2. Content
• DRUG USED IN DEADDICTION
• DEUGS USED IN CPR & EMERGENCY
• VITAMINS & MINERALS
• IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS
• ANTIDOTES
• ANTIVENOM
• VACCINES & SERA
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4. Definition
• ADDICTION: Addiction is a
psychological and physiological
dependence on alcohol or other
drugs of abuse that effects the
central nervous system in such a
way that withdrawal symptoms are
experienced when the substance is
discontinued
6. Commonly used psychotropic
substance
• Hallucinogens
• Sedatives and hypnotics,
for example, barbiturates
• Inhalants, for example,
volatile solvents
• Nicotine
7. Consequences of substance abuse
• Physical dependence, psychological
dependence
• Unhealthy lifestyles and behaviours such as poor
diet
• Impairs social and occupational functioning,
creating personal, professional, financial, and legal
problems
8. De-Addiction
• Drug rehabilitation is a term for
the processes of medical or
psychotherapeutic treatment,
for dependency on psychoactive
substances such as alcohol,
prescription drugs, and street
drugs such as cocaine.
•
9. 1.Primary prevention:
• Reduction of over prescribing by doctors
• Identification and treatment of family
members who may be contributing to the
drug abuse.
• Introduction of social changes is likely to affect
drinking patterns in the population as a whole.
This is made possible by:
Putting up the price of alcohol and alcoholic
beverages.
10. • Secondary prevention:
• Early detection and counselling
• Motivational interviewing
• A full assessment including an
appraisal of current medical,
psychological and social problems.
• Detoxification with benzodiazepines
(diazepam).
11. 3. Tertiary prevention:
• Alcohol deterrent therapy (Disulfiram)
• Other therapies include assertiveness
training, teaching ,behaviour counselling,
supportive psychotherapy
• Agencies concerned with alcohol- related
problems
12. • Financial management
• Developing the work habit
• Stress management
• Family counselling, to reduce
interpersonal conflicts, which may
otherwise trigger relapse.
13. Treatment
• Treatment includes medication for
depression or other disorders,
counselling by experts and sharing of
experience with other addicts.
• Some rehab centres include
meditation and spiritual wisdom in
the treatment process.
15. Patient and family teaching
• Teach the patient/family about the
physical, psychological and social
complications of drug and alcohol abuse
use.
• Inform the patient/family that psychoactive
substances may alter a person’s mood,
perceptions, consciousness or behaviour.
• Explain to the family that the patient
may use lies, or manipulation
17. • Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
is a lifesaving technique useful in
many emergencies, including heart
attack or BREATHING PROMBLE, in
which someone's breathing or
heartbeat has stopped.
18. • Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation is a
technique of basic life support for
oxygenating the brain and heart
22. Shake shoulders gently
Ask “Are you all right?”
If he responds
• Leave as you find him.
• Find out what is wrong.
• Reassess regularly.
CHECK RESPONSE
23. SHOUT FOR HELP
Approach safely
Check response
Shout for help
Open airway
Check breathing
Call 112
30 chest compressions
2 rescue breaths
30. 30 CHEST COMPRESSIONS
Approach safely
Check response
Shout for help
Open airway
Check breathing
Call 108
30 chest compressions
2 rescue breaths
31. CHEST COMPRESSIONS
• Place the heel of one hand in
the centre of the chest
• Place other hand on top
• Interlock fingers
• Compress the chest
• When possible change CPR
operator every 2 min
33. • Pinch the nose
• Take a normal breath
• Place lips over
mouth
• Blow until the chest
rises
• Take about 1 second
• Allow chest to fall
• Repeat
34. Adrenaline
• Adrenaline (epinephrine) is the main drug used
during resuscitation from cardiac arrest.
Atropine
• Atropine as a single dose of 3mg is sufficient
36. VITAMINS
• Vitamins are made up of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen.
• Vitamins are called micronutrients
because they are needed in only very
small quantities. They all have chemicals
names but they are usually referred to
by letters.
38. Vitamin A – 2 forms; Retinol and Beta-
Carotene
Retinol
Named because of its
concern with retina of
eye
Beta-Carotene
Plant sources
Present with chlorophyll
in plants, converted to
Vitamin A in gut wall
39. Vitamin A - Retinol and Beta-Carotene
Functions
• Regulates growth
• Promotes healthy
skin
• Maintenance of
healthy tissues
• Helps eye adapt to
dim light
The moisturising
vitamin!
Sources
Retinol - Cod liver oil,
Liver, Dairy products,
Egg yolk
Beta-Carotene
Dark green leafy
vegetables, Broccoli,
Carrots, Deep orange
fruits and vegetables
40. Vitamin A - Retinol and Beta-Carotene
Effects of deficiency
• Retarded growth,
malformed bones
• Long term-may lead to
night blindness
• Susceptibility to
infection
• Excess beta-carotene
may lead to liver and
bone damage
41. Vitamin D -Calciferols
Functions
• Absorption and
laying down of
calcium and
phosphorous in
bones and teeth
• Regulates calcium
balance between
bones and blood
• Prevents rickets
Sources
Sunlight conversion
Fish liver oils
Dairy products
Oily fish
Margarine
42. Vitamin D -Calciferols
Effects of deficiency
• *Rickets in children and
*osteomalacia in adults
• **Osteoporosis
• Dental caries
* Conditions where bones
are soft and cannot take
weight of body
**Bones become light, less
dense and prone to
fractures
43. Vitamin E - Tocopherol
Functions
• Protects tissues
against damage
• Promotes normal
growth and
development
• Helps in normal red
blood cell
formation
Sources
Pure vegetable oils
Wheat
wholemeal bread and
Cereals
egg yolk
nuts
sunflower seeds
44. Vitamin E - Tocopherol
Effects of deficiency
Deficiency is very
rare but it could
affect the central
nervous system
45. Vitamin K - Napthoquinone
Functions
• Needed for blood
clotting, which means
it helps wounds heal
properly.
• There is increasing
evidence that vitamin
K is also needed to
help build strong
bones.
Sources
Green leafy veg
Vegetable oil
Cereals
46. Vitamin K - Napthoquinones
Effects of deficiency
Deficiency is very
rare but individuals
with liver damage
and new born infants
are at a higher risk
47. Vitamin B1 - Thiamin
• Functions
• Essential for release
of energy from
carbohydrates
• Necessary for
appetite and good
health
• Needed for normal
functioning of
Sources
Meat
Oatmeal
Breakfast cereals
Wheat
Fortified white flour
Milk
Eggs
Vegetables
48. Vitamin B1 - Thiamin
Deficiency
• Fatigue,
depression,
irritability
• Beri-beri -
disease of
nervous system
49. Vitamin B2 -Riboflavin
Functions
• Metabolism of carbohydrates,
proteins and fats
• Growth, repair, development of
body tissues - healthy skin, eyes
and tongue
• The principal growth promoting
factor in the vitamin B complex
Sources
Milk
Cheese
Eggs
Yeast extracts
Green Vegetables
51. Vitamin B3 -Niacin
Functions
• Metabolism of
carbohydrates, proteins
and fats
• Needed for normal
functioning of nervous
system
Sources
Meat, Yeast
extracts
Yeast
Bran, wheat, flour
Some pulses, dried fruit
53. Vitamin B9 -Folic Acid
Functions
• Red blood cell formation
• Development of brain, spinal
cord and skeleton in foetus
• Reduces risk of neural tube
defects
• May play role preventing
heart attacks, strokes and
cancer
• Sources
• Fortified cereals
• Green leafy
vegetables
• Potatoes
• bread
• Milk
• Wheat
54. Vitamin B9 -Folic Acid
Deficiency
• Fatigue in mild cases
• Anaemia in severe
cases
• Neural tube defects
Important to take
folic acid prior to
conception and vital
during first 3 months
pregnancy
55. Vitamin C -Ascorbic Acid
Functions
• immune system
• Formation of connective
tissue, collagen
• Helps absorption of iron
• Prevents scurvy
• Promotes healing of wounds
and healthy blood vessels
• Acts as antioxidant,
protects cholesterol
• Sources,
• green peppers, kiwi,
citrus
• fruits,
strawberries,
• spinach, cabbage,
• broccoli
56. Vitamin C -Ascorbic Acid
Deficiency
• Weakening of connective tissue
• Susceptibility to infection
• Incomplete iron absorption
• Delayed healing of wounds
• Prevent scurvy - pale skin with spots,
bleeding, soft gums.
57. MINERALS
• Our body requires mineral elements for
a variety of functions. They are also
known as micronutrients.
58. MINERALS
• Trace Minerals - are iron, zinc and
iodine.
• Major Minerals - are sodium,
potassium, calcium and phosphorus.
59. MINERALS
• Minerals have 4 major functions:
• Body building – teeth and bones
• Control of body processes, especially
the nervous system
• Essential part of body fluids and cells
• Form part of enzymes and other
proteins necessary for the release of
energy
60. Iron
• Functions
• Production of
haemoglobin in
red blood cells to
carry oxygen in
the blood
• Sources
• Red meat
• Kidney
• Liver
• Eggs
• Bread
• Green veg
Deficiency
• Anaemia
61. Calcium
• Functions
• Teeth and bones.
• Blood clotting.
• Nerve and muscle
contraction.
• Heart regulation
• Sources
• Dairy products
• fortified white
bread
• oily fish
• green veg
• nuts and seeds
• citrus fruits.
Deficiency
Stunted growth can cause
rickets, osteoporosis.
62. Phosphorus
• Functions
• Bones and teeth
with calcium.
• Muscle contraction
• Sources
• Dairy products
• Nuts
• Meat
• Fish
• foods rich in
calcium
Deficiency
Rarely deficient but could
cause tiredness and
depression
63. Sodium
• Functions
• Maintains water
balance in the body
and controls body
temperature, helps
you sweat when body
temp rises.
• Sources
• Cheese
• smoked meats
• Fish
• processed foods
• table salt.
Deficiency
Deficiency is highly
unlikely
64. Potassium
• Sources
• Banana
• Functions
• Muscle contraction
and in maintaining
fluid. It is necessary
for the building of
muscle and for
normal body growth.
Deficiency
Dry skin, acne,
Muscle spasms
65. Zinc
• Sources
• Meat
• Oats
• Eggs
• Nuts
• Functions
• Everything from
acne to diabetes.
Aids the immune
system. Needed for
the senses of smell
and taste.
Deficiency
Dry skin, acne,
Muscle spasms
66. Iodine
• Functions
• Thyroid gland function
(controls how quickly
the body uses energy)
and body metabolism
• Sources
• Animal and plat
life from the sea
• Milk
• Eggs
• Yogurt
Deficiency
Particularly in
children,
fall in the production
of thyroid hormones
67. Vaccines & sera
Vaccine: A substance used to stimulate production of
antibodies and provide immunity against disease.
Sera/serum: liquid that injected into someone's blood to
protect them against poison or disease.(antisnake venom
serum )
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78. Immunosuppressant
• Immunosuppressive drugs, also known
as immunosuppressive
agents, immunosuppressants and antirejectio
n medications are drugs that inhibit or
prevent activity of the immune system.
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