NASA Budget Analysis

NASA Budget Analysis
Using the NASA budget provided and my job of using the best materials and keeping the expenses low for a design for a lander, I finally came
down to a design. My design choices include a parachute of 100 m. This includes having a surface area large enough that it can produce air friction.
A safety cage of a cubic capsule in where the egg has four surfaced sides in which it can land on. Also , includes a crumple zone that has rigid lander
legs .This will give a medium rigidity where it can withstand the impact of the force acting against it but doesn't stay rigid in where the legs cannot be
used as a crumple zone . This design can offer a safe landing on Mars and support the things inside it in a safe and compact condition. Using ... Show
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The safety has to have a capsule that keeps everything secure inside it safe in the time of impact. This is the reason on to why I chose a cubic
capsule because, I know that in the area inside there would be an even amount of space and have an equal amount of space , not only that but as
the space lander lands it will be easier for the object to land with the parachute with a shape that has even surfaces on four sides in case if it lands on
either sides of the surfaces .The object that I chose to use for the safety capsule is the aluminum alloy . I chose this material because not only was the
weight low but also the cost was at a medium . Although, we know that the tensile strength is only at 300 we know that if more air friction is added to
the space lander it is going to have less force applied to it as the falling is happening meaning the strength of the tensile is okay to not be too rigid . The
price of the material is also at a very cheap price we know that NASA " is to cut cost , mass , and risk " This is matching characteristics and with the
low–cost of the other products included in the space lander having a medium cost is not going to have a large effect on the total
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The Effect Of Speed Pressure On Working Memory During...
Abstract
This study examined the effects of speed pressure on working memory during mental arithmetic tasks. 392 undergraduate students' working memory
capacities were measured and participants were divided into high and low working memory groups. They were then randomly assigned into the fast or
slow condition and tested with the critical stimuli compromised of addition equations. The findings showed that fast conditions result in higher error
rates than the slow conditions. The speed pressure also caused high working memory individuals to shift from using rule based processing to
associative processing whereas low working memory individuals used associative processing in both conditions. However, the study found that both
groups show ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Previous studies (Beilock, 2008; Beilock, Kulp, Hot, & Carr, 2004; Beilock & Carr, 2005; Gimmig et al., 2006; Beilock & DeCaro, 2007) have
examined 'choking under pressure' and concluded that it occurs for those with high working memory (HWM) capacities whereas low working memory
(LWM) individuals were not affected. Although this finding has been common amongst researchers, each have examined different factors contributing
towards pressure induced failure, in an attempt to explain the phenomena and most accurately coincide with real life situations.
According to Beilock et al., (2004), explicit monitoring and the Distraction Theory are reasons as to why skills may fail under pressure. Explicit
monitoring, or self–focus, causes the disruption of automatic processes as individuals force conscious control over the task, causing poorer
performance despite the extra effort and attention (Beilock et al., 2004). In contrast, the Distraction Theory claims that pressures fill the WM with
worries and concerns over performance and task content which in consequence competes with the resources which are normally utilised for execution
(Beilock et al., 2004). To date, most researchers have provided evidence in support for explicit monitoring and its effects of choking under pressure
whilst the Distraction Theory has not been adequately

Why Boomerangs Come Back
Why do boomerangs come back?
When I was young, I thought boomerangs were magical. I wasn't sure if they actually worked in real life, so I decided to make my own to test the idea.
I took a pizza box, cut out a boomerang shape from it, and threw it. It didn't come back. I tried again and again, but I couldn't make it work. I was
bewildered as to why my boomerang didn't come back! As it turns out, I had constructed it incorrectly. I thought a boomerang was just a flat, v–shaped
piece of material, and my design was way off. But before we get into that, let's learn a little bit about the history of the boomerang.
Considered by many to be the earliest "heavier–than–air" flying machine invented by man, boomerangs have been around for more than ten thousand
years. Australia is known for having developed the boomerang, but the tool had widespread use throughout the ancient world. In ... Show more content
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This is the question we will explore in my paper.
Boomerangs come back because, as I learned as a young child, they are more than just oddly–shaped sticks. The shape and structure of the wings and
the way they are joined together at the center are essential to their ability to turn in mid–air and come back to the thrower. Contrary to what you might
think, boomerangs aren't designed to work as a single piece of wood. They are made up of two or more carefully shaped wings that are connected at
the center. Each of these wings is designed to maximize (or increase) lift on one side.
"What is lift?", you might ask. The easiest way to explain the idea of lift is to compare a boomerang wing to an airplane wing. If you look at the
picture below, you will see that an airplane wing is curved along the top and flat along the bottom. This is the reason these massive machines can stay
in the air: The air that goes over the wing as the plane flies has to move faster than the air that goes below the wing in order for them to move past the
wing at the same

Reflection About Dolphins
Dolphins are a widely known mammal throughout the world. Mainly known for performing at aquariums such as sea world, not many people
have seen wild dolphins. Being from the Florida Keys I have been lucky enough to be able to see these animals in their natural habitat. Dolphins
are part of the family of toothed whales that also include Orcas. They normally grow to about 8 feet long and weight up to about 600 pounds.
They are carnivores and their diet consist of different species of fish and squid. Dolphins normally will hunt in groups called "Pods" which they
use sonar to help them find food from a distance away. The interesting thing about sonar vision is that dolphins can use this signal to visualize what
the object is that lies ahead of them. Like how humans can visualize an object by touching it they can get a visualization of an object by scanning it
with their sonar. They communicate in many ways to each other first is by sound which consist of whistles and different clicking sounds. Another
way they communicate is by visual movement such as breaching, jumping and falling back into the water, and by moving either their pectoral or tail
fin. They have streamlined bodies and have a relatively high muscle mass which allow them to swim up to speeds of 35 miles per hour. They do
swim normally at about 20 miles per hour and can do this for a consistent amount of time. Dolphins are also widespread throughout the world but like
to stay in warmer water regions. However, they

Factors That Affect The Water
Drag is a common force in the universe, and occurs in everyday life especially in water. Mr. Redman states that," forward is a propelling force; drag
is a force that hinders that motion" or is the force acting in opposition to the motion of an object. Parachutes are a great example of this force; when
air is trapped in the nylon of a parachute, it creates drag slowing the velocity of the parachutist. Water drag is acted upon swimmers at all times.
Hydrodynamics show that materials of the swimmers closely affect drag. Swimmers wear sleek swim caps, shave their body, and wear tightly fitted
swimsuits all to reduce friction. Skill level and technique of a swimmer also affect drag resistance. "Water is 800 times denser than air, drag forces...
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Trucks experience air resistance due to their big and boxy frame. Air constantly pushes against the shipping containers. Engineers have found a way to
combat such a force by adding large hoods or visors, in which the cab and trailer are connected. The back of the truck is built in a streamlined
fashion, like a plane, to completely extinguish swirling air (Parola, 2000). Another example of drag is frictional forces. Trains, for example, use
wheels to move along tracks. These wheels encounter friction when stopping. Metal on metal gains immense friction and may become hot. This
drag is common among cars and other ground transportation. Engineers have looked to the future to solve this drag. MAGLEV trains are levitating
trains that use magnets for propulsion. This way friction drag is eliminated, yet air resistance is still a factor. To cut down on air resistance,
MAGLEV trains incorporate aerodynamic principles such as a slim line body to cut through air, that way the force of air is evenly distributed
around the body. Drag also occurs in water called, fluid friction or fluid resistance. Boats, ships, subs, whales, dolphin, and swimmers all go through
fluid rest incense. Much like air resistance, fluid pushes against the direction in a object is moving. And again much like air resistance, a streamlined
body will reduce this drag. Submarines were once built like boats only they were underwater. Until 1953 when the us army proposed a

the study of aerodynamics and gravity Essay
My topic for the science fair is " Which falling objects fall the fastest? ". Many factors affect the speed of aerodynamics such as the different forces on
the object. The aerodynamics of the object and the physics surrounding the object. Great scientists have studied falling objects such as Galileo Galilei
and Sir Isaac Newton. I will discuss their lives, experiments and scientific findings.
Aerodynamics is the study of force on an object. It has been called the science of flight. Aerodynamics consists of two Greek words. Aerios means "
concerning the air ", while dynamis means " powerful ". The wind duct is the basic experimental tool in the studies of dynamics. The three main forces
used in aerodynamics are the lifting force, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Why couldn't the apple go up, or left, or right? Why did it go down? In his experiments, he found that an invisible force is pulling us down and
keeping everything on the ground. This explained why the apple fell down and not in any other direction. Newton figured out that the force keeps
everything on the earth. He discovered that the force even held the atmosphere around the earth. Newton called this force gravity. For example, when
you jump, you come back down to earth. If there was no gravity, you would float up and disappear into space. He also discovered different planets
have more or less gravity. For instance, Pluto has almost the same amount of gravity as earth, but the moon has much less gravity than the earth. If you
jumped on the moon, it would take you more time to get down. Since there is less gravity on other planets, their atmosphere does not keep in much
oxygen, thus it is harder to breathe on other planets. That is why astronauts wear spacesuits, to give them air. Because planets with weak atmospheres
cannot hold in much heat, it is cold on the other planets, except for those close to the sun.
Since we have already figured out who discovered gravity in the physics section, then we will go straight to what gravity does and how it affects us.
Gravity holds the atmosphere. The atmosphere holds heat and air as well and it blocks us from the sun's harmful rays. Without the atmosphere we
would all die. We would either choke

Essay about Control System Response in Time Domain
| 3304ENG/7517ENG – Control SystemsSemester 1, 2012 | | System Response in Time Domain| Name| Student No| Time Slot| Signature| 1 Johan
Jarvi| | Monday| | Tuesday| | Wednesday| | Thursday| 13:00 | Friday| | | | 2 Lachlan Hutch| | | | | | | | We, by signing this page, declare that the work
presented in this report is all work done by us, unless appropriate reference has been made to the work of others. We acknowledge that should this not
be the case the report will receive zero marks and due action may be taken.| | Lab Number: 1| | | Demonstrator| | Submitted on| | Mark Received| |
Experiment 1
1.1. Requirements of Experiment 1 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The values of Kp are 0.2576, 0.7727 and 10.3 for T1(s), T2(s) and T3(s) respectively.
1.3. Solution Description
In order to complete the experiment the values for Kp were needed as shown at the end of the previous section. The method of simplify the block
diagram in section 1.2 to the final transfer function equation is shown below:
Ts= KpKmKОёП„S+1s+KpKmKОё
Then by substituting in values for Km, KОё and П„, gives:
Ts= 15.53Kp0.1s2+s+15.53Kp
Ts= 155.3Kps2+10s+155.3Kp eq. 1.3.1.
That then is the final version of the simplified equation to get the values for Kp needed in the ESVL section of the experiment.
In order to calculate the response characteristics the equations listed in the introductions were utilized and programmed into the MATLAB program in
order to speed up the calculation progress for each of the experiments.
The MATLAB code generated was quite basic, the program aimed to easily calculate the required variables through firstly finding the pole locations
using the MATLAB built in abs

How Does Air Resistance Affect Air Travel? A Literature...
How does air resistance affect air travel: A Literature Review
Creekview High School
INTRODUCTION Can air resistance truly have a large effect on how any flying object travels? Of course it can. Anything from a bird flying through
a storm, a Frisbee being thrown during a game of ultimate, or even a large C–130 delivering cargo to troops across countries. Also known as drag, air
resistance is the most difficult counterforce to mitigate during air travel. The resistance can be decreased in many ways such as decreasing the surface
area of the initial contact with the air, but there is no way to completely have no resistance within Earth's atmosphere. Air resistance affects air travel by
decreasing the maximum potential of flight itself.
THE OVERALL CONCEPT OF AIR RESISTANCE'S EFFECT
The concept of air resistance simple. It is a force created when an object moves through air particles suspended in the atmosphere. Because these
particles have a mass, there must be a force needed to move each particle out of the way. Even though the force needed to move each particle is
minuscule by itself, the sum of the forces for particles can greatly influence a flying object. On page 69 of The Science of Everyday Things, the
author writes about drag forces and air resistance by stating, "In the real world, air resistance creates a powerful drag force on falling objects. The
faster the rate of fall, the greater the drag force, until the air resistance forces a

Investigating a Factor that Affects the Rate of Decent of...
Investigating a Factor that Affects the Rate of Decent of a Parachute
Aim– To investigate one factor that affects the rate of decent of a
parachute.
Plan
There are many factors that affect the rate of decent of a parachute, some of these are: The weight of the object on the end of a parachute, the weight of
the parachute, the length of the strings on the end of the parachute, the surface area of the parachute, and the shape of the parachute. As we were only
instructed to investigate one of the factors listed above we chose to find out how the surface area of a parachute affects it's fall.This is how we are
going to carry out our experiment:
Firstly we will cut out 8 differently ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We will use sellotape to attach the string to the corners of the parachutes, we must be carefull to put the sellotape on flat so that the binliner doesn't
ruckle and turn the parachute into a funny shape so it affects the results.We measured both the parachutes and the strings using a meter ruler.
Thirdly we will attach a lump of plasticine to the ends of the strings of each parachute. The lump of plasticine must be put on at exactly the same
point on the strings on each parachute so that the out come isn't affected by the parachutes being pulled down awkwardly or the strings being longer
/shorter so that the parachute touches down quicker/slower. The plasticine should also be exactly the same mass (5grams) for each parachute because
if there is more weight on some of the parachutes those parachutes will be pulled down faster and if there is less weight on some of the parachutes
those parachutes will be pulled down slower. The plasticine must also be stuck at the same point on each of the parachute's strings so that the results
aren't affected by the parachute being pulled down awkwardly or the strings don't vary in length.
Once all of the parachutes are made we will drop each parachute from the ceiling, which is 2.5m high, and time how long it

Jack Price's Model Essay
Jack Price describes some common mistakes that students make when dealing with equations. He suggests ways to help students minimize these
mistakes. Why does he suggest that students should have more time to work with manipulatives?
Mr. Price mentions that extending the lesson and allowing students more time to work with manipulatives allowed them a time to develop rules to help
the solve equation effectively and efficiently.
Write a story problem that can be modeled by the equation shown below.
20 = g + (2 g) + 2
Bonnie works for 2 hours at G dollars. When Bonnie does over time, she earns twice as much. How much does Bonnie make per hour if she works a
total of twenty hours?
Model
How is solving an equation like maintaining a balance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He wrote equals signs on the board. Students were asked to define the meaning of the equal signs. He continues the discussion until students arrive at
the correct meaning. Knowing what students know before the lesson helps the instructor plan a practical lesson and sort out any misconceptions before
teaching the lesson.
Expert's Evaluation
– students experience success at the beginning of the lesson
– permits identification of misconceptions
Compare Your Evaluation
The expert and I both emphasized the importance of identifying any misconceptions that students have about the lesson. Knowing those students has
these misconceptions helps the instructor sort out these mistakes to help students understand the lesson in a better way.
''Using manipulatives to illustrate a concept.''
Observed outcome:

The manipulative that was used, allowed students to move them around creating their own rules of balancing equations. Students were allowed
hands–on manipulatives that they moved from one side to the other to balance the scale. This deepens the students understanding.
Expert's Evaluation
– allows students to develop rules for themselves
– develops a concrete understanding the builds to the

Emg Experiment
DISCUSSION
The primary aim of this study was to observe the force characteristics occurring during the SL under different attentional focus conditions. Data was
collected in a controlled laboratory setting where conditions were counter–balanced with participants. It was hypothesized that lifters would have a
larger propulsive impulse and max rate of force production in an external AF environment. The null hypotheses were accepted due to no significant
differences in force characteristics during the SL from attentional focus cues. In order for optimal force generation to occur lifters must complete a
series of movements to manipulate the bar overhead to successfully complete the SL.
Snatch Lift force characteristic values were lower compared ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The current study used symmetry index as an indicator of coordination but no differences were found between the conditions. Another measure of
coordination has been seen in research using electromyography (EMG) and it has been shown that external AF cues lead to efficient muscular
contraction and better motor control performance. For example, Zachery et al. had participants shooting free–throw tasks under both internal and
external AF conditions. EMG activity was measured from the biceps and triceps of the shooting arm. Their results demonstrated that with external
focus shots were more accurate and EMG activity was lower with biceps and triceps19. In another study, Wulf et al. had participants complete the
vertical jump–and–reach task and measured their jump height and EMG activity of lower–limb musculature. Their findings showed participants
jumped higher and had EMG activity generally lower when focusing attention externally compared to focusing attention internally20. Lastly, Marchant
et al. had participants complete isokinetic elbow flexion contractions using a Biodex. Authors reported a net joint torque at the elbow was larger and the
EMG activity of the bicep brachii was decreased under external AF conditions 21. None of the studies above measured force production but claim
enhanced neuromuscular control allowed for greater force generation. Therefore, when directing attention externally during max force generation tasks,
muscle coordination patterns are optimized producing more efficient and effective

Physics research helicopters
Controlled Assessment – Helicopters
You need to research information (using the internet) that includes answers for the following questions:
1. How the turning rotor makes a helicopter move upwards
2. How the rotor is made to turn in a helicopter and in an autogyro
3. How autorotation is used to help land a helicopter safely if the engine fails
4. Why a helicopter; falling during autorotation, could reach a terminal speed without the pilot changing any controls
5. The effect of the weight of the helicopter on terminal speed
Over the summer you need to carry out your research in preparation for the controlled assessment you will be completing it for Physics in September.
You must make sure that you include:
Relevant information ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is autorotation?
Autorotation is a condition where the main rotor is allowed to spin faster than the engine driving it. How is that achieved? It is actually quite simple.
All helicopters are fitted with a free wheeling unit between the engine and the main rotor, usually in the transmission. This free wheeling unit can come
in different forms but one of the most popular is the sprag clutch. The free wheeling unit will allow the engine to drive the rotors but not allow the
rotors to turn the engine. When the engine/s fail the main rotor will still have a considerable amount of inertia and will still want to turn under its own
force and through the aerodynamic force of the air through which it is flying. The free wheeling unit is designed in such a way to allow the main
rotor to now rotate of its own free will regardless of engine speed. This principle is the same reason that if you are in your car and you push your
clutch in, or put it into neutral while the car is still moving, the car will coast along under it's own force. This occurs regardless of what you do to the
accelerator pedal.
Controlled Descent ? The next question you are probably asking yourself is: "Does the pilot retain control of the helicopter?" The answer is yes. The
pilot will still have complete control of his descent and his flight controls. The majority of helicopters are

Essay on Testing Aerodynamic Structures for Our Science...
First, aerodynamics is the study of the motion of the air. Aerodynamics consists of 4 variables, which is thrust, gravity, lift, and drag. (Tennekes,H,
2009) Aerodynamics has to do with almost everything dealing with air of course.(Tennekes,H ,2009) For example, it can be air crafts, it can be wings,
it can be birds, it can be a race car. Birds need aerodynamics so they can glide in the air so they can also gain enough speed to catch prey. Like a hawk
swooping down 70 miles an hour to get a mouse to eat. Race cars need aerodynamics so that the car structure can have the most air resistance it wont
apply as much pressure onto the car. Like birds air crafts also need aerodynamics for the wings on the aircraft or the weight of the aircraft. ... Show
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They have to deal with aerodynamics everyday since they are the scientists who works everyday trying to make aerodynamic rockets to study space,
they have to be very precise when ever they make a rocket, it can take years, because one time NASA sent a rocket but as soon it hit a certain altitude it
exploded because of on of the cables inside wasn't connected. (NASA,2013) Plus NASA is also creating aircraft for the future so they can send regular
people into space to experience how it would feel like to go into space, but the trip would cost over 3 million dollars, so you would only be allowed to
get on if you are a millionaire or higher. (NASA,2013) Lift is a force pushes the object up ward. Drag is related to air resistance, drag is like friction
but like in the air. Drag is a force that causes to pull the object the opposite way, for example if you put your hand out a window of a car and the car
is on the high way, and if you make your hand like a wall and put it out in the air it would pull your hand back wards. (Paper Airplanes HQ 2013)
But if you put your hand flat down it would just let your hand pass through since its allows air to go around the hand causing little drag. Thrust is a
forward force which allows the object to go into the air, for example when you have a paper airplane and throw it, that throw with your arm is the
thrust for the airplane to launch.(Auld,D.J. & K.Srinivas ,2013) Gravity

Swot Analysis
Direct Ski SWOT Analysis Strengths В·Direct Ski has achieved cost competitiveness by bypassing travel agents to sell directly to customers through
its website В·Direct Ski has experienced rapid growth and turnover was up from ВЂ2.5million in 2002 to ВЂ3.6million in 2003. At the end of the
2003/2004 ski season, Direct Ski had quickly become the 2nd largest provider of package ski holidays in Ireland with just over 15% of the market
share. It also had a small but growing share of the UK market, which it had entered 2 years earlier В·Dire k Ski provides package holidays. This
holiday package includes air travel, coach transfers, insurance, accommodation, ski passes, equipment hire, ski lessons and aprГЁs ski equipment. It
offers customers... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This indicated that they were not only comfortable with the holiday on offer, the brand and price, but that they were also comfortable purchasing
through the Directski site В·To manage group bookings, Directski gives every member of the group a user name and password, with group leader
having access to all information В·By not printing brochures Directski made savings and used its website and newsletter as electronic brochures
В·Most Directski employees are ski enthusiasts and the company invests heavily in sales and service training for front–line employees В·By 2003 an
integrated marketing performance system had been put in place. The performance measurement system had been put in place. It allowed Directski to
assess return on investment from each element of its marketing spend, giving senior management insight into the strategies, messages and media that
worked best В·In 2002, Directski launched Directvilla, marketing villa and apartment vacations in Spain & Italy and in 2003 it added to its summer
offering by acquiring another direct–sell tour operator brand, Escapeoverseas.com Weaknesses В·Direcksi does not produce printed brochures, which
mean they have bypassed one of the traditional methods of promoting holiday packages Opportunities В·Directski were the first direct–sell online ski
tour operator targeting the UK and Ireland, with 90% of skiers using the Internet В·The target market was young, savvy and had already

Fuel Consumption Reduction Of Automobile Development
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Not only to save energy but also to protect the global environment, fuel consumption reduction is main concern of automobile development. In
development of vehicle body, it is essential to reduce drag for improving fuel consumption and driving performance. An aerodynamically purified body
is not only aesthetically attractive but also it will help much to increase the vehicles appeal to the customer [1].
If a body of arbitrary shape, immerged in a large stationary mass of fluid is moved with constant velocity through the fluid, the body exerts a force
to the fluid, which opposes the motion of the body [4]. Also the fluid exerts a force to the body as every action have equal and opposite direction.
The force exerts on the body or the fluid results from the relative motion between the emerged body and its surroundings fluid. As such it makes no
difference in the magnitude of the force whether the body through the stationary fluid or the fluid flows about the immerged body which is at rest [5].
In general, vehicles are known to be aerodynamically insufficient compare to other ground vehicles due to their large frontal areas and bluff–body
shapes. The insufficient aerodynamic shape results in excessive drag which leads to elevated fuel consumption rate [3]. A streamlined shape of vehicle
is very important in reducing fuel demand by up to 7%. Vehicles with an aerodynamic shape use less fuel. Air flows easily over them and less energy
is needed to

The Physics of a Golf Ball Essay
The Physics of a Golf Ball
The first written reference of golf was in 1457. Golf balls have had extraordinary changes since that time; they've gone from leather pouches to dried
gum to today's dimpled balls. These dimples help decrease the drag and increase the lift. Different forces are applied to the golf ball when struck by the
club. Golf clubs have grooves to create backspin. And then there are different variables that affect how a golf ball will travel, these include: lie angle
and the shaft length. A golfer must never forget about "the wind factor". And last but not least , a golfer must flat–out use his own judgment in the
game of golf. The game of golf has a science all of it's own, and even the best players have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the Gutta–percha ball arrived on the scene in 1848 to take on the role of smooth, solid, dried gum from the Malaysian sapodilla tree.
These "guttie" balls had two negatives; they sometimes broke into pieces as some modern solid balls have been known to do and they did not fly as
well as the feather balls. None the less, as these balls were used their surfaces became roughened. Players soon realized, however, that cut–up balls flew
further and the concept of dimples was born. But why are dimples purposely molded into the modern day golf ball? This question deals with the way
that air affects the flight of a spinning object (or aerodynamics if you will) –– and that's the bottom line. Moreover, two simple principles will be
discussed in great detail hereafter: lift and drag. Let's not run faster than we are able though. Before we get on a rampage let's look at what
experience has taught us about a spinning ball. A British scientist in 1887, Professor P.G. Tait owns all the credit to the findings concerning the
importance of spin on the flight of a golf ball. He relates that in his youth he was taught that "all spin is detrimental" and he practiced assiduously to
master the art of hitting a ball almost free of spin. After many complex and frustrating experiences, Professor Tait states clearly that, a ball driven with
spin about a horizontal axis with the top of the ball coming toward the golfer,

Higher Order Essay
Higher Order Thinking and Diverse Learners
Grand Canyon University: Secondary Methods and Data–Driven Pedagogy
April Smith
GCU: SED–444
August 25, 2013
Grand Canyon University: Secondary Methods and Data–Driven Pedagogy
April Smith
GCU: SED–444
August 25, 2013
This unit is designed for students in beginning Algebra classes. It is an introduction to the basic functions of algebra including the definition of an
equation, using basic mathematical skills to solve equations, and applying equations to problem solving.
South Carolina Standard 8–3: Through the process standards students will demonstrate an understanding of equations, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Algebraic Equation Unit Plan | Knowledge| Comprehension| Application| Analysis| Synthesis| Evaluation| Algebraic Equations| State the definition of
an Algebraic Equation? Explain how to identify an Algebraic Equation?| Describe the parts of an Algebraic Equation including variables, like terms,
and coefficients.| Apply labels to the parts of equations and illustrate knowledge of like terms.| Classify problems as Algebraic Expressions or
Algebraic Equations. | As a group create sample problems and then share with the class the results.| Students will complete a group quiz and label each
part of an equation. They will also explain the difference between an expression and equation.| Algebraic Equations using Addition and Subtraction|
Students will tell how addition and subtraction can be applied to solving an equation?| Students will restate the steps involved to solve an equation
using addition and subtraction.| Students will practice solving equations using addition and subtraction.| As a group students will compare their results
in their practice problems and create questions for discussion.| With a partner, students will compose equations and exchange with another group. |
Students will evaluate another group's equations and share with the class their results.|

How Does The Weight Of A Paper Airplane Affect How Fair It...
How does the weight of a paper airplane affect how fair it flies?
My paper is about researching about paper airplane weight. My research question is, How does the weight of a paper airplane affect how far it flies?
For this project I need 3 different sheets of paper,(Construction paper,Computer paper,Line paper, a notepad, a meter stick and a pencil. I chose this
topic because paper airplanes always interested me in how they move and fly. I am also interested in the aerodynamics of the plane and how it can fly
and move around with the air under its wings. In Ellis' project Ellis is changing the weight of the paper airplane. Weight is a person's relative mass or
weight which can be measured. Ellis learned

The Effect Of Velocity On A Flat Plate Boundary Layer
Introduction: The purpose of this experiment was to measure the magnitude of velocity in a flat plate boundary layer in which the pressure was
constant. A pitot tube located at the top of the test section that was used to determine the total pressure across the boundary layer. The Pitot tube needed
to be able to more along both horizontal and vertical directions for accurate measurements. Five different tubes, aligned along the x–axis, were placed
under the wind tunnel test section to measure the static pressure. The result of both the static and total pressures is the dynamic pressure.
Theory:
The boundary layer is defined as a thin layer of any fluid adjacent to the solid surface it surrounds. The characteristics of a boundary layer are basically
what define the effects of viscosity. The velocity of the boundary layer starts from a value of zero at the solid surface and increases until it reaches a
maximum which happens to be the free stream velocity. In other words, theoretically speaking the boundary layer is infinite, but for measurement
purposes the boundary layers ends where the velocity gradient is 99% of the free stream velocity. TheReynolds number, a unit less ratio of inertial
forces to viscous forces, is used to identify the several inner layers of the boundary layer. Furthermore, as previously mentioned when a body parallel
to the flow, such as a flat plate, is placed in the parallel direction of a free stream flow, a boundary layer is formed. At the

Describe Your Rocket Research Paper
Describe your rocket.
At the top of the rocket is the nose cone that guides the air around the rocket. Underneath the nose cone is the parachute and the shroud lines that
were used when the rocket was falling back down to the ground. The body tube is made of rolled paper or plastic with a special coating so that it has
the strength, since it is the basic airframe of the rocket. The launch plug is on the side of the tube that goes on the launch rod so that when the rocket
first sets off, it is more controlled. At the bottom of the rocket is the fins, the engine mount, engine, and igniter and plug. The fins are used for
guidance and the engine mount holds the engine in place inside the body tube. The Igniter and plug is used as a safe way to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Rockets are a very complex aircraft, using instructions are key, but if you follow the instructions carefully then it is not hard to build. If you glue
something together that doesn't need to be glued could potentially ruin your rocket. I also learned that the bottom needs to be heavily glued together
because after I shot my rocket off, the bottom pieces came off and I lost the fins, the engine mount, the engine, and the igniter and plug. Another thing
that I learned, not necessarily about the rocket itself but the conditions, is that it is probably better to not set off rockets when there is a lot of wind.
The rockets already travel far but if the parachute catches the wind then it would make the rocket travel much farther.
3.) How does aerodynamics play apart in the flight of a rocket? Aerodynamics for a rocket is about how the air flows over and around the rocket and
also about how it affects the drag and stability of the rocket. Aerodynamics is the study of the forces and the resulting motion of the objects flying in
the air. It depends on the shape, size, and velocity of the rocket, It plays apart in the flight of the rocket because aerodynamics affects and goes hand
and hand with the lift and drag that is caused by the air moving around the rocket.
4.) What are the following forces and what do they do with the

Analysis Of Electrification Of Truck- Battery Pack Design,...
ECE 5995
Final Project report on
"Electrification of Truck– Battery Pack Design, Battery
Management System, SOC and future Solar Truck Design"
By
Muthuveerapan Narayanan(fx3623)
Purushothaman Rayalsamy (fy6266)
Shafiul Ehsan(gd4197)
Electrification of Truck– Battery Pack Design, Battery
Management System, SOC and Future Solar Truck
Design.
Muthuveerapan Narayanan, Purushothaman Rayalsamy, Shafiul Ehsan
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wayne State University
5050 Anthony Wayne Dr. Detroit, MI 48202, USA
Abstract––Electricity is not just an option for passenger cars. Hybrid and all–electric technologies are moving into delivery trucks, garbage trucks, and
tractor trailers, as well as into other more out of–sight vehicles, all of which literally help keep our economy moving. For these medium– and

heavy–duty trucks, the goals of electrification are the same as with cars: reducing pollution, oil consumption (in trucks, usually diesel fuel), and fuel
costs. Expanding the use of electrification technologies is a key strategy for doubling the fuel efficiency of trucks and for helping to cut our nation's
projected oil consumption in half over the next 20 years. In
2010, freight–hauling trucks consumed 2.3 million barrels of oil per day–more than we currently import from the Persian Gulf– and emitted 348
million metric tons of carbon dioxide.
Keywords – Phase Change Materials (PCM),
Battery

Biomechanics of Surfing Essay
How do biomechanical understandings influence the learning of and performance in surfing?
Problem:
The problem with my surfing is my paddling technique.
Understanding the fundamental relationships in mechanics, helps form a foundation for the analysis of human movement in surfing. The main
principle or law of motion I am going to look into is Newton's Law of Action and Reaction. This law of motion is mainly applied when paddling. It
helps me understand how the application of force to my arm and hand determines the speed and movement of my surfboard and this allows such
movement to become more efficient.
The most important skill in surfing is learning the correct paddling technique. A good paddler catches plenty of waves while poor... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
2010)."
The angle of entry of the hand is important in improving drag force and propulsion. This is because the hand controls entry into the water and flow of
water over the hand. Drag propulsion can be used effectively to improve my paddling technique, by making my strokes longer and larger, similar to the
"S" stroke. Instead of them being short and wide, causing little propulsion because of this propulsion principle.
Lift force:
Definition: Lift force is due to the development of high pressure under the hand and low pressure above it when the hand is pitched to the water at
40В° (Amezdroz, et al,. 2010).
"In surfing, water streams past the hand and can cause what's called lift force. Lift force can only be created when I my hand is a curved surfaces
designed, which gives the best ratio of lift to drag. When the water passes over the hand onto a longer surface area, the water is forced or propelled
at a greater speed than it would when travelling under the hand, similar to my wider paddling technique. The lift force is in the opposite direction of
the force, this gives a surfer greater traction against the water, to catch a wave (Amezdroz, et al,. 2010)."
To achieve best lift force, the hand should be angled at 40В° to the water. The lift force will be evenly and

Bottle Rocket Lab
Introduction The purpose of this lab is to show how the quantity of wings effects the height a 2 oz. bottle rocket launches into the air. The wings have
a vital effect on the flight of the rocket. The fins keep the rocket stabilized and going in the right direction. The way that the fins do this is the same
way that the feathers on an arrow keep it flying straight. The increased drag on the back end of the fuselage of the rocket, keeps the back end in the back.
Experimental Design
"Will the number of fins effect how height the rocket flies into the air?"
The independent variable is the number of wings
The dependent variable is how high the rocket flies
The control is the "blank" rocket launched by Mrs. Still
Hypothesis
If the number of fins stays at 3 (an average number) then the rocket will fly to its ideal height, because too many fins would be too much drag on the
back of the rocket, while too few would not be enough to keep the rocket balanced.
Test Materials
2 1' tall 2–liter bottles
3 3"x5" fins
4.5"x8" tall, cone shaped capsule
15"x2"x2" parachute
2" wide black Duct Tape
65 Psi at launch
300ml of water
A) Rocket Design
1.Locate materials
2.cut the fins from a piece of cardboard.
3.cut off the top and the bottom of one of the 2 2–liter bottles, about 2" from the ends.
4.fill the top piece of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...

The amount of wings was an important piece of data, seeing as it was what the whole paper was based around. Some weaknesses in our experimental
design was finding groups willing to help, because everyone wanted to do their own questions and wanted the freedom of choice, rather than having to
make a rocket by specific standards. I feel that this could've been helped if instead, the experimental question was weight–related, as that would imply
more freedom to make the rocket how the other groups wanted to make their

Flatbed Drivers Research Paper
Flatbed carriers encounter sunshine, rain, snow, wind and other elements as they roll down the road. Drivers have to protect their cargo with tarps and
fastening devices to keep it protected from the weather. Most times, those tarps are large, heavy, fold–up versions that have to be manually hauled to
the top of the load. Once they're in place, they have to be spread out and secured at multiple points on the trailer bed. This is one of the most dangerous
and strenuous parts of a driver's job.
Standard tarps weigh anywhere between 40 and 90 pounds, depending on the size. They have to be carried to the top of the load, spread out, tucked
under and around the cargo and secured to the truck bed. It's difficult work, at best, especially for older drivers. Not only that, but it is an incredibly
dangerous thing to do. Drivers must be extremely careful when climbing on top of the load. Falling off the top, or slipping through cracks in cargo can
cause serious injury. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The roof and sides fold, similar to an accordion, to give access to the trailer's platform for loading and unloading. Once the cargo is loaded, it
travels on side tracks to cover the load. They don't require the driver to climb on top to cover the load. In fact, most of the work of covering the load
is done from the ground, greatly reducing the risk of injury. In some cases, the driver may still have to be on the deck to tie the tarp down, but most
times, they can do it from the

I Agree With Reservations With The Title
I agree with reservations with the title. For the purposes of this essay, the word describe will be defined as the active act of either explaining or
representing an idea or concept within an area of knowledge. The word transform will be defined as having a great impact the 'world'. Not to be
confused with 'change', here, transforming considers a degree of innovation, whilst 'change' highlights a minor shift. The word seek is key, and will
represent the idea that within the Area of Knowledge, there can be the active intent to transform or describe.
One event can be interpreted as both transforming and describing, due to the room for subjective judgement inherent in both of these two ideas. The
concepts of description and transformation are abstract in nature. The idea that one event has the capability of both describing and transforming the
world in different ways is evident in the area of knowledge of history. Here, the description of the past has the potential to transform the present. The
discovery of what happened behind China's metaphorical walls would forever transform the way Mao and his regime was perceived. A specific case of
this is the French intellectuals involved in The Wind from the East: French Intellectuals, theCultural Revolution, and the Legacy of the 1960s which
outlines first hand how a group of French students were seduced by Mao's apparently pure ideology and the perceived cultural and intellectual impact
of the East during the 1960s. This is an

Fluid Mechanics 3-Aerofoil Lab Report Essay
Fluid Mechanics 3–Aerofoil Lab Report Introduction This report aims to investigate the effect the angle of attack of an aerofoil has on the air flow
around it. This was done by recording the lift and drag forces the aerofoil experienced when positioned at different angles of attack. The experimental
lift force the aerofoil experienced when positioned at different angles of attack was then compared with theoretical values. An attempt was made to
explain any discrepancies between experimental and theoretical values. Theory When air is blown over an aerofoil, it separates into two distinct sets
of streamlines above and below it separated by a dividing streamline. The shape of the aerofoil... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
–The protractor of the aerofoil connected to the lift and drag voltmeters was then used to vary the aerofoil's angle of attack from 0В° to 20В°. Lift
and Drag voltage values measured for each angle were recorded and calibration coefficients of 6.7 and 6.4 were used to obtain force Newton values
for lift and drag. The lift and drag forces obtained for each angle were then plugged into equations (3) and (4) to obtain lift and drag coefficients.
Equation (5) was used to calculate a theoretical value for the lift coefficient. (3) A represents the area of the aerofoil (4) (5) The values obtained were
then tabulated, graphed and compared. –The Reynolds number of this experiment was then calculated using equation (4) where c is the length of the
aerofoil chord and is the dynamic viscosity of air. (6) Results –Equation (6) was used to calculate the Reynolds Number which equated to 119366.
Discussion The graph in Figure 3 confirms the theory stating that as the angle of attack of an aerofoil increases, the lift force it experiences also
increases until it reaches stall position. The graph clearly shows the lift coefficient steadily increasing with angle of attack. This is due to the fact that
as that as angle of attack increases, the point at which the airflow separates into streamlines going above and below the aerofoil moves forward thus
providing more lift force. Lift force continues to increase until the angle of attack reaches 13В° marking the angle

The X Ray Vision Of Superman
It's a bird! It's a plane! It's Superman! In 1938, Action Comics #1, released the first Superman comic to the public. Superman, also known as Kal El,
has shown many different powers since his first debut in 1938. This paper will discuss various topics about four of his major powers and explain why
they are all impossible for anyone to achieve in real life. Superman's four major powers that will be discussed in this paper are X–ray vision, being able
to fly, super strength, and invulnerability.
The X–ray was first discovered in 1895 by a German physicist named W.C. Roentgen ("The Discovery"). W.C. Roentgen was working in a lab one
day in 1895 and decided to send a high electrical current through a cathode ray filled with special gas. He realized that a dim green colored light
was being produced, and decided to hold the cathode ray just above his wife's hand. When he did this he observed that the light was able to penetrate
human skin, but would leave all the bones visible. There is a picture below of the X–ray of W.C. Roentgen's wife's hand ("The Discovery"). He named
it the X–ray because he did not know the identity of what kind of ray it was. He just named it X, because of its use in solving unknowns in algebraic
equations ("The Discovery").
However, there are some limitations on this Superman power in both the laws of physics and in the laws of the human body. The first restriction is that
in an X–ray, tiny rays will pass through any atoms that don't have enough mass

Personal Narrative: My Experience With Soccer
assigned a project to be done on Prezi or Powerpoint, I would always make it creative by adding things that wasn't required in the assignment, or have
some visuals and transitions to express action and movement. Another creative experience I've had was when my friend and I built a Projectile
Launcher for a Physics Project where I built the launcher with a shoe box, duct–tape, and a plastic pipes. In the box, I built an extra slot which was an
ammunition storage, so we didn't have to worry about carrying the ammunition around and losing it because it was a small as a battery. This creativity
was efficient so that losing or becoming disqualified for not having ammunition on the due date, wouldn't be a factor in this project.
Being creative doesn't ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I have played soccer throughout my life, but started off not knowing or having any interest in the sport, to something I actually enjoy doing the
most. The sport has always been apart of my life and my journey to success, I would always visualize and think of soccer and how to become an
even better player over the course of time. My skill was not natural or was not given to me at birth, I worked and trained consistently to be able to
achieve my goal of being the best player I can possibly be. Having this skill not only gives me the recognition in the sport community, but I have
learned to communicate with others, meet new people regardless of who they are, interact with the real world, and how sports is more than just a
competitively played game. When I go out with my friends or practice alone in the park or on the soccer field, I would always have the urge to
'show–off' my skill to a certain extent and not excessively boast; which means I am very proud of my hard work and how it can pay off the more I
practice. I have also learned that winning is not everything about soccer and any other sport, winning is just for happiness. In the long–term, as long as
I have fun and enjoy the intensity on the field with my teammates, happiness will come naturally. During many games of soccer, I have developed
what any sport requires, it is confidence. I cannot play soccer with a low self–esteem on

Class Obervation on Reading Comprehension Skills
Class Observation and Report
I met the instructor before class to discuss overall goals as well as goals for that day's lesson. The overall goal of the course is to improve reading
comprehension skills, increase math problem solving skills, and develop a strong ability to combine the two and further discussion skills. The goal of
that day's lesson was to work on reading strategies: scanning, identifying main ideas, and understanding details of different math word problems and
equations. The instructor mentioned that there are only 10 people in the class and almost all of them are between the ages of 11–12. They are all at
pretty much the same reading level, although there is some slight variation. Specifically though, in her fourth period class, one student had a
tremendous difficulty in reading and understanding word problems and them translating those words into numbers and equations.
In one activity the instructor starts the class by picking up one math assignment that was due and they check three other math assignments together. All
of the students call out the answers in unison. The unit they had just ended was on integers and they were just beginning their unit on equations and
eventually into inequalities. Then she hands out flash cards with five discussion questions that pertain to the topic of equations and inequalities, for
example "What do you think an equation is?" and "Why would you ever need to use one?" Students get into groups of two to discuss their

AERO 1020: Theory Of Flight
Balsa Wood Glider Project for AERO 1020: Theory of Flight
Goal
The goal of my glider is for it to sustain flight with an overall steady glide path to the ground, and have an efficient lift to weight ratio. Also, in
completing my project, I want to strengthen my general understanding of the theory of flight and the forces that act upon an aircraft in flight.
Glider Information There is a great deal of factors that go in to play when trying to get an aircraft to sustain flight. However, research has suggested
that there are a few key aspects of aircraft design and tweaking these components can make an aircraft be successful. A glider must be able to produce
ample lift from its wings and be able to remain stable in the air. By learning and understand ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An airfoil uses Bernoulli's theory to create a lower pressure on the top of the wing in comparison to the bottom. A way to create this low pressure is to
add camber, the curvature of a cross section of a wing. "So, if you want a glider designed for distance, you would use a slight camber, that yields
the maximum efficiency" (Brasseur, 2009). High camber wings generate more lift than low camber wings. The Edinburgh brothers stated that some
are very thick and have a large amount of camber...they also have rather large drags (Edinburgh & Edinburgh, 1962). Drag is the pull of the
airplane in the opposite path it is traveling. Therefore, it is very important when designing a wing, to find a happy medium with the amount of
camber and the amount of drag that comes with it. There is also is drag that come with the friction of the air across the surface of the aircraft. Hurt
(1992) found that, "because the air has viscosity, air will encounter resistance to flow over a surface...and accounts for the drag of skin friction". To
create even less drag, an airplane can be design very smooth with little disruption to the air traveling across its surface to allow the airplane to slip
through the

Accounting Principles and Health Care Essay
Accounting Principles and Health Care
Samantha Mrazek
HCS 571
March 19, 2012
John Hodnette
Accounting Principles and Health Care There are no formal accounting principles that apply to health care. However, there are five generally accepted
guiding principles used in the management of the financial aspects of health care management (Cleverly, Song & Cleverly, 2011). Understanding the
five guiding principles are important in understanding financial information and managerial accounting and how the principles relate to health care
(Cleverly et. al.). The five principles include, accounting entity,money measurement, duality, cost valuation, and stable monetary unit. Each principle
and how it relates to health care is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Assets are the resources that the organization has and the money generated. Liabilities are resources that are owed for services, supplies and other
things that the organization has acquired. The ideal goal of any business is for the assets to be greater than the liabilities (Cleverly et. al.). Duality
Duality is a simple mathematical equation or rather, it seems simple. The equation states, "The value of assets must always equal the combined
value of liabilities and residual interest, which we have called net assets." (Cleverly et. al. pg. 185 para.1) This requires balancing reports about
changes in either side of the equation. In health care, for instance, changes such as buying supplies, receiving payment for services, or paying the
electric bill are all transactions that require balancing the books, so to speak, so that the equation is still equal. Cost Valuation Cost Valuation can
be defined as choosing the right price for services, supplies and other things of value (Hutton, 2005). Choosing the right price may be based on the
history of what the entity has paid that is reflected by money measurement or may be based on other measures of what a cost should be (Cleverly et.
al.). Market value is a way to assess a cost value. This seems to be favorite way with many organizations. This method is not considered

Optimization and Brand Essay
Answers are hi–lighted yellow.
Company A's nationally advertised brand is Brand X. Contribution to profit with Brand X is $40 per case.
Company A's re–proportioned formula is sold under a private label Brand Y. Contribution to profit with Brand Y is $30 per case.
Company A's objective is to maximize the total contribution to profit.
Three constraints limit the number of cases of Brand X and Brand Y that can be produced.
Constraint 1: The available units of nutrient C (n) is 30.
Constraint 2: The available units of flavor additive (f) is 72.
Constraint 3: The available units of color additive (c) is 90.
Material units per case of Brand X and Brand Y:
Product
Brand X Brand Y Formula for a case of Brand X = 4n+12f+6c
Nutrient C: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The other two extreme points must be solved using both line equations simultaneously: Of the five extreme points, one point will provide the maximum
profit contribution.
Solving for the extreme point where the color and nutrient lines intersect subtract the two equations:
1) 6X + 15Y = 90 Multiply this equation by 2 to eliminate the X variable
4X + 4Y = 30 Multiply this equation by 3 to eliminate the X variable
2) 12X + 30Y = 180
12X + 12Y = 90 Subtract equation two from equation one 18Y = 90 Y = 5 Substituting Y = 5 back into the first equation
6X + 15(5) = 90 6X + 75 = 90 6X = 15 X = 2.5 Extreme point = (2.5,5)
Solving for the extreme point where the flavor and nutrient lines intersect subtract the two equatitions:
1) 12X + 6Y = 72 4X + 4Y = 30 Multiply this equation by 3 to eliminate the x variable
2) 12X + 6Y = 72 Subtract equation two from equation one
12x + 12y = 90 –6Y = –18 Y = 3 Substituting Y = 3 back into the first equation
12X + 6(3) = 72
12X + 18 = 72 12X = 54 X = 4.5 Extreme point = (4.5,3)
B. Determine the total contribution to profit if the company produces a combination of cases of Brand X and Brand Y that lies on the purple objective

function (profit line) as it is plotted on "Graph 1".
The

Questions On Design Of Technical Systems Essay
Isaac Mathew Pavoodath
USC ID 8834875144
AME 503 Paper Study 2
INTRODUCTION
As specified in the paper Complexity in Design of Technical Systems, an exact definition to the meaning of the word complexity is a matter of debate
and discussion. It is not to be mistaken for anything but the complexity involved while designing or modifying a technical system or rather an
engineering system. The paper is vigorous in mentioning the existence of two main complexities that needs special attention dawned upon them while
designing the system viz. inborn complication and acquired complication. Inborn complications are dictated by the customer needs that have been
considered for the design, they may not be varied or dealt with as stated by Nam –Pyo Suh however the sphere of influence of the designer is within
the reaches of the acquired complexity. Acquired complexity may be kept to a minimal low if the designer of the system carefully understands the
inter–relations, functional dependency and the physical probabilities involved, but at the same time the inborn complication should also be kept at its
lowest possible level based on Customer Requirements (CR).
It is most likely that the readers get confused between Suh's Axiomatic Design Theory and Complexity Theory , although they seem to be intertwined
into each other's concepts it is obvious through deeper study that the former focuses on ' functional dependency' and the later primarily on 'physical
probability '
UNDERSTANDING

Physics of a Car Essay
Physics of a Car
The average driver doesn't think about what keeps their car moving or what keeps them on the road, but that's because they don't have to. The average
driver doesn't have to worry about having enough downforce to keep them on the road or if they will reach the adhesive limit of their car's tires around a
turn. These are the things are the car designers, professional drivers, racing pit crews, serious sports car owners, and physicist think about. Physics are
an important part of every sports and racing car design. The stylish curves and ground effects on sports cars are usually there not just for form but
function as well allowing you to go speeds over 140 mph in most serious sports cars and remain on the road and in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Negative lift is created by front and rear wings on race cars and by ground effects and spoilers on the average sports car. Most negative lift is used
to fight inertia as a car rounds a turn. Inertia is the tendency of an object to remain in the same state of motion (Murphy 77). When a car rounds a
turn at high speeds it often needs more force than it's weight to resist the car's tendency to keep traveling straight. The increased downforce puts
more weight on the tires helping the tires grip the road. Drag force is the cost of increasing downforce. Drag force is the force acting on an object in
motion in the opposite direction the object is moving through a fluid (Yager). To most people drag force is simply known as air resistance. The
objective of aerodynamic efficiency is to maximize downforce while minimizing drag force.
Acceleration and Speed are obviously the two defining characteristics of a fast car. Newton's three laws of motion are an essential part in
determining how fast a car will accelerate and how fast it will go. Newton's second law is the easiest to understand in relation to a car's acceleration.
Newton's second law mathematically states Force=(mass)(acceleration) (Murphy 78). This law explains why cars that need to accelerate fast should
be relatively light in weight compared to other cars. Removing mass, such as a bumper, radio or fancy upholstery reduces the weight of

Math Essay
I'VE GOT A SECRET!
Learning outcome:
Upon completion student will be able to: * Given linear and exponential data, interpret the rate of change within the given context. * Represent linear
and exponential models as equations, tables, graphs and verbal descriptions.
Scoring/Grading rubric:
Each question is worth 10 points.
Introduction:
Everyone has had some experience with gossip. In this lab, you will explore how well rumors (or secrets) spread when this information is passed on
to other people.
Scenario A: At noon, you get some great news but you need to keep it a secret. It's just too good to keep to yourself; so 5 minutes after you get the
news you call 2 friends and tell them, but swear them to secrecy. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How many people know your secret at 12:40 in Scenario A?
In Scenario B?
2. Describe the pattern of growth in the "Number of people told" column for both Scenario A and Scenario B.
3. Describe the pattern of growth in the "Number of people who know" column for both Scenario A and Scenario B.
4. Write an equation to find the "Number of people told" for any 5–minute interval(n) in
Scenario A.

5. Write an equation to find the "Number of people told" for any 5–minute interval in Scenario B.
6. Write an equation to find the "Number of people who know" for any 5–minute interval in Scenario A.
7. Write an equation to find the "Number of people who know" for any 5–minute interval in Scenario B.
Using the equations you wrote in problems 4–7, create an Excel spreadsheet with the columns "5–minute interval," "Number of people told," and
"Number of people who know". Make sure your spreadsheet matches your tables above before answering the following questions. 8. After how many
minutes would at least 100 people know in Scenario A?
In Scenario B?
9. According to the 2012 US Census, the population of NC is 9,752,073. Using Scenario B,

Physics of the Golf Drive Essay
This paper examines the physics involved in driving a golf ball off the tee. The objective of a drive is to achieve the greatest distance while leaving
the golf ball in the middle of the fairway. Several factors will be considered in achieving the longest, and most accurate drive. The factors include
calculating the velocity of the golf ball after the club and ball collide, the mass of the club head, launch angle, the shape of the club face, and finding the
optimal golf ball.
Intuition tells us that the larger the velocity of the club head at impact with the golf ball, the larger the velocity of the golf ball after the impact. To
calculate the velocity of the golf ball we need to consider the relationship between the velocity of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using the principle of conservation of momentum:
2) MVi + mvi = MVf + mvf where M is the mass of the club head, and m is the mass of the golf ball.
The unknowns in the equations will be the final velocities of the golf ball and club head, so first eliminate one of the final velocities in equation 1 and
substitute into equation 2.
3) Vf = vf – e(Vi – vi) sub into equation 2
4) MVi + mvi = M[vf – e(Vi – vi)] + mvf
Since the golf ball is originally at rest, vi = 0, solving for final velocity of golf ball yields:
5) vf = [MVi(1 + e)] / (M + m)
Using similar algebra steps to solve for the final velocity of the club head yields:
6) Vf = Vi(M– me) / (M + m)
You can use these results and the fact that potential energy at the collision point is equal to zero to calculate the energy lost in the collision.
7) W = –(0.5MVf2 + 0.5mvf2 – 0.5MVi2)

Our objective in driving a golf ball down the fairway is to keep it as straight as possible and to drive it as far as possible. It is therefore logical to ask
"what mass of a club head would give the longest drive?"
From equation 5 we found that the velocity of the ball after impact is given by:
5) vf = [MVi(1 + e)] / (M + m)
From this equation, we can see that the velocity of the ball should increase if we increase the velocity of our swing, the elasticity of the ball, or the
mass of the club head.
We should also recognize that increasing

Design Of The Guidance And Control Missile System
During the design of the guidance and control missile system, the missile mathematical modeling is one of the most important steps. In this chapter, the
mathematical model of the missile will be structure using six equations of motion to represent the motion of a body with six degrees of freedom, three
force equations and three moment equations [6, 7]. Definitions of coordinate systems
Two coordinate systems can be defined to describe the movement of missile: the earth–fixed coordinate system and the body coordinate system. The
two coordinate systems are right–handed. Earth–fixed coordinate system (ECS)
The axes X_E and Y_E point to the directions north and east respectively, and are located on a plane tangent to the surface of the earth. Consequently,
axis Z_E point down the center of the earth, according to the rule of law. In the literature, this coordinate system is also called the local coordinate
system or northeast–down (NED). Body coordinate system (BCS)
This coordinate system is assumed to be fixed to the flight vehicle center of gravity and moving there with. The axis X_B advanced forward through
the nose, axis Y_B through the wing starboard (right) and the axis Z_B down. Coordinate transformation system
The transformation T_BE the coordinate system fixed ground the axes of the system coordinates of the missile body axes is performed by a yaw
rotation, pitch, and roll around the longitudinal axis, lateral, and normal ( vertical), respectively .

Physics of Skydiving Essay
The Physics of Skydiving
What Is Skydiving?
Skydiving is an adrenaline–based sport with a fairly simple concept –– jump from a high place (usually out of a plane) from several thousand feet
above sea level and hope and pray for a safe landing. This safe landing is often times achieved through the use of a device called a parachute, which
enables the skydiver to reduce his speed to such a point that colliding with the earth will not be fatal.
This paper will explain a few of the key concepts behind the physics of skydiving. First we will explore why a skydiver accelerates after he leaps out of
the plane before his jump, second we will try and explain the drag forces effecting the skydiver, and lastly we will attempt to explain how ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lets examine a free body diagram of this situation.
One may now clearly see why Joe does not accelerate downward while he remains is in the plane. The normal force of the plane is acting against the
normal force of the gravity acting on Joe's 100 kilogram mass (this is getting close to the maximum weight allowed for skydiving). Since the sum of
the forces in the y, or upward direction, is equal to zero, there is effectively no force acting on Joe. Thus, the acceleration of Joe must be zero.
Now that Joe understands why he is remaining at a constant altitude, he's ready to take his first jump. Joe is given the signal to jump from the jump
master, and he steps right off the edge of the plane. Joe is now instantly accelerating in the downward direction. Joe's acceleration will soon cause him
to travel at a rapid rate. But exactly how fast will he be traveling at a certain time? Without this knowledge, Joe could easily splatter against the surface
of the earth. In order to calculate Joe's velocity at any time, T, we use the following equation:
X = Vi * T + .5 * g * t^2
Where X is the change in distance, Vi is the initial velocity, t is time, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. Since we know Joe's initial velocity
was 0, and the acceleration of gravity is always 9.8 m/s^2, we can calculate how far Joe has traveled at any point in time. Lets examine the new free
body diagram for this situation.

As you can see, the normal force is now

Paper Aircrafts: The Four Aerodynamics
.aerodynamics with paper airplanes is exactly the same as the aerodynamics with a real airplane. There are four crucial things In order for a plane can
fly, These are the aerodynamic forces. The four aerodynamics are, Lift, thrust, gravity, and drag. The lift is the force pushing the airplane to make it go
up. The thrust is when you are throwing the airplane. Gravity is the force that pulls the plane down. finally, drag is the thrust pushing against the
begining thrust slowing the plane down. my hypothesis is, If the tail has two pieces bent down then the plane with fly farther and faster.
There Is a lot of reasons why I chose this paper airplane design. One reason I chose this design Is, It looked really simple and easy. Another reason Is
because the weight in the front and back look evenly distributed. as the artical 2.2 states,"Paper airplanes accomplish the same thing by bending the
back edge of the wing up to fly slower, or down to fly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, you need to fold your paper In half but in portrait style. Second, you have to take the top right corner and the top left corner and fold it to the
crease in the middle.Third, you have to take the top two corners again and fold them down to the middle crease. Fourth, take the entire paper
airplane and fold it down the entire middle crease. Fifth, while the paper is still folded in half take one of the portions and fold it diagonally to the
bottom on both proportions and fold them out and you're finished. That was the best way I could explain how to make the paper airplane. The way
i will be testing my hypothesis is first, I'm going to make two identical paper airplanes, one will be airplane one and one will;; be airplane two.
Second, I will make airplane one with the two flaps in the back up and airplane two with the flaps down. Third, I'm going to test each plane three
times and record data. That is how i'm going to test and solve my

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