
which converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy.

25. ENERGY STORED IN WATER
Hydraulic power plants
 If water source is in abundance then the water
power is very cheap. Though initial investment is
high the operating costs are quite low when
compared to other power plants.
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26. Potential and Kinetic Energy
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 Potential Energy is the stored energy in an object or
system because of its position or configuration.
 Kinetic energy of an object is relative to other moving
and stationary objects in its immediate environment.

27. Biggest Hydro Plants
 The Koyna Hydroelectric Project is the largest
completed hydro power plant in India
 Project site is in near Patan, Satara dt,
Maharasta, build on Koyna River
 In 2012, the Three Gorges Dam in China took over the
#1 spot of the largest hydroelectric dam (in electricity
production), replacing the Itaipú
hydroelectric power plant in Brazil and
Paraguay.
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28. NUCLEAR ENERGY
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 One of the out standing facts about nuclear power is the large
amount of energy that can be released from a small mass of active
material.
 Complete fission of one kg of uranium contains the energy
equivalent of 4500 tonnes of coal or 2000 tonnes of oil.
 The nuclear power is not only available in abundance but it is
cheaper than the power generated by conventional sources.

29. Fission and Fusion
 Fission is the splitting of a heavy, unstable
nucleus into two lighter nuclei.
 Fusion is the process where two light nuclei
combine together
 In both process releases vast amounts of
energy
• Uranium-235
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30. Nuclear Power Plant
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32. WIND ENERGY
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Wind energy is the cheapest source of power
because
It is Free
No operator is needed
 Very low maintenance and almost no
repairs
The limitations of this wind energy are
 variable output
 uncertainty in direction and speed of
wind
 power generated is very low
The main application of wind energy is in
pumping water from deep wells.
The equipment altogether used to produce
power from wind energy is called Wind Mill

33. SOLAR ENERGY
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The sun is the primary source
of energy. The sun radiations
can be focused over a small
area by means of reflectors.
The geographical locations in
the world where strong solar
radiations received are suitable
to trap this energy.
Eg: India

34. Solar -> Electrical Energy
 In this form of energy, the
photovoltaic cells convert the
solar heat energy directly into
electrical energy
 Solar panels are another type
of cells, where water is heated
up directly with sun rays using
mirrors and boilers and this
heated water is further used to
produce power.
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35. SOLAR ENERGY
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The major disadvantages are
1) It cannot be used on cloudy days or at nights
2) It is uneconomical
3) It requires large area even for production of
small power.
Application of solar energy
1) solar water pumps
2) solar water heater
3) solar power plants.

36. TIDAL ENERGY
 Tides contain large amount of energy. Rise and fall of tides create water
head which helps in driving the turbine. Water is stored during tide rise
and water is discharged during fall. The available head is low. So to
increase the power generation the catchment area should be increased.
 The head developed is just about few meters. During high tide the water
level on sea tide (high tide) side is above the tidal basin and exactly
opposite in low tide case. During low tide the height of the tide is lower
than tidal basin. During the period water tends to flow out driving the
turbine unit. The turbine unit does not operate if the tide seal level is equal
to basin level.
 ADVANTAGES:
 1) power generation is rain independent.
 2) no uncertainty in power development.
 3) power generation is free from pollution.
 4) undesirable wastes (like ash, gases) are not produced. 36

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38. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
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 This form of energy uses the natural hot
temperature conditions of earth’s crest at few
kilometres (kM) below the earth surface to
generate the electrical power.
 Generally, the geothermal production wells are
more than 2 km deep, but occasionally much
more than 3 km.
 The cold water is pumped into deep wells,
which uses heat energy of molten magma and
returns to earth surface as hot water and steam.
This is further used to convert the heat energy
into electricity with the help of turbines and
electrical generators.

39. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
39
Earth is a molten core.
The steam that comes out of the natural steam
well is used for power generation. This energy is
termed as geothermal energy.
There are two ways in power production from
geothermal energy
 1) direct method
 2) indirect method.

40. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
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 In Direct system the hot geothermal water/steam is
used to operate the turbine directly. In this method
a separator is used to remove the moisture and
foreign particles.
 The Indirect method is used when temperature of
geothermal source is not sufficient to drive the
turbine. In this method the hot steam/water is used
to heat the secondary fluid with help of heat
exchanger. The secondary fluid like Freon, iso-
butane circulated in the closed cycle. The main
advantage of this method is low temperature
water/steam can be used effectively.

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Direct System
Indirect System

43. THERMO ELECTRIC ENERGY
 This is based on “See beck effect”. According to see beck effect when the two
ends of a loop of two dissimilar materials are maintained at different
temperatures, an electro motive force is developed and the current flows .
 The effectiveness of this power generation is increased by selecting suitable
materials. The main advantage of this method is very low initial cost and
negligible maintenance cost.
 The magnitude of emf (E) produced by this process is proportional to the
temperature difference between two junctions.
 E = α (Tb- Tc)
 Tb = Temperature of hot junction
 Tc = Temperature of cold junction
 α = Seebeck Coefficient
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45. Resources and development of power in India
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 The first hydro station was started in 1897 at
Darjeeling with 200 kw capacity.
Sidrapong near Darjeeling town

46. Resources and development of power in
India46
 In early days most of the electric supply facilities
were privately owned and catered to the needs. The
major of the earlier power stations comprised diesel
generating sets
 The first steam station was started in 1899 at
Calcutta with 1000 kW capacity
 Efforts for organizing the power supply industry in a
rational manner began only after independence.

47. Before and Independance
47

48. Resources and development of power in
India48
 Planned power development in a systematic manner
began in 1951 with launching of the first five year plan
(1951–1956). During this first plan the generating
capacity is increased by 1100 MW which brings total
capacity to 3400 MW, by the end of the first plan.
 In the same way by the end of second plan the total
capacity increased to 5700 MW.
 The third five year plan was characterized by two
significant developments, firstly the recognition of the
important of rural electrification as a key factor in
economic development and secondly the importance of
interconnecting the power station so that different
capacities could be pooled and used to the best
advantage.

49. Resources and development of power in
India contd……49
 This network divides the country into five regions, and regional electricity
boards are also established.
 1) Northern Region - U.P, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, and
J & K.
 2) Western Region - M.P, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Diu, Daman.
 3) Southern Region - A.P , Karnataka, T.N, Pondichery, Kerala.
 4) Eastern Region - Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal.
 5) North Eastern Region - Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura, Nagaland,
Arunachal Pradesh, and Mizoram.

50. Cumulative Installed Capacity In India (MW)
Plan Year Hydro Thermal Nuclear Total
Preplan 1947 499 852 - 1,351
I- Plan 1953 734 1,571 - 2,305
II-Plan 1961 1920 2,733 - 4,653
III-Plan 1966 4127 4,900 - 9,027
IV-Plan 1971 6386 7,903 420 12,957
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51. Cumulative Installed Capacity In India (MW)
(contd.)
Plan Year Hydro Thermal Nuclear Total
V-Plan 1979 10,832 15,219 640 26,991
Annual
Plan
1980 11,381 16,469 640 28,490
VI-Plan 1985 11,788 17,698 840 30,346
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Ref: A Course on Power Plant Engg. S.C.Arora and S. Domkundwar

52. Power Generation Capacity
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54. Power Growth in India
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56. Supply and Demand
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57. Energy Sources in
India-2016 and 2017
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58. Source: Company websites, News Articles, Industry Sources, Aranca Research
Company Business description
• NTPC is India’s largest power producer and the sixth-largest thermal power producer in the world, with
installed capacity of 41,184 MW (including 5,364 MW through JVs). By 2032, NTPC plans to reach 128,000
MW power capacity. Coal-based power accounts for more than 90 per cent of the total capacity
• It has also diversified into hydro power, coal mining, power equipment manufacturing, oil and gas exploration,
power trading and distribution
• Tata Power is India’s largest integrated power company, with significant presence in solar, hydro, wind and
geothermal energy space. The company accounts for 52 per cent of total generation capacity in the private
sector, with an installed capacity of 8,521 MW
• The company has over 35,000 MW of power generation capacity, both operational and under development.
Reliance Power has an operational power generation capacity of 2,500 MW. FY13 saw the development of
the 3,960 MW Sasan UMPP in Madhya Pradesh
• CESC Limited is a vertically integrated player engaged in coal mining, and generation and distribution of
power
• NHPC is the largest hydro power utility in India, with an installed capacity of 5,295MW; it has drawn up a
massive capacity expansion plan of adding 6,697 MW by 2017
• NHPC is constructing nine projects aggregating to a total installed capacity of 4271 MW. NHPC added 1,970
MW and 1,150 MW during the 10th and 11th Plan periods, respectively
POWER
SOME MAJOR PLAYERS IN POWER MARKET