Foam dyeing is a textile finishing process where fabric is padded with a foam made from an aqueous solution of dyestuff, foaming agent, and dyestuff carrier. This allows for improved dye fixation and color penetration into the fiber compared to conventional dyeing. There are two main types of foam used - dispersion foam made by introducing gas into a liquid, and condensation foam formed by gas generation within a liquid. Foam dyeing offers benefits like lower material and water usage compared to traditional wet processing along with being more eco-friendly and energy efficient.

1. FOAM DYEING
TECHNOLOGY
Course Title: Advanced Textile Finishing & Coating
Course Code: ACF-403
Group Assignment : Advanced Textile Finishing & Coating
Welcome to our presentation

2. Name & ID No:
MD.GOLAM SARWAR 120103019
Sumaiya Hoque Suma 120303043
Sifath Abdan Khan Chowdhury 120303003

3. The foam dyeing, the main dyeing elements is foam. For that’s this dyeing is
called foam dyeing. A fabric is padded with a foam formed from an aqueous
solution of a dyestuff, a foaming agent and a carrier for the dyestuff and the
padded fabric is maintained at elevated temperatures to fix the dye.
The advantages of the process include improved dye pre fixation, improved
migration of the dye into the fiber, higher color yields in the fabric even after
relatively short dyeing times and improved dimensional stability of the dyed
fabrics.
Foam is a dispersion of a gas in a liquid. Here the liquid is generally water and
the gas is generally air but it may also be an inert gas. This is familiar as fort
on beer shaving foam etc.
Foam Dyeing
FOAM DYEING

4. Broadly there are two types of foam namely
• Dispersion foam
• Condensation foam
TYPES OF FOAM:

5. 1. White fabric - cotton, rayon, silk or other natural fiber to dye on
2. Dharma Fiber Reactive MX dyes
3. Soda Ash Fixer
4. Synthrapol
5. Squeeze bottles to hold your dyes
6. Foam shaving cream, preferably containing aloe
7. Flat, shallow, plastic or metal pan
8. Plastic mixing bowls
9. Wire whisk
10.Tape
MATERIALS NEED FOR FOAM DYEING:

6. 1. It should generate foam readily.
2. It should offer a good wetting capability.
3. It should exert fast an uniform wetting action.
4. It should show little or no effect on color fastness.
5. It should be compatible with other products of the finishing mix.
6. It should be least effect ed by water hardness.
7. It should not cause yellowing of white materials.
8. It should be easily stabilized.
9. It should be capable of producing various bubble sizes to meet specific
requirements.
REQUIREMENTS OF FOAMING AGENTS:

7. 1. Pre-wash the fabric in Synthrapol. This removes any oils or dirt that might be on the
fabric and gives you better dye results.
2. Dissolve one cup soda ash in one gallon of hot water. Soak the fabric in the soda
ash solution for 5-10 minutes, wring lightly and hang dry.
3. Dissolve your dye powders (2 tsps. for colors without an *, 4 tsps. for colors with
one *, 8 tsps. for colors with two *) in a small amount of warm water, stirring into a
smooth paste. Stir in 1/2 cup lukewarm water. For reds and colors containing red,
filter the dye solution through a coffee filter or piece of silk to remove difficult to
dissolve particles. Add 1/2 cup shaving cream to the filtered dye solution, and then
pour this mixture into the squeeze bottle.
4. Dilute about half a can of shaving cream with a cup of water in a large mixing bowl.
Whisk the mixture until well blended and thick and creamy. Pour mixture into the tray
until about an inch deep.
FOAM DYEING PROCEDURE:

8. 5. Squirt the dye/shaving cream mixture over the shaving cream/water mixture
in the tray in any pattern you wish. Use a comb, chopsticks, or any tool to swirl
and spread the dye into any pattern desired.
6. Place a piece of the prepared fabric on the surface of the shaving cream and
dye pattern. Remove any air bubbles by pushing down gently with a tool or a
gloved hand.
7. Allow the fabric to sit on the surface of the dye/shaving cream for 5 minutes,
and then remove fabric by lifting carefully. Place on a flat surface shaving cream
side up and allow to sit for 2 to 24 hours to develop the dye. The piece needs to
remain moist for the activation to take place.
8. Rinse fabric in cool running water to remove the soda ash, and then increase
temperature to hot. Continue to rinse until water is almost clear, then wash in
hot water and Synthrapol to remove any excess dye. Dry, press and voila!
FOAM DYEING PROCEDURE:

9. (a) horizontal padder;
(b) doctor coating, roller coatingand flow coating;
(c) pressure or vacuum application;
(d) transfer (double-sided)
 Kiss-coating system
 Morrison reverse roller
 Knife-over-roller coating system
 MonfortsVacu-foam system
The Stork RSF (Rotary Screen Foam)system is illustrated in figure. The foamfrom
thefoam generator is supplied to achamber (A), which is formed by twostainless steel
blades. Theupper blade (B)has a tip of synthetic material and is pressed against the
rotary screen (C) by air bellows (D). The lower blade (E) is pressed against the rotary
screen by acombination ofmechanical pressure andhydrostatic foam pressure
Methods of foam application:

10. Foam vs. Emulsion:
Foam Emulsion
1) It is the dispersion of a gas in a liquid
2) Unstable
3) Foaming agent used.
1) It is a mixture of two immixable liquid
2) Comparatively more stable than foam.
3) Emulsifier used.
#Emulsifier is a special chemical used to mix oil & water.
#Optical Brightening agent is used for white dyeing.

11. Sancowad Foamer NT (Clariant), Nekanil LN (BASF).
1. Generate foam readily
2. Wide range of wetting technology
3. Fast & uniform wetting action
4. Little or no effect on color fastness
5. Compatible with other products
6. Least affected by water hardness
7. Least affected by temperature
8. Do not cause yellowing of white
9. Tend itself to be easily stabilized
10. Capable to comply with specific requirement.
Foam is a medium only like water in regular wet processing technology. Foam only
replace water, other processing materials will be there for processing.
FOAMING AGENT:

12. Low material, water for low m:l ratio
Low Waste
Eco-friendly
Energy Saving
ADVANTAGE:

13. It can be classified in following categories:
 Dispersion foam: It is produced by the introduction & mixing of gas from an
external source into a liquid phase. E.g. Dispersion Tank in textile [fig].
It is used in textile processing.
 Condensation foam: It is formed from the generation of a gas within the
liquid, either by chemical reaction or by physical change. E.g. [fig]
CLASSIFICATION:

14. • Inter lamellar liquid drains out of spherical foam cells.
• The lamellae grow thinner, exchange of gas or breakage of lamellae, small
bubbles aggregates to foam bugger bubbles until finally the foam collapse.
#Salt brings dye on surface of fabric
#Soda fixes dye.
#Linear Process/Application: Main chemicals like NaOH, NaCl, Dye
#Progressive Process/Application: Auxiliary chemicals
COLLAPSE OF FOAM:

15. Continuous foam application technique flow chart is as follows:
FOAM GENERATION:

16. FOAM EVALUATION CRITERIA:
• Blow-Ratio: The blow ration expresses the volumetric ration of liquid to foam.
• Range of application: 1 : 8 – 1 : 15
• Bubble Size: Range: 0.1 – 0.3 mm dia
• Homogeneity: Constant sizes.
• Ionic Nature:
1 ) Anionic Surfactants which has more foaming power, not very sensitive to
temp change, used for cotton & polyester.
2 ) Non-ionic: Foaming power less than anionic. Foaming power reduced by
temperature and addition of electrolytes.
3) Cationic: Unused.
• Drop Escape Time: This is the time that elapses before the first drop of liquid
emerges from the foam.
Range: 45 – 90 cc. Uneven application, possibility of less……………
• Half Life period: It is the time taken for one half of the liquid in a definite volume
to drain. Range: 4 -60 min

17. FOAM APPLICATION SYSTEM:
There are several types of foam application system. Such as-
HORIZONTAL PADDING MANGLE:
APPLICATION WITH A COATING BLADE:
Application with Coating Blade and collapse with suction nozzle:
Foam application by pressure Nozzle:
Application with rotary screen printing:
Foam Application with indirect doctor blade:

18. HORIZONTAL PADDING MANGLE:
Advantage Disadvantage
1) Better wetting power
2) Better Foam Decay
3) Lower Investment cost
1) Only suitable for woven fabric
2) Tailing or ending effect occurs.

19. Here, foam collapse with squeeze roller. This process is called “VALCHEM” process.
Advantage Disadvantage
1) Better wetting power
2) Better foam decay
1) One sided foam application
2) More investment cost
APPLICATION WITH A COATING BLADE:

20. In this case, foam is applied using coating blade while they are collapsed using a
suction nozzle action on the back of substrate. This is developed by United
Ranchants & Ram Factures
Advantage Disadvantage
1) Better wetting power
2) Better foam decay
3) More even application.
1) Requires suction pressure
2) More energy consuming and costlier
3) Suitable only for woven and knit fabric
Application with Coating Blade and collapse with suction nozzle:

21. This process is developed by Gaston county & union carbide. It is called FFT process.
Advantage Disadvantage
1) Use of foaming agent is low
2) Popular for application with fluorescent bright agent.
3) Lighter foam density
4) Low cost
1) More energy required
due to low density
Foam application by pressure Nozzle:

22. This process is developed by “MITTER”. They are suitable for carpets.
Advantage Disadvantage
1) Better collapse
2) Better design is possible
1) Require more energy.
2) More costlier
Application with rotary screen printing:

23. In this case, two sided foam application is done by using transfer roller and dosage shots.
This is developed by “KUESTER”. It is called Janus minifoam applicator.
Advantages Disadvantages
1) Doctor blade can control foam
2) Two sided application of foam.
1) More costlier
2) Foam collapse is not good.
3) Suitable for delicate fabric.
Two Sided foam application with transfer roller:

24. Here, foam application is done by indirectdoctor blade dosage and foam collapse is
controlled by vacuum cylinder suction. It is developed by “MONFORTS”.
Advantage Disadvantage
1) Better collapse
2) Better foam control
3) Wet on Wet: It helps multiple dosing of chemical;
however more cost and fabric damage is possible
due to pressure.
1) One sided foam application
2) More power consumption
3) More costly.
Foam Application with indirect doctor blade:

25. Advantage & Disadvantage of foam finish/technology:
Advantages Disadvantages
1) Save water
2) Save chemicals (0 – 20% minimum)
3) Save cost
4) Reduce water pollution
5) Save energy
6) Faster production
7) Printing do not need thickener
8) Wet on wet
9) Two sided application is possible.
1) Investment cost is more.
2) Skilled man power is required
3) Application limited, only for cotton and
polyester
4) More attention required.

26. …for patients hearing.

27. References:
• www.slideshare
• www.scribd.com
• http://textilelearner.blogspot.com/