Pathological Causes Of Stroke Essay

Pathological Causes Of Stroke Essay
A stroke also known as cardiovascular accident (CVA) is a serious killer and cause of disability. It occurs when a blood vessel breaks causing an
interruption of blood flow to the brain or a blood clot blocks arteries leading to brain cells beginning to die and brain damage. This process can be
caused by thrombosis hemorrhage or embolism, resulting in either left side or right side hemiplegia. Strokes only effect one side of the brain (Carter,
& Van Andel 2011). There are three pathological types of strokes primary intraccerebral hemorrhage, ischaemicstroke, and subarachnoid hemorrhage
(Warlo, Martin, Wardlaw, & Sandercock, 2003). While dealing with a stroke their can also be a transient ischaemic attack (TIA) also know as a mini
stroke. This occurs when the blood supply to the brain is blocked for a short period of time. Transient ischaemic attack acts more like a warning sign
there is temporary brain malfunctions but with continued occurrence it could cause dementia (Staessen & Wang, 2001). Strokes may lead to problems
with awareness, thinking, attention, learning and memory. Other problems that may occur are difficultly controlling their emotions or show
inappropriate emotions which lead to a high rate of depression in stroke patients (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 2014).
Evidence shows that after a stroke depression and anxiety are prevalent and often long–term for survivors, continuing up to five years after an incidence
of stroke (Murray et
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The Causes Of Pathological Gambling
Pathological Gambling Rolling dice once and suddenly winning a huge amount of money. Only, that person knows the satisfaction because almost
everyone enjoys becoming a bit richer, but he would have no idea about when this satisfaction will lead him to addiction? The thinking "I am sure I
will be winning this time" never allows that person to realize the amount of time and money he had spent on gambling. National surveys in 1995 and
1998 found that 61% to 63% of Americans gambled at least once a year (National research council staff). Pathological gambling is different from
normal recreational gambling. Normal gambling is viewed as a source of entertainment. Pathological gambling, on the other hand, is the inability of
a person to resist impulses to gamble which may turn out to be evil for self, family, and society. "When the gambler enters the desperate phase and
begins to chase his losses", Sanger said "he is ready to sell his daughter's graduation dress or steal from his mother's retirement fund to get money to
gamble" (Breo, Losing Streaks). Pathological gambling is more common in adult men than any other age groups. According to current research,
among 120 million adult Americans who gamble, approximately 11 million will end up being pathological gamblers (Paul and Townsend 1998).
People will often point out their social or economic problems to be the main reasons for gambling. However, research shows that people gamble not
only for excitement but also with the hope of

Trauma In Forensic Pathological Analysis
Introduction
When a person dies, the natural forces of decomposition cause for the soft tissue to breakdown and ultimately disappear over time. If enough time
has gone by, any soft tissue evidence present at the time of death will also have disappeared. Once this has occurred, it is up to forensic
anthropologists to analyze the skeletal remains for evidence of trauma in order to help the forensic pathologist assign a cause and manner of death to
this individual. The task is complicated by the similarities between antemortem and perimortem injuries, the presence of skeletal anomalies, as well as
the postmortem changes that can occur when skeletal remains are exposed to the elements of nature.
Although procedures and protocols have been established ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nakhaeizadeh et al. studied the power of contextual effects in producing bias in interpretations of trauma on skeletal remains. Ninety–nine forensic
anthropologists were randomly assigned to three different websites, all of which contained the very same fourteen images of bones that contained
known trauma, pseudo–trauma, anomalies, and taphonomical process characteristics. However, one website included contextual information with the
images, reporting that they were from a mass grave. The second website reported that the bones in the images came from an archaeological dig in an
area with a known low level of trauma. Finally, the third website was a control and contained no contextual information. The participants were asked to
assign levels of trauma to each picture, with varying options available. The results concluded that there were significantly higher recordings of trauma
in the bones affiliated with the "mass grave" than the exact same pictures of bones from the other two websites (Nakhaeizadeh et al.,

A Interview On A Pathological Liar Essay
On November 16, 1967 Kristen Heather Strickland was born in Massachusetts. Her mother was a substitute teacher and her father was an
electronics engineer. Growing up in Fall River, where Lizzie Borden who is believed to have killed her parents was born, Kristen would often tell
people that she and Lizzie were related. She seemed to find great excitement with the possibility (Phelps, 2014). She grew into an attractive
teenage girl who seemed to be sophisticated and the envy of others. The first issue was noted when she was older by her schoolmates. Kristen was
turning into a pathological liar. One of her friends stated she showed up to school wearing a shirt that another friend had reported missing. She
adamantly denied that it was the same shirt (Montaldo, 2015). A pathological liar is defined as someone who tells small lies without a reason on an
ongoing basis that usually occurs for years, and even a lifetime (Dike, 2008). We all have our own developmental pathway, starting early in life, which
is made up of risk factors and experiences that makes us who we are. Risk factors which can lead to criminal behavior include alcohol or drug abuse,
poverty, failing school, physical and emotional abuse, parental styles, peer rejection, inadequate preschool experiences, siblings, parental
psychopathology, inadequate after school care, association with antisocial peers, minimal parental monitoring, lack of attachment, and lack of empathy
(Bartol & Bartol, 2014).

The Pathological Body Analysis
In Gemma Blackshaw's "The Pathological Body: Modernist Strategizing in Egon Schiele's Self – Portraiture" she relates the stylistic qualities of
Schiele's paintings to images found in medical journals that were popular in Germany during the same time Schiele was creating works of art.
These journals and the image of his sick and dying father could both be reasons to why Schiele's stylistic change is one that shows his figures as
diseased and often frail (unlike his own healthy body). Rather than try and find some inward reason to why Schiele's style shift in the early 1910's
away from Klimt's style; Blackshaw looks for meaning elsewhere to why there is a sudden shift in his artwork. She brings up this market also to be a
reason behind Schiele's shift in style however the focus for the frame of these images is more so a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In relation to this according to the Bible man is created in Gods image – but what Frankenstein could one conclude that the "monster" is created in
man's image and that man is inherently evil? Schiele's critique of himself with these self–portraits in relation to photographs of the sick, the diseased,
people with conditions that were not understood. Could Schiele be trying to point at some inner commonality that he believes he shares with these
patients in his illustrations? One of the two woman figure catalogued here Standing Girl in a Blue Dress and Green Stockings, gives off this tone of
being one that could be in relation to this theory – though the figure is not really disfigured or grotesque the way she stands trying to zip up a dress
from behind – her bent arm can both allude to the state of the figures psyche. This is also seen in Crouching Nude in Shoes and Black Stockings
(Back View), as the female figure is bent over in pain or discomfort her body is positioned in an unrelaxed fashion which is relatable to the subjects of
these

How Is Holden Caulfield A Pathological Liar
In the book The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield is introduced as the main character and as the protagonist. Holden is a
unique character, who suffers from a mental disorder. Although it is never mentioned, one can infer that he has one. These mental disorders never
stop him from showing who he truly is and what he feels. A very important emotion that he has is how caring he actually is towards everyone
despite his actions. To begin with, Holden never speaks about having a mental disorder, but it is portrayed that he does. The first disorder you can
notice is how he is a pathological liar. A pathological liar is someone who "long history (maybe lifelong history) of frequent and repeated lying for
which no apparent... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He is the most caring person even though he neglects it and tries to cover it up as much as he can. One person that he is very fond of is Jane
Gallagher. When Stradlater goes out on a date, Holden doesn't seem to care at all. He is used to Stradlater going out with various girls. This time, it
is different. As soon as Stradlater tells Holden his date is Jane, Holden "nearly dropped dead" (Salinger, 40). Holden would continue to speak non–stop
about how close he and her actually were and he kept telling him a lot of information about her like "She's a dancer, ballet and all. She used to practice
about two hours a day." Useless information that didn't seem to interest Stradlater at

Pathological Fear Of African Americans
According to PhycologyToday.com fear is an emotional response induced by a perceived threat, which causes a change in brain and organ function,
as well as in behavior. Fear can lead us to become narcissistic, to run away from various issues, or to freeze up and become victim under
circumstance, or it may come in the form of a discovery.
When I was younger my fear came in form of darkness, not knowing what was in the space. Over the course of time that form of fear of course
changed. You will always be afraid of something, it doesn 't necessarily have to be physical. Sometimes fear comes in masses specifically referring to
White America being afraid of the educated, prospering Black American.
Since slavery, the lore of the predacious Black individual has been used to fear Whites and to justify their brutality and violence done against Black
individuals, communities and continents. "The enslavement of Africans resulted in a plethora of uprisings, from the Haitian Rebellion to Nat Turner's
rebellion. Since then, whites have developed a pathological fear that oppressed Blacks will one day rise up and inflict vengeance upon their
oppressors" .
In 1826, John B. Russwurm became the first Black college graduate. Today just about 4.6 million African Americans hold a four
–year college degree
according to The Journal of Black in Higher Education . This number is ridiculously large considering that at the time of the Harlem Renaissance only
one in 1,000 Blacks were college

Pathological Gambling Research Paper
"Pathological gambling is excessive risk taking exaggerated to an especially destructive extreme." This is the way Dr. Ted and Brad Klontz open
their chapter on the destructive behavior that is gambling (Klontz, B., & Klontz, T, 2009). As the authors describe gambling is a habit that becomes
like a drug as people, mostly men, continue to gamble to make themselves feel better about themselves or to escape their present reality. The biggest
danger of this disorder is that it is one that people try to hide from others the most, and are very hesitant to admit that their gambling is an addiction.
According to the New York Times pathological gambling is a disorder that usually begins in men in early adolescence, and between ages 20 and 40 for
women. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Results of the 2012 study done by the NCAA showed that "57 percent of male student–athletes and 39 percent of female student–athletes reported
gambling in some form during the past year." While pathological gambling is not normally a huge concern for these athletes based on the small sum
of money they have to risk, it is a behavior that could lead to compulsive gambling after college. According to the study are just ask likely as their
non–athletic peers to gamble and when they do are likely to bet at higher rates. When asked what the most alarming trend regarding youths participating
in gambling was Jeff Derevensky, the director of the International Center for Youth Gambling Problems and High
–Risk Behaviors at McGill University
in Montreal, noted that "electronic forms of gambling have made it accessible to the average person 24 hours a day, seven days a week." Deverensky
even included the government, noting their support of lotteries as a "voluntary

Pathological Gambling Case Study
1) Diagnostic Criteria:
Pathological gambling is a common disorder that will have both social and family costs. In another word, it is also know as "addictive disorder just
like someone who has any forms of substance addictions. According to the Linda Vorvick, MD, Medical Director and Director of Didactic Curriculum
on New York Times "Pathologicalgambling usually begins in early adolescence in men, and between ages 20 and 40 in women" (Vorvick, 2012). As
many as 750,000 young people, ages 14 to 21 has a gambling addiction. There are many ways we can diagnose if someone is going thorough
pathological gambling.
# Committing crimes to get money to gamble.
# Feeling restless
# Feelings of sadness or anxiety.
# Irritable if they trying quit ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And also it is very common for people to be back to gambling. Since this is a type of addiction issue, it has lot to do with mental environment. For
example, if people are alone, have nothing to do, ignored by others, have little money or do not have any money, need more money than they have that
is when they will think about gambling. There are no medication currently is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treating pathological
gambling. Therefore, patients should be experiential basis for considering medication as a treatment.
3) Etiology:
Like many problems, pathological gambling may result from a combination of biological, genetic and environmental factors. Studies show that out of
20 surveys in the past 10 years (i.e., 1988–1997), 64 to 96 percent of the people have involved in some forms of gambling in their life time, and 87
percent of the people says were placed on median in gambling. Also study shows that men are more in gambling compare to women. According
Harvard Medical School Division on Addictions, 1997, using "past year" measures, estimated at that time that there were pathological gamblers 2.2
million.
Treatment
4.

Pathological Abnormalities in Sex Offenders
1)Biological Theories Genetics, abnormal hormonal levels and brain dysfunction have all been linked to sexual offending. To date, there is no
evidence of a genetic in sex–offending (Langevin, 1993), although case reports of pedophilic fathers and sons have been reported (Gaffner, Lurie &
Berlin, 1984). Some researchers have hypothesised this to be reflective of neuro–endocrine abnormalities, such that abnormal hormonal levels may
disrupt the sexual arousability of an individual. This is based on the belief that the endocrine system drives sexual behaviour (Langevin, 1993). There
is some evidence for this in the literature with peripheral blood samples of pedophiles indicating abnormal testosterone levels (Bain et al., 1988) and
increased... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hudson & Ward (2000) utilised McFall's (1990) definition and argued that deficiencies in social competence is central to the causes and maintenance of
sexual offending. There is evidence that sex offenders have difficulty establishing intimate adult relationships and lack the skills necessary to manage
interpersonal relationships (Keenan & Ward, 2000). Attachment theory has been one of the most promising ways of construing intimacy and
understanding how these deficits lead to sexual offending. Each style is associated with different perceptions of self and others and different emotions,
beliefs, goals and strategies. Thus, the pursuit of intimacy through sexually inappropriate ways is different for each attachment style. Deficiencies in
empathy have long been associated with sexual offenders, largely because it is appealing to believe that men who commit these crimes do so without
feeling their victims' pain (Hudson & Ward, 2000). It has been proposed that the abovementioned deficits in intimacy, empathy and cognition indicate
a lack of awareness of other peoples' desires, beliefs, perspectives and needs (Ward, Keenan & Hudson, 1999). 4)Comprehensive theories This level of
theorising is considered the most comprehensive and is associated with identifying multiple causal factors and their interactions. However, the sex
offending literature is deficient in this area. Of the available

Pathological Observation
Today, I have a chance to observe a pathologist who had done an autopsy. The autopsy is begun at 7: 30 A.M. The first victim is a white woman,
50 years old. The body is enclosed in a black plastic bag. The victim is lying on her supine position with her palms faced forward. The pathologist
palpates the head to examine any skull damages or trauma. He starts removing the brain by incision in the back of the skull, and then the scalp is
removed. The brain is coved by meninges which are composed of three thin layers. There is no abnormality of meninges found. However, there is
deficiency of blood supply of the brain arteries; therefore, he predicts that the victim had ischemic stroke before death. There is no evident of dementia
such as Alzheimer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Y–shaped incision is performed from the shoulders joining over the sternum and continuous cut through umbilical region down to the pubic bone.
He examines the oral cavity, and the air tube from back of the nose pharynx that connects to the voice box larynx; all of these are normal. However, the
inflammation of esophagus is found right behind the upper esophageal sphincter. He predicted the victim used to suffer postprandial burning chest
pain. Chyme is found in the duodenum part of the small intestine. The pathologist can take them to the laboratory for further examination. He also
isolates the pancreas which is connected to the duodenum to examine any pancreatic diseases. The result is the victim had type 2 diabetes; it means the
pancreas is unable to produce insulin to control the blood sugar level. In victim's urinary system, he dissects the kidney and found she had pyelitis
which is the inflammation of renal pelvic region of the kidney. The victim may experience the unconscious urination such as micturition syncope as
well. About the reproductive system, the victim had no

Pttm's Pathological Determortem Diagnosis
PTTM is a highly fatal, rare complication from metastatic carcinoma. Von Herbay et al. first described the disease in 1990 after a review of 630
consecutive autopsy cases of carcinoma (8). Of the 21 cases, gastric carcinoma was the most prevalent. Although less prevalent, malignancies of lung,
breast, prostate, and colon, among others were noted during the study (8). An antermortem diagnosis is challenging due to the rapidly progressive
pulmonary hypertension and right–side heart failure. However, PTTM has pathological, radiological, and clinical characteristics that can help aid an
antermortem diagnosis. In order to assess PTTM's pathological characteristics antermortem, a lung biopsy is required. A histological assessment from a
lung biopsy is the most accurate method of diagnosis; however, the patients' are usually too hypoxic upon discovery to perform a lung biopsy. In which
case, a pathological diagnosis can only be made postmortem. Although, antermortem and postmortem investigations will inspect for the same
determining factors histologically. PTTM is defined by the activation of fibroceullular intimal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Several cases of PTTM have shown distinct radiological imaging characteristics that should be used to influence a diagnosis. The mediastinal views of a
chest CT angiogram should indicate multiple mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathies, along with right–side heart failure displayed from the flattening
of the interventricular septum (4, 5). Centrilobular nodules and "tree–in–bud" images are also radiological indicators of PTTM (4). Additionally, the
chest CT angiogram should not show signs of a pulmonary embolism, which is a common suspicion during the clinical investigation of PTTM (2, 3).
However, radiological characteristics are not as definitive as pathological aspects and should be coupled with high suspicion from clinical characteristics

Example Of Pathological Arbitration
Warren E. Burger , in a 1984 address to the American Bar Association lamented that:
"The entire legal profession has become so mesmerized with the stimulation of the courtroom that we tend to forget that we ought to be healers of
conflict. Our system is too costly, too painful,... As healers of human conflicts, the obligation of the legal profession is to provide mechanisms that can
produce an acceptable result in the shortest possible time, with the shortest possible expense and the minimum of stress on the participants. This is
what justice is all about."
Arbitration is envisioned to assist as an effective means to resolve disputes without involving the costly and overburdened judicial system. However,
even the finest tool is subjected to abuse in the hands of an inept, careless or somewhat manipulative user. Therefore, understanding pathological
arbitration ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ojjeh, the arbitration clause read "Disputes arising in connection with this agreement shall be determined by a single arbitrator to be appointed by the
Director General of the World Health Organization". The Director–General of the WHO refused to act as appointing authority. As a result, the ICC
appointed an arbitrator following the refusal. The ICC's appointment of the arbitrator was upheld by the Swiss Federal Tribunal.
3.Non– Mandatory Words
Pathology also arises in an arbitration clause if it is contained in non–compulsory words. The reason is that where parties are under no compulsion to go
to arbitration, the party seeking to frustrate arbitration will rely on the non–mandatory language used. For example: "The parties may refer any dispute
to arbitration" ;"... disputes can be submitted to the adjuster for arbitration".
The Munich Higher Regional Court upheld the following arbitration provisions of the Unified Terms and it was deemed to be incorporated into the
agreement –"The Unified Terms of the German Grain Trade as well as the arbitral tribunal of the purchaser shall

Demonology, Criminology, the Pathological Perspective, and...
Demonology, Criminology, the Pathological Perspective, and Sadism No matter what happens in our lives, our bodies will always be surrounded
or involved in numerous acts of deviance. Whether someone acts under the influence of the devil, or if we do something to bring pleasure to
ourselves, something will be seen as deviant behavior. Whether it is caused or chosen, deviant behavior is a regular part of life. Every deviant has
logic behind his or her behavior. Whether they do it for power, control, hatred, or anger, there is some type of reasoning for their actions. Why
demonic deviants seen as evil? Why is sadism silenced? Why is deviance looked at as a bad thing? Demonic deviance rose in the middle as a way to
describe those who were... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After Marvin Wolfgang's research, many see the point of the idea of the three–strike system, only severely punishing criminals after their third felony.
California, who was one of the first states to adopt this law, saw their crime rate significantly drop within a decade. Since then many other states
have adopted the same system. The theorists in today's society are deciding that we should resort to deterrence, and rational punishment as
opposed rehabilitation. We are resorting the ideas of James. Q. Wilson, who believes that deviants know that if they're caught they will be
punished. This is Wilson's "new realism" (Images of Deviance and Social Control 84). Even more prevalent though, in today's society is the
pathological perspective. A large amount of medical discoveries are being made today to help prevent, or control diseases. People are starting to
become more and more comfortable with the idea of the pathological perspective. One of the most recent findings is hyperkinesis. A child who
experiences symptoms such as "hyperactivity (excessive motor activity), short attention span, and restless or fidgety behavior" is to be diseased
rather than bad (Images of Deviance and Social Control 146). Even cures for small pox and polio have been discovered. Today, more and more
research is being funded in order to find the causes to deviance. The pathological perspective is the most accepted theory for deviance today. Deviance

Ludomania Or Pathological Gambling
Problem gambling, also known as ludomania or pathological gambling, is a multifactorial disease classified by the American Psychiatric Association
(2013) as a non–substance related disorder which leads to clinically significant impairment to an individual's social, psychological and biological
wellbeing. Social gambling differs to problem gambling in that the risks taken remain within boundaries set by the individual and self–discipline is
always maintained. Social gambling generally occurs while the individual is amongst friends and only occurs for a limited amount of time, solely for
recreational purposes. Problem gambling however entails periods of manic episodes which occur over a minimum of twelve months in which an
individual is at a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gambling is very much a socially acceptable behaviour, specific particularly when state governments impose public holidays which coincide with
sporting events such as the Melbourne where betting makes up a large part of the atmosphere. Rather than being disgraced in the public eye, it is
glorified in a way. Not to mention going to football matches where betting agencies are a major sponsor and broadcasters are more considerate about
the money in their wallets than the impact of their content on impressionable young children. Betting advertisements during televised during sporting
events normalises the act of gambling, and indices a wider audience including children under the age of 18 for whom it is illegal to gamble. This
may also explain why research suggests men are at a higher risk of developing a gambling problem as they make up a large proportion of those who
attend sporting events . Children perhaps young children who accompany their parents to sporting events are likely to become influenced, and may
mirror their behaviour. Research suggests that children who have parent with gambling problems are twice as likely to develop an unhealthy gambling
habit

Pathological Gambling
Pathological gambling is depicted by an absence of control of gambling behavior, failed efforts to leave or cut back, leniency, use of betting to getaway
difficulties, and dishonest to family and friends about gambling comportment (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000a). Difficulty and
pathological gambling have also been linked with poorer levels of wellbeing and greater percentages of disorders throughout populaces (Erickson,
Molina, Ladd, Pietrzak, & Petry, 2005). Since the development of permissible gambling, there has been a resultant upsurge in gambling involvement
and gambling glitches (Shaffer & Hall, 2001). People with gambling glitches have considerable liability and jumbled family contacts (Shaw, Forbush,
Schlinder, Rosenman, & Black, 2007).
Older adults may be more susceptible to gambling glitches due to unchanging earnings, monotony, and declined activity after retirement, and
pathological gamblers have greater degrees of apprehension, despair, and intoxication (Kerber, Black, & Buckwalter, 2008). Older adults with
gambling glitches are also susceptible to comorbid physical diseases. Older adult gamblers may have felt the extra monetary tension that distresses
their physical wellbeing (Pietrzak, Molina, Ladd, Kerins, & Petry, 2005).
Pathological gambling is an increasing public health setback that has received bantam consideration from investigators, the government, or the overall
public. With the development of permissible gambling, the occurrence

Pathological Liar Essay example
We have all lied at some time or another in our life. As a child, we may have lied so we would not get in trouble. As adults, we may lie to avoid
disagreements with someone, so we can maintain a healthy relationship with that person. We teach children that it is wrong to lie; however lying
comes natural for us, and we all lie whenever it is convenient. These kinds of lies are 'white lies'. They are harmless lies if mentioned with the right
purpose. People lie to loved ones more than anyone else. It is easier to lie to a loved one more than anyone else, because telling the truth might be
more painful than a lie. Some people are better liars than others. When a person becomes habituated with lying, it becomes a problem. When Lies ...
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A pathological liar does not realize that he is telling lies. A pathological liar unintentionally lies and believes that he is telling the truth. Based on
the C.C. Dike, M. Baranoski, and E.E.H. Griffith's study, Pathological lying revised, pathological lying can be considered diagnosis when the
lying is "persistent, pervasive, disproportionate, and not motivated primarily by reward or other external factors." is compulsive and impulsive
by nature (the liar is unable to control the lying). Also, from a psychiatric point of view, behavior is abnormal based on the person's ability to
power over it, and not the behavior's degree or purpose. A strong psychiatric morbidity indicator, but not necessary sufficient to establish a disorder,
is when the behavior causes more harm than good and when it is supports an irrational reason. Therefore, pathological lying implies an apparent
lack of control and "for pathological lying to exist the individual must lie despite himself, just as someone with and anxiety disorder cannot help
feeling anxious."(Grubin, Acad). A Pathological liar does not have to have a reason to lie. They will not feel guilty or care about what happens to
people due to the lies that they have told. Pathological liars lie to control and get their own way. It is difficult to determine if the stories of a
pathological liar are true or not because

Behavioral Addictions: Pathological Gambling
Behavioral Addictions: Pathological Gambling
A pathological addiction is a strong habit or compulsion that continues regardless of the obvious harmful consequences, like pathological gambling or
PG. PG has gained increased global attention from clinicians and researchers over the past few decades, due to expanding gambling opportunities.
About 0.2% to 5.3% of adults worldwide are affected by gambling disorders (Jazaeri & Habil, 2012). There are various distinct treatments that have
been favorably evaluated, such as cognitive behavioral and brief treatment models and pharmacological interventions. Gambling disorders are
comorbid, normally seen with other mental health and substance use disorders. As of today, many authors have noted that is... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In 2012, Hae Woo Lee, Jung–Seok Choi, Young–Chul Shin, Jun–Young Lee, Hee Yeon Jung, and Jun Soo Kwon conducted a study to compare the
impulsiveness of people suffering from Internet Addiction, with those who are suffering from pathological gambling. They hypothesized that the
people who had Internet addiction would exhibit increased impulsivity that was comparable to that revealed by subjects diagnosed with pathological
gambling. The sample consisted of only men and was composed of 27 patients identified to have Internet addiction (average age 25), 27 patients
diagnosed with pathological gambling (average age 26), and 27 non–addicted controls (average age 25). All men were chosen for this experiment,
because the frequency of excessive Internet use varies between men and women, and men are more probable to be problematic users of the Internet.
For this experiment, impulsiveness and the severity of the Internet addiction and pathological gambling were measured by the Barratt Impulsiveness
Scale–11, the Young's Internet Addiction Test, and the South Oaks Gambling Screen, respectively. All statistical analyses were done with SPSS 17.0.
Demographic and clinical statistics were compared using analysis–of–variance (ANOVAs) tests with Tukey's post hoc analysis. Per their results, people
suffering from Internet addiction had comparable increased levels of the impulsivity trait than those of pathological gamblers. Also, the severity

Pathological Defence Of Criminal Justice
Before an individual may be convicted of a crime he or she needs to be held criminally liable for that criminal act. However only those with criminal
capacity may be held responsible and punished. This essay shall begin by discussing the concept of criminal responsibility as well as how this concept
is applied in regard to pathological offenders, who do not have the required criminal capacity but have committed the crime.
Black's Law Dictionary defines criminal responsibility as referring to an individual's mental capacity to stand before the court and answer for their
actions. Furthermore Black's Law Dictionary explores the two different meanings of this concept. Firstly; he who is responsible under legal provisions
is liable to 'either suffer or to pay compensation.' It can be said that criminal responsibility is about being ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, excluding an insanity defence; on the grounds of significant emotional or volitional deficiencies. The pathological defence may only be used on
the accounts that the mental disorder or defect is both 1) pathological (a disease of the mind) and 2) endogenous (a disease resulting of internal cause
not external factors such as drugs or alcohol).
A defect of reason was experienced by Mr Mcbride when he shot his wife; Mrs Mcbride. Evidence from a medical practitioner proved that Mr
Mcbride knew that the act of killing his wife was wrong. Nonetheless, he was unable to act in accordance with this knowledge. Mr Mcbride was
diagnosed with an endogenous depression during the act of killing his wife. It is the endogenous depression that caused his incapacity to act lawfully
at the time of the crime. Section 78 (6) and section 78 (1) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 give courts provisions as to what needs to be done
in such

Pathological Gambling In The Uk
According to national surveys, 73% of British adults wagered on gambling activities (including National Lottery) in 2010 [2]. In some instances, this
behaviour can become problematic and is characterised by persistent gambling that precedes gambling–related harms [6]. Whilst personal accounts of
disordered gambling behaviour and harms related to specific gambling products have garnered a large amount of media exposure and research interest
in the UK, the provision and understanding of treatment–seeking behaviour has received less attention. Conservative estimates indicate that
approximately 1% of the UK population report gambling behaviour that warrants a diagnosis of either pathological gambling (ICD–10, [7]) or
gambling disorder (DSM–5, [5])... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the last gambling specific population level prevalence survey was carried out in 2010 [2], these figures will provide a timely update on population
level gambling involvement. We can also identify which demographic groups are more vulnerable to disordered gambling, creating the opportunity for
targeted interventions that can reduce the overall cost of gambling to the NHS, and the amount of gambling related harm endured by the gamblers
themselves, and those close to

Non-Pathological Anxiety
Non– Pathological Anxiety or Normal Anxiety is something that everyone experience at some points of their lives. The situations we face, the people
around us etc. are some of the factors that cause anxiety in us. It is our body's normal reaction to the stress that we experience on a daily basis. It is, in
fact, essential to be anxious at certain times, as it helps us stay cautious in situations that can be potentially dangerous.
One of the most common situations where we face anxiety is when our abilities are tested. Let it be examinations, competitions, sports or interviews, our
desire to succeed or prove ourselves often make us anxious, and this anxiety often influences our performance in that event or situation. Also, this
anxiety level ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of our decisions and actions are often influenced by this particular factor. One's innate need to fit in with or oppose the societal norms often
causes anxiety within him or her. A study conducted on 76 female Chinese undergraduate students, confirmed this, as high levels of anxiety andmind
wandering was observed in them when they were put under a stereotype threat of men being better than women in mathematics (Feng, Hong, Lu, Tian,
Yu and Zheng, 2015). This shows how social norms influence one's thoughts and actions. Further supporting the fact that people around us influence
our thoughts and emotions, a comparisonal study conducted between deaf students and students with normal hearing showed how deaf children
showed less peer attachment and thereby less social anxiety than the children with normal hearing (Feng, Hong, Lu, Tian, Yu and Yu, 2015). This was
due to the fact that the deaf children were often overprotected by their parents, and therefore had restricted social interactions (Li and Prevatt, 2010). In
another study, it was found that this system works both ways i.e. a person's anxiety levels affects his or her identity development too. It was found that
adolescents with higher anxiety levels had issues more issues with identity formation related tasks. Also, such adolescents had more difficulties in
forming commitments (Crocetti, Hale, Keijsers, Klimstra and Meeus,

People Lie In Pathological Research
People lie to either feed their ego or avoid damage to it; other lies are calculated manipulations for politics and money (basically the same) and are
issued through the means of commercialism. Pathological liars are also motivated by the ego but to the extreme.The most common type of lie is a
polite one to avoid social conflict. For example, "Those pants look great on you, honey. These polite kinds of white lies include anything to minimize
conflict at work or in our personal lives. "On average, men and women lie the same: about two to three times a day."*(1) Another study has shown
people lie a little bit more, in a ten minute conversation with a stranger the average person lies three times. The person's self esteem determines how
often ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"A good campaign doesn't just offer the right product to the right consumer. It gets them emotionally stimulated."*(2)This is a quote proudly stated
on the homepage of an advertiser. The media have convinced us through thousands of lies every day that we are inadequate in every way. That we
need everything and that it must always be new and fashionable, and we must keep up with the Joneses. Its better to buy the more expensive name
brand, just for the sake of status. A slew of must have clothes, shoes, and home decor for each season, and seasonal commercialized holidays can
enhance our status in our community and also feed this consumerist lie. This lie we hold so dear manipulates us into perceiving a need where it didn't
exist before and also giving the means of satisfying that need and achieving our need for status and self–importance. You're considered ugly if you
don't buy this; you'll be beautiful if you use this product or that.The commercialism of today is so advanced at lying to the world they have
physiologists figuring out how to make you think you need something. One of the best ways they have found is to manipulate people, is our children
to get to our pocket; companies invest deeply into convincing people, and their children they need stuff to be happy and it is a mindset that continues
throughout life. It has been a profoundly effective lie; it has made

Literature Review On Pathological Gambling
Literature Review
American Psychiatric Association (2000) defines pathological gambling as a chronic and progressive failure to resist to impulses to gamble, and
gambling behavior that compromises disrupts, or damages personal, family, or vocational pursuits. While the terms pathological and compulsive are
technically not synonymous – for psychiatrists, compulsion is a behavior that is involuntary and in gambling does not occur until quite late in the
problem gambler's career – professionals and lay persons use them interchangeably (Lesieur, 1992). Gambling involves the staking of an item of value
on an outcome that is governed by chance, and comprises a wide range of commercial activities, including lotteries, electronic gaming machines, ...
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Financial hardship (via debts and asset losses) may lead to legal consequences, such as bankruptcy, loans, or criminal acts to gain money (Ladouceur,
Boisvert, Pe`pin, Loranger, & Sylvain, 1994). Costs imposed by PG on the society include the cost of crimes committed by some gamblers and costs
related to their treatment (Productivity Commission, 1999). Interpersonal problems between gamblers and their significant others include domestic
violence, relationship breakdown, neglect of family, and the negative impacts on the physical and mental health of family members (Lorenz & Yaffee,
1986, 1988, 1989). Serious psychosocial problems in the children of pathological gamblers, such as substance abuse, delinquency, depression, suicide,
and other behavioral and psychological problems are also common (Lorenz & Shuttlesworth, 1983; Lorenz & Yaffee,

Donald Trump Pathological Filter
What's the most common reason people voice for supporting Donald Trump? Most would respond with, "He tells it like it is." But does he? What I
would like to do in this chapter is unpack the meaning of that statement. It is true, no doubt, that Donald's mouth filter is broken. Fact is, it was either
never installed or, it was removed a long time ago. The political Left has been pushing more and more stringent mouth filters on the American public
for some time now. Many in America are getting sick and tired of it. The whole society has come to the place where we are all just walking (talking)
on eggshells. "Careful, you might offend someone. That's not P.C.", the world says. The result of all this nonsense has not served to produce more
respectful... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of my favorite authors, who became a Christian during his own journey of the soul, was M. Scott Peck. The title of one of his books is, "People
of the Lie". Not only does Trump belong to the people of The Lie, he embodies it. When people say they like Donald Trump because, "He's genuine",
they are correct. He is genuinely false. He is genuinely disingenuous. There is a segment of sick individuals genuinely pathological. Can something
false, be genuine? Absolutely. People who live and practice deception, are not just deceptive, they become genuine deceivers. They start believing their
own lies. Do not mistake authenticity for truthfulness. Again, it begs the question. Authentically what? Donald Trump is absolutely authentic. There is
a purity about him. He is purely false, and will soon become purely evil. Trump – years ago – said, "I believe [the media] like making me out to be
something more sinister than I really am." ("60 Minutes", 1985). Notice – he is admitting that he is sinister. The definition of sinister is, "giving the
impression that something harmful or evil is happening or will

Pathological Academic Worryry
What problem(s) did the researchers study and why? In this study, researchers consider the potential of three separate interventions intended to reduce
pathological academic worry. Academic stress in college students is linked to anxiety and depression, as well as generalized anxiety disorder. The
self–administered treatments of worry exposure, expressive writing, and pulsed audio–photic stimulation studied to determine their effects on
pathological academic worry.
Who participated in the study? 113 students from a large Southwestern university were recruited to participate in this study through email or
announcements. Participants came from a diverse ethnic and academic background, with a number of them qualifying for mental disorders outside of
pathological academic worry. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Participants underwent a screening process to ensure eligibility and were then randomly assigned to a treatment, or a control group. Those in the
worry exposure group were trained to listen to one worry image at a time for 20–30 minutes and use a 0–100 SUDS scale to measure anxiety. Students
placed in the expressive writing group were told to write about their academic worry in detail for 20 minutes per session. Audio–photic stimulation was
administered through headphones for 35 minutes at a time, and programmed for worry reduction. The participants continued this for one month before
being evaluated again for pathological academic stress.
What were the results of this study? According to the data, all three interventions reduced worry to an extent, while those in the waitlist control group
showed no significant improvement. Expressive writing was not as effective as worry exposure and audio–photic stimulation. There was a higher
amount of reliable change for the worry exposure and audio–photic stimulation groups in comparison to worry exposure and the

Poor Oral Health: A Pathological Analysis
Whereas medically necessary health services as espoused by the Canada Health Act remains a nebulous concept, its basic underlying principle of
fostering good health, as well as, removing barriers to the attainment of this goal cannot be ignored. Oral health has been argued to be relevant for
overall health, well–being and quality of life (Petersen, Bourgeois, Ogawa, Estupinan–Day, & Ndiaye, 2005; Petersen, 2003). Oral diseases have been
acknowledged as one of the most common chronic condition in global health issues. Poor oral health is not only deemed to have an adverse
pathological effect, but also physical and psychosocial outcomes (Singhal, Correa, & Quinonez, 2013). Additionally, oral health is believed to share
common biological, behavioural ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Good oral health is deemed as necessary in preserving high level of self–esteem and maintaining interpersonal relationships (WHO, 1994). Poor oral
health is deemed as a barrier to employment. Poor oral health has been associated with low self esteem, poor appearance and social stigma all of
which inhibit one's marketability; thus, reducing chance of interview and regular job (Glied & Neidell, 2010; Ruffle & Shtudiner, 2014; Singhal et al.,
2013). Similarly, oral health is seen as a motivating factor for socio–economic inclusion or exclusion (Saunders, 2007 cited by Singhal et al., 2013 &
Singhal, Mamdani, Mitchell, Tenenbaum, & QuiГ±onez, 2015). This relationship is demonstrated in Locke's model of oral health, which indicates that
dental/oral disease create physical, psychological and social disability, thus affect how people speak and socialize (Singhal et al., 2015). Furthermore,
studies have demontarted the link between dental appearance and discrimination in the Canadian context (Moeller, Singhal, Al–Dajani, Gomaa, &
QuiГ±onez, 2015). The relevance of oral health care access in the Canadian health care context is not only limited to physiological wellbeing. Good
oral health and access to services that maintain this, are necessary for economic and social wellbeing. Economic and social integration are

Pathological Liar Case Study
On Wednesday March..........during lunch Joanne Svec in passing said that she had seen Mary Herrick when she was delivering the mail and
explained that Tim came into the office earlier that morning very agitated and complaining. He told her he was going to "blow". She indicated to us
that she was, "very afraid" and that he has an arsenal of weapons. She also indicated that Jane Hayes, who was eating lunch with us as well, felt the
same way although Jane was not in the office when this exchange occurred. Tracey and I were both stunned by this information and really didn't know
what to say. After lunch Tracey and I spoke about what was said and from my perspective I could not understand why Joanne did not bring this matter
to Tracey, her immediate supervisor. Based on all of our training on safety protocol if Joanne felt the possibility of imminent danger existed Tracey
should have been notified. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During this discussion I had asked Joanne why she did not alert Tracey and I to the fear Tim's state of mind caused her. She responded that she was
never afraid and that she was sorry she ever went to Mary and she thought all they were going to do was give him the brochure to the EAB
program. On numerous occasions in our office the term "pathological liar" has been used to describe Tim. I asked Joanne if she or anyone else
ever saw his arsenal of weapons. Her response was, "no". I then asked how she knew that he had an arsenal and the response was because he said
so. I responded," but the claim has been made that he is a pathological liar so why is it you feel this is a truthful statement". She looked at me and
after a minute said, "Oh yea I see what you

Pathological Gambling Research Paper
Other surveys draw on the characteristics of pathological gambling, now called 'gambling disorder, which also could be categorized to the kind of
behavior we see in youths who show addiction type Internet use. Again, the surveys often simply swap the words 'Internet use' for 'gambling'. Young's
Diagnostic Questionnaire, for example, contains eight yes–or–no items drawn directly from the criteria used to identify pathological gamblers. One
question asks: "Do you feel restless, moody, depressed, or irritable when attempting to cut down or stop Internet use?" Another asks, "Have you lied to
family members, therapist, or others to conceal the extent of involvement with the Internet?" This survey was later expanded to a 20–item
questionnaire, called the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) with a five–point scale so that subjects could indicate the extent to which they engage in
behaviors that suggest addiction. For most of the surveys, researchers have established cutoff scores to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was part of the humanistic defense mechanism that kept humans alive. Gaining all this knowledge taught humans what to avoid, what to eat, and
how to do tasks. Every time something new was learned humans were flooded with dopamine (pleasure producing chemical) to the brain. In a sense the
dopamine was the body's way of saying "good job for learning something new this will keep us alive." This release of dopamine made it easier for
the brain to take the short term memory and associate it with dopamine and move it to the long term memory side of the brain. The reason for
associating the dopamine was the brains way of saying if you remember this memory good things will

Brief Summary And Pathological Analysis
A tooth is composed of the crown and root as shown in the diagram (Fig 2.1). The crown is the visible part of the teeth [1]. Enamel is the protective
covering over the surface of the crown with an approximate density of 2.9 g/cm^3. Cementum is the covering of the root that attaches the tooth to the
connective tissue fibers of the membrane located between the tooth and the tooth socket to hold the tooth in place. A tooth is mainly composed of
dentine. Dentine is a highly elastic internal structure within the enamel and cementum with an approximate density of 2.5 g/cm^3. Pulp is the soft
tissue in the central area of the dentine that hosts blood vessels and nerves. It is important to note that enamel, dentine, and cementum are calcified.
This means these three components can be used for the EPR dosimetry.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once enamel is formed, it is unable to self–repair or regenerate. Dosimetry properties of the enamel will not be influenced by the pathological
processes. Dentine can also be used to give significant dosimetry information but it is not as reliable as enamel since it consists only 70% inorganic
material and unlike enamel, dentine continues to form slowly. The continued formation of dentine throughout the life will inaccurately measure the
absorbed dose. Cementum is also calcified but it is not used for EPR measurement since it is difficult to be separated from dentine and not enough
amount of cementum can be extracted for the

Pathological Internet Use
It's Official: Net Abusers Are Pathological
Another yardstick of success will be achieved by the Internet community on Thursday: It will be awarded its first official mental health disorder.
The newly identified disorder will be dubbed Pathological Internet Use (PIU) and will be christened during the presentation of a major medical paper at
the annual convention of the American Psychological Association in Chicago.
The term is being coined by Dr. Kimberly Young, an assistant professor ofpsychology at the University of Pittsburgh at Bradford, in Bradford, Pa.
With her paper's presentation, the APA will classify excessive Internet use as addictive, in the same way that drugs (including alcohol), gambling, video
games, and some types of eating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Such uninhibited behavior is not necessarily an inevitable consequence of visual anonymity, but depends upon the nature of the group and the
individual personality of the online user."
"For those who felt unattractive, it was perceived easier to pick up another person through cybersex than in real life," she said.
But beyond sexual issues, newsgroups and chat lines allow people to literally create and secretly test new personalities before trying them out in the
real world. "Beyond amusement, reinventing oneself is a way to fulfill an unmet need. The loss of a social identity online allows one to reconstruct
an ideal self in place of a poor self–concept," Young said. "Those who suffer from low self–esteem, feelings of inadequacy, or frequent disapproval
from others are at the highest risk" of becoming Net addicts.
She quoted one participant in the survey as telling her, "By day, I am a mild–mannered husband, but at night I become the most aggressive bastard

Pathological Gait Parameters
Introduction
The basic gait parameters most frequently used are velocity, step length, and step frequency. Many reports are concerned with pathological gait, but
such data must be compared with valid normal reference data to be interpretable. The aim of this study was to compare the participant's present
reference data with basic gait parameters for normal subjects. The experiment involved one voluntary male Exercise and Sport Science student aged 20
with a history of numerous ankle injuries in the last 2 years. The participant weighs 72kg and is 1.76m tall with both legs measuring at 97cm.
Method
The experiment was conducted in the Biomechanics lab at RMIT Bundoora campus using a H/P/Cosmos Para Graphics treadmill, recorded by two
Casio

Pathological Gambling Substance Abuse
It is important to know if there is a link between gambling disorders and substance use because it can assist in finding treatment that works more
effectively for comorbidity of these disorders. It is also important to note that it could also help figure out the neurological explanation to addiction
because drugs can change the shape and processes of a brain, and gambling is a form of addiction that does not. Pathological gambling and substance
abuse/ dependence have similar classifications. This paper will provide evidence to answer the question "what is relationship between gambling
disorders and substance use in adults?"
Annotated Bibliography
The article "Pathological gambling and comorbid substance use," an Australian study done on a group of pathological gamblers who were seeking
treatment, looks for people among the study group that also have substance use/ dependence. Of the seventy–five people that took part in this study,
nicotine dependence (37.2%) and alcohol use (16%) were the highest occurring substances recorded. All substance disorders other than opiate were
more frequent within the study than the rate of the receivesubstance disorders within the general ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This study was done on 150 people seeking treatment for drug problems, and found that 32 of the participants were pathological gamblers, 19 were
problem gamblers, and the remaining 96 were social gamblers. Among the studied pathological gamblers, 56.3% were seeking treatment for cocaine
use, and 25% were seeking treatment for alcohol. One of the prevalent findings in this study was the rate of suicidal thoughts or actions; 26 out of the
32 pathological gamblers (81.3%) had reported serious thoughts of suicide, and 12 (37.5%) had actually attempted suicide at least once. It was also
found that, on average, most of the pathological gamblers started gambling before they started using

Motivations of Pathological Gamblers
Based on information from the National Opinion Research Center (NORC), the National Gambling Impact Study Commission (NGISC) states that
there are two and a half million individuals who fall into a state defined as a pathological gambler, another three million are considered problem
gamblers, and roughly fifteen million more could be considered "at–risk" (NORC, 1999). A pathological gambler is one who has a severe
uncontrollable urge to gamble despite harmful negative consequences or a desire to stop. This project proposes to address the need to keep a casino
patron from developing a pathological or compulsive gambling problem. The project will entail investigating the driving factors for a person gambling
themselves into problems and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The trail an individual takes to pathological gambling can essentially be defined as a psychological imbalance or emersion into an alternate world.
Natasha Dow Schull, a cultural anthropologist, shows this alternate world emersion in her recent book on compulsive gambling and the addictive
nature of slot machines. She describes these normally reserved individuals who become absorbed in gambling as entering a trancelike state she
references as the "machine zone." This "machine zone" is the essence of an addictive gamblers fault. Schull describes the individuals as having their
personal needs, social worries, and bodily awareness fade (Schull, 2008). Unlike other addictions, pathological or problem gamblers are not controlled
by a chemical or substance. They are consumed by a psychological need to gamble. That is why by developing an information structure that will
monitor this behavior, preventive measures can be implemented to control these psychological emersions.
Current treatment of individuals who experience gambling addiction is performed by counselors with extensive training in this area. These counselors
specialize in neurosciences and family therapy, since the addicted individual needs to rekindle their normal state of mind as well as their personal
relationships with others. When a gambler has been committed to therapy the counselor will focus help based on the individual's personal needs and
necessary treatment plan. The

Speech-Language Pathological Analysis
As seen, speech–language pathologists can be employed around the nation, and for that reason the salary of a speech–language can be based on the
their background, experience, work setting and geographical location (The American Speech–Language–Hearing Association, 1997–2016). According
to the "Occupational Outlook Handbook" the average annual wage for speech–language pathologist in May 2015 was $73,410 (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, 2015). At the same time, facts from May 2015 exhibited that speech pathologist in nursing and residential care
facilities made around $27,000 more than a speech pathologist in state, local or private education services (Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department
of Labor, 2015). Furthermore,

Pathological Pain
In order to fully answer this question, it is important to understand the definition of pain. The International Association for the Study of Pain defines
pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage"
(Mersky and Bogduk ed 1994). The physiological function of the pain sensory system is protective in nature, to shield the body from actual or
potential tissue damage. Pathological pain, on the other hand, is described as "spontaneous pain, hyperalgesia and allodynia, that persist for years or
decades after all possible tissue healing has occurred" (Coderre et al 1993).
Nociceptors are peripheral sensory neurons that detect the physical sensation of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many mechanisms for the sensitisation of nociceptors. A common scenario for this occurrence is when peripheral tissue is subjected to
exogenous injury, whether it be mechanical, chemical, or toxic. Injury results in localised increase in inflammatory mediators, leading to the
sensitisation of nociceptors. Upregulation and increased expression of various membrane receptors is the most common mechanism. Ionotropic
receptors, Gq protein–coupled metabotropic receptors, Gs protein–coupled metabotropic receptors, and mitogen–activated protein kinase have been
shown to be upregulated in nociceptors in response to the presence of inflammatory mediators (Sessle ed 2008). The resultant effect is increased
conductance, lowered threshold for the initiation of action potentials, spontaneous depolarisation, and increased after–discharges to supra–threshold
stimuli (Sessle ed 2008). Sprouting, or the growth of neuronal axons into the damaged tissue, also contributes to pathological pain. Increased number of
nociceptive axons increases the opportunity for spatial and temporal summation and activation of nociceptors, which under normal conditions would
not be activated. Sufficient concentration of inflammatory mediators can also lead to the activation of nociceptors which do not participate in the
detection of noxious stimulus (Sessle ed 2008). With an increased number of nociceptors feeding back to the CNS, the sensation of pain is

A Pathological Phenomenon
Norovirus: A Pathological Phenomenon Noelia Gonzalez Health Science Technology 6th period 3/4/2016
Norovirus Viruses affect us in our everyday life and they have become something that is not an abnormal phenomenon or a fatal occurrence like it was
in olden times. (Alic and Longe , 2015) Likewise, the viruses that affect us have much impact of what the actual disease is. Norovirus being an example
of a virus that affects our daily lives and can be fatal. (Longe, 2015) This disease is highly contagious and is very often overlooked by the public
eye, however it can have much impact on our daily lives and how we live. This virus can be seen throughout all of your lifetime and can affect
anybody at any age, it is harder to treat as it can withstand high temperatures and can live in almost any environment making it difficult to damage and
control. (Alic and Longe , 2015) Norovirus outbreaks are very common

Pathological Review Model Essay
PREDICTORS OF PATHOLOGIC RESPONSE TO TRASTUZUMAB
–BASED NEOADJUVANT TREATMENT IN A CONSECUTIVE
MONOINSTITUTIONAL SERIES OF BREAST CARCINOMAS TESTED WITH FRONTLINE DUAL–COLOR HER2 FISH Elisabetta Kuhn,
Alessandra Bisagni, Ione Tamagnini, Cristina Bassano, Elisa Gasparini, Roberto Di Cicilia, Giuseppe Falco, Guglielmo Ferrari, Moira Foroni,
Giorgio Gardini, Giancarlo Bisagni, Moira Ragazzi Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova–IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy Background: The pathological response
to trastuzumab–based neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) has an important prognostic role, but is extremely variable among patients and still not fully
understood. Although, previous studies have supported the correlation between TNT response and both HER2 amplification and
immunohistochemistry (IHC), as yet reliable predictive factors of TNT response are missing. Therefore, this study aims to identify the contribution of
different clinico–pathological features to TNT pathologic response in a consecutive series of HER2–positive BCs based on frontline dual–color HER2
FISH.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pre–treatment biopsies and post–treatment surgical specimens were collected and analyzed by HER2 FISH and IHC following the 2013 ASCO/CAP
guidelines. TNT residual tumour, in both breast and lymph node specimens, was quantified and tumor regression was scored according to Pinder's
histopathological criteria. Clinico–pathological features were recorded. Statistical analyses were performed and a p–value <0.0001). Notably, 9 of 61
(15%) BCs became HER2 FISH negative after treatment. Pinder's regression score correlated with HA (p=0.0006), but not with

Pathological Liar
According to the textbook, women are more likely to confront the conflict, and men are more likely to withdraw or be defensive (412). A week
before my birthday, my boyfriend and his friends went on a vacation in Outer Banks, North Carolina. I was going to go on this trip, but I figured
that it would be nice for him to just spend time with his guy friends since they were all leaving for college in a month. The day that the guys all
came from this vacation, my boyfriend's one friend was going around and telling everyone that the boys went to a strip club three times while they
were down there. Now, this friend is known to be a pathological liar and I knew that his claim was probably not true, but I still wanted to know the
real answer. So that

The Effects Of Pathological Anxiety
With as many problems as there are today, including the stresses from family, jobs, school or socially, psychological disorders are very common. The
stress of life, at one time or another, causes people to sometimes have a horrible feeling of anxiety. "Anxiety disorder is an alarm signal, heralding an
imminent danger, allowing people to use all necessary measures to cope with the threat" (Yduoctinhhoa). People who have pathological anxiety usually
experience excessive or disproportionate symptoms to the persistent threat. This affects their activities, and is possibly accompanied by thoughts or
actions which seem excessive, repeated or prolonged, which influences their adaptation to life. The pressures of work, health, the family, the living

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