Ancient Druids Uncovered

Ancient Druids
Very little is known about the ancient druids. They left no written accounts of themselves, and the
only evidence is a few descriptions left by "Greek, Roman, and various scattered authors and artists,
as well as stories created by later medieval Irish writers"[4] Druids concern themselves with "divine
affairs, managing public and private sacrifices and interpreting matters of religion."[1] A great
number of young men gather about them to learn and hold them in great honor. "In fact, it is they
who decide in almost all disputes, public and private; and if any crime has been committed, or
murder done, or there is any dispute about succession or boundaries, they also decide it, determining
rewards and penalties: if any person or people does not abide by their decision, they ban such from
sacrifice, which is their heaviest penalty."[7] Those that are so banned are reckoned as impious and
criminal, all men move out of their path and shun their approach and conversation, for ... Show more
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I believe that they have adopted this practice for two reasons: that they don't want their teaching to
become common knowledge, nor do they desire for those who learn the rule to rely on writing and
so neglect the cultivation of the memory."It does usually happen that the assistance of writing tends
to relax the diligence of the student and the action of the memory."[7] A modern example of this is
how people no longer remember phone numbers because it is simply stored in their cellular
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Dagda Myths
Long history of Ireland is full of mythology and folklore. The ancient societies of Ireland, the
Druids, and the Celts, who believed in the power of magic and many of these beliefs extended to the
legends they nowadays told him over and over throughout the country. Stories of warriors with all
the knowledge of the world, fairies who play jokes to the owners of estates and goblins hide the gold
at the end of the rainbow add to the mysterious appeal of Ireland. The peoples of northern Europe
who shared ideologies and policies based on druidism belonging to the Celtic tribes were grouped
mainly on the island of Scotland, most of Britain and much of Ireland. (Harris, Shell, et al. "Top 10
Irish myths and legends." History. Toptenz.net, 17 Mar. 2011. Web. 3 Feb. 2017.) The gods, ... Show
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It is the god of life and death, among the characteristics that accompanied it was a great deck with
which if hit with one end produces inexorably death and if it touches something with the other end
gives life; Also has several magical objects such as a cauldron whose content is inexhaustible, as
well as a harp that plays itself and can produce any sensation in the person who hears, among other
things. Its name comes from a word that means oak, for its great fortress Fomorians In Celtic
mythology, the fomorians, also known as fomoré or fomoireos are an ancient race of semi–gods who
lived in Ireland. Like the titans in ancient Greece, it was said that the Fomorians preceded the gods;
They were monsters so violent, cruel, and evil that the Celts associated them with chaos and wild

Colin Mccall: A Junkyard Druid Urban Fantasy Novella
After the loss of his girlfriend Jesse, druid–trained hunter Colin McCool swore off monster–hunting
for good. Now a rogue vampire is killing the weak and defenseless in his city, and no one else seems
to care enough to stop him. To end the slaughter, Colin has agreed to take up his sword one last
time... but will this "one final job" be the death of him? BLOOD SCENT A Junkyard Druid Urban
Fantasy Novella, #1 Colin's life has finally regained some semblance of normalcy after the death of
his girlfriend, Jesse. He no longer hunts supernatural creatures. He has a job working in his uncle's
salvage yard that he enjoys. He's even planning to start college in the fall. And, he lives inside six
acres of scrap iron, steel, and magical wards

History Of Druidism
There seems to be a lot of conflicting information as to where exactly Druidism originates and what
sort of practices they experienced. Most of what was learned of Druidism was communicated orally,
which is a major reason I believe as to why there is so many missing elements or inconsistent
information. Across the board people mainly agree that it began in Europe. From some writings of
Julius Caesar, people had believed it began in Britain. Druidism is a religion that is practiced by the
Celts or Celtic people. The genealogy of the Druids begins roughly 25,000 years ago when any of
the first demonstration of any sacred or spiritual practices were discovered in Europe (The order of
Bards Ovates and Druids, A Brief History of Druidry, par 1). ... Show more content on
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After my research I have found that Druidry is more of a spiritual path than anything, concentrating
mostly on being animists (the belief that nature is enlivened or energized by distinct personalized
spirit beings separate from bodies). Druids tend to rejoice and meditate outside becoming one with
nature, though this is not the only way for the Druids (The Order of Bards Ovates and Druids, Druid
Beliefs, par 2). Since the core motivation of this group is nature...they consider themselves to be
healers and teachers, this is one thing that all who follow Druidism have in common, but not all
Druids have the same set of beliefs as far as whether a God is involved. After learning about
monotheism, animists and polytheism in Chapter 13 of our Cultural Anthropology textbook just
recently, I had also learned that there are monotheistic and polytheistic Druids. Monotheism being
the belief of only one supremely powerful divinity as creator and master of the universe and
polytheism being the belief in multiple gods or goddesses (Cultural Anthropology: The Human
Challenge, Chapter

Informative Speech On Magic Wand
Informative Speech Outline
Presenter: Jessica Beasley
Topic: Wands
Title: Magic Behind the Wand
General Purpose: To inform
Specific Purpose: To inform the audience about the magic wand.
Central Idea: What is a wand? What place does it have in history and how to make one?
I. Introduction
a. "Bibbidi–bobbidi–boo," sounds familiar? These were the words Cinderella's fairy godmother sang
as she waved around a sparkly stick.
b. Dictionary.com defines that stick as "one used by a magician, conjurer, or diviner." It's commonly
known as a wand.
c. Based on my research through online websites, I have acquired solid information on the subject
matter.
d. Today I will talk about
i. The history ii. And misinterpretation of the magical wand iii. And how to make one.
II. History
a. Earliest records
i. Although there isn't much scientific history of the wand, much of what we know has been passed
down from generations through stories.
b. Types
i. However, there were wands made of hippopotamus ivory discovered in Egypt that date back to
around 2800 B.C.
1. They were flat semi circle objects with pictures and symbols.
2. Carved to turn back evil at the time a mother would give birth. ii. There are also the wands of
Horus.
1. Hollow cylinders filled with a variety of stones
a. Often seen in the hands of pharaohs in Egyptian pharaoh sculptures.
i. They were meant to provide balance and guidance into the afterlife. iii. The straight wands we see
today comes from Celts, German, and Norse countries.
1. The Druids, shaman healers of the Celts, used them in close relation to nature.
a. The Druids were well educated and would train from 12–20 years.
i. They used wands as well as other tools ii. Much of the magic traditions and culture of today stem
from the Celts and Druids.

c. Symbolism
i. Wands are the extension of the Tree of Life, nature, and the elements.
1. Wands have been used throughout time in many cultures in different shapes and forms.
2. They are meant to direct the will of the user.
a. It is an energetic tool that focuses the intent and energy of the user. ii. Today people such as
Wiccans, neopagans and shamans who practice rituals, healing and spell casting use wands.
Transition: Overtime, the ideas of

The Celts And The Celtic World
Knowledge of the Celts and the Celtic world has been acquired and accumulated through a variety
of mediums such as archaeological evidence, geographical markings and most importantly, the
testimonies left by Greek and Roman writers. Without these writings, developing an image of the
nature of the Celts would be extremely difficult. Comparing two authors, Roman emperor, Julius
Caesar to Greek writer, Athenaeus, it may reveal some of the prejudices and biased views held
against the Celts, but more importantly by contrasting the views of these particular authors, it also
offers a well–rounded account of the history and culture of these Celtic–speaking people.
Athenaeus was a Greek writer, who wrote around the time of 200AD. He is the author of
Deipnosophistae, a piece of literature all about eating and dining traditions. Athenaeus is writing
during a time known as The Poseidonian Tradition; Poseidonios inspired a lot of Greek writers to
write and keep record of the Celts and their culture. Athenaeus quotes Poseidonios in his
Deipnosophistae as he has first hand experience of the Celts, having travelled around studying the
Celts. Poseidonios' work only survives through the work of later authors, such as Athenaeus.
Athenaeus speaks of how Poseidonios observed the Celts during a feast, taking note of their
customs, Athenaeus' discourse is written in such a way that the impression left is that the Greeks
may have considered themselves more evolved than the Celts they were

Druids Essay
DRUIDS
Who were the Druids?
The stereotypical image of a Druid is one of a thoughtful philosopher and magician, schooled in the
lore of the traditions, and in charge of the education of the chieftains as well as those who sought to
obtain knowledge considered obscure by the rest of society. They were knowers of truth, able to
manipulate that truth as well as inform others of it. Druids not only influenced society religiously,
they also influenced it socially i.e. they took on the parts of teachers, judges, magicians, craftsmen,
advisors, priests, and masters of ceremonies, and in doing so, were greatly respected in society.
The Role of Druids
Teachers
Caesar remarked that Druidism originated in Britain and that students would travel ... Show more
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Mistletoe is, however, very rarely found, and when found, it is gathered with great ceremony and
especially on the sixth day of the moon... They prepare a ritual sacrifice and feast under the tree, and
lead up two white bulls whose horns are bound for the first time on this occasion. A priest attired in
a white vestment ascends the tree and with a golden pruning hook cuts the mistletoe which is caught
in a white cloth. Then next they sacrifice the bulls praying that the gods will make their gifts
propitious to those to whom they have given it. They believe that if given in drink the mistletoe will
give fecundity to any barren animal, and that it is predominant against all poisons."
Pliny the Elder was a Roman scholar and as a result, may have been prejudiced against Celts,
however not to the extent of Julius Caesar. Because this extract was from Natural History, a writing
which was produced after extensive study, this source is probably quite reliable as the aim was to
provide accurate information to the readers. Pliny also lived from AD23–AD79, a time in which the
Celts also existed, increasing the reliability of this source.
Skilled Craftsmen
Druids had knowledge of bronze, iron, and other metals, which was passed on to the Celtic people.
Celtic coins often featured pictures of horses, boars and ears of wheat. Many other Celtic artefacts
found in graves or bogs also feature natural motifs of animals, people, nature and Gods. Techniques
such as

Power Of The Druids
The Power of the Druids In the Irish religion called druidism, the druids were extremely powerful,
so powerful it seems that they even had to name the religion based upon these men and women of
such high rank. Often called wizards, their powers were virtually limitless. Ranging from divination
to creating potions to chanting spells, the druids were respected and, most likely, feared. Other than
the magical abilities the druids possessed, they were also the "exclusive possessors of whatever
learning was then known" (Joyce 44), meaning that they possessed all knowledge. Thus, they had
even more power over the people because they were relied upon for information. Concerning their
magic, the druids used it under many different circumstances and their interference greatly affected
the outcome of a story. It is helpful to use and analyze specific examples of druids in stories to
understand the mystical ways they wield their magic. In the story entitled "Lord and Lady of the
Wheel: the Careers of Mog Roith and Tlachtga", the vastness of a druid's power is well represented.
Though known as a druid "of wisdom and knowledge" (Matthews 189), these are not the druidic
traits of Mog Roith developed in the myth. In the first place, Mog Roith does not simply appear out
of thin air or without any purpose, but he is called upon by King Fiacha of Munster to aid in the
battle against Cormac mac Art. The King is currently on the verge of losing the war and he needs the
help of a druid, which

Who Were The Druids?
and writings done by the Romans and Greeks. The Druid belief is that you can have different
thoughts and beliefs. There is not a universally agreed belief amongst the Druid community. The
teachings of the Druids are rooted in observation of Nature, in tradition, and in inspiration. The view
of Druids differs from Celts to Foreigners. The Druids practiced rituals, which tie to their beliefs.
The Stonehenge is a big part of the Druidic history.
Title: Druids
Who were the Druids?
In this research paper I will talk about the Druids, focusing on exactly where they originated from to
their religious beliefs and their teaching and practices. The Druids date back to the time of the Iron
Age; their belief system is based on free of dogma, which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The people who opposed Morris–Jones claim said the language of the Druids or Celts was found to
be similar to the language of the Samito–Semitic group, which included Arabic, Hebrew, Ethiopic,
Berber, and the ancient Egyptian. This discovery ignited the movement that linked the Celts to,
maybe, being one of the lost tribes of Israel. This information was almost found to be relevant, but
scholars later discovered that the Sanskrit's language was also similar to the Celtic language,
concluding that the origin of the Druids could date back to the Aryan, Indo–European people. The
origin of the Druids could not be summed up into a definite conclusion, it was a back and forth
argument between originating from the Aryans to other ancient groups, but a definite answer we do
know is that they date back to the Celts.
Druids through the foreign eyes
On the account of Druids through the foreign eye, Poseidonios, a historian and philosopher stated
that the "Gauls were divided among three different intellectual categories. Among all the tribes,
generally speaking, there are three classes of men held in special honour: the Bards, the Vates and

There is a prehistoric and mysterious monument on...
There is a prehistoric and mysterious monument on Salisbury Plain about which we have restrict–ed
information: Stonehenge. For years there have been claimed plenty of arguments about Stone–
henge; some people think that it was created by aliens and many people associate it with Druids and
Merlin. On this paper, it will be instructed when Stonehenge was built, by whom it was built and
what theories were about Stonehenge's mystery. Stonehenge is a statue that had been placed on
Wessex, England and was not known pre–cisely who built it or for what purpose it was built. As it
was told in Caroline Malone and Nancy Stone Bernard's Stonehenge book "the meaning of the name
of Stonehenge is 'hanging stones' because people thought the ... Show more content on
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Geoffrey of Monmouth claimed that King Arthur and Merlin brought the stones from Ireland but he
was wrong. As it was stated in Stonehenge "... stone circle began to be built around 3000 B.C., some
5000 years ago and continued to be remodeled for another 1500 years" (Malone, 10). In 16th
century there were another name: William Camden. William Camden is one of the first researchers
of Stonehenge. Camden published a book named Britannia and gave information about Stonehenge's
physical appearance. But like Monmouth, he also looked to the question from wrong side. Camden
thought Stonehenge as a mad construction which could probably be created by giants. Edmund
Gibson published a new edition of Camden's book in 1695 and added more explanations about
Stonehenge's origin (Morrison, 141). During his reign, King James I ordered for a survey of the
area. Inigo Jones made the survey but he died before completing it. The survey published by his
assistant James Webb. Webb published an elaborately created book which is exclusively about
Stonehenge. According to Inigo Jones' belief Stonehenge must had been built by Romans because
British people may had not been built such a beautiful and fascinating monument (Malone, 10). In
17th century Webb's thesis about Romans broken down by John Aubrey. Aubrey thought that
Stonehenge must had been built before Romans.

The Development Of Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is defined in many methods, but the official definition is explained through
Our Common Future: "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains two key
concepts: the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world 's poor, to which
overriding priority should be given; and the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology
and social organization on the environment 's ability to meet present and future needs." From my
point of view, there are three key points existing in this explanation: the needs of each class in the
society, the limitation of development as well as the demands of present and future generation.
These three points will be analyzed in detail below.
In fact, mass tourism has provided a relevantly equal opportunity for people that they can treat
themselves to the pleasure of tourism. However, the holiday might be destroyed because of the
crowed heritage sites and expensive price. The needs of present visitors may not be achieved.
Meanwhile, the valued heritages might be undermined over time, which means that if heritage
resources are overdeveloped without any limitation, the identity and culture of local community will
disappear with the vanishing of regional heritages in the future. The needs of future generation about
heritage tourism cannot be met. Thus, the first thing of sustainable

St Patrick Story
St Patrick was born in Kilpatrick Scotland, in the year 387 to humble beginnings. There are so many
legends surround his life that the truth is not easily found. What we do know is that he was credited
with leading Ireland to Christianity in the AD 400s. This amazing story was filled with tragedy and
courage and it is a story of one mans ability to hear and follow God to the ends of the earth.
It begins as a boy of fourteen or so, he was captured during a Celtic raiding party and taken to
Ireland as a slave to herd and tend sheep. Ireland at this time was a land of Druids and unbelievers.
He learned the language and practices of the people who held him captive for so many years. During
his captivity, he turned to God in prayer. He wrote "The

St. Patrick Leadership Traits
Sometime during 387 AD in Great Britain and the United Kingdom St. Patrick was born. One thing
he was known for, was how he was captured at the age of sixteen by Irish pirates. While he was
captured he became devoted to Christianity through prayer. Another reason he was known was how
he spread Christianity throughout Ireland. Lastly, he is known for the legacy he has left behind in
Ireland. St. Patrick is a leader and shows many great characteristics. (www.wesleyjohnston)
One reason St. Patrick is known is his journey of finding god. In the early fourteen hundreds he was
kidnapped by Irish pirates and he had to work as a slave for six years tending sheep. St. Patrick
confessed that he discovered god during his captivity. He prayed a hundred times a day that he
would escape and that life would be better. Patrick had a vision of children reaching out their hands
to him grew determined to convert the Irish to Christianity. After six years Patrick escaped and
traveled two hundred miles cross country to start his missionary work. After Patrick found god he
now had plans to turn Ireland to nothing but Christianity. (biography.com) ... Show more content on
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Patrick had a successful time spreading Christianity throughout Ireland. His first step in starting to
spread Christianity was becoming a priest. A couple months later he returned to Ireland because he
kept having visions. Patrick's visions showed how we supposed to become a Christian missionary to
spread Christianity to the people of Ireland. Patrick's first church was Saul, he preached to the kings
and their households and met with varied levels of success. He had a method that was to
'Christianize' the Celtic Pagan festivals. Patrick lit an Easter bonfire on these hills where he also
preached the word. One famous thing is known for while at the lighting of the Easter bonfire is
having the three leaf clover to explain the concept of trinity.

Ancient Celts Research Paper
The Ancient Celts had a unique lifestyle and culture that played a significant role in ensuring the
survival of their society. Their strong influential art, music and mythology shaped countries in
modern Europe. The distinguishable religious ceremonies, sufficient war tactics and unique art all
led to their influence of other cultures of the time period. The Romans even took influence form the
Celts due to their productive lifestyle and effective culture, this is evident through the influence the
Celtic calendar had on Roman lifestyle. The Celts significant influence led them to inhabit such a
vast area of Europe. Their lifestyle and culture were vital for the Ancient Celts survival and
endurance. The Ancient Celts lifestyle factors included ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Ancient Celts were polytheistic, with each Celtic tribe having their own set of deities and cults.
Hundreds of gods each depict a specific element of nature. The worship of water deities was very
common, as it was believed to have significant healing powers. Deposits of gold have even been
found throughout rivers running through the Celtic Empire. Animals such as bears, birds and horses
were also worshipped due to their characteristics of strength and speed. The Greek writer Diodorus
Siculus describes the Celts religious practices as "striking". "The temples and precincts made
consecrate in their land, a great amount of gold has been deposited as a dedication to the gods."
Didorus Sisculus' description of Celtic religious practices supports the strong influence religion had
in Celtic culture. The Celts religion and religious practices hold an important part of life. Their
religion cemented the Celts prolific culture and enabled their enduring

Short Story
Allanon clued everyone in on what they'd seen and heard from other druids and witches in the area
as soon as they arrived. "The hunters arrived this morning. They have brought with them ten
trackers and are now searching for you and Tegan. As far as we can tell, they are in an uproar over
Beorn going missing too. So far, they do not know he has jumped from their side. The dark ones are
going on the assumption that we have done something to him." He pushed his thick, blond hair
back. "We are hoping they keep thinking it. If they know you are helping us, I believe all bets are off
for the humans as well." "Do you know who they sent?" Beorn asked, leaning back in his chair and
crossing his arms over his chest. "Yes, we do." Allanon closed his ... Show more content on
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I am Keene, son of Tebion, and it is my wish to fight beside you, Easton son of Beorn." "Aye. I will
stay as well. I am Rune son of Colistor." A slight man with green eyes and almost white hair smiled
with a nod of his head. "We will all stay. It is what our Witch Mother would want us to do. We
would dishonor her and our future king if we left." Easton looked from one druid to the next as each
one stood and nodded their agreement. Easton stood. "My heart is full with the honor you bestow on
myself, my grandmother, my wife, and our son." He nodded to Beorn. "That includes you, Father."
They stayed up until the wee hours of the morning formulating their plan of attack to destroy the
trackers, hitting them fast and hard before the dark realm was alerted. "We need to do this as quickly
as we can. Hopefully, without too many human casualties." Rune stood. "What weapons will we
need to fight here in this realm besides our magic?" "Each of you brought with you your weapon of
choice. That is good. Your swords and hammers will do well in close up combat." Allanon pushed
his hair back. "There are rumors that three of the trackers carry bow and arrows, so we have a
supply of shields to help protect us from them." "Shields?" Rune laughed. "When have any of us
needed shields during battle? My magic and staff have always served me just fine." Beorn slapped is
hand on the wooden table. "This will not be a battle like you are used to, Rune. A shield and helm
may well save

Celtic Civilization Research Paper
There are many misconceptions regarding the origins of Celtic civilization. One is the Celts were
undisciplined raiders throughout all Europe until finally crashing into the Erie Isle. Another is the
Celts were an irrational people easily manipulated by witchcraft and the belief in magic. Nothing
could be more further from the truth. From Herodotus, to Plato, to Aristotle, to the Caesars of Rome
─ written histories of ancient times evidence that the original Celtic civilization was one of the
greatest original societies of all time. Written histories of the Celts first appear in fragments of texts
dating to fifth century B.C.E. Herodotus wrote of the Celts as a large civilization "dwelling beyond
the Pillars of Hercules and into the fertile ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
 Love virtue ─ for it bringeth peace.
 Abhor vice ─ for it bringeth evil upon all.
 Obey those in authority in all just things ─ so that virtue may be exalted.
 Cultivate the social virtues ─ so shalt thou be beloved by all men.
Most of the ancient European continental laws have a common origin traceable to the early Celtic
laws (de Jubainville). The ancient Celts lived in extreme geographical isolation throughout much of
their early history. As such, their laws can be studied for their uninfluenced qualities ─ free from
changes by Roman law, which later spread throughout all Europe during the rule of the Roman
Empire (Id.).
In Celtic society a judge was called a Brehon. The brehons had absolute power in the interpretation
of the laws, as well as the specific application of law to individual cases (Ginnell). The brehons were
therefore a very influential class. Those attached to clan chiefs, had free lands for their maintenance
― which, like the profession itself, remained in the same family for generations. Those not so
attached, lived simply on the fees of their profession, with many eminent brehons becoming
somewhat wealthy

Patrick Francis Moran Research Paper
Patrick Francis Moran was born on the 16th of September 1830 in Leighinbridge, Carlow, Ireland
and passed away on the 16 of august 1911 in Manly, NSW; he was the third Roman Catholic
Archbishop of Sydney and was the first cardinal of Australia. Moran studied for priesthood that was
first at the minor seminary and then at the major seminary, he was considered so academically smart
that he gained his doctorate by acclamation. His studies were only slightly disturbed by the roman
revolution of 1848–1849 and he was ordinated priest on 19th of March 1853. By the age of twenty–
five he already spoke ten languages both ancient and modern. While Moran was the Irish college he
was at the centre of a missionary enterprise with world wide interests. In 1856 he was appointed
vice rector, but ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was also someone that was determined to have all Catholic children in schools staffed by
religious orders. By 1911 there was already more than three quarters of the catholic children in
Sydney that were of primary school age were in his system, this followed with a similar basis for the
secondary system. Moran authorised the spending of more than 3 million dollars on building
churches, schools and institutions and by the 20th anniversary of his arrival he had blessed eighty–
eight foundation stones for churches and schools in his diocese. One of Moran's largest projects was
the near–completion of the St Mary's Cathedral. He had finished the northern end, then built the
central section and the cardinals tower and by 1900 he had finished the cathedral debt free. I have
chosen two bible passages that would strongly relate to Patrick Francis Moran's life and his
missionary work the first passage is Mark 16:15 "He said to them, go into the world and preach the
gospel to all creation" this describes Moran's life in many ways as his determination to come to
Australia and

Elspeth Bains: The Druids And The Celtic Temple
The Druids and the Celtic temple were outlawed when the Roman Emperor Claudius came to rule
Great Britain. A Roman temple was established in its place. Under Roman rule the British continued
to worship Celtic deities, such as Ancasta, but it was in conflict with the Roman deities like Mars.
Governor Publius Ostorius Scapula established laws requiring attendance of all citizens at the new
Roman temple . The religious decree was strictly enforced. Most citizens attended the temple
regularly, but the religious decree created a hostile environment. Elspeth Bains, a young British
native, did not mind the religious decree. She was usually walking into the Roman Temple as the
horns were played. Elspeth was the only child of the late Baron Leighton

Kauki Tribe Analysis
Every year at the Kauki tribe's Christmas feast, the druids present all of the Kauki youth at the age
of seventeen a gift that they think represents them individually. Today is the day that I will receive
my gift. "Kelby, get your things! It is time to head to the mead hall for the feast!" yelled my mother.
She seemed to be more anxious about my gift than I was. Probably because the gift that you receive
at the feast is how the Druids predict your future based on your past. It will determine who you will
marry, what you will do professionally, and how you will rank in the Kauki social class. I guess the
gift is kind of a bigger deal than I act like it is. I'm not too worried about it because I haven't really
done anything too horrible in my lifetime. Other than almost killing my brother, Kelvyn, that is. I'm
hoping that my gift ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also had my name inscribed on it, and it also had ivy, my astronomical sign on it. Our symbol is
water, symbolizing unity. United, water flows together strongly in one direction and can extinguish
some of the most powerful flames. We believe that working together as one unit makes our tribe as
strong as water, and when we work together we can extinguish all of our enemies standing in our
way. The ivy represents the gift from stars I received when I was born. I received the gift of being a
survivor. And lastly, there's my name, indicating that I am the owner of the shield. I don't understand
what this means. This doesn't give any indication to how I will live my life. Interrupting my train of
thought, a voice came from the stage, "Greetings ladies and gentlemen, it is my pleasure to
introduce myself to you. I am Bretwalda Garyn and I have a special announcement for the Kauki
youth that were honored today." Puzzled, Turi and I looked at one another, trying to determine what
was going on. Bretwalda Garyn never comes to the gift–giving

Druids Who Are They?
Who are they?
Druids were a group of people who were part of the ancient celt society. This group of people
frequently viseted forets, and acted as teachers, priests, jugdes of their society. Our earliest
knowledge of Druids come from 3rd bc.
Julies Ceasar, who was the general then a victoror and later a dictator, is our principle source of
information of Druids. The conquerer of Gaul, related that there were two groups of men in Gaul,
which was a region of Western Europe in Iron Age and inhabited by Druids at the time, which were
held in honour. They were Druids and nobleman. Druids were responsible of the public and private
sacrifices. As they were the judges people went to them to end querrals and Druids were the one to
decide the right and the wrong side. If anyone disobeyed their decree, they would be casted away ...
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They were organized into tribes spread across what is now several countries.
There is some evidence that their main pantheon of Gods and Goddesses might have totaled about 3
dozen – perhaps precisely 33 (a frequently occurring magical number in Celtic literature).
Afterlife: They believed that the dead were transported to the Otherworld by the God Bile. Life
continued in this location much as it had before death. The ancient Druids believed that the soul was
immortal. After the person died in the Otherworld, their soul reincarnates and lives again in another
living entity – either in a plant or the body of a human or other animal.
After a person has learned enough at this level, they move on after death to a higher realm, which
has its own Otherworld. This continues until the individual reaches the highest realm, the "Source."
A Druidic visitor to this web site wrote: "All things are created from the Source, including the Gods.
We are just sparks from its flame." At every birth, the Celts mourned the death of a person in the
Otherworld which made the new birth

Druid Beliefs
This is known as Druidy. Druid beliefs is to be which to be free of dogma and doesn't have a fixed
set of practice or beliefs. For this way it manages a way of avoids any problems with intolerance's
and sectarianism that it established any religions that it has encountered and a way of manages to
offer a spiritual path. The etymologically term "Druid" terms comes from the Celtic compound 'dru–
wid' which refers to the phrase "they who know the oak", it was translated through Latin, French,
Gaulish and the finally in to English it is the term that we finally use practitioners of Druidry. There
is no common sacred Scripture that is universally agreed set of beliefs amongst Druids. Therefore,
can take many forms. There is little or no knowledge

Stonehenge Research Paper
The Origin and Meaning of Stonehenge Stonehenge is a monument of Wiltshire, England. The
structure is spoken of around the entire world. It is known for it's mysterious origin. Today people
still question the actual purpose of stonehenge. Ideas are from healing, to being an oversized
calendar, to being a burial ground. The building of stonehenge is estimated to have started between
2950–2900 BC. The people did not have the technology that is available today, but they still
managed to transport and stand up the rocks of stonehenge. There are many different theories about
who built Stonehenge, but people believe the Druids contributed the most. The Druids have also
used Stonehenge as a ground for religious ceremonies. Stonehenge is a monument built over the
course of a thousand years. Today, people try to preserve Stonehenge as much as possible.
Stonehenge has been turned into a popular tourist site, so it is important to keep it maintained for
future generations. People have often been caught in acts of disrespect to the monument such as
carving it to take home a chunk of the rock to things such as graffiti. With the current system people
try to prevent this as much as possible. Through the years ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
William Stukeley believed Stonehenge was a druid temple built by pagans as a place for worship
(History, Why Was Stonehenge Built?). Druids are part of the Celtic religion, originating in Europe
likely during the iron age. Druids are split into monotheist and polytheist, some believe in one god
and some believe in multiple. Druids do not believe in any form of text like the Bible. Some of them
follow it as a religion while others simply see it as a way of life. They believe that after you die you
travel to a place called the Otherworld. According to the Romans, Druids practiced human
sacrifices. Which may have taken place at stonehenge. Stukeley studied the Druids very deeply and
ended up converting to one

The Mystery Of The Stonehenge
Caroline Mesman
Mrs. Duke / 2nd hour
English IV
20 September 2016
The Mysterious Stonehenge The Stonehenge, built thousands of years ago, is a mystery to us all.
How did it get there? Who built it and why? Was it aliens that brought this here? Everyone has
questions and theories regarding this amazing structure. Through rigorous research and countless
unearthing's, of forgotten stones and even human remains, people have always been insanely curious
as to how these stones were placed, why, and by who. The mystery of the Stonehenge is just that, a
mystery. With an abundant amount of history behind these stones, it is something to be discussed for
ages. So how did these stones appear? With no modern technology such as cranes and other
machinery to lift the immensely heavy stones, it's no wonder scientists are still stumped to this day.
It is believed to have been once used as a burial ground and also a place for worship. "Some
archeologists believe that Stonehenge – the mysterious arrangement of enormous elongated stones
in England – is actually a crude effort by the Druids to build a computing device." (David Berry).
Other scientists believe it was the Neolithic and Bronze age people of southern Britain, who
inhabited the chalk lands. I believe that unless we have someone who was around during that time or
we have written documentation of what happened and how the stones were placed, we will truly
never know how this amazing structure was built. What we have discovered

St. Patrick Research Paper
St. Patrick of Ireland is one of the world's most popular saints. He was born in Roman Britain and
when he was fourteen or so, he was captured by Irish pirates during a raiding party and taken to
Ireland as a slave to herd and tend sheep. At the time, Ireland was a land of Druids and pagans but
Patrick turned to God and wrote his memoir, The Confession. In The Confession, he wrote: "The
love of God and his fear grew in me more and more, as did the faith, and my soul was roused, so
that, in a single day, I have said as many as a hundred prayers and in the night, nearly the same. I
prayed in the woods and on the mountain, even before dawn. I felt no hurt from the snow or ice or
rain." Patrick's captivity lasted until he was twenty, when he escaped ... Show more content on
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He worked many miracles and wrote of his love for God in Confessions. After years of living in
poverty, traveling and enduring much suffering he died March 17, 461. He died in Saul, where he
had built the first Irish church. He is believed to be buried in Down Cathedral, Down Patrick. His
grave was marked in 1990 with a granite stone. In His Footsteps: Patrick was a humble, pious,
gentle man, whose love and total devotion to and trust in God should be a shining example to each
of us. So complete was his trust in God, and of the importance of his mission, he feared nothing –not
even death. "The Breastplate," Patrick's poem of faith and trust in God: "Christ be within me, Christ
behind me, Christ before me, Christ beside me, Christ to win me, Christ to comfort and restore me,
Christ beneath me, Christ above me, Christ inquired, Christ in danger, Christ in hearts of all that
love me, Christ in mouth of friend and stranger." Legend credits St. Patrick with teaching the Irish
about the doctrine of the Holy Trinity by showing people the shamrock, a three–leafed plant, using it
to illustrate the Christian teaching of three persons in one God. This story first appears in writing in
1726, though it may be older. The shamrock has since become a central symbol for St Patrick's

The Druids Essay
The Druids
The Celtic people have a long history. They have been portrayed in films and other such forms of
entertainment many times over. They are seen as a mystery to most. They are shrouded not only in
their hooded cloaks but also in mysticism. Since Christian times Druids have been depicted as
wizards, sorcerers, and soothsayers. In Pre–Christian times, however, they were revered as
philosophers, judges, educators, historians, doctors, seers, astronomers, and astrologers. The word
"druidae" is Celtic in origin. It is said to be derived from the Greek word "drus", meaning "oak", and
the Sanskrit word, "Vid", meaning knowledge. The Oak tree was a sacred tree to the Celts. In the
Celtic social class the title of "Druid" was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Firinne, when translated, mean truth and or justice showing that the Celts saw truth and justice as
one in the same. (www.druidslife.net) There has been a revival in interest in the druids. People have
begun to search for what the druids looked like. Early depictions show them wearing a knee–length
tunic and a hooded cloak. They were barefooted and carried a book, mistletoe and a staff. The chief
sources anyone has on the druids originated from Julius Caesar and the Romans. Much information
comes from archaeological remains and literature from early monks. Analogies can also be drawn
from the Hindu people. One such analogy would be the idea of reincarnation. The Hindu people
believed that the atman was merely reborn until it reached it final plateau. The druids believed that
clouds were a gathering of souls waiting to be reborn so that they could find the answer to get to the
next evolution. (crystalinks) Through archaeological studies scientists have found the remains of
votive offerings on lake bottoms and votive pits. This shows us a great deal about the Celtic religion.
Archaeologists have also found Celtic fortresses, habitations, temples, jewelry and tools. These finds
show us what life was like, what their technological capeability was, what food they ate, what crafts
and trades they practiced, what products they made and traded and where they travelled and how
they got there. This is important

Celtic Christianity and The Secret Rose Essays
Celtic Christianity and The Secret Rose
In William Butler Yeats' The Secret Rose, the author develops his theme through choice of diction,
imagery, symbolism, and scansion. Yeats' Irish background is an influential factor in terms of the
tone with which he addresses religious beliefs, and an acceptable interpretation of The Secret Rose
depends on one's knowledge of Celtic history and tradition.
Throughout his poem, Yeats uses a great deal of symbolism in describing the well–known events
that surround the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. Every line is significant in terms of how one
understands the statements (and questions) Yeats is posing. The Secret Rose is in itself, a noteworthy
title, because it sums up the fixation of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Yeats' style is quite prayerful– his voice at first resembles an aged person who is seeking comfort as
he reaches his final days on Earth. At the end of the poem, Yeats' voice has become one of assurance
and anticipation. This change in voice is quite effective in developing the idea that living is a
circular event, and death is certainly not a final destination. Furthermore, this belief is consistent
with the Celtic conviction that death must come before birth in the circle of life because there must
be room for new growth before it can occur.
The meter and rhyme scheme of Yeats' poem are similarly structured to coincide with the belief that
life is an unending cycle. The poem is written in iambic pentameter, in pairs of rhyming couplets,
and the first rhyming couplet rhymes with the final couplet as well. In returning to the original
rhyme, Yeats' reinforces the belief that life will continue in a non–terminal circle.
The theme of Yeats' poem deals with the anticipation of the Second Coming of Christ, a very
Christian viewpoint. However, in his writing Yeats incorporates an important part of his heritage: the
Druids, an ancient order of priests that played a pivotal part in the growth of Christianity in Ireland.
"In Druid vapour and make the torches dim; / Till vain frenzy awoke and he died; and him /

CBS TV Special: The Mystery Of Stonehenge
On the island of Britain, 90 miles from London, lies an ancient monument. Stonehenge has been a
mystery for the past 4,000 years. It is constructed of large stones all laid out in a circle. Each stone is
sitting upright and perfectly spaced out to measure the same width apart. Included in this structure,
surrounding the stones, are white spots that were first holes dug up and filled, also spaced apart at
the same width. There are many theories on why Stonehenge was built. In the CBS TV special "The
Mystery of Stonehenge" of 1964, scholars including Gerald Hawkins and Richard Moore summarize
their theories about the mysteries of the Stonehenge. A persistent theory of the Stonehenge is the
ancient Celtic priesthood called the Druids built this structure as a temple. According to their records
and tradition, the Druids claim that the stones were placed there as a representation of "the people."
Author Patrick Moore quickly dismisses this concept and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The way the stones were set up was used as a computer to track the movements of the moon.
Observations show that the heelstone of the structure marked the sunrise exactly every morning. The
14 stone alignments point directly to the key rising and setting points of the moon throughout the
seasons of the year. In 50 BC Diodorus of Sicily wrote about "strange things happening to the moon
on an island (presumably England) with a temple, circular in shape. The moon appears to be closer
to the Earth and the god visits the earth every 19 years" (Mystery of Stonehenge, film). Hawkins
knew that every 19 years is how often a mid–winter a lunar eclipse happens which helped him
understand what Diodorus had written. There are 56 white spots in the outer circle of Stonehenge.
Hawkins believed that the 56 holes correlated to the eclipse cycles. These holes represented year by
year the prehistoric people waiting for the eclipse to take

Essay on Wilfred Owen's Dulce Et Decorum Est
Wilfred Owen's Dulce Et Decorum Est
Through poems with blazing guns, spurting blood, and screaming agony, Wilfred Owen justly
deserves the label, applied by critics, of war poet. Some critics, like W.B. Yeats who said, "I
consider [Wilfred Owen] unworthy of the poets corner of a country news paper," (362) satisfy
themselves with this label and argue Owen lacked the artistic merit to be given much attention
beyond it. However, many other Owen critics like David Daiches interest themselves in trying to
identify what unique perspectives Owen's poems present and why those perspectives captivate so
many people. Daiches argues that Owen engages so many readers because "he penetrates into the
inner reality" (363) of the war experience. He ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was one reason for Roman hostility to them, as barbarians deserved repression. Their rituals
were performed in wooden shrines and in sanctuaries among the forests, with grotesque carved
images of gods. Victims were put to death by several methods. They were stabbed, or shot at with
arrows, or plunged head–downwards into tubs full of water, or shut into huge wicker cages in
human shape, which were set alight. (123)
Also on druidic sacrifice, Peter Ellis writes in his book The Druids:"On great occasions [. . .] after
plunging a dagger into him [the sacrificial man], they [the Druids] read the future from the manner
of his fall and the twitching of his limbs and the flow of blood" (145). With these historical accounts
in hand it becomes possible to understand hidden archaic realities within Owen's text.
While it is understood that the poem recounts the activities of World War I soldiers moving under
orders near the front lines in France, the words used to describe this action evoke an image of a
strange, fearful, eerie, and occult procession moving with an attitude of helplessness akin to the
horrors which necessarily entrap the designated victims of a human sacrifice. These images of
imminent doom start in the first stanza and pervade the remainder of the poem.
Initially the poem demonstrates

The Story Of Tegan's Tale
Easton looked at him. "Humans can possess magic?" Beorn nodded his head before continuing,
"Although I must admit, I am glad that the fools who raised you did not have any magic in them."
Easton helped Tegan into her seat and took his across the table from Beorn. "So, none of them have
magic?" He ran his hand through his hair, thankful they didn't. He hated even thinking about that life
that was starting to feel like a lifetime ago.
"No, they did not." He turned to glance at Nalia. "We all know the dark realm is seeking Easton.
They noticed something in the physic realm around the time you met Tegan. No one knew what it
was. It was like a small ripple in the matter that separates your world from ours, Easton. I knew and
pretended to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We cannot just walk into your realm and battle, young druid. The battle between the white realm and
the dark realm would destroy most of what was around us. In order to protect your world, we need
to plan and find a way to lure them into an area that is not densely populated. Once magic is
released, it is dangerous." Nalia touched his shoulder softly.
Easton dropped his head, put his hands on his knees, and sighed loudly. "This just keeps getting
worse and worse." He stood from his chair and started pacing the kitchen.
"I am very sorry this has come to you and your family. I tried to prevent it." Beorn leaned back and
crossed his arms.
"You kept it from happening for many years. At least now, I'll be able to help once we get some
more training under my belt."
"Finish eating, all of us need our energy for tomorrow. Tegan, I need you to make sure to let us
know if you feel anyone getting near the entrance of Easton's old home in the human world. Harry is
still there and in touch with you, so you would feel it first even though I have witches living in the
house to keep watch over the mirror. I think their combined magic should be able to keep them safe
from the dark magic." Chapter Seventeen
That night, when they went to bed, Tegan climbed into his arms. Easton pulled her close, sensing her
need was as great as his. He tugged her nightgown over her head as he laid her on her back. His
breath caught at the sight of

Personal Narrative: My Restoration Druid
http://us.battle.net/wow/en/character/silver–hand/Deeztotems/simple I feel extremely comfortable
playing my Restoration Druid as well, but he has close to no gear. Thebosshoss#1761 I can be on
Zul'jin and ready to raid in a matter of days. I started raiding at the beginning of Dragon Soul and
was apart of the guild Fallen Angels on US – Moonguard. Here, I killed up to Ultraxion on Heroic
Mode and then transferred to US – Turalyon, mostly because I wanted to go Horde. I joined a guild
called Well Played and achieved 7/8H. I then transferred to Area 52 Alliance because a good friend
was on there and also a great 10 man guild wanted me, which is where I finally got my Heroic
Madness kill before the patch leading to Mists. The guild ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
These four spells are vital to the success of any Restoration Shaman and should be used on cool
down, which is why I have bouncing Weak Auras for each of these. For single target healing,
Riptide is our most effective spell and provides us with Tidal Waves, as does Chain Heal. Tidal
Waves reduces the cast time of Healing Wave and increases the Critical Strike chance of Healing
Surge, so when using single target heals, best have Tidal Waves up. I used to have a Weak Aura for
Tidal Waves, but I find myself having no issue whatsoever keeping the buff on myself. Healing Rain
should be placed regardless of the number of people standing in it (but aim for 6), especially for
well–geared players where mana is of no concern. Chain Heal is our fundamental AoE healing spell
which should be spammed during intense raid damage with a Healing Rain down, with possibly
Ascendance up. When you are on the move, always use Unleash Life instead of Ghost Wolf, as you
cannot cast while in Ghost Wolf. When you're done moving, Unleash Life will provide you with a
30% boost to your next direct heal. As you can imagine, you want to spend this 30% boost on Chain
Heal most of the time. Be proactive with your cool downs – not reactive. The Restoration Shaman is
built around correctly and effectively using your cool downs,

Irish Monasticism And Celtic Christianity
Your Holiness, It has come to my attention that you will be returning to the United States and will
be giving a sermon in Boulder Colorado on 5th through 6th century Irish monasticism and Celtic
Christianity. I would like to assist you in this task by relaying the information I have come to
understand through my studies on the topic. Medieval Irish monasticism and Celtic Christianity is
important and of interest for a number of reasons. More specifically, the monastic influence on
present day private penance, their ability to easily adapt and re–imagine and reinvent the Celtic
culture and pre–existing Druidic religion into an organized network of Christian institutions, and the
obedience and spiritual strength possessed by Irish monks and ... Show more content on
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Without their practice of private penance and the creation of penitential's we would not have the
confessions and sacramental practices that we do today. We also would not have such a rich
spirituality and communal strength that we do if St. Patrick and other medieval Irish monks and
nuns had not been able to transform and reimage the Druidic religion. It is for this amalgamation of
practices that we Western Christians have the current understanding of the importance of spirituality,
prayer and divinity. If St. Patrick had not been able to convince the tribal leaders of the power of
God as well as establishing structured and organized monastic communities then perhaps the Celts
would have never been converted. Irish monastic practices and obedience have been fundamental
and influential in the present structures that

The Real Merlin Essay
From the shores of Avalon to the court of King Arthur, tales and accounts of the mystical Merlin
abound. Did Merlin really exist, and if so, was he the dark magical wizard of legend or an image
conjured up by superstitious townsfolk to explain occurrences they didn't understand? To answer
this question, one should first look at the actual accomplishments of the figure Merlin. When was
the character introduced and what did he do afterwards? What kinds of feats did this person
accomplish to make him as well known as he is? Secondly, Merlin was well known as a mythical
figure. How did this mythical figure emerge and what aspects of his life do we still remember to this
day? As the son of a devil, was Merlin an evil character or a good ... Show more content on
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Many stories of the Arthurian legend contain some reference to Merlin, as either a wizard or a
prophet. As a magician, Merlin performed feats such as the moving of Stonehenge, the disguising of
Uther Pendragon, and the crowning of King Arthur by the use of the sword in the stone (Fletcher
25). As a prophet, Merlin told of the defeat of the Saxons, the death of Arthur, and the one who
found the Holy Grail.
Almost everyone knows the story The Sword in the Stone by T.H. White wherein Merlin instructed
Arthur in his life as king, but what most don't know is that Merlin was, in legend, the son of a devil.
An incubus came and bedded with Merlin's mother so that she would bear his child (Ackerman
168). One story that shows the significance of this union is Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia regum
Britannae. In this book there is a section that tells the tale of Vortigern and Ambrosius. Vortigern, the
King of Britain at the time, wants to build a new retreat, but every night the foundation is destroyed.
Vortigern's wise men tell him he must sprinkle the spot with the blood of a child born fatherless.
After a long and tedious search, Ambrosius is found and brought before Vortigern. Ambrosius tells
the King not to slay him but to dig in the spot for two vases. Those digging found these two vases
and inside were two tents. Inside the two tents were a red dragon and a white dragon. These
creatures fought each other

The Druids: A Major Division Of Indigenous Religion
The Druids are a major division of Indigenous Religion and are located in the British Isles and
Scotland. The Druids are most commonly associated with the Indigenous Celtic people of Ireland.
Druids are known to have existed as far back as 3rd century B.C.E. (History of Britain: Rise and
Fall of the Druids) The Druids passed down rituals and history through stories rather than through
written text so a lot is still unknown about how they lived. There are still many people in today's
culture who actively practice Druidism. Today, Druidism is split into two sects, Cultural Druidism or
Religious Druidism. Cultural Druids are classified by having descendants who are Druids. Usually
these people lightly follow the practices of Druidism but most ... Show more content on
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Many people associate Druids with both animal and human sacrifice during their rituals although it
has never been historically proven. The druids are also known for creating stone circles to perform
their rituals in. It is believed that they created these open stone circles because thought it was
degrading to the gods to confine them with walls during rituals (Partington, 635). In Britain and
Ireland there are more than 1,300 stone circles attributed to the Druids. The most famous of these
stone circles is Stonehenge in England. It is believed that these stone circles are used during their
Midsummers Eve Rituals (Knight 17). Today on June 22nd, the Druids gather at Stonehenge. At
sunrise they perform a sacred ritual on the alter stone which is ended by an ancient horn being
blown in the four directions. (Matthews, 135). Another festival celebrated by the Druids is Lammas
Day or the Celtic Celebration of Lughnasadh. This festival took place in the fall time around the
beginning of August. The celebration was held to mark the gathering of all the tribes at the height of
summer. (Matthews, 138). Cauldrons, in particular Cauldron of Ceridwen, are commonly mentioned
as being a part of ritual for the Druids. These cauldrons were used to mash up plants and "the water
of inspiration and science" (Davies, 217–218). It was believed that tasting a drop of the water would
open up the future for the persons viewing. Today Druidism is still an actively

Saint Patrick: A Brief Biography Of Saint Patrick
Saint Patrick The beginning St patrick was born in Roman Britain . When he was about 14 he was
kidnapped by Irish pirates and he become a slave. When he was about 20 he escaped after having a
dream from God, God said to leave Ireland. When he was there he saw sailors and they took him
back to Britain.
The dreams/visions
A couple years later Saint Patrick had a vision from God he described it as I saw a man coming, as it
were from Ireland. His name was Victoricus, and he carried many letters, and he gave me one of
them. I read the heading: 'The Voice of the Irish.' As I began the letter, I imagined in that moment
that I heard the voice of those

Comparison Of Stonehenge And Paganism
Stonehenge and Paganism A lot of scientific interpretations of Stonehenge that are proposed by
archaeologists are often at "war", so to speak, with other archaeological interpretations by faith
communities. One of these particular arguments is that Paganism is not considered to be a "real"
religion, like that of Christianity or the Islamic faith. Paganism is not widely practiced in the United
States like it is over in the UK and other European countries. Stonehenge has been connected in one
way or another to the religion of Paganism.
Building of Stonehenge Stonehenge was built in the Neolithic early Bronze Age era. The human
race did not settle in the area of Wiltshire until around 4,000 BCE – 3,000 BCE (Cusack 2012).
According to Fagan, local farmers built a simple enclosure (Cusack 2012). There are five stones,
which consist of the Heel Stone that is located outside of the north–eastern entrance. The Slaughter
Stone, which lies flat on the east side of the entranceway, is considered to be part of a pair that could
have created an entrance. The final two Station Stones are located in the bank (Cusack 2012). Over
the few hundred years, more timber monuments were built, possibly to assist in the purpose of
Stonehenge. Many archaeologists have disputed over the phases of not only the construction of
Stonehenge but also the chronology of Stonehenge as well as the possibilities of what it was used
for (Cusack 2012). Some people have thought of Stonehenge as being some kind of

A Note On Mondrian Architecture
MONDRAIN
Mondrain is a Relational Online Analytical Processing server. It is written in Java and used for
reporting and data warehousing. It supports Mulidimensional expression query language i.e, MDX,
OLAP4J for interface specification and XML for analysis. It is an open source OLAP server and
more useful for analysis that involves drilling down data. The Mondrian schema is supported by
almost any OLAP client tool.
Connecting to Mondrian Engine
Mondrian maintains data in MDX fashion. For us to access any existing cube, we need some
reporting tool. We can use Pentaho Report designer for writing the query to fetch data from data
warehouse and publish it on the report using MDX. One of the ways we can connect to Mondrian is
by using its rich ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Three kinds of data need to be stored: fact table data (the transactional records), aggregates, and
dimensions. The multidimensional format does not perform well when there are more than few
dimensions which will lead to sparse data. A HOLAP , a hybrid OLAP system solves this problem
by only storing the aggregates in multidimensional format.
Mondrian's primary API is proprietary. Mondrian provides API for client applications to executing
queries. It uses a language called MDX which is used for querying multidimentional databases.
Mondrian is used for:
1. It gives high performace and provided interactive analysis of large or small data.
2. It provides dimensional exploration of data
3. We can parse MDX into SQL to retrieve answers to dimensional queries.
4. High speed queries
5. Advanced calculations using calculation expression of MDX language
DRUID
Druid is open source distributed data store written in java . It allows fast access to large sets of
seldom changing data. It is commonly used in Business intelligence applications to analyze high
volumes of real time and historical data. Druid allows for single table queries. It provides:
Partially nested data structures use columnar storage format.
For quick filtering, can use indexing.
hierarchical query distribution with intermediate pruning
realtime ingestion
fault tolerant distributed architecture

Architecture:
The name druid comes from role playing games as it is capable of

Tuscaloosa Business Environment
In 2009, the "Free the Hops" bill passed in Alabama allowing the sale of beer with an ABV content
higher than 6.0%. A nearly five year process provided Alabama with the opportunity to join 46 other
states in the sale of high–gravity craft beer. In 2012, Tuscaloosa's city council also voted to change
the city's zoning ordinance which allowed for brewpubs and breweries. This series of law changes
provided a culture change and sparked a flourishing craft beer scene in the city of Tuscaloosa. Druid
City Brewing Co., owned by Bo Hicks and Elliot Roberts, became the first official brewery in
November of 2012.
Tuscaloosa is known to locals as "The Druid City" because of the giant water oaks lining the city
streets in its early years, according ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An extensive search eventually led to a perfect location to call home in the heart of Downtown
Tuscaloosa. After months of hands–on work and renovation they were able to open up the brewery
named after the Black Warrior River which flows through Tuscaloosa County. Throughout the week
Black Warrior has events such as trivia, movie nights, and American Outlaw watch parties. They
have a vast selection of brews which makes it easy for everyone to find something they enjoy! Some
of the local favorites include the Apricot Wheat, Crimson Ale, Broad Street Brown, Lock 17 IPA,
Tashka Double IPA, and Sipsey Strawberry Blonde. No matter what style you prefer, you're sure to
find something you'll fall in love with. Black Warrior Brewing Co. also distributes their Apricot
Wheat and Lock 17 IPA throughout the area. This is the perfect way to take a little taste of
Tuscaloosa with you wherever you go!
The newest brewery to arrive on the scene, Band of Brothers Brewing Co., opened its doors in
September of 2015. Owned by brothers Jeremiah and Jeremey Donald and friend Quintin Brown
this establishment provides a unique, easygoing atmosphere. With plenty of space to utilize, Band of
Brothers frequently hosts live music, movie nights, games and much more! Their stellar selection of
brews includes local favorites such as the Voodoo Mild, Monk on the Radio, and Station One
Saison. Each of these beers provides a flavorful and

Essay about Druids and Druidism: A Study of Their Real...
When interpreting history it is almost akin to separating the wheat from the chaff in farming. Close
attention has to be paid to every historical detail that is given. In many cases when studying a
historical description the reader can find a particular bias that the author has written with. The
writings of Julius Caesar and Pliny are not exempt from being written with a bias when they
describe the druids. Both authors are considered to be valid sources on historical events which make
the assertions and observations that they noted more reliable than other authors. Upon a cursory
observation of the text it seems that Caesar tended to find fewer faults in the druids customs
compared to Pliny. This paper will argue and prove that although ... Show more content on
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Caesar makes no comment on this difference but instead keeps relaying the facts. Another part that
ties into the religious description that Caesar gives is the druid's rights to enact punishment. For
instance, "if a private person or the public does not yield to their decision they are prohibited from
sacrifices" these people are regarded "as godless and wicked and they are cut off from all." (Caesar,
21) This shows that the druids were very powerful not only when it came to religious matters but
also matters that dealt with the public. They had the power to ostracize entire clans from the rest of
the Celts for any type of religious misconduct by a particular clan. The position of druid was
coveted by the Celt people, so much so that many men were sent by "parents and relatives" to try to
become one.(Caesar, 21) This was not an easy task though. "They are said to commit to memory a
great number of verses... and remain some twenty years in training." (Caesar, 21) Part of the reason
for the extensive training that went on is that the druids refused to commit "things to writing."
(Caesar, 21) One can only imagine the great mental capacity that each one of these individuals had
to have. The huge amounts of information that had to be memorized did two things for the druids.
One it deterred anyone who did not really have the

The Development of Christianity in America
As Christianity spread through the Western world, it rarely followed a linear path: different pockets
of faith and doctrine were developed by a variety of peoples in an even greater variety of locales.
Nowhere is this more evident than in Roman Britain and the era of Anglo–Saxon migrations. In five
centuries, English religious culture transformed from one of pagan worship to that of leadership in
the Christian world. Controversies included more than merely pagan–Christian dynamics; the
Christians were greatly divided, and Christian efforts went through many ebbs before becoming
firmly established. One must evaluate the development of both Rome and England to gain an
adequate understanding of early English Christianity. Fifty–five years ... Show more content on
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Christianity gained a foothold in Britain by the mid–second century, but had yet to gain anything
approaching religious supremacy on the island. Early Christian churches were local communal
affairs – each board of elders was elected democratically by the community 's inhabitants. Early
Christians refused to bow before Roman authority as the Jews had previously done, and many were
persecuted as enemies of the state (quite similar to the Druidic situation in Britain). Rome would
tolerate native religious rites, but would brook no treason. The universality of the empire, however,
paved the way for the universality of Christianity, as Christian missionaries traveled easily along
Roman roads on evangelistic expeditions. As Christianity spread throughout the empire, the Roman
government found Christian refusals to worship Roman gods and participate in Roman festivals
increasingly distressing; Christians endured persecution in the first and second centuries, but on an
individualized, local scale. The third century proved disastrous to the empire: an outbreak of the
plague, increasing barbaric invasions from the north, and fifty years of relentless civil war tarnished
the image and reputation of Rome. Manpower shortages due to plague sharply decreased trade and
commerce. Persians

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