Hemophilia Research Papers

Hemophilia Research Papers
Hemophilia A
Hemophilia A, an X–linked genetic disease, is the most common coagulation disorder with an
incidence of about 1–2 in 10,000 males and is caused by mutations in the factor VIII (FVIII)
coagulation gene [PubMed1]. It causes infected individuals to not be able to coagulate their blood
efficiently or at all when getting a cut or some injury in which blood is exposed. This disease can be
very deadly because of major blood loss.
Hemophilia A is an X–linked recessive disorder. This means that in order for a female to be affected
with the disease, she must inherit the recessive alleles from a mother that is either infected with the
disease or a carrier of the disease and a father that is infected with the disease, since the father only
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because this allele can arise simply from mutations. However, once the mutation in the
hemophilia gene is present, the chance of passing it on exists [HOG]. It is possible, however, for
hemophilia to disappear from the family tree as well [HOG]. This can happen if all family members
who have hemophilia or who carry the hemophilia gene give birth to children who by chance do not
get the gene [HOG]. As far as the level of severity goes, the clotting factor level will be about the
same from one generation to the next. For example, a son who inherited the recessive allele from his
mother will typically have the same severity level as his mother, if she also has the disease. Another
example is that the daughter of a man who is infected with a mild recessive allele will typically
carry the allele for mild hemophilia as well. Parents' children will all carry the same level [HOG].
This will usually be the case, unless of course another mutation happens upon the existing mutation
causing a difference in severity from the parent in comparison to the
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Symptoms Of Hemophilia
There are many genetic disorders in the world. Some are obvious about what they do to a person's
body. While others are more subtle or completely unnoticeable from just looking at them. Some
have severe side effects, while others do not. Genetic disorders affect people in that they affect
sometimes many people, they can shorten one's life expectancy, and it alters a person's body and
possibly their physical appearance. One genetic disorder that is more common, but still widely
unknown, is hemophilia, a blood disorder. Hemophilia is a medical condition in which the ability of
the blood to clot is severely reduced, causing the sufferer to bleed severely form even a slight injury.
This causes people to bleed for long periods of time, since ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
A hemophiliac's extent of bleeding will depend on the severity of their hemophilia. One symptom of
hemophilia is excessive bleeding. Bleeding is external and internal. According to the National Heart,
Lung, and Blood Institute of the Institute of Health, "Signs of external bleeding may include:
bleeding in the mouth from a cut or bite or from cutting or losing a tooth; nosebleeds for no obvious
reason; heavy bleeding from a minor cut; bleeding from a cut that resumes after stopping for a short
time". They also say, "Signs of internal bleeding may include: blood in the urine (from bleeding in
the kidneys or bladder); blood in the stool (from bleeding in the intestines or stomach); large bruises
(from bleeding into the large muscles of the body". Another thing this disease does to the body is it
causes bleeding in the joints. This is another form of internal bleeding. Some joints included are the
knees and elbows. The process of bleeding in the joints goes as follows; the joints are tight, but with
no pain or visible signs of bleeding. Then, the joint becomes swollen, hot to the touch, and it is
painful to bend. Bleeding and swelling both continue. Movement in the joint becomes temporarily
lost. The pain can be severe. If this is not treated quickly, then the joint may be damaged. More
internal bleeding includes bleeding in the brain. This is, as imagined, a very serious complication. It
can

The Danger of Deep Vein Thrombosis
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a type of cardiovascular disease. DVT is a blood clot that forms in
the large deep veins in the leg or pelvis area and grows toward the heart. Including the veins in the
calf and thighs, the femoral, popliteal, and iliofemoral vein are also the sites of DVT development.
It is a mainly common and dangerous condition (Kesieme et al., 2011). Some DVTs may cause no
pain or swelling, whereas others might be quite painful and result in a lot of swelling. Mortality is
not high with prompt diagnoses and treatment for most DVTs. However some can be a threat to
your life, especially the ones that develop in the deep veins as compared to the clots that develop in
the visible superficial veins. Clot which forms in the deep veins is more likely to break free and
travel through the veins, which is then called an embolus. When an embolus travels from the legs or
pelvis area and lodges into the lung artery, the condition is known as a pulmonary embolism or PE.
This is a potentially fatal condition if it is not treated immediately and can lead to death. As high as
50% of the time a DVT can progress to pulmonary embolism. Collectively, DVT and PE are known
as venous thromboembolism (VTE). DVT and PE are highly preventable (Kesieme et al., 2011).
Both DVT and PE are a major public health problem worldwide. DVT affects approximately 0.1%
of persons per year. The overall average age and sex adjusted annual incidence of VTE is 117 per
100,000, with higher rates among

Subcurvilinear Attack Case Study
The patient was brought to the operating room and placed on the table in a supine position. After
induction of adequate general anesthesia, patient was prepped and draped in a sterile fashion.
Curvilinear incision was made superior and lateral to the os pubis and carried it down through the
skin and subcutaneous tissue on the right. External oblique was identified and opened in direction of
the fibers. Once this was done, the spermatic cord was elevated using a Penrose drain. There was a
fair amount of scarring and a large lipoma of the cord, which obstructed visualization. The lipoma
was carefully dissected away from the cord and the cord structures down to the level of the internal
ring and then imbricated. Once this was done, the cord was inspected no evidence of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The onlay patch was then trimmed, laid over the repair and secured around the cord using 2–0
Vicryl suture. The wound was copiously irrigated with saline solution. Hemostasis was felt to be
adequate. External oblique was then closed using running 2–0 Vicryl. Scarpa's fascia closed using
3–0 Vicryl. Skin was closed with running 4–0 Vicryl subcuticular suture. Attention was then drawn
to the left where a curvilinear incision was made superior and lateral to the os pubis and carried it
down through skin and subcutaneous tissue. Hemostasis was obtained with electrocautery. External
oblique was opened in the direction of its fibers and an extremely large hernia sac was identified.
Ultimately, the spermatic cord was identified and elevated using a Penrose drain. Cremasteric fibers
were opened and it was inspected, no evidence of any indirect inguinal hernia was seen. The
attenuated transversalis fascia was incised and then this direct left inguinal hernia was then reduced.
Once this was done, an extra large mesh plug was introduced in the preperitoneal space and secured
in the usual fashion using two sutures of 2–0 Vicryl to the conjoined tendon, shelving portion of
Poupart's

Harry's Case Summary
Harry's Case Story: Description of Context in Clinical Decision–making
Clinical decisions are influenced by surrounding environment or context. According to Gillespi &
Peterson (2009), there are three contexts in the situated clinical decision–making framework, which
are as follows: micro, meso and macro. In Harry's case story, firstly, micro level context included
nurse's experience and the relationship of the nurse with Harry and his family. Nurse's experience
focused her to make effective clinical decisions for Harry. In addition, trustworthy relationship with
Harry and his family encouraged them to share personal information with the nurse, which helped
the nurse to collect appropriate data and to understand Harry's and his family's needs to provide
client–centered care. Secondly, the meso level context includes the influence of health care agency's
policies and philosophy on clinical decision–making. In Harry's case, it was evident that the practice
of family–centered care was followed because the family was involved in each decision related to
Harry's treatment from admission to discharge; hence, the nurse ... Show more content on
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Complementary therapies are used alongside conventional medicine, whereas alternative medicine
is used in place of conventional medicine. Considering CRNBC's practice standard of
Complementary and Alternative Health Care (2017), I would advise Harry about complementary
therapy of dietary modification to reduce acid–production in GI tract. Dietary modification plays a
vital role in PUD because diet can either alleviate or treat the symptoms of this disease. I would
recommend Harry to consume a diet rich in antioxidants and soluble fiber because this diet helps to
treat and prevent PUD (Healthlink BC,

Lithotomy Case Studies
PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:
(___) uterine bleeding and cervical polyps.
POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:
(___) uterine bleeding and cervical polyps.
PROCEDURE:
D&C hysteroscopy and a endometrial biopsy, and cervical polypectomy.
Procedure (___) consent patient was taken to the operating room. When adequate anesthesia was
obtained, the patient was placed in dorsal lithotomy position. Patients vaginal (peroneal) area was
prepped with betadine solution and draped in normal sterile fashion. A rubber catheter was used to
empty the bladder. Cavity exam was then performed (under) anesthesia and a (___) placed on the
posterior vagina. An (___) clamp was placed on the anterior lip of the cervix. Uterus was (___) to
approximately 4 cm (___). The cervical

Isotretinoin Essay
The use of isotretinoin for the treatment of severe acne has been extensively known over the past 30
years. Various adverse reactions to isotretinoin have been reported. Nevertheless, the effects of
isotretinoin on the hemostasis are still not well known. There are conflicting reports about its effect
on coagulation system. Dotson et al. Described the first case with an intensification of bleeding
tendency in a patient with hemophilia, while isotretinoin treatment in 1992 (10); although in another
case of hemophilia A using isotretinoin was reported by Bettoli et al. In 2004. Was reported to have
had no exacerbating effect on bleeding (12) various studies have shown that hepatotoxicity could
occur in about 10% and hyperlipidemia in 20–45% of the patients (13–16). Vigorous hematological
changes were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
thrombocytopenia, which was prolonged as long as 2 months was emphasized (18). In many of acne
patients being treated with isotretinoin Zane et al. surveyed the correlation between isotretinoin and
abnormal laboratory test results. They reported that a small number of patients had a significant
decrease in their rates of white blood cells, but only very few of these decreases were severe enough
to pose a risk of infection. Thrombocytes showed no significant change (4) However, there are no
sufficient studies evaluating the effect of the hematological parameters, especially on the platelets
(6); And another study found that a significant increase in activated partial thromboplastin time was
detected and mentioned that Isotretinoin seems to have no effect on these coagulation parameters
(7). Regardless of the time phases, secondary hemorrhage following oral surgery is most often
associated with the presence of foreign bodies and may be a piece of dental restorative material,
delayed organization of a blood coagulum. Another reason may be the formation of the liver clot
that is venous bleeding, which could not have a

Hemophilia Research Paper
Hemophilia is a lot more than just a cut that doesn't stop bleeding. For starters, the word hemophilia
is a combination of the Greek words for "blood" and "love", which is a way of saying people with
hemophilia "love to bleed"or just can't stop to blood. Why is that? A large part about the disease
comes from the effect it has on the cardiovascular system, but more importantly the hemostasis of
the body. Normally, when damage occurs to a blood vessel walls, there's an immediate narrowing of
the blood vessel which limits the amount of blood flow. Which leads for some platelets adhere to the
damaged vessel wall, and become activated that then recruit additional to form a plug. This platelet
plug is the result of the primary hemostasis. Leading up to the coagulation cascade to be activated.
In 2010, Chris Pallister and Malcolm Watson best summarized coagulation cascade as: ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are the contact activation pathway (also known as the intrinsic pathway), and the tissue factor
pathway (also known as the extrinsic pathway) which both lead to the same fundamental reactions
that produce fibrin. The pathways are a series of reactions, in which a zymogen (inactive enzyme
precursor) of a serine protease and its glycoprotein co–factor are activated to become active
components that then catalyze the next reaction in the cascade, ultimately resulting in cross–linked
fibrin. Coagulation factors are generally indicated by Roman numerals, with a lowercase a appended
to indicate an active form. The coagulation factors are generally serine proteases (enzymes), which
act by cleaving downstream proteins. The exceptions are FIII, FV, FVIII, FXIII. FIII, FV and FVIII
are glycoproteins, and Factor XIII is a transglutaminase.

Sickled Red Blood Cell Disease: A Case Study
Plasma would carry white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets to the injury site, which is the
scrape on the hand. Platelets would attach with each other, building a blockade to stop blood flow at
the injury site. White blood cells would attack and kill foreign substances that enter through the
injury site and try to hurt the body. Red blood cells would provide oxygen at the injury site to help
heal the injury, having that platelets have created a blockade.
A defining feature found in sickle cell disease is how red blood cells are organized. In sickle cell
disease, red blood cells attach to each other and create a compact organization. However, normal red
blood cells stay apart from each other that the individual shape of each red blood cell can be seen.
The organization of red blood cells is distinct in sickle cell disease, and therefore a ... Show more
The abnormal shape of a sickled red blood cell is a crescent shape and the shape causes the sickled
red blood cell to become sticky and attach to other sickled red blood cells as well as blood vessels.
Since a sickled red blood cell can attach to other sickled red blood cells and blood vessels, clotting
in blood vessels can occur, and the movement of sickled red blood cells are affected.
I think the abnormal shape of sickled red blood cells causes episodes of severe pain in the joints,
chest, and abdomen and swelling in the hands and feet because the abnormal shape of the sickled
red blood cells attach and clog blood vessels. The clogging of blood vessels can cause pain within
the body and swelling as a result of the many sickled red blood cells attached together at one area of
a blood vessel. Therefore, the abnormal shape of sickled red blood cells cause pain and swelling
symptoms because sickled red blood cells attach to each other and to blood

Genetic Disorders: Hemophilia B
Sarah Griffin
BIO 271–IN1
Disease/Disorder Paper
4/16/15
Hemophilia A Hemophilia is a rare blood condition in which an individual's blood cannot clot
appropriately to stop bleeding. There are two types of Hemophilia, Hemophilia A and Hemophilia
B. This paper will be focusing on Hemophilia A, also known as classic hemophilia. "Hemophilia A
is a genetic disorder caused by a missing or defective factor VIII, a clotting protein" (National
Hemophilia Foundation, n.d., para. 1). Clotting proteins work with cell fragments called platelets to
stop bleeding. "When blood vessels are injured, clotting factors help platelets stick together to plug
cuts and breaks on the vessels and stop bleeding (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2013,
para. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Family history of this disorder will help to determine the necessary diagnostic testing needed. "A
clotting test, called an assay, will determine the type of hemophilia and its severity" (National
Hemophilia Foundation, n.d., para. 10). A clotting test will require blood to be drawn and sent to the
lab for analysis. Treatments for hemophilia include medications that help replace deficit or missing
clotting proteins. "The main medication to treat hemophilia is concentrated FVIII product, called
clotting factor or simply factor" (National Hemophilia Foundation, n.d, para. 11). The medications
are usually introduced intravenously in the arm or a port in the chest (National Hemophilia
Foundation, n.d., para. 12). It may take a little tampering with certain medications by a physician to
find the right medication and dose for each individual. In additions, mild hemophiliacs may be
prescribed desmopressin acetate, a natural antidiuretic hormone that stops bleeding; which can be
used for joint and muscle bleeds (National Hemophilia Foundation, n.d., para. 14). Severe
hemophiliacs may be recommended a prophylactic regimen to help maintain an appropriate level of
clotting factor in their blood in order to prevent bleeds (National Hemophilia Foundation, n.d., para.
13). Patients with mild hemophilia can lead a normal life with the right treatments and precautions,
however

Hemophilia Hey do you know what hemophilia is? Well it's a bleeding disorder, when you bleed too
much when having an injury making you have too much blood loss. There are treatments that can
help you if you have Hemophilia ,but sadly we have no cure for it yet. When you have Hemophilia
you have to stay away from things that can hurt you like when you are reading a book you have to
be careful because you don't want a paper cut.The treatments that can help you when you have
replacement therapy, replacement therapy is a treatment aimed at making up a deficit of a substance
normally present in the body. What Are The Symptoms. There

Hemostasis Research Paper
Hemostasis is a physiological body response to the event of a vascular injury or a damaged vessel.
On the other hand, thrombosis is a pathological response when the hemostatic mechanisms are
incorrectly activated leading to blood clots formation 1.
The main blood component engaged in hemostasis, and subsequently in thrombosis too, are the
platelets. Platelets during hemostasis adhere to the injured vessel wall creating a barrier that blocks
the blood loss. The initial platelet adhesion is followed by platelet aggregation and platelet–platelet
adhesion which are induced by cytokines released by the activated platelets. As a final step in
hemostasis, the coagulation cascade is stimulated with final result thrombin and fibrin formation at
the site of damage. 1,2 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thrombus formation is generated by vessel damage and the subsequent thrombogenic stimuli
exposure and consists of activated platelets and fibrin protein. 3 This barrier that is created limits the
blood flow through coronary vessels causing myocardial ischemia. Thus coronary blood vessel
thrombosis is related to pathologic events of acute coronary syndromes which include unstable
angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden ischemic death. 3,4
Uncontrolled platelet aggregation has been associated with thrombosis and subsequently with acute
coronary syndromes; therefore the development of therapeutic interventions has been focused on
interrupting one or several stages in hemostasis, platelet aggregation and/or coagulation. 3
Eptifibatide is a cyclic heptapeptide which originated from a protein found in the venom of the
southeastern pygmy rattlesnake (Sistrurus miliarus barbouri) and selectively blocks the platelet
glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor. It belongs to the class of the so called arginin–glycin–aspartat–
mimetics and reversibly binds to

Vitamin K : Essential Nutrients For Our Body
Vitamin K as any other vitamin plays a crucial role in our body as vitamins and minerals are
essential nutrients for our body to perform daily activities. Vitamins are al–so needed "to promoted
and regulated growth, reproduction and maintenance of health" (HMKN 205 notes). All vitamins
and minerals play a key role in our body and they each have different functions, however vitamin k
is really important because it plays a really significant role in blood clotting and bone health.
Vitamin k was "discov–ered inadvertently by feeding animals a fat–free diet, scientist noted that
chicks fed this diet developed a bleeding disorder that was cured by feeding the green plants"
(HMKN 205 notes). Vitamins are divided between water soluble vitamins and fat soluble vita–mins,
however "Vitamin K is a fat–soluble vitamin that plays a huge role in blood clot–ting and also have
some effects in bone health" (DiNicolantonio). Vitamin k is really sensitive and can be destroyed
easily by the exposure to light and heat, vitamin k can be easily found in plants "leafy vegetables as
well as olive oil, spinach, broccoli, kale and soybean oil" (DiNicolantonio). Vitamin k is a key
nutrient that plays a significant role in blood clotting and bone health, DiNicolantonio argues that
Vitamin K is a crucial factor for blood coagulation because when a person gets injured vitamin k is
needed for fibrin threads to form a webbing of blood clot so the person stops bleeding. Abnor–mal
blood coagulation is a big

Hemophilia has 2 types: Hemophilia A, and Hemophilia B. Hemophilia A is also known as "Factor
VIII Deficiency" and Hemophilia B is also known as "Factor IX Deficiency". Hemophilia A is more
common than Hemophilia B. Hemophilia A means that the body does not have enough clotting for
Factor VIII. Hemophilia B is less common than Hemophilia A. Hemophilia B means that the body
does not have enough clotting for Factor IX.
Neither is better than the other. They both make you bleed longer than you should; or even bleeding
to death! Hemophilia A and Hemophilia B are both lifelong. Both Hemophilia types are rare.
Actually they are quite uncommon. The severity of Hemophilia depends on if it is factor VII or if it
is Factor IX.
There are more rare ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In both types of Hemophilia, children are easily bruised.
There are certain drugs that people who have hemophilia should not take. They are: Aspirin or any
Aspirin containing drugs. Paracetamol (acetominophen) is a perfectly safe alternative of Aspirin.
There are symptoms of Hemophilia A and Hemophilia B. They are: Big Bruises, Bleeding into
muscles and joints, Spontaneous bleeding (sudden bleeding inside the body for no clear reason),
prolonged bleeding after getting a cut, removing a tooth (or having surgery), and also bleeding for a
long time after an accident (especially after an injury to the head).
Bleeding into a muscle or joint causes: an ache or "Funny Feeling", Swelling & stiffness, pain &
stiffness, and difficulty using a joint or muscle.
Fast Facts
Nearly 90% of Americans who had severe Hemophilia became infected with AIDS/HIV in the
1980's when blood and Plasma donations in the U.S.A. were not properly screened for AIDS/HIV
Hemophilia A is also known as "Classic Hemophilia"
Hemophilia B is also known as "Christmas Disease"
Hemophilia A and Hemophilia B are both X–Linked recessive genetic

Hemophilia
Within today's society there are hundreds of diseases that can be broken down into the subcategories
of preventable and non–preventable. For example, sexually transmitted diseases can be categorized
as preventable as long as an individual can remain abstinent. It is always reassuring that with a
healthy and sustained lifestyle, you can decrease your chances of developing any harmful effect to
your body. Unfortunately, preventable is not always the case. A randomized group of people can
either be born with or develop a non–preventable disease.1
In the United States, most people with Hemophilia are diagnosed at a very young age. This disease
is inherited, meaning it is passed from the parents to the children. By definition, Hemophilia ...
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If patients are not treated, the excessive bleeding can lead to joint damage and premature death.
Today the advancements in biotechnology and research methods have led to better treatment leading
to reduced mortality, improved joint outcomes, enhanced quality of life and extended life span.
Patients with hemophilia have a deficient coagulation factor (factor VIII). The deficiency in factor
VIII requires an improvement method to avoid excessive bleeding. According to the research
conducted on mice in an article by Steven Pope "Visions in Hemophilia" neglecting B–domain and
using B–domain–deleted (BDD) improved expression leading to an increased secretion of protein.
Also disulfide–bonds play an important role in the improved pro–coagulation activity in the
genetically engineered factor VIII. Another effective treatment that is still undergoing further
research is reducing immunogenicity. Studies show that increasing the half–life of factor VIII can
decrease the dose of infusions leading to an improved quality of life. Decreasing the half–life can be
done by increasing PEGylation, PSA modification, and PEGylated liposomes. There are other
coagulation factors as well as alternate treatment that are being studied to aid in hemophilia
treatment. Hemophilia continues to grow in terms of interest in research to find a cure and continue
improved treatment. Based on the advancements achieved to this day, it is almost safe to say that the
advancements will lead to a promised outcome in treatment for this popular

The Use Of Anticoagulant Therapy And Its Effects On The...
Introduction
Epistaxis is defined as the occurrence of haemorrhage from the nose, which is relatively common
and does not always need professional medical attention. However, prolonged or repeated events of
nosebleeds, also known as 'recurrent idiopathic epistaxis ' may indicate certain bleeding disorders or
potential adverse effects from the use of anticoagulant therapy. Warfarin (Coumadin) is a common
anticoagulant that affects clotting factors that are produced in the liver. It is often administered after
an myocardial infarction in order to prevent thrombosis and thromboemobolism which could lead to
the development of a stroke, most of which are ischemic in origin. Despite its effectiveness,
warfarin has been implicated in 50 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His laboratory tests showed an abnormal coagulation profile, which is perhaps attributed to his daily
medication regime. Prothrombin time(PT) was significantly prolonged, whereas partial
thromoboplastin time(PTT) was only mildly prolonged. The tests also revealed a lower than normal
haematocrit, that being a direct result of prolonged bleeding. Also, his stool sample was tested
positive for blood.
Homeostasis of Hemostasis
Blood coagulation is the process whereby a blood clot (thrombus) is formed. The formation of a
thrombus represents the second stage of hemostasis, following vasoconstriction and platelet
aggregation at the site of injury. The clotting process is very complex and its role is to maintain
vascular integrity and to induce rapid clot formation after a vascular injury. It is vital to be able to
regulate the production of thrombin, in order to prevent thrombosis, as well as maintaining normal
blood circulation.
As shown by figure 1, the coagulation cascade is a protein based system which is initiated through
the activation of two separate pathways designated extrinsic and intrinsic. These two pathways
proceed through the common pathway of coagulation until fibrin is formed. The extrinsic pathway is
generally the first pathway to be activated, and it is stimulated by tissue factor 'thromboplastin '
coming into direct contact with factor VII. Factor VII is

Von Willebrand Disease
Blood is essential to human life. It carries oxygen, nutrients and hormones all through your body
with a strong pump from the heart. Steven's inability to stop bleeding could be detrimental to his
health. There are many bleeding disorders existing today but the main, most common ones are
limited to hemophilia A, hemophilia B, and von Willebrand disease. Von Willebrand disease is
carried on chromosome 12 and occurs equally in men and women, unlike hemophilia which is an x
linked disorder typically affecting males more often. There are many other rare forms of hemophilia
with deficiencies in clotting factor 1, 2, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, and 13 but type A and B specifically involve
defective genes relating to factor 8 and 9, respectively. Through the

Descriptive Essay
Summer always started with a freezing splash into my small, above–ground pool that I practically
begged my dad to get me. The month before school lets out, I always started to remind my dad
about putting up our pool. It takes 18 hours to completely fill up with the freezing water from our
well. In my opinion, while it's still filling is the best time to swim. Cold and shallow! My mom
never liked me swimming before it filled to the top because the pool sits on a concrete slab and if
we slip or fall we could "seriously injure" ourselves. I never cared, though. If we had to get in to
smooth out the bottom, I would stay in until sunset. Although the past few years have been entirely
different, no one wanted to help put the pool up because it's ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I knew right away that it was broken. I surfaced and touched my smashed nose that had blood
flowing into my hands and calmly told Jalyn, "I think my nose is broken." Rushing to the side of the
pool, I told Jalyn to go find my dad, but she didn't move. She was in shock, I think. Once she finally
got my dad, there was a huge pool of my blood in my hands and beside the ladder. I still hadn't
started freaking out until my brilliant father said, and I quote, "Let me fix it" as he reached for my
nose. I backed into the pool, still bleeding, beginning to freak out because I thought about the how
much it will hurt to get it fixed. After much protest, I climbed the ladder, shaking from fear, got into
the car, and waited for one of my parents to take me to the Lyons ER. My mom ended up taking me
because my dad couldn't take my crying, but he still had to take Jalyn home who was freaking out
just as much as I was.
The car ride to the ER seemed to take forever and so did the waiting in the empty Emergency Room.
As I held a paper towel up to my nose, I realized I was still in my wet swimming suit wrapped up in
a soaking towel. I forgot extra clothes! Luckily, my mom thought ahead and brought some, but she
made me wait until they nurses came, who had tons of warm blankets! Although I never got warm
until I changed and washed all the blood off of me, It helped me calm down, especially when the
nurse told me that they won't snap my bones back into place.
After I got

Analysis Of Hemostatic Agents And Their Applications
Analysis of Hemostatic Agents and their Applications in Treating Hemorrhage in Emergency
Combat and Civilian Situations
Author: Philip Sang
Literature Paper Reader: Dr. Whitney
Introduction
– Put in the general infoo about hemorrhage data in combat siutations...
– Talk about problems currently present
– Other shit
– Prompt hemorrhage hemostasis is not only paramount to survival but also long term recovery. If
patients survive and blood loss is controlled, the large blood loss can lead to
hypothermia/coagulopathy/infection/acidosis/multiple organ failure/ and fatal hypotension.
– Talk about need for stability during movement
– Talk about need for devices that don't require compression.
– Need junctional stuffs
– ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kaolin is very easy to refine and produce due to the abundant available quantities of its unrefined
form, kaolinite. And since kaolin is inert in its clinical form it does not cause an immune response
when introduced into a biological system, however it is not biodegradable so it must be removed
after use (Bennett et al., 2014; Trabattoni et al., 2010). Kaolin has been an attractive hemostatic
agent due to its ability to form clots and being inexpensive to produces, however a major drawback
is that it does not work when the host is in a state of coagulopathy.
Chitosan:
Chitosan is a polysaccharide made of polymers of β–(1–4)–linked D–glucosamine and N–acetyl–D–
glucosamine (NAG), and is produced from a component of the exoskeleton of crustacean shells
called chitin. Chitosan's hemostatic effects are due to its amino groups reacting with the membranes
of circulating cells in the host's blood, leading to eventual clot formation that occurs independently
of the innate coagulation cascade. The positively charged residues present on chitosan attract the
negatively charged cell membranes of erythrocytes and thrombocytes, creating a cross–linkage of
said cells and then the formation of a thrombus. Chitosan is also biodegradable and is broken down
inside the host. It also induces an immune response that activates macrophages and stimulates cell
proliferation leading to faster wound healing

Disadvantages Of Hemostatic Dressings
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
According to World Health Organisation (WHO), on an average, motor vehicle crashes have killed
about 1.25 million people every year and also it has been observed that 90% of the world's fatalities
on the roads occur in low–income and middle–income countries. India accounts for about 10% of
road crash fatalities worldwide [45]. The control of hemorrhage (massive bleeding) is a critical step
in first aid and field trauma care. This control is essentially done by applying pressure, elevation of
bleeding site, usage of elastic field dressings, tourniquets and novel haemostatic dressings [29].
Among these methods, hemostatic dressings are used as last alternative, but it is the resourceful
system of all. In this report, various forms of hemostatic materials and the products available in the
market are reviewed.
Fig 1: A simplified hemorrhage control algorithm [31]
An ideal hemostatic dressing must have the subsequent characteristics: [29, 38]
Biocompatible, biodegradable and bio absorbable
Ease of storage
Easily removed without leaving residues
Easy administration
Flexible enough to fit complex wounds
Long shelf life, lightweight
Low cost
No adverse effects to healing
No thromboembolic complications
Prolonged stability even ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
American Red Cross Holland Laboratory, Rockville, MD) consists of higher concentrations of
human fibrinogen, human thrombin and calcium chloride affixed in a mesh. These agents were in
increasingly used at the end of World War II but fell out and were consequently abandoned due to
the transmission of hepatitis. It was re–visited again in the early 1990s by the US Army and the Red
Cross to assist in hemostasis. Although not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, it
was used under an investigational drug protocol by US forces in Iraq and Afghanistan and has
proven to be successful in combat because of its simple application, stability, and bio absorbability

Case Study Of Povidone Iodine
A clinical study to compare role of povidone iodine and pressure at extraction site.
ABSTRACT
Aim: This study was aimed to evaluate the hemostyptic action of povidone–iodine by irrigation into
alveolar sockets post–extraction against the use pressure compression alone.
Materials and Methods: This study included 30 patients (16 males, 14 females) between age group
of 20 to 60 years. Patients who required extraction between time period of December 2015 to
January 2016 were included in this study. The patients were divided equally into treatment and
control groups. Povidone–iodine (1%, w/v) was used for irrigation, post–extraction in the treatment
group and pressure compression was used in the control group.
Results: The 30 patients were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Iodine is corrosive due to its oxidizing potential while povidone is a thickening and granulating
agent; together they may have a chemocauterizing effect that could be the reason for the cessation of

Sprayable Polymer-Based Foam
Scientists have developed a new method to help battle major injuries for first responders and combat
soldiers.
The new anti–bleeding material originates from shrimp shells and is later developed into a spraying
foam. This new sprayable whipped–cream like foam can significantly hault bleeding for even the
most chronic open wounds, RT reported on Wednesday.
The sprayable polymer–based foam can be significantly vital for treating major injuries in street
violence and combat zones.
According to a ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering study, the sprayable foam is based on an
Amphiphilic Biopolymer, and should be primarly used when compression is not an option for
treating Hemorrhage.
Researchers who conducted the study, made the following consideration. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In some cases, hemorrhage can be stopped by applying compression of a tourniquet or bandage at
the injury site. However, the majority of hemorrhages that prove fatal are "non–compressible", such
as those due to an internal injury in the truncal region."
They followed by stating.
"Currently, there is no effective way to treat such injuries. In this initial study, we demonstrate that a
sprayable polymer–based foam can be effective at treating bleeding from soft tissue without the
need for compression."
The active material –– chitosan (a biopolymer derived from the shells of shrimp and other
crustaceans) –– is said by researchers to be used to 'physically connect blood cells into clusters via
hydrophobic interactions', Business Insider reported.
With an exciting new method to stop bleeding in the works, researchers went ahead and initiated
several tests using the foam. Researchers found success after restricting blood from an injury to the
liver of pigs. According to reports, 'within a few minutes' of using the foam, bleeding from the pig's
injuries stopped.

Of course, without the use of compression and only the foam, about 90% blood loss was

Von Willebrand Disease ( Vwd )
Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a genetic disorder that will occur when an individual has limiting
amounts of the von Willebrand factor (VWF) or they have abnormal forms of it. This disease can
also be associated with having low plasma levels. It is one of the world's most common bleeding
disorders. It is so common, that it can be found all over the world, it is known to affect 1% of the
world's population. VWD is also a very unique disorder because it can affect various animal species
like dogs and pigs. is known as one of the most common bleeding disorders. It is known to affect
1can also be found in various animal species, like dogs and pigs. This is a silent disease because
many people don't even know they have it. But, when someone who is suffering from VWD starts
bleeding, they will undergo severe bleeding. Just because an individual might not present with
symptoms, doesn't mean they won't suffer from the severe bleeding consequences. This lack of
knowledge is due to the fact that the symptoms of VMD are so mild. This factor can either be
missing or it can just be defective. VWF is known as a clotting protein
(https://www.hemophilia.org/Bleeding–Disorders/Types–of–Bleeding–Disorders/Von–Willebrand–
Disease). The Finnish doctor, Erik von Willebrand was the man who found this disease. He
discovered this disease by observing families in the Aland Islands. When observing this families, he
was able to describe this disease, but he wasn't able to distinguish it from a

Multiple Hemorrhage Blood Bleeding
Hemorrhage (bleeding): Blood leaking out of blood vessels may be obvious, as from a wound
penetrating the skin. Internal bleeding (such as into the intestines, or after a car accident) may not be
immediately apparent.
Hematoma: A collection of blood inside the body tissues. Internal bleeding often causes a
hematoma.
Leukemia: A form of blood cancer, in which white blood cells multiply abnormally and circulate
through the blood. The excessive large numbers of white cells deposit in the body's tissues, causing
damage.
Multiple myeloma: A form of blood cancer of plasma cells similar to leukemia. Anemia, kidney
failure and high blood calcium levels are common in multiple myeloma.
Lymphoma: A form of blood cancer, in which white blood cells multiply

Bleeding In Red Blood Cells And Platelets
The second portion of blood is made from solid components, both formed and fragmented cells.
When bleeding occurs somewhere in the body, the solid components of the blood each have their
own unique responses as well. These components are Red Blood Cells (RBCs), White Blood Cells
(WBCs), and Platelets. RBCs are formed cells that hold the oxygen within the blood. These cells are
made of a hollow membrane that can hold oxygen and is flexible enough to squeeze through small
vessels like the capillaries. (Tortura 696). When blood loss is significant enough to disturb oxygen
transfer to cells, the body attempts to compensate by mass producing in the skeletal tissue (Red
Cross 159). Another formed cell is the WBCs or leukocytes that hold the primary function of
preventing infection in the blood stream. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
with wounds that have broken through the skin, WBCs will gather around the point of entry to fight
infection and prevent any further damage to systems (Tortura 699). However, in the case of
hemostasis, the most important contributors are the Platelets, cell fragments that are held together
with a membrane (702). As bleeding occurs, various chemicals and enzymes that are contained
within platelets activate, causing the cells to become sticky and encourage accumulation to one
another. This coagulation of platelets at the broken vessel's entry site will eventually form a solid
plug, resulting in effective clotting. . Clotting is essential to stop major bleeding of vessels
throughout the body, especially in the case of hemorrhagic or hypovolemic shock

Itp Research Paper
What is ITP? ITP stands for Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura which is a scientific way of
saying the body has an abnormally low number of platelets. These platelets are cells in the blood
that help blood clot. When these cells are present in low numbers excessive bleeding and bruising
often occur. A common symptom is red blotches on the skin that do not blanch. These spots are
caused by bleeding underneath the skin. ITP affects both adults and children. In children, it is
normally a temporary condition. In adults, the condition is often chronic. A diagnosis of ITP is a
process of exclusion as similar symptoms appear in a range of other conditions including HIV and
lupus. Once these conditions are ruled out, treatment begins. The first step to any sort of treatment is
to speak with a physician. Only a doctor is able to diagnose ITP and specialists often work for years
or decades to treat conditions such as ITP. As the condition is often chronic in adults and potentially
life threatening, the most important step to recovery is to see a physician. What is Traditional
Chinese Medicine? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, herbalist claim that moxibustion is a great solution for poor circulation. Another
example is milk thistle seed extract. Milk thistle seed extract benefits include liver support and
gallbladder support. The Université of Montréal in Quebec assessed that milk thistle extract has
great protective potential in liver transplantation injury. These are two noted examples that have
become popular around the world and cited by many patients as legitimate treatment for their

Blood Clotting And Human Life
Physiology is the study of how body of living things function. There are many issues in this topic
but the issue of blood clotting is a unique area of study. Blood clotting is also known as blood
coagulation and it has two definitions which vary because of its occurrences. Blood clotting is first
defined as natural sealing of an injured part of the body by blood for the purpose of preventing
blood loss. The second meaning of blood is concentration of blood in one part of the body like in
lungs or veins. Many researchers and physician concentrate more on veins clotting (inner clotting)
of blood because it is a threat to lives of many people. However, the paper will explore the two
types of blood clotting and come up with a conclusion on how the two types of blood clotting occur
and how they are threat to human life. The general objective of the paper is to research on the whole
concept of physiology blood clotting in human beings.
Research questions Some of the research questions are as follows;
How do the two types of blood clotting occur?
How is veins blood coagulation a threat to human life?
What is the difference between outer blood clotting and veins blood clotting?
Is there treatment for blood clotting?
How is outer blood clotting a benefit?
Literature review Researchers and scholars have written more on this topic and they have expressed
different views on both types of blood clotting. Physicians argue that body outer blood clotting
which occurs to the

Hemophilia Essay
From its evidential discovery with the Romanov Family to its appearance in the modern era,
Hemophilia has become more prominent over time. Hemophilia is an inherited genetic disorder in
which certain blood factors do not clot properly. Hemophilia can cause spontaneous bleeding
episodes, and there are many ways to treat it. Hemophilia is caused by a variety of different things.
Hemophilia is caused by clotting factors in the blood, inheriting it from family members, and
acquiring it. Each type of Hemophilia has a different factor deficiency (Stachnik 220). When
bleeding, the body naturally clots by bringing blood cells together (Mayo Clinic Staff 2). When
blood clots, there are certain clotting factors that help (2). Hemophilia can be caused by the
deficiency ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When an injury occurs in a patient with Hemophilia, blood pools to the injury site to clot the blood.
If the patient has either deficiency factor IX or factor VIII, there is a possibility of activating the
factor XI (Stachnik 218). With deficiency factor XI, there may be mild signs and symptoms.
Hemophilia can also be caused by inheriting it from family members. Having a family history of
Hemophilia can actually help determine if the baby, during pregnancy, has the disease (Mayo Clinic
Staff 5). When a female who is a carrier for Hemophilia has symptoms of the disease, it is likely that
she could pass her child the affected X chromosome with the gene mutation on the clotting factor
(Hemophilia Facts 5). Most Hemophiliacs can tell if they have a family history; however, some
families have no prior history. Families with no history would have to contain a carrier female but
no affected males (2). In some cases, an affected father and a carrier mother can give the child a
combination of chromosomes with a certain deficiency factor, which would result in an affected
female child (Blachford 524). Hemophilia can also be caused by acquiring it.

Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder where the blood doesn't clot normally. Some symptoms of
hemophilia are unexplained bleeding from cuts or injuries, large deep bruises, unusual bleeding after
vaccination, pain, swelling in your joints, nosebleeds without a known cause, and blood in your
urine. These symptoms vary depending on the level of clotting factors. Hemophilia are inherited in
an X–linked recessive pattern. The genes that are associated with these conditions are located on the
X chromosome which is one of the two sex chromosomes. It's more likely males will get this
disease because males only have one X chromosome but females have two X chromosomes and for
them to carry hemophilia they must get it on both chromosomes. The main treatment

Saladin Ch 18 Study Guide
Chapter 18
The Circulatory System: Blood
True / False Questions 1. Hemostasis is the production of formed elements of blood.
Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand
Section: 18.1 Introduction
Topic: Cardiovascular System 2. Blood viscosity stems mainly from electrolytes and monomers
dissolved in plasma.
Topic: Cardiovascular System 3. Lymphoid hemopoiesis occurs mainly in the bone marrow.
Topic: Cardiovascular System 4. Oxygen and carbon dioxide bind to different parts of hemoglobin.
Section: 18.2 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The viscosity of blood is due more to _____________ than to any other factor.
A. fibrin
B. albumin
C. sodium
D. erythrocytes
E. nitrogenous wastes
Topic: Cardiovascular System
27. Erythrocytes transport oxygen and serve to
A. defend the body against pathogens.
B. initiate blood clotting.
C. regulate erythropoiesis.

D. transport nutrients.
E. transport carbon dioxide.
Section: 18.2 Erythrocytes
Topic: Cardiovascular System 28. Most oxygen is transported bound to
A. the plasma membrane of erythrocytes.
B. alpha chains in hemoglobin.
C. beta chains in hemoglobin.
D. delta chains in hemoglobin
E. heme groups in hemoglobin.
Topic: Cardiovascular System 29. If all the 280 million molecules of hemoglobin contained in
RBCs were free in the plasma,
A. it would considerably increase blood oxygen carrying capacity.
B. it would facilitate delivery of oxygen into tissues irrigated by small capillaries.
C. it would facilitate oxygen diffusion into cells distant from blood capillaries.
D. it would significantly increase blood osmolarity.
E. it would drastically increase osmotic colloid pressure.
Difficulty Level: Apply/Analyze
Topic:

Autoregulation Research Paper
It has been proved that defective autoregulation has relationship with pathologies like diabetes and
glaucoma. Autoregulation in the eye is defined as local vascular constriction or dilation causing
vascular resistance to reciprocally increase or decrease, so therefore maintaining a constant nutrient
supply in response to ocular perfusion pressure changes [Harris1998]. In the situation with increased
IOP, varying blood pressure and changes in normal blood flow figure out a result ocular perfusion
pressure decreased and local tissue metabolic pressure increased. Deficiency of stable blood flow
autoregulation may lead to ischemic damage of the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells, which
likely contributes to further destruction in vascular regulation. These disadvantages of events might
be occur retinal ganglion cell death and structural changes of the optic nerve head ... Show more
These characteristics of the glaucoma patient can progress to blindness. Regularly, glaucoma and its
treatment have been closely connected with intraocular pressure. In normal tension glaucoma,
damage to the optic nerve occurs without any increase in intraocular pressure. Normal tension
glaucoma most often occurs in the elderly and can lead to loss of sight and significant disability.
Numerous studies indicate that glaucoma patients have altered retinal circulation. Extensive
morphological studies describe endothelial proliferations in the retinal vessels of glaucoma patients.
[Charlson2011] In study [Evans1999] Evans et al. assert that glaucoma patients demonstrate faulty
autoregulation in the retina during posture change: their CRA response to posture variation shows
no change. The CRA directly feeds and is the only source of blood supply for the retinal arteries.
These distal vessels nourish the retinal ganglion cells and the confluence of unmyelinated nerve
fibers anterior to the lamina

Hemostasis Essay
Hemostasis is the stoppage of blood flow. In order to do this our body's rely on an "adequate amount
of platelets, normal levels of coagulation factors, and absence of defects in vessels walls" (Huether
and McCance 540).
In platelet disorders both quantitative and qualitative factors can interrupt normal blood coagulation
which prevent hemostasis (Huether and McCance 541). Quantitative abnormalities in a platelet
disorder would be an increase or decrease in the number of platelets disorders that are involved with
this issue are thrombocythemia and thrombocytopenia (Huether and McCance 540).
Thrombocythemia is an increase in the number of platelets and thrombocytopenia is a decrease in
the number of platelets (Huether and McCance 541). Qualitative disorders would be anything that
would prevent the formation of a platelet plug by preventing adherence and aggregation (Huether
and McCance 541). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Qualitative or quantitative abnormalities interfere with or prevent enzymatic reactions that
transform clotting factors, circulating as plasma proteins into a stable fibrin clot" (Huether and
McCance 544). Some defects are caused by a single factor, these would be hemophilias and von
Willebrand disease and some are acquired and result from "deficient synthesis of clotting factors by
the liver" which is caused by liver disease and vitamin K deficiency (Huether and McCance 544).
Other abnormalities in coagulation disorders are caused by "pathologic conditions" such as a
cardiovascular abnormality that alters blood flow. An example of this is thromboembolic disease
where blood clots block vessels (Huether and McCance 544). Vasculitis and damage to vessels
activates platelets which activates coagulation (Huether and McCance 544). Prolonged vasculitis
leads to clogging of the

Hemostasis: A Case Study
Hemostasis will begin immediately after the injury to the knee. Hemo=Blood and
Stasis=stopping/keeping. There will be three sequences of events occurring during this "stop
bleeding" event: Mechanism 1) Vascular Spasm (squeeze step–––blood vessels around the wound
will constrict to bound blood escape) Mechanism 2) Formation of a platelet plug (known as the plug
step whereby platelets come to the scrapped area of knee and adhere to exposed collagen fibers 3)
Blood clotting (Coagulation phase –––Coagulation cascade converts inactive proteins to active
forms and blood clotting begins)
During this step, the body has one primary goal; Stop the bleeding (coagulate the blood). In order to
reach this goal, as series of clotting factor proteins have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tissue factor has an essential role to play in inflammation because the launch of the extracellular
blood coagulation signaling passageway will launch an intracellular inflammation signaling
passageway. Inflammation is the body's way of attracting and accumulating leukocytes at the site of
the tissue injury ultimately leading to phagocytosis and destroying harmful bacteria that could cause
infection.
Events of inflammation:
Vasodilation and increased blood flow. Blood vessel and arterioles around the injured area of the
knee will dilate as the first event. Because the arterioles dilate more blood flows to the affected area.
Signs of redness and swelling will soon appear.
Vascular permeability increases. Because of the trauma to the knee, the endothelium will more
freely exchange the plasma proteins, antibody molecules, and leukocytes needed from the blood into
the tissue spaces. The emigration of these leukocytes into the tissue space causes swelling (edema)
of the area.
Leucocytic exudation and Chemotaxis. Leukocytes including an abundance of neutrophils and
monocytes ooze from the blood vessels and accumulate in massive numbers to the scrapped area of
the knee. Neutrophils prevail in the first day and are replaced by monocytes in one to two

The Concept Of Automation
Shrinking budgets, shortage of qualified personnel and growing workloads are shaping the
organization of clinical laboratories and the networks around them. As a result, merging and
consolidation of institutions is commonplace to take advantage of economies of scale and as a
result, laboratory automation has been in the rise connecting more sectors to tracks.
A key question to answer is what is the level automation system is right for each clinical laboratory?
Automation can improve lab's efficiency and help clinical outcomes. . However, each center must
value its own objectives of automation for each sector and define if they will require modular type
automation systems or automation.
The concept of a consolidated laboratory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this sense, a definition of automation would include the use of combined and computer set,
robotics and the analyzers to manipulate the samples before, during and after measurements.
The automation of the laboratory, in the broad sense, affects all stages of the analytical process. This
means that new organizational approaches ranging from automation of individual processes to
reorganization projects and total automation. Between both situations there are an important variety
of scenarios that lead to models of laboratory.
Total laboratory automation (TLA) involves the integration of analyzers together with pre–analytic
and post–analytic. The work of a total automation system begins by managing the samples in an
input module that classifies and loads them in the carriers, centrifuges tubes, uncaps them and direct
them to the analyzers. The samples, after sampled by the analyzer are stored temporarily in
dedicated output location, from where they may be automatically recovered in case it rerun or reflex
testing in necessary.
The automation of clinical laboratories, when done properly and in accordance with to the needs of
each center, provides benefits that include an efficient increase in productivity, the possibility of
adding new analytical procedures without increasing the resources human, the centralization of
processes, reliable management of samples with full traceability, the standardization of the
analytical process, a greater guarantee of

Post Heart Catheterization Treatment Essay
After a heart catheterization is completed, whether or not an intervention was performed, the
physician will remove the catheter from the patient. Either the physician will remove the sheath in
the Cath. Lab, or it will be removed by trained nursing personnel in the unit. Before removing the
sheath vitals are closely monitored, sometimes as often as every 5 minutes during the pull. After the
physician/nurse removes the sheath, pressure is applied just above the insertion site to help occlude
the insertion site and promote hemostasis. This pressure is applied for at least 10–15 minutes to
ensure clotting. Then, a medicated or non–medicated dressing is applied to the insertion site along
with manual pressure. The medicated dressings ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During this monitoring, the nurse should perform vital signs. According to Silvestri (2014) he/she
should assess the patient's cardiac rhythm for dysrhythmias, chest pain, peripheral pulse, color,
warmth and sensation of the extremity distal to the insertion site. If the patient is experiencing
dysrhythmias, chest pain, loss of peripheral pulse, the limb has turned pale or cyanotic, cool to touch
or if the patient complains of numbness and tingling of the extremity distal to the insertion site, the
surgeon must be called promptly. The nurse should also assess the compression device or sandbag to
make sure it is secure. He/she should assess the pressure dressing for bleeding or a hematoma.
Should there be active bleeding, the nurse should apply direct manual pressure to the insertion site
and get help to call the surgeon. The surgeon should also be called when a hematoma develops. The
nurse should be monitoring the patient for nausea, vomiting, rash or any other signs of
hypersensitivity (Silvestri, 2014). It is important for the nurse to instruct the patient of the
importance of their compliance with positioning. The patient will be instructed to keep the affected
extremity extended for 4 – 6 hours as prescribed by the surgeon to prevent arterial occlusion. When
the antecubital site is used during the procedure the arm can be

Hemostasis Research Paper
Hemostasis is the process that causes bleeding to stop. It also changes blood from a liquid to a gel. It
consists of three processes, vascular spasm, platelet plug formation and blood coagulation. Vascular
spasm is the first step in heeling in the wound. Vascular spasm is when the damaged blood vessels
constrict due to tightening of muscle cells on the inside wall. This helps decrease blood flow, thus
minimizing blood loss. Then platelet plug formation occurs. This is when platelets adhere to the
damaged endothelium and form a plug. Normally platelets do not stick to the endothelial lining but
during an injury collagen is exposed. The exposed collagen activates the platelets to stick together
and form a plug. Once the platelets are stuck together

Summary: Does Tranexamic Acid Uses
Tranexamic Acid Uses In Emergency Medicine Tranexamic acid is anti–fibrinolytic agent which
prevents breakdown of fibrin clots. The mechanism of action of the drug is a complex one. The acid
initially acts by hindering the binding of plasminogen and plasmin. Tranexamic acid has more
potency and efficacy than aminocaproic acid. Tranexamic acid is used in multiple emergency
medical conditions. The drug is used in prevention of postoperative bleeding disorders such as
hemophilia. The drug proves to very useful in treating conditions such as menorrhagia, epistaxis,
angioedema, and surface bleeding from tumors. In conditions such as DIC, tranexamic acid should
not be used. The acid should not be used because it works against clots and hence activates ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Patients with bleeding disorders such as hemophilia have been using this drug for a long time and
now its use in emergency conditions is becoming common. Tranexamic acid has been the core of
various studies and trials. It has been in post–traumatic and post–surgical conditions. In various
cases tranexamic acid also reduced transfusion requirements associated with surgery. Its application
also reduced blood loss in gynecological bleeding disorders, such as heavy menstrual bleeding or
menorrhagia and postpartum hemorrhage. It can be concluded that tranexamic acid is tolerated
among masses. Most studies and trials have proved that it is a potent, effective, reliable and cheap
anti–fibrinolytic agent. Its uses in emergency scenarios proves to be amazing as it is responsible in
providing mortality. Its role in emergency situations such post–combat trauma are commendable.
The drug has proved to be a life savior in many surgical procedures as well. It can also be
administered in surgeries to counter blood loss. Furthermore, it can be concluded that keeping all of
the magnitudes of trauma in mind, tranexamic acid can avoid death by trauma or excessive
bleeding. Even though it is a useful agent further studies are required on international basis to
understand the drug and its attributes

Thrombocythemia Research Paper
Essential Thromboycythemia, also sometimes referred to as idiopathic thrombocythemia, essential
thrombocytosis and ET, is a rare blood disorder. Those affected with this disorder produce too many
blood platelets. Platelets also known as thrombocytes are colorless blood cells that aide in the
stopping of bleeding when an injury has occurred. While the platelet counts in a person with ET are
high the red and white blood cell counts of those individuals are generally normal. Occasionally one
might have a slightly elevated number of white blood cells too. Often times symptoms of
thrombocythemia will become apparent when a blood clot forms somewhere in the body. Increased
number of platelets in the blood make the propensity to form a blood clot a huge risk. Symptoms of
essential thrombocythemia are largely based on where a clot may have formed in the body. Some
symptoms include but are not limited to: fatigue, headache, feelings of being lightheaded, noticeable
changes in eyesight clarity, dizziness, chest pain, erythromelagia (redness, throbbing, or burnig in
the hands and feet). Some less common symptoms may also include spontaneous ... Show more
This can happen when a blood clot forms in one of the arteries that supply blood to the brain.
Strokes can result in the loss of feeling and movement in limbs and face, memory issues, speech
issues and death in some cases. ET is usually the result of a separate disease like leukemia or an
immune system disorder. ET has no cure to date, but those with mild ET may not need to seek any
treatment. This disorder affects less than 1 in 100,000 in any given year. More commonly women
are diagnosed than men and individuals over the age of 50 have a higher rate of have the disorder as
well though it is not unheard of for a younger person to be diagnosed with it. Most people diagnosed
tend to live a normal lifespan with proper medical interventions and treatments when

Erik Von Willebrand Research Paper
Von Willebrand Disorder, abbreviated as VWD, is the most common inherited bleeding disorder.
Erik von Willebrand, a Finnish scientist, first discovered it in the 1920s. Carried on the twelfth
chromosome, von Willebrand causes excessive bleeding (National Hemophilia). Patients with VWD
form blood clots slower, resulting in prolonged bleeding. As a lifelong condition without a cure, it
can come with serious health hazards. Roughly one percent of the U.S. population, or one out of one
hundred to a thousand people, have this ailment. However, other bleeding disorders, such as
hemophilia, occur mainly in males, VWD affects both men and women equally. Despite who it
affects, the cause behind this disorder lays on the shoulders of one specific gene, ... Show more
The severity of symptoms does not depend on the type of VWD a patient has; although, the intensity
of signs does vary from person to person (Introduction). The most common sign of this disease,
excessive or abnormal bleeding, is often overlooked as a symptom. Abnormal bleeding consists of:
blood in urine or stool, bleeding from shaving with a razor or a comparable injury, frequent and
lengthy nosebleeds, bleeding from the gums, increased menstrual flow, and excessive bleeding from
a cut or following a tooth extraction or other dental procedures. Severe enough bleeding can
threaten a patient's life if doctors can control the blood loss. Though rare, internal organs and joint
damage can occur from serious bleeding (Facts about). Some patients may not realize their
condition until experiencing excessive bleeding after a surgical procedure or serious trauma.
Another sign, frequent and easy bruising, can come from minor bumps or injuries. These bruises
may develop small lumps under the skin. More severe symptoms include spontaneous bleeding in
both soft tissue and joints. Signs in women and men

Hemophilia Research Papers

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