Measure of the ability of a body or system to do work or produce a change, expressed usually in joules or kilowatt hours (kWh). No activity is possible without energy and its total amount in the universe is fixed. In other words, it cannot be created or destroyed but can only be changed from one type to another.

1. Systems in Mechanical
Engineering

2. Examination scheme
Phase- I - 30 marks Exam on unit 1 & 2
Phase-II – 70 marks exam on unit 3 ,4, 5 & 6
Unit Number Phase-I
ISE
Marks Weightage
Phase-I
ESE
Marks Weightage
1 15 ----
2 15 ---
3 ---- 18
4 --- 17
5 --- 18
6 --- 17

3. Syllabus
Sr. No. Unit
1 Introduction of energy sources & its conversion
2 Introduction of thermal engineering
3 Vehicles and their specification
4 Vehicle system
5 Introduction of manufacturing
6 Engineering mechanism & their application in domestic appliances

4. Unit-1
Introduction of energy sources & its
conversion
Weightage – 15 marks

5. What is
Energy?
Energy is the capacity or ability to do work.
Unit- Joule
Work is the application of a force through a distance.

6. Energy definition-
Measure of the ability of a body or system to do work or produce a change, expressed usually
in joules or kilowatt hours (kWh). No activity is possible without energy and its total amount in the
universe is fixed. In other words, it cannot be created or destroyed but can only be changed from one
type to another.
The two basic types of energy are
(1) Potential: energy associated with the nature, position, or state (such as chemical energy, electrical
energy, nuclear energy).
(2) Kinetic: energy associated with motion (such as a moving car or a spinning wheel).
Power typically refers to:
Power, meaning "rate of doing work",
including engine power electricity, specifically electric power.
The dimension of power is energy divided by time. The SI unit of power is the watt (W), which is
equal to one joule per second.

7. Forms of Energy
Thermal Energy
Chemical energy
Electrical energy
Mechanical Energy
Nuclear Energy
Gravitational Energy

12. Thermal Energy

13. Components of steam power plant:
Boiler or Steam generator :
Boiler or steam generator is used to generate high pressure and high temperature steam. The
input water to the boiler is supplied by feed pump (water pumped from condenser) and if required make
up water is supplied. For better efficiency of power plant, consists of superheater, economiser, preheater
etc.
Steam Turbine :
It converts high pressure and high temperature steam supplied by the boiler into shaft
work & low temperature steam is exhausted to a condenser.
Generator :
The shaft of steam turbine is coupled to the shaft of generator and the mechanical energy of
steam turbine is converted into electrical energy.
Condenser :
Steam exhausted from steam turbine is collected in the condenser and condenser by using
recirculating cooling water. The condensed amount of water is called condensate.
Feed Pump:
The collected amount of condensate is again feed back to the boiler with help of feed pump.
The condensate is already a bit hot, hence there is less amount heat required in the boiler while
converting into the steam.

14. Advantages & Disadvantages of Thermal Power Plant:
Advantages Disadvantages
Cheap coal is used Air pollution from smoke fumes
Can be installed anywhere near fuel & water supply
Costs more to run compared with other
types of power stations
Requires less construction space
Cost for Generation is less

15. Application of thermal energy
Electricity generation
This thermal energy is further used to produced the electricity in thermal
power plant

16. What is Hydropower?
Hydropower ( from hydro meaning water) is energy that comes from the force
moving water. The fall and movement of water is part of a continuous natural
cycle called the water cycle.

18. Pelton wheel / pelton turbine / impulse
turbine

19. Working

20. Hydro electric power plant

21. Components of Hydro Power Plant
Reservoir
Gate
Penstock
Anchor
Nozzle
Hydraulic Turbine
Generator
Power House
Transmission Lines
Transmission Tower

22. Advantages
Advantages
1. Water source are easily available
2. No fuel is burn to generate the power.
3. Pollution free
4. Life is more as compare to other power plant

23. Limitation
Limitation
1. Power generation is depends on the quantity of water available, which may be vary from
season to season
2. Time require for the setup of plant is more
3. Initial cost of set-up is very high.

24. Wind Energy
It is indirect form of solar energy because wind is mainly included by the uneven heating of the
earth’s surface by the sun.
Two types of wind 1. Planetary Wind
2. Local Wind
1.Planetary wind caused by greater solar heating of the earth’s surface near the equator.
2. Local winds are caused by differential heating of land and water and also by hills and mountain
sides.
Operation – Wind approaching the blades moves the wind mill shaft thereby rotating the rotor of
generator.
Flow of Energy
K.E.of wind = Mechanical Energy (Rotor) = Electric ENERGY (Generator)

27. Components of Wind Mill-
1. Rotor with Blades
2. Electromagnetic Brakes
3. Mechanical Brakes
4. Gear Box
5. Generator
6. Flap or tail Vane
7. Tower
8. Shaft
9. Controller

28. Advantageous Of Wind Energy –
 No Cost
 No pollution
 It is available in many off- shore, on-shore and remote areas which is helpful in supplying the electric power in
those areas.
 Low maintenance cost.
Disadvantageous of Wind Energy –
 It has low energy density.
 The initial cost of plant set up is high.
 Mostly favourable locations are away from cities.
 The wind energy is variable, unsteady, intermittent and sometimes dangerous also.

29. Nuclear Power Plant

31. Component of Nuclear Power Plant
1. Nuclear Reactor - uranium U235, thorium TH232, plutonium Pu239
2. Heat Exchanger
3. Steam Turbine
4. Generator
5. Condenser
6. Feed Pump
7. Feed Water Heater
8. Coolant Pump

32. Advantages of Nuclear power Plant
1. Cost of power Generation is less than the thermal power plant
2. There is no problem of environmental pollution, fuel transportation, mine safety etc.
3. Less space required as compared to steam power plant.
4. Large amount of energy is generated by burning small amount of fuel.

33. Disadvantages
1. High set-up cost.
2. Nuclear reactor fuels are not easily available.
3. There is problem of disposal of radioactive waste.
4. High skilled operator is required.
5. Cost of nuclear fuel is also high.
6. During the operation, nuclear radiations are produced hence high degree of safety is
required for the operator.

34. Geothermal Energy -
Geothermal energy is the heat energy stored within the earth surface. Water or stem
carry this heat energy or geothermal energy to the earth surface.
Natural Geyser
Thermal area
Hot spring and pool
Mud pool
It is based on the enthalpy of the geothermal fluid. Therefore resources are divided in to low,
medium and high enthalpy (or temperature) resources.
1. Vapour Dominated or dry steam binary system.
2. Liquid dominated or wet steam binary system.

37. Advantages–
1. It is less costly.
2. It is renewable energy source.
3. Extraction is environmental friendly.
Disadvantages –
1. Flexibility in operation is less.
2. It is available in size 10 MW only not larger than this.

38. Tidal Energy

39. Tidal Power Plant
Tidal energy is produced by the use of tidal energy generators. These large underwater
turbines are placed in areas with high tidal movements &designed to capture the kinetic
motion of the ebbing and surging of ocean tides to produce electricity.

40. Tidal Energy

41. Advantages of Tidal Energy -
•Environment-friendly
•Clean and Renewable
•A highly predictable energy source
•High energy density
•Operational and maintenance costs are low
•An inexhaustible source of energy
Disadvantages of Tidal Energy-
•High tidal power plant construction costs
•Negative influence on marine life forms
•Location limits
•The variable intensity of sea waves

42. Hydrogen Energy
Hydrogen is a simplest element in presence. Hydrogen as a gas is not found naturally on earth so
it need to produced.
Natural hydrogen is related with the other element in compound form like water , coal and
petroleum.
Hydrogen is having largest energy content of any other fuel by weight while hydrogen is having
lowest energy by volume.
How hydrogen is produced –
1. Electrolysis or water splitting
2. Steam reforming

43. Hydrogen Fuel Cell –

44. Advantages & Disadvantages of Hydrogen
Energy -
Advantages –
1. Large volume of hydrogen is easily stored in number of various ways like compressed
hydrogen , chemical compounds etc.
2. High efficiency
3. Low pollution fuel.
Disadvantage –
1. It is costly.
2. It is highly flammable
3. It depends on fossil fuel

45. Application of Hydrogen Energy-
1. Satellites
2. Battery operated Vehicles.
3. Space program
4. Electrical system of the space shuttle
5. Produce pure water for the shuttle crew
6. Oil refining processes is using hydrogen gas.

46. Solar Energy

47. Photovoltaic (PV) Cell or Solar Cell

49. Solar Power plant

51. Collectors

54. 13. Biomass Energy
Biomass energy is the energy generated from organic material. Biomass
resources are derived from cultivated fields, human/animal wastes and its
conversion into liquid fuels.
Biofuels are combustible fuels created from biomass. Crops such as sugarcane and corn
are used to create biofuels. And as plant matter can be regrown, it’s a renewable source of
energy.

55. 02
Pyrolysis
Organic materials can be
heated to high temperature
in absence of air
04
Anaerobic Digestion
Wet sewage sludges are
allowed to decompose under
oxygen-free conditions
01
Direct Combustion
Biomass is burnt in the
presence of air .
03
Gasification
Partially burning and partially
heating the biomass .
05
Fermentation
Decomposition of
organic compound
Processes of Energy Conversion from Biomass

57. Biomass Energy

58. Biomass Energy Chart

59. Biomass Sources

60. Block Diagram of Biomass Energy

61. 15. Grades of Energy
High-Grade Energy: Electrical and Chemical energy is high-grade energy, because this
energy is concentrated in a small space. Even a small amount of electrical and chemical
energy can do a great amount of work. The molecules or particles that store these forms of
energy are highly ordered and compact and thus considered as high-grade energy.
Low-Grade Energy: Heat is low-grade energy. Heat energy can be used to do work such
as heater boiling water, but it rapidly dissipates. The molecules, in which this type of energy
is stored (air and water molecules), are more randomly distributed than the molecules of
carbon in coal. This disordered state of the molecules and the dissipated energy are
classified as low-grade energy