Expanded Program On Immunization Against Polio In Nigeria

Outline Of A Program On Immunization
Perspectives on the expanded program on immunization in the quest to eradicate polio in Nigeria: A comparative evaluation.
Word count: 2,559.
Introduction
Poliomyelitis also referred to as polio or infantile paralysis is a highly infectious yet preventable viral infection (WHO 2014). It is caused by a
human virus of the enterovirus subgroup called the poliovirus; a member of the picornaviridae family (GPEI 2015a, Atkinson et al., 2009). Three
subtypes of the poliovirus exist: P1, P2 and P3. Immunity to one subtype does not confer any immunity to the other subtypes. The wild polio virus is
the type that occurs naturally and causes disease; the P2 subtype has been eliminated in the wild and the last case was reported in India in 1999. Types
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One in 200 people infected by the polio virus end up with paralysis in the limbs (GPEI 2015). There are two types of polio vaccines: the oral polio
vaccine (OPV) and the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) which is given as an injection in the muscles of the arms or legs (CDC 2014).
Background
In public health, the eradication of a disease is the 'permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent
as a result of deliberate efforts; intervention measures are no longer needed' (Dowdle 1999). Elimination of a disease on the other hand is described
as a decrease to zero of new cases of a defined disease in a defined geographical area arising from deliberate endeavours. In such a case, continued
interventions are necessary to prevent the re–establishment of disease transmission (WHO). Immunization refers to a sum of processes where an
individual is made resistant and immune to an infectious disease by the administration of a vaccine. Vaccines typically stimulate the body's immune
system to guard against subsequent infections in the person. Immunisation is a proven, cost effective, process that is estimated to save between 2 to 3
million lives annually (WHO 2015)
In May 1974 the expanded program on immunization (EPI) was launched by the world health assembly (as it was then known) to improve on the
successful
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Three hundred and sixty feces samples were collected from...
Three hundred and sixty feces samples were collected from children and infants who have diarrhea and other symptoms that associate with Acute
Flaccin Paralysis (AFP) from middle and southern provinces of Iraq. They were equal or less than four years old. Preliminary culture shows total
samples that gave positive to poliovirus were 19 samples and number of samples that have poliovirus type I were (6), type II (3) and type III (6),
number of samples that have mix types of poliovirus were (4). Confirmed results show the numbers of samples that contain type I, type II and type
III were 9,3and 10 in respectively and all viruses were sabin type only (There is no wild types of poliovirus were isolated).
INTRODUCTION
Poliovirus belong to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But the last associated with many problems, First the live oral polio vaccine is known to be able to cause poliomyelitis in rare cases in both vaccines
and their contacts (3). Second some hypogammaglobulinemic patients are known to excrete virus for long periods of time, giving opportunities for
the virus to evolve to transmissible and virulent forms (9, 10). The aim of this study is showing of presence of wild and sabin (vaccine of poliovirus) in
stools of many cases of children in Iraq and outbreak them.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Samples: Two– four grams of faces of 360 samples were collected from children and infants who have diarrhea and other symptoms that associate
with Acute Flaccin Paralysis (AFP). All samples were collected from Al–Sadar learning hospitals in middle and south provinces of Iraq. The period of
collection (1–1–2006 to 1–7–2006) All samples were collected from patients have less than four years old.
Preparation of fecal samples for virus isolation:
10 ml of Phosphate Buffer saline (PBS) PH 7.2, 1 gm of glass beads and 1 ml of chloroform were added to each tube. The tubes were closed and shaken
vigorously for 20 minutes using a mechanical shaker. All tubes were spun for 20 minutes at 1500 g in a refrigerated centrifuge. Fecal suspensions were
stored at –20 в—‹C till using [11].
Virus isolation
Fecal suspensions were inoculated into tissue culture tubes of RD cells line (cells line derived from human rhabdomyosarcoma) and into

What Is Poliomyelitis?
WHAT IS POLIO?
Poliomyelitis or polio, is highly contagious viral infection that can lead to abnormal conditions such as paralysis, breathing problems, or even lead to
death. The poliomyelitis is from the word "grey", myelos referencing to the "matter" of the spinal cord, –itis meaning inflammation. So it means the
inflammation of the grey matter of the spinal cord.
Poliomyelitis can be categorize as either asymptomatic or symptomatic. About 95% of all cases of poliomyelitis display no symptoms (asymptomatic
poliomyelitis) but between 4% to 8% of cases of poliomyelitis display symptoms (symptomatic poliomyelitis). Nonparalytic or abortive poliomyelitis
and a severe form of polio called paralytic can occur 0.1% to 2% of cases symptomatic polio. Polio occurs most frequently in the summer and children
under years of age are most vulnerable.
Nonparalytic polio (abortive polio) can lead to flu–like symptoms that last for a few days , weeks, or months, such as sore throat, fever, fatigue,
meningitis, muscles spasms, muscle tenderness, headache, arm and leg stiffness, neck and back pain, and vomiting.
Paralytic polio be classified as:
1.Spinal polio– which attacks motor neurons in the spinal cord and causes paralysis in arms and legs and causes breathing problems too.
2.Bulbar polio– which attacks

A Research Study On Poliomyelitis
David Caballero
December 1, 2014
Pre–AP English 1
Ms. Cooper
Poliomyelitis has been around for a long time but the first clinical description of the disease was in 1789, by an English physician named Michael
Underwood. The death–to–case ratio is 2%–5% in children and 15%–30% for adults. Even though the number of deaths of Polio have come to a
screeching halt 3,145 people died in 1952 due to the worst outbreak in the United States's history. Poliomyelitis poses a minimal yet dangerous threat to
humanity. Researchers and scientists have been largely successful in finding a cure for this disease. Looking to the future, the biggest concern is the
eradication of this disease to be slowed. The effects of this disease are very harmful but are not easily transmitted. There are three different types of
infections which include subclinical, nonparalytic, and paralytic. Patients with subclinical polio may not have any symptoms or have mild symptoms
that may last 72 hours or less. A few symptoms that can result in the subclinical polio infection can be general discomfort or uneasiness, headache and
slight fever, or red throat, slight throat, and lastly vomiting. (NIH). Then patients who have managed to contract nonparalytic polio will not become
paralyzed if they are infected with it. Some symptoms can be fever, sore throat, headache, vomiting, meningitis, and fatigue. While it may vary a few
more serious symptoms can be back pain or stiffness, neck pain or stiffness, pain or

Polio Virus Essay
Polio Virus
Introduction
The polio virus which causes poliomyelitis in humans is an enterovirus which belongs to the picornavirus (small, RNA) family. Polio virus is rapid,
acid–resistant, stable, highly tissue specific and consists of a single–stranded, positive RNA. Polio virus is able to reside in the throat or intestinal tract
of humans. Poliomyelitis is a highly contagious infectious disease which has three strains, poliovirus 1 (PV1), PV2 and PV3. Polio virus, although rare
in developed countries, can be found in many under–developed countries due to the uncommonness of vaccinations there. Polio is known as a disease
of development. The oldest known record of polio is in an Egyptian stone engraving of a young priest from 1350 ... Show more content on
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Receptor–mediated endocytosis is thought to take the receptor into the cell. Polio virus is tissue tropic, meaning it replicates only in specific tissue
types, generally lymphoid tissue in the pharynx and intestine. After uncoating, polio virus, which is an RNA virus, takes a single RNA molecule in its
protective capsid. This RNA can be converted directly to a protein in the cytoplasm. The virus must then replicate its RNA using viral RNA–directed
RNA polymerase. After replication of its own RNA, the virus must package the new RNA into capsids in order to infect more cells.
Transmission
After replication in the mouth and intestine, polio virus spreads through the body via the blood. Polio virus is contained in the Peyer's patches of the
small intestine. Transmission to the central nervous system and neuronal cell destruction is seen in a small number of infected individuals.
Damage
Polio virus affects humans by a lytic cycle. PV1 which is usually associated with epidemics causes paralysis and consequently the most deaths. PV2
normally causes meningitis and a less severe paralysis. PV3 is usually associated with sporadic cases of polio virus. The majority of polio cases
include only diarrhea symptoms or the individual is completely asymptomatic. Five percent of polio cases show flu–like symptoms of fever, malaise,
headache, nausea, sore throat, upset stomach, and achy muscles. In one percent of

Taking a Look at Polio
INTRODUCTION
Polio (poliomyelitis) is a viral disease also referred to as infantile paralysis. It is an infectious, potentially fatal disease for which there is no known
existing cure. This paper discusses the causes, transmission, symptoms and prevention of polio. Further, it addresses the challenges involved in
eradicating Polio and suggests efforts to wipe out this disease.
The word "poliomyelitis" is derived from the Greek word, 'polios', meaning "grey", and myelГіs for "marrow", which refers to the grey matter of the
spinal cord. The suffix '–itis' denotes inflammation.
Severe infection can extend into the brainstem and higher structures, causing polio encephalitis
The polio virus is pathogenic only to humans. It is composed of a single (+) sense RNA genome which is enclosed in the protein capsid, which
enables it to infect specific cell types.
There exist three serotypes of the poliovirus, that is: Poliovirus type 1 (PV1), Polio type 2 (PV2), and the Poliovirus type 3 (PV3) depending on the
capsid protein. They are all extremely virulent and cause the same disease symptoms. The most commonly encountered form is PV1, and it is most
closely associated with paralysis.
NATURAL HISTORY OF POLIOVIRUS
Polio has been around before mankind started studying history. Michael Underwood was the first to provide a clinical description of the disease in 1789.
As countries developed, strides were made in sewage disposal techniques and in the provision of clean water.

A Brief Look at Polio
INTRODUCTION Polio is a viral infectious disease transmitted via the faecal–oral route. It is a dreaded disease especially in children, it results in
infantile paralysis. Polio has no cure causing great concern due to significant morbidity and mortality. Despite global efforts to eradicate Polio, it
is still endemic in parts of the world. This paper discusses the global problems posed by the disease, eradication strategies employed globally and
regionally and the challenges in the way of achieving a world without Polio. HISTORYPolio dates to before the 20th century when first cases of
epidemics were clinically reported. In fact, an Egyptian carving which dates back to around 1400BC depicts a priest with a paralysed leg similar
to Polio victims. In the year 1789, a British doctor, Michael Underwood, described Polio as "debility of the lower extremities"
(www.polioeradication.org). In 1840, a German doctor, Jacob von Heine established the disease may be contagious. In 1894, in USA, the first
significant Polio outbreak in infants was documented. In 1907, a Swedish doctor, Ivar Wickman, identified different types of Polio infection and in
1908; two Austrian physicians Landsteiner and Popper inferred that Polio is a viral infection. Several years later, research actions were launched and
in 1955, the first vaccine against the disease was created by Dr Jonas Salk.

Poliomyelitis in Nigeria
Introduction For Nigeria, the polio virus is still around in the country because of purely religious reasons. A section of the country, precisely the
northern axis spurned a theory that the polio vaccine was fertility control tool of the west. Nothing could be further from the truth! But for intervention
of senior clerics and prominent politicians from the area, there would have a standstill in the eradication efforts. To worsen matters, damage had been
done by the time of the intervention as a case from caused Sudan which had been free to be re–infected again. And the world was back to square 1 in
polio eradication efforts! The world is not resting on its oars and efforts mainly in the form polio eradication campaigns and conferences. One of
such conferences held in the Nigerian capital, Abuja where stock taking of Nigeria`s polio situation (and by extension polio situation worldwide
since Nigeria is one of last places polio is yet to eradicated) (BBC Focus on Africa programme, April 28,2014). That conference informed participant
and the whole world of the progress the country was making. It emerged that Nigeria recorded only two cases in the last year which was an
improvement on early figures. Furthermore, the World Health Organisation (WHO) issued the most radical directive when it imposed travel
restrictions on individuals from Pakistan advising that travellers from the Asian country prove full polio vaccination before they could travel

Near Eradication of Polio
The eradication of polio was very close in the year 2012, however incidence levels has caused a seventy percent increase in new cases [1]. In this
paper I will argue that Canadian individuals do have a moral obligation to support the effort of polio eradication using Singer's moderate principle
and John Stuart Mill's ethical theory of Act utilitarianism. Polio is virus infection that occurs in the throat and intestines through environmental
contaminations such as water by stool and feces [7]. The virus in most cases occurs in children aged five and under and leads to the invasion of
the nervous system which can cause irreversible paralysis [12]. In 1988 a proposal called Global Polio Eradication Initiative was put forward by
the World Health Assembly to eradicate the disease which included partners such as "WHO, Rotary International, the US Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC), UNICEF, and supported by key partners including the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation" [12]. Since this proposal,
cases of polio have dropped from 350,000 yearly to a global low of 223 cases in 2012 [1, 7]. Since 2012 "only parts of three countries in the world
remain endemic for the disease–the smallest geographic area in history" [12]. However, with only one percent of the world infected with polio, it
reappeared in countries and cases increased by seventy percent [1]. Canadians should not take the matter lightly because the course of the disease can
change quickly. In an interview

The Rampage of Polio
During the twentieth century Americans were afraid. They were afraid of the Russians, they were afraid of the economy, they were afraid of Hitler,
and they were afraid of polio. A disease as indiscriminate as a nuclear bomb, it struck young and old, rich and poor, white and black. It caused fear
and hysteria, confusion and anger, paralysis, and even death. By this time the United States had endured smallpox, cholera, yellow fever, and
tuberculosis; but it had never experienced a wide–spread epidemic of a disease that seemed to specifically target children before the twentieth century.
Although polio effects people of all ages, children are the most susceptible due to their weak immune systems. Many victims of polio were partially
or completely paralyzed, and thousands died. The "summer plague" would run rampant in the United States for nearly four decades. Before the
1890's polio was fairly common but largely unknown. The disease was very common in early history due to a lack of sanitation but because many
people contracted the disease they developed immunity to that strain at an early age. If the infected persons lived through the early infection they
were then immune to that particular strain of polio. This meant that in excess of 90% of some populations were immune, while less than 0.5% were
paralyzed due to polio. Evidence has been found of polio in the ancient world. Some scientists believe hieroglyph depictions of people

The Epidemic Of Polio During The Egyptian Era
From the late Egyptian era to the early 1900's, humans were perplexed about why people were suddenly getting paralyzed without warning. It wasn't
until research skills and technology accessibility improved that scientists were able to grasp the idea that it was all caused by the Poliomyelitis virus.
Polio began ravaging through the world in the twentieth century, crippling children, and, even after the discovery of numerous vaccines, is still
relentless enough that it infects children today. Poliomyelitis, also called "infantile paralysis" (Swanson 1), is a virus that has been around for over 3,000
years, but had troubled scientists right up until the early 1900s when they had the resources to fully research it. This virus is part of the enterovirus
division, meaning it attacks through oral ingestion and gains access to the body along the gastrointestinal tract (the tract that leads from the mouth to
the anus). From the G.I. tract, it then enters the blood, through which it travels to and attacks the nervous system. Once the virus fully destroys a
neuron, the neuron then cannot regenerate and therefore ends the connection between the other neurons around it. This left the infected hosts with
twisted limbs, extreme muscle pain and spasms, and, in extremely severe cases, the inability to perform vital life functions. Polio can be classified into
three different types, depending on which part of the nervous system it decides to attack. Spinal Poliomyelitis was the most

Reducing Deaths from Infectious Disease in Austrailia
Improvements to Australia's mortality rates from infectious diseases over the last century
Introduction
Over the last century, the mortality rate from infectious diseases in Australia has declined significantly3. Along with highly successful research to
develop effective vaccines, public health campaigns have contributed substantially to this outcome. Organisations such as the World Health
Organisation (WHO) and UNICEF have been heavily involved in finding vaccines to treat these diseases and promoting education and community
health initiatives23. Amongst the many infectious diseases prominent in Australia in the 20th century,Poliomyelitis (Polio) was considered the most
terrifying of diseases, as the "prospect of paralysis and permanent disability" was particularly frightening2. Public authorities and Australian community
organisations such as Rotary4 have been critical to the success of national campaigns to educate, coordinate and fund vaccination programs. However,
although Australia was finally declared a "polio free zone" in 2000, the disease is still a threat to travellers as it is considered endemic in Pakistan,
Afghanistan, India and Nigeria5.
Infectious disease
According to WHO, an infectious disease is an "illness caused by bacteria that can spread between people or from animals to people", and has the
"potential to cause long term or more serious effects"2. Some of the most deadly infectious diseases that have had the most significant effects

The Erradication of Poliomyelitis: Inactivated Polio...
Introduction
Poliomyelitis, commonly known as "Polio", is an acute motor disease caused by the poliovirus that targets the anterior horn cells of the human
spinal cord, and in severe cases results in acute flaccid paralysis (Alberta Health and Wellness, 2011), which can progress to permanent paralysis. It
mainly affects children under the age of five, although individuals of any age may contract it (World Health Organization, 2013 [C]). Historical
outbreaks, most prominently the 1916 and 1952 epidemics in the United States, led to the development of two separate vaccines: Inactivated Polio
Vaccine (IPV), and Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV). Although polio has seen over a 99% decrease in cases since 1988 and has largely been eradicated in the
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The grey matter has a butterfly–like shape with two protrusions: the dorsal (or posterior) horn, which contains neurons responsible for sensory
perception, and the ventral (or anterior) horn, which contains neurons responsible for muscle control. There are two types of motor neurons: upper
motor neurons, located in the motor region of the cerebral cortex of the brain, and lower motor neurons, located in the brainstem and spinal cord.
The muscular system, composed of 700 different muscles, makes up approximately half of a person's body weight and is responsible for movement,
posture, balance, and bodily heat generation (Taylor, n.d.). Muscles are divided into three main categories: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and skeletal
muscle. Smooth muscle makes up the inner walls of all organs and blood vessels. It is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and is responsible for
involuntary contractions of these structures. Cardiac muscle, an involuntary striated muscle found exclusively in the heart, is controlled by the
sinoatrial node. Contraction of cardiac muscle allows for propulsion of blood throughout the circulatory system, a process responsible for the transport
of oxygen and nutrients to bodily cells. Skeletal muscle, a voluntary striated type of muscle that is composed of all muscle connecting to the skeleton,
is responsible for the majority of the heat generated by the muscular system and

What Is Poliomyelitis?
Poliomyelitis Polio
Poliomyelitis is an infectious viral disease that affects the central nervous system and can cause temporary or permanent paralysis. The name
poliomyelitis comes from the Greek poliГіs (ПЂОїО»О№ПЊП‚) which means 'grey', myelГіs (ВµП…ОµО»ПЊП‚) which refers to the spinal cord.
The suffix of '–itis' which indicated inflammation.
Polio is caused by the pathogen poliovirus. Poliovirus is part of the group IV ((+)ssRNA).Order: Picornavirales, Family: Picornaviridae, Genus:
Enterovirus, Species: Enterovirus C. It is a virus, making polio a viral disease.
Polio is transmitted by direct contact with other people, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
99% of worldwide cases have been eliminated with only two countries still in the grips of polio, but even these two countries only have a few hundred
cases each year and that number is decreasing.
In 1988, at the Forty First World Health Assembly, the GPEI (Global Polio Eradication Initiative) was launched. It was led by national governments,
WHO (Wold Health Organisation), Rotary International, UNICEF and many others. Since the launching of the GPEI, there has been a decrease in the
number of polio cases by 99%. Only two countries still are facing polio. They are Pakistan and Afghanistan and every year the number of cases in both
decreases.
Polio is being prevented through the usage of immunisations. In the 1950s American researcher, Jonas Salk discovered that the poliovirus could be
inactivated by using the chemical formaldehyde. He used this information to create a vaccine. This vaccine was tested in 1954 using hundreds of
thousands of children. One batch of this vaccine hadn't been made properly and several became sick or died. When the manufacture had improved, the
vaccine was able to reduce the amount of polio cases. Polish–American doctor, Albert Sabin tested an alternate vaccine which used weakened viruses.
This vaccine could be taken by mouth rather than being taken by injection. This version of the vaccine was cheaper

Taking a Look at Infantile Paralysis
INTRODUCTION
Poliomyelitis also called Polio or infantile paralysis describes an acute viral infectious disease which is generally transmitted by the oral fecal route.
The condition is characterized by the downwards flexed foot, withered limbs associated with muscle atrophy following the loss of motor innervations in
the limb. The symptoms, location, extent and persistence of the paralysis caused depends on the degree of the damage to the anterior horn neurons and
the number of neurons affected. The forms of the disease include the abortive poliomyelitis which is the most common, with symptoms such as malaise;
fever and vomiting that subside in few days. The nonparalytic poliomyelitis (aseptic meningitis) has symptoms such as stiff neck and pain in the back
and neck. This subsides in 2–10 days. This may advance to the paralytic Poliomyelitis resulting from the lower motor neuron damage. The post
Poliomyelitis is characterized by muscle atrophy, especially observed in individuals decades after their experience with paralytic Poliomyelitis.
Immunity to the type causing the infection is permanent especially for the types– 1, 2 and 3. Maternal passive immunity is transferred to the offspring
and disappears during the first 6 months of life. Humans are the only reservoir for the infection. The Global Polio Eradication initiative embarked
upon by the World Health organization, Rotary International, and the UNICEF gives hope of achieving the desired " global polio free world The

The Global Eradication of Polio Essays
The Global Eradication of Polio
The possibility of the eradication of polio worldwide is an imminent and exciting prospect as the "goal" year quickly approaches. In 1988, the World
Health Assembly, which governs the World Health Organization, set the goal of eliminating polio from the world by the year 2010. Many
organizations have joined the effort along with the World Health Organization: the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, UNICEF, Rotary
International, Global Health Network, the US Agency for International Development, National Immunization Day, and the International Broadcasting
Bureau. Together, these "worldwidepolio partners" have implemented a strategy to completely rid the world of this disease. It is a difficult ... Show
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The poliovirus enters the body through the mouth, and multiplies in the throat and intestines. It may remain unmanifested for anywhere from four to
thirty–five days. Once the virus is in the intestines it has the potential to spread throughout the body by way of the bloodstream, and infiltrate into the
central nervous system. In the central nervous system, the virus can spread out along the nerve fibers and begin to destroy the nerve cells, or motor
neurons, resulting in limpness in the arms and legs. This is known as acute flaccid paralysis and this symptom of polio (also a symptom of several
other diseases) is used to uncover new cases which may have been misdiagnosed or not diagnosed at all (WHO 1999). This is a necessary procedure
in that it helps to cover all the bases in the pursuit of eradicating poliovirus from the earth.
It is important to note that paralysis does not occur in all polio cases. Acute poliomyelitis manifests itself as a two–phased disease in a small proportion
of its victims. The first phase is minor, a "non–specific febrile illness" (Prevots 1999). All patients with polio experience this phase, and only a small
percentage develops the second phase, "aseptic meningitis and/or paralytic disease" (Prevots 1999). The aseptic meningitis is inflammation, caused by
the virus, of the meninges of the

The Bubonic Plague: The Polio Vaccine
"The single biggest threat to man's continued dominance on the planet is the virus" Nobel Prize winner Joshua Lederberg once said. Throughout
history, this statement has proved to be true. In fourteenth century Europe, the Bubonic Plague killed off almost half of the European population.
During the first interactions between Columbus and the natives, Smallpox eradicated entire Native tribes. And in the time of the Industrial Revolution,
cholera outbreaks have left millions dead. Since their outbreaks, many of these deadly viruses have been met with cures, saving millions of lives to
come. However, for almost 3,500 years, one incurable virus had been attacking humanity: the poliovirus.1P
Polio, short for poliomyelitis, is a disease caused by the contraction of the poliovirus. Like influenza, smallpox and cholera, polio is a viral infection.
This means that it is a disease caused by the spread of a virus. It spreads rapidly, and usually through person–to–person contact. In addition, this virus
can also be distributed through foods or drinks contaminated by infected fecal matter. Although polio is deadly, sometimes, contractors of polio do not
show any symptoms. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1947, the NFIP was looking for someone capable in researching a polio vaccine, and there was no candidate better for this research than Dr. Jonas
Salk.7P Salk was a very experienced researcher; he played a crucial role in the development of influenza vaccines during World War II, and also had a
deep understanding of the immune system and antibodies.8B Additionally, Salk also worked to treat multiple sclerosis, cancer, and HIV.9C Together,
in the 8 years that followed after recruitment, Salk and the NFIP would take a stand against polio by successfully trying to put an end to polio through
the use of

The Epidemic Of Indi A Country Where Multiple Cultures And...
Introduction
India is a country where multiple cultures and identities live wih the notion of "unity in diversity" . also due to the distinct geographical, economical
and ecological conditions , probability of influence of certain disease in various areas is probably high. One such endemic disease is poliomyelitis. A
few years back India was in the list of endemic countries for poliomyelitis as announced by WHO (excluded from the list in 2012). The highly
contagious disease has been a curse from past decades to the population especially children below 5 years of age. In india the majorly affected
areas were the 107 blocks of western uttar Pradesh and bihar, where the major challenge is overcoming suboptimal vaccine efficacy. In districts of
western uttar Pradesh which still remains endemic for polio, lower levels of sanitation and personal hygiene remains a concerned topic for the public
health officials, low rate of immunization and fear of spreading the polio virus, an efficient network of various national and international agencies
was formed to control and eradicate polio from this region and help india to be declared as polio free .with continous efforts of this network the
residents are now appraising and adapting the vaccination programmes for polio, which in itself is breakthrough achievement of the pulse polio
eradication programme. Now new initiatives such as USHA project started in 107 blocks aiming to improve water quality, personal hygiene and

Polio ( Poliomyelitis ) Is A Contagious Illness Caused By...
Polio (Poliomyelitis) is a very contagious illness caused by the poliovirus. The poliovirus affects the central nervous system, and is known and
feared for causing paralysis (CDC, 2015). The virus is contracted orally (through the mouth), from fecal matter (CDC, 2015): It first goes to the
throat and digestive system (CDC, 2015). Next it enters the lymphatic system, the bloodstream and finally the Central Nervous System (CNS), were
it can cause paralysis due to damage/destruction of the motor neurons (CDC, 2015). Only people carry the poliovirus, and it only affects humans
(CDC, 2015) No cure, only prevention (CDC, 2015). Once someone has been in contact with the virus, it can take anywhere from 3 to 35 days to
notice symptoms (NYSDOH, 2014). Most people who contract polio do not get sick (they don't show symptoms), but they can still pass the virus
through stool and spread it to other individuals (NYSDOH, 2014). Of the individuals who contract polio, only 4–5% get the following symptoms:
"headaches, fever, nausea, vomiting, and muscle weakness" (NYSDOH, 2014). 1–2% of people with polio develop "severe muscle pain and stiffness in
the neck and back" (NYSDOH, 2014). Paralysis caused by polio is very rare, of the total amount of individuals who contract the virus, "less than
1%" become paralyzed (NYSDOH, 2014). Polio was not addressed as a serious issue in Nigeria until the mid 1900's (Renne, 2010). When
"Europeans" (white people) in Nigeria began contracting the virus,

The Effects Of Polio Worldwide On The Wellbeing Of People...
Introduction:
In most countries of the world, polio has been eradicated. However in developing countries, there are the cases suffering from polio. In recent years,
there has been a re–emergence of polio in Pakistan and its distribution amongst the population is not evenly distributed.
The purpose of this essay is to critically evaluate the need of health care professionals working in health improvement organization to add towards the
wellbeing of people and reducing health inequalities. The essay will start with the background of poliomyelitis, the ways previously used to alleviate its
risks then it will discuss the re–emergence of polio worldwide and its related risks to health particularly in Pakistan. It will also illustrate the actions
to be taken by the health professionals in order to get rid of this disease worldwide. The theme will also discuss the health inequalities leading to
increased number of people with polio. Health and wellbeing: Over the past years scientists and World Health organization are in the urge to remove
inequalities from the society. According to World Health Organization (WHO), health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social
well–being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (1946).
The definition of wellbeing is bit more complex and controversial because previously it was considered as a part of health. According to Dinham, there
is no tangible language of wellbeing that what it actually means (Dinham,

A Brief Look at Polio
INTRODUCTION
Polio or poliomyelitis was derived from the Greek words "polio" meaning grey and "myelos" meaning marrow which refers to the grey matter of the
spinal cord and 'itis' meaning inflammation; therefore poliomyelitis is inflammation of grey matter of the spinal cord (www.wikipedia.com). It is a
viral disease caused by the polio virus which belongs to the enterovirus genus; enterovirus because it infects and replicates in the intestinal epithelial
and lymphoid (tonsils, Peyer's patches) cells or tissues, they then enter the central nervous system (CNS) through the blood and infect the motor
neurons. The replication in tonsils results in virus seen in pharyngeal secretions (Clinical Microbiology by Mark Gladwin and Bill Trattler). The
three serotypes of polio virus are type 1, 2 and 3, all three can cause and produce the same symptom with type 1 the most common form and mostly
associated with paralysis. Polio was one of the most feared childhood diseases of the 20th century; it affected mostly children under the age of five.
Most children who were infected at this stage were asymptomatic or showed mild flu like symptoms and few paralytic complications were seen among
infected children and those who survived the polio attack developed lifelong immunity to the virus. As improvements in sanitation were made over the
years, fewer children were exposed to polio virus infection but adolescents and adults became infected through their contact with infected individuals
and

Is Poliomyelitis A Non Curable Viral Disease?
Poliomyelitis is a non–curable viral disease that mainly affects children who under five years old. It is a highly infectious disease, which is transmitted
mainly through the fecal oral route and less frequently through contaminated water or food.[1][2] Virus transmission is correlated with areas where
water quality, sanitation and hygiene are poor.[3] The virus enters through the human gastrointestinal tract and proliferates in the intestines. Some of
the initial symptoms of infection include: fever, malaise, headache, vomiting, nuchal rigidity, and pain in the limbs. Thepoliomyelitis virus can possibly
even invade the nervous system and cause paralysis; this occurs in approximately one in two hundred infections.[4]
Polio reached the height of its pandemic proportions in the first half of the nineteenth century.[2] The creation of the first safe and effective poliovirus
vaccine by Dr. Jonas Salk in 1955 made immediate and profound impacts in the incidence of disease. For example, in the United States two years
prior to the development of the vaccine, the average number of polio cases was greater than 45,000. In 1962, just seven years after the advent of
vaccination, that number diminished to 910.[2] The effectiveness of the vaccine soon prompted health officials to extend the application of
immunization worldwide. In 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis by the year 2000 and by 1999, global incidence of
the disease dropped by approximately

Effects of the Poliovirus: Poliomyelitis
пѓ Poliovirus is an enterovirus which infects the guts then spreads through blood to infect the central nervous system causing paralysis though
infection is over 90% asymptomatic.
пѓ The challenges eradicating polio range from socio–cultural factors to political and economical factors. There are mainly three endemic areas
remaining namely: Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
пѓ The solution to the challenges would vary from countries and communities with specific issues. But the direct involvement of the population is
crucial making the battle more active than passive with less publicity.
INTRODUCTION:
Polio had caused 350000 cases of infection in 1988 in over 125 countries and less than 2000 cases in just about four countries in 2009 and then 406
cases in 2013. This 99% drop of polio threat is the result of endless efforts of the World Health Organization, Unicef, Centers of Disease Control and
Prevention, Bill and Melinda foundation, Rotary foundation as well as governments supporting the Global Polio Eradication Initiatives with
immunization. Nevertheless, the remaining 1% is posing great problem eradicating presenting various political, social, economical and technical
obstacles. A more direct consideration of especial challenges for specific countries and communities could put an end to polio threat around the world.
POLIO DISEASE AND ERADICATION
Polio known as poliomyelitis or infantile paralysis is an acute viral infection caused by the enterovirus called poliovirus. It

Dbq Essay On Polio
Poliomyelitis (polio) is a disease that attacks the nervous tissue in the spinal cord and the brain stem resulting in paralysis (Document One). Polio is
caused by the poliovirus, but it is unknown how this virus is acquired. The virus enters the digestive tract and stays in the intestines for up to eight
weeks, and then attacks the lymphatic system, the blood stream and eventually travels to the brain and spine (Document Four). Once it is infected in
one's body, the disease is highly contagious and can be spread through contact of saliva, food, germs, or feces (Document Two). "The poliovirus causes
most of its infections in the summer and fall. At one time, summer epidemics of polio were common and greatly feared" (Document Four). This may

Poliomyelitis
POLIO
Poliomyelitis popularly known as polio was first described by Michael Underwood in 1789. It is a highly infectious viral disease which mostly affects
children. The virus is transmitted from person to person via fecal–oral route and less frequent by common vehicle route like contaminated water or
food. Polio is a member of the enteroviruses which are transient inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tracts and stable at acid pH. The incubation period for
poliomyelitis is 6 to 20 days with a range of 3 to 35 days. The preclinical phase of poliomyelitis varies from asymptomatic to presentation of mild
systemic symptoms ranging from pharyngitis or gastroenteritis thus it can mistake at the initial stage as a minor infection. About 95% ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the suspicion of polio as a differential diagnosis is mostly days after the onset of symptoms. Isolation of the polio virus is principal to
the diagnosis of the disease. The likelihood of polio virus isolation is highest from stool specimen, intermediate from pharyngeal swabs and low
for blood and spinal fluids. Polio virus shedding can be intermediate and does increase the probability of polio virus isolation. At least two stool
specimens and two throat swab should be obtained 24 hours apart from patients as early as it considered as a differential diagnosis. This is ideally
within the first 14 days after the onset of the onset of the disease. It is important to determine whether the polio virus isolated is wild or vaccine
related. Serologic test may be helpful in assisting the diagnosis of paralytic poliomyelitis and acute serum specimen should be obtained as early in the
course of disease as possible, and a convalescent specimen should be obtained at least three weeks later. Cerebral spinal fluid usually contains
increased number of leucocytes and mildly elevated protein. These findings are non–specific and may result in a variety of infections and
non–infectious conditions. Therefore, the best diagnostic test is a isolation of the polio virus from stool specimen (Wallace and Oberste,

Polio : A Infectious Viral Disease
1.0Understanding Biology
1.1Introduction
Poliomyelitis, also known as Polio is a highly infectious viral disease that directly invades the nervous system and can cause permanent paralysis
(WHO, 2015). The causative agent for Polio is the poliovirus, which is a single strand RNA. Polio is transmitted through faecal–oral contact and is
usually found in places with very low sanitation (Victoria State Gov. 2007). Another mode of transmission is coming into direct contact with someone
who is infected (Polioeradication.org, 2010).
Figure 1 – Diagram of poliomyelitis
1.2Symptoms and Effects on the Body
Polio is classified by two different categories, symptomatic and asymptomatic. Asymptomatic polio is the most common case of this disease and it
displays no symptoms of the disease being present (Cdc.gov, 2014). Symptomatic polio displays symptoms of the disease but can be broken down
into mild forms which is called nonparalytic or abortive polio or paralytic polio which is the severest case possible (MNT, 2015). In symptomatic
cases of polio you can often experience fevers, head aches, vomiting and discomfort and pain in the limbs as well as difficulty breathing (WHO 2015).
The poliovirus can cause many negative effects on the body including paralysis. The virus invades and attacks the nervous system of the infected
person and causes irreversible damage.
1.3Treatment and Prevention
Although there is no treatment to cure polio there is treatment to be able to

Polio Research Paper
Ocean County College
Department of Biology
The Poliovirus
Submitted By,
Stephen Gorda
Date Submitted: 5–2–12
Course: Biology– 162
Instructor: Prof. Estelle Abstract The poliovirus is one of the most transmittable and most contagious viruses that the human population has come in
contact with. The structure of the poliovirus allows it to be able to bind to motor neuron cells within a host's body and reproduce quickly. Like all
virus's, the poliovirus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The similarity between the poliovirus and already solved plant virus's led to a better understanding of how the poliovirus can regenerate within a host.
Although the virus was similar to other plant viruses. The poliovirus was covered with more elaborate loops that are the site of monoclonal antibody
escape mutations (Hogle, Chow and 229: 1358–1365Filman, Science). Individual proteins of the virus particle are produced by proteolytic cleavages
from a larger precursor, yet the amino and carboxy–termini produced by proteolysis are very distinct. By noting this, Hogle and his team were able to
conclude that proteolysis was not just making a lot of proteins from one gene, it is also controlling the timing of assembly (Hogle, Chow and Filman,
Science 229: 1358–1365).
B. Signs and Symptoms: Approximately 95 percent of people who are infected with poliovirus will not have any symptoms, however, people who are
infected and do not have any polio indicators can still spread the poliovirus. People who become infected with the poliovirus can start having
symptoms as soon as four days after being infected, and not have any symptoms for as many as thirty five days. This time period between infection and
experiencing symptoms is referred to as "The Incubation Period," which is when the virus begins to multiply within the cells that line the back of the
throat, nose, and intestines("Signs and symptoms of Polio." eMedtv.com. Clinaero Inc., 2006–2012. Sunday 4–22–12). For the

Animal Experimentation Is Unnecessary?
People have animal, especially dog and cat, as a pet. They take care of animals and spend their lives together. However, sacrificing animals is
necessary to survive human's life. Moreover, using animals as a laboratory table is become common because this can improve our health. Therefore,
argument about animal experimentation often leads to vigorous debate. Animal Experimentation Is Unnecessary by Sarah A. Millar pointed out that
animal experimentation wastes money and brutalizes. Animal Experimentation Is Unethical by Robert Garner asserted that the social status of animals
is on a par with that of mortals. Animal Experimentation Is Necessary by Carl Cohen claimed that vaccines about diseases, such as polio, have not
practicalized unless animals were used as a trial of side effect. Animal Experimentation Is Ethical by Henry E. Heffner argued that animal
experimentation profits not only humankind but also animals. On the surface at least, arguments about animal experimentation seem different such as ...
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It is no doubt that animal experimentation profits human. It can safeguard human health. Animal experimentation is not only helpful but also crucial
advances for human. For example, people make striking progress on vaccine about malaria, which killed three hundred million, by using mice as a test.
Therefore, people can gain advantage using animals. Moreover, Heffner pointed out that "[animal experimentation] benefits humans, which in turn
benefits lab animals" (Heffner 72). According to him, the relationship between human and animal is mutualistic, which can profit both. For example,
the author pointed out laboratory is secure than in wild. In the wild, animals suffer food and shelter and so on, so morality rate are high. However, in
the laboratories, animals do not have to worry about that because people will take care of them. Therefore, animals are bound to reproduce

Viral Infectious DiseasesPolio or Poliomyelitis
INTRODUCTION
Poliomyelitis is a viral infectious disease that is transmitted through mainly the oral fecal route. The disease has been with mankind since time in
memorial although epidemics were unknown before the 20th century. The disease has caused millions of deaths and paralysis for much of human
history. NATURAL HISTORY OFPOLIOMYELITIS
The name poliomyelitis is derived from ancient Greek were polio means grey and myelos meaning marrow referring to grey matter of spinal cord.
Ancient paintings recovered in Egypt depicits an Egyptian stele though to represent a polio victim from the 18th dynasty which was from 1403 to
1365 BC. The disease had different names in early medical communities such as infantile spinal paralysis, paralysis of the morning, regressive paralysis
and myelitis of the anterior horns
The first clinical description of polio was given in 1789 by a British physician call Micheal underwood who referred to the disease as debility of the
lower extremities. Karl Oskar medin in 1890 was the first to study polio epidemic empirically however Jakob Heine in 1840 made the first medical
report on polio hence the disease became known as Heine–medin disease. By the early 1900s polio has reached epidemic proportion in countries were
living standards were relatively high. This was at a time when other diseases such as tuberculosis, typhoid were on the decline. Paradoxically it is
though that the rise in hygiene standards has led to a rise in

Polio Or Poliomyelitis : An Infectious Disease That Is...
Polio or poliomyelitis is an infectious disease that is caused by the poliovirus. The poliovirus is a virus that only infects humans and it lives in a
person's throat, intestines and feces. The etiological factors that are associated with polio are feces containing the virus, food and water contaminated
by fecal matter with the disease, and through the sneeze or cough of an infected individual. The primary form of contracting polio is through fecal–oral
transmission. A person can have feces on their hand and can touch objects, that babies can put in their mouth, or can touch other human beings,
where the individual being touched may touch their mouth, overall spreading the disease. This infectious disease is categorized by several
symptoms, which include: fever, sore throat, headache, fatigue, neck pain, back pain, muscle weakness, meningitis, and vomiting. However, these
symptoms only appear in the type of polio that doesn 't lead to paralysis and death, non paralytic polio or abortive polio. These symptoms usually
last for one to ten days. The most severe type of polio infection is one that leads to paralytic polio. Paralytic polio can be classified in three ways:
spinal polio, in which the spine is the affected body part, bulbar polio, in which the brain is affected by the virus, or bulbospinal polio, which affects
both the brain and the spinal cord. Symptoms of paralytic polio include: paralysis, loss of reflexes, and severe muscle aches or weakness. Ultimately

A Brief Look at Poliomyelitis
INTRODUCTION Poliomyelitis is often called polio, this polio is an acute infectious disease caused by a virus which can spread from person to
person via the fecal– oral route. The term poliomyelitis means inflammation of the spinal cord of the grey matter. In severe poliomyelitis infection it
can expand to the brainstem. Polio is so contagious that anyone living with a person that is recently affected can spread the virus for weeks in their
feces. It invades the nervous system and spread within hours. Poliomyelitis causes infection with a member of the genus called the enterovirus which
is known as the poliovirus. It belongs to a group of Ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses which affects the gastrointestinal tract especially the intestine
and the oropharynx. Its structure is very simple, composed of a single positive sense RNA genome which is enclosed in a protein shell called the
capsid. The capsid apart from protecting the virus genetic material, it capsid protein also make the polio virus to infect some certain types of cells.
There are three serotypes of poliovirus that have been identified; it includes the poliovirus type 1, poliovirus type of 2 and poliovirus 3. They all
look similar but have a small different structure in its capsid protein. The poliovirus type 1 is the one that causes most of the disease and is mostly
associated with paralysis. Poliomyelitis can come in two ways of polio infection .There is a minor illness which does not involve the Central

The Polio Vaccine Through The Eyes Of Its Creator
Academy of Achievement. "The Calling to Find a Cure." Academy of Achievement. http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/sal0int
–1 (accessed
November 18, 2009)
"The Calling to Find a Cure" provided an informative interview with Jonas Salk. It told the story of the creation of the polio vaccine through the eyes of
its creator. Salk also describes his childhood and the events that lead up to his medical breakthrough.
Latour, Bruno , Steve Woolgar, and Jonas Salk. "Introduction." Laboratory Life. 1986.Reprint. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986. 11. Print.
It showed the way that Jonas Salk studied polio and how he came to the conclusion that the vaccine was correct. He also taught that it is a life taking
job and that polio vaccine was a difficult task but a successful one.
Salgado, Sebastiao. The End of Polio: A Global Effort to End a Disease. Illustrated edition Ed. New York: Bulfinch, 2003. Print.
This shows pictures of the terrifying times that many went through with polio. It brings in reality by putting a visual image on the subject. After
understanding these photos, it is known that polio was and is completely preventable.
Secondary Sources
"Albert B. Sabin." American History. ABC–CLIO, 2009. Web. 14 Nov. 2009.
The article "Albert B. Sabin" expands the history of the polio vaccine and provided more information about the man who created the oral, live– virus
vaccine. This is important because without Albert B. Sabin's

Polio Literature Review
Critical Review – provide a literature review of the public health significance of the health issue talked about in the case study. Please use 6–8
references and include them in a separate reference page (750–1000 words).
Polio, or poliomyelitis, is an infectious disease that manifests as a variety of symptoms, the most severe of which is paralysis which can lead to
permanent disability and death. Some people show no symptoms at all. Children who recover from polio at a young age may develop new symptoms
later in life ("CDC Global Health – Polio – What Is Polio?," n.d.). Polio was considered a disease of developed countries for much of the 1900s.
However, in the 1960s and 1970s, prevalence of polio in schoolchildren in developing countries across the world was found to be much higher than
in the United States (Modlin, 2010). By 2000, polio has been mostly eradicated around the world, with the number of cases having fallen by more
than 99%. Today, there are only a few countries that still have new cases of polio each year and the total number of reported polio cases is, on average,
less than 100 each year ("CDC Global Health – Polio – Updates on CDC's Polio Eradication Efforts – March 18, 2016," n.d.). Vaccinationexists for
polio, with two forms currently in use. The live poliovirus vaccination is more effective and widely used in endemic regions, while the inactive
vaccination is used in areas where polio has been eradicated (Modlin, 2010).
Polio and the history of

Polio And Its Effects On Children
" I got it [polio] when I was a little girl. My parents watch as I slowed down and my hand stopped working. We couldn't afford the surgery to fix it,
but I finally better. But my hand is a constant remember, but I refuse to let it stop me."(6) Poliomyelitis, deriving from Greek meaning grey and
marrow. Which more than likely refers to the spinal cord, along with the suffix–itis or inflammation.(4) For a time, Poliomyelitis was once was called
infantile paralysis because of its primary effects on children; However, Poliomyelitis was later shortened into Polio.(4) Polio is an extremely
infectious disease caused by a virus that can attack the nervous system. The Polio can survive and thrive in the throat and intestinal tract of it's host.(5)
It's most often spread through personal contact with the excrement of an infected person.(5) Also, it is possible that the virus may be spread through
bodily fluids, such as saliva. While 95 percent of persons infected by the poliovirus will have no symptoms;(4) four to eight percent of infected with
the polio virus have minor symptoms such as: Fever, Fatigue, Nausea, Headache, Flu–like symptoms, Stiffness in the neck and back, and Pain in the
limbs.(5) These symptoms will usually subside after 2 to 5 days.
However, a small group with polio will develop very serious symptoms such as Paresthesia, which feeling of needles in the legs. Or Meningitis, which
infects the covering of the spinal cord and or the brain. However, this only affects

A Brief Look at Poliomyelitis
Polio or poliomyelitis is a viral infection that normally affects kids below the age of 5years old. This childhood killer disease has been around for my
centuries. Polio was first discovered my Jacob Heine in 1840 and later identified by Karl Landsteiner as poliomyelitis caused by polio virus from the
enteric family of viruses. The polio virus is acquired through oral–fecal transmission. The Latin name simply means grey matter, and it is meaning
inflation. There is a more serious form that can spread to the brain called polio encephalitis. The world over have cerebrated for the almost eradication
of polio through improved sanitation, advancement in access to clean drinking water and aggressive vaccination campaign. There are challenges in
recent years because the polio virus has re–emerged in places like Syria, Cameroun, Pakistan and Nigeria among others. In a CNN cable television
report the cases of polio in Syria in particular is alarming, there are 100s of new polio cases due to failure of the health system because of a raging
civil, sectarian war. The case of Pakistan and Nigeria are of religious extremism where they belief the vaccines are causing harm to their children.
These are challenges faced with the eradication of this deadly childhood disease to name a few. The problem is not limited to only these countries,
even in the United States of America are some Christian extremist who belief this vaccines makes their children sick. The world health organization
(WHO),

Taking a Look at Poliomyelitis
Polio which may also be called poliomyelitis is a viral disease that can be spread or transmitted from individual to individual mainly through the
fecal–oral route. The word polio is of Greek origin "polios" meaning grey and "myelos" meaning marrow which refers to the grey particle of the
spinal cord. It is noted that about 90% of polio infections are asymptomatic but affected patients can show an amount of if the virus enters their
blood circulation. In rare cases, the virus can enter the central nervous system which could lead to the destruction of some motor neurons which
automatically causes muscle weakness and possible flaccid paralysis. Polio may occur in three different forms: Spinal polio: this is the most
commonly noted form of polio characterized by paralysis most often involves the lower limbs (legs). Bulbar polio: this kind of polio could be
very severe and can lead to muscle weakness (muscles innervated by the cranial nerves). Bulbospinal polio: this is the combination of spinal and
bulbar paralysis. HISTORY Polio was first discovered as a coition by Jakob Heine in 1840. The virus known to cause this disease or infection is the
POLIOVIRUS which was first noticed in 1908 by Karl Landsteiner. Major polio epidemics started to appear in the late 19th century in Europe. Polio
soon became one of the most occurring childhood diseases in the 20th century. Proper hygiene and sanitation decreased the prevalence of this disease in
young children which are likely to

Polio Research Paper
Polio is an infectious disease caused by a special types of viruses. The United States Of America is still at risk of introducing polio. A polio like illness
has recently been discovered in California in children that produces paralysis like in some polio patients. The last case of polio in The United States Of
America was in 1979. Polio is still a very high problem in Africa and Asia. Polio has also been traced back almost 6,000 years ago.
Polio is caused by small viruses, RNA viruses to be exact. The viruses are members enterovirus group of the Picornavirus family. The polio virus is
known to attack the nervous system. There are 3 different types of polio viruses. Type one is responsible for about 85% of all paralytic infections....
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One of the main symptoms is muscle weakness and/or tiredness. Another symptom would be vomiting. Another symptom is fatigue Also another
symptom can possibly be joint pain. The rest of the symptoms are headaches, nausea, fever, and sore throat.
If you already have polio there is no cure for it. If you take polio prevention vaccines. There are three different types of vaccines. If you take theses
vaccines the viruses could mutate. If the virus mutates to where the vaccine doesn't work polio can possibly kill you even faster. You mainly want to
make sure that your kids and parents are vaccinated because they are most likely to get polio and not survive.
Here are a couple more facts about polio that you might not know. Up to 90% of polio cases don't even have symptoms. One in two–hundred people
get paralysis from this disease. Five to ten percent of paralyzed patients die. The viruses is found in saliva and feces of all of the patients that have
polio. Children five and under makeup for 50% of the polio cases but any age of people can get polio. Polio cases have decreased more than 99% since
1988. Polio went from having three–hundred and fifty thousand to only four hundred and sixteen. The first polio vaccine was made by Jonas Salk in
1952 to try to prevent polio since there is no

Polio Vaccine : An Infectious Disease
"A 1916 Polio epidemic in the United States killed 6,000 people and paralyzed 27,000 more" ("Polio Vaccine"). This lead to the creation of the polio
vaccine that has helped to prevent polio for a very long time. The IPV and OPV vaccines played a huge role in all of this. Jonas Salk, who created the
IPV vaccine and Albert Sabin, who created the OPV vaccine saved millions of people all around the world from polio (Petersen, Jennifer B). The IPV
and OPV polio vaccine helped eliminate polio from the United States and helped prevent polio in other parts of the world ("Polio Vaccine"). Polio is
an infectious disease that has killed and paralyzed many people (Birth of Jonas Salk and the death of polio in India). It has taken the lives of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This disease has killed and paralyzed many. One of polio's fatal symptoms is paralyzing muscles that help you breathe ("Polio Vaccine").
Jonas salk invented the IPV vaccine. He was born October 28, 1914 to Russian parents. His parents had no education but wanted him to be
successful so they encouraged him to work hard. "In 1939 he received a Medical Degree from New York University College of Medicine. In 1942
he joined one of his professors at the University of Michigan School of Public Health" (Petersen, Jennifer B). Jonas and his professor developed
vaccine for influenza, which was Salk's first invention. Then he traveled to Pittsburgh and became a Professor. There, he also became head of the
virus research lab. He worked on a vaccine there. He used the killed virus to prevent people from contracting it. On July 2, 1952 he vaccinated 42
children who did not have polio and his trials succeeded. On April 12, 1955 Salk vaccinate 1.8 million children and right after he announced that his
trial were effective and that the vaccine works (Petersen, Jennifer B).
The polio vaccine helped to prevent polio all around the world. It was invented in 1955. It eliminated polio in the U.S. and is trying to do the same
in other parts of the world. There are 2 types of vaccine: The IPV and OPV vaccines. The IPV vaccine, created by Jonas Salk, and the OPV vaccine,
created by Albert Sabin. Both of

Emergence And Eradication Of Polio
Emergence and Eradication of Polio
Viren Patel
Valparaiso University
I have neither given or received, nor have I tolerated others ' use of unauthorized aid. Viren Patel
Introduction
The poliomyelitis word is derived from the Greek. It is the effect of poliomyelitis virus on the spinal cord which leads to paralysis. This virus enters
from the person mouth and multiplication occurs in the area of pharynx and GI tract. Before the onset of illness, this virus present in the throat and the
stool. After the onset it will be less in throat but continuous to excreted more in the stool. By attacking lymphatic tissue this virus enters to the blood
stream and infects the cells of the nervous system. The severity of disease depends on the site of destruction. Respiratory or brainstem involvement
causes highest morbidity and mortality (Ellen, Banks & Skein, 2014).
This purpose of this paper is to discuss about the emergence and eradication. Emergence of the polio includes the sign and symptoms, causes, spread of
the disease, deaths due to the diseases, and countries affected by this disease. Eradication includes the treatment of the disease, WHO guidelines,
invention of the vaccines, good sanitization, and immunization.
Summary
Polio often called poliomyelitis or infectious paralysis which is an acute, infectious, and viral disease. It spreads from person

Expanded Program On Immunization Against Polio In Nigeria

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