The Gay Rights Movement Essay

The Gay Rights Movement Essay
Thesis Statement: The Gay Rights Movement dates back to the 19th century. By 1970 gay and
lesbian organizations existed all over the United States and in other countries all over the world.
Some supporters of the movement would say that our society as a whole has made great strides
towards acceptance of homosexuality. However, gays and lesbians are still fighting for equality in
2009. The issues are vast and widespread, with same–sex marriage at the top of the list. In the world
that we live in today one might be surprised to learn how many countries are accepting of gay and
lesbians, as well as how many are not. The world has made progress within the last decade regarding
this issue, but definitely not enough. We need to take steps ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Following the ruling more than 18,000 couples married. Prior to the November 4, 2008 election, a
ballot called Proposition 8 was proposed for general election. It called for a ban of same–sex
marriages. It passed on November 4, 2008 leaving those previously married couples uncertain of
their marital status. There were numerous demonstrations throughout the nation. Several lawsuits
were also filed. Oral arguments were heard on March 5, 2009 and a decision is expected within
ninety days ("California Proposition 8"). As we await the decision, many individuals are speaking
out. If the court rules that only existing marriages of same–sex couples are valid, it will be a hollow
victory, because we do not want to be the only ones on the Freedom Train. The California Supreme
Court needs to overturn Proposition 8 because what Prop. 8 does –– for the first time in American
history –– is to take out of a constitution a group that has been declared equal by the supreme court
(Tyler). LBGT supporters feel the victory must overturn the November 4 ruling as it speaks to a
fundamental civil right within our constitution. Same–sex marriage is a controversial and very
serious legal issue that needs to be resolved. I disagree with the individual state rulings. The laws
honoring and protecting heterosexual married couples remains the same in 50 states.
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Drone Strikes
The Ethical Implications of the Current Government Drone Strike Polices
8/1/12
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) first made their appearance in 1919 when Elmer Sperry, who also
invented the gyroscope and autopilot, attacked a captured German ship with the first UAV loaded
down to with explosives(("U.s. army unmanned," 2010). At the time this was a revolutionary
weapon, but if we fast forward 80 years from the time of that experiment, UAVs became a common
and prolific part of the modern battlefield. Although there is little debate as to the legality of their
use on the battlefields of Iraq and Afghanistan, in recent years there are been much debate as to the
role they should play in the larger American declared Global War on Terror or ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The US military now trains more UAV pilots than traditional pilots and according Committee on
Oversight and Government Reform no private entities are developing new manned aircraft
(Deri,2012). While there is no question the use of these weapon systems is legal in countries where
there is combat that meets the definition of armed conflict under international law such as
Afghanistan, but their use in countries like Pakistan depends on how terrorism is classified.
Previously, the government considered terrorism a crime and responded though diplomatic means
and law enforcement procedures. It was not until the bombing of embassies in Kenya and Tanzania
that the government responded to terrorism with military action by firing missiles at targets in Sudan
and Afghanistan. In this case the government invoked the right to self defense in accordance with
Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations (Maggs, 2005). After the government began the
drone attacks over countries they were not in direct conflict with, the UN Special Rapporteur
Christof Heyns submitted a report to the UN Human Rights Council with concerns over, "the lack of
transparency regarding the legal framework and targeting choices." He requested information from
the government and they declined to provide any official response to the UN, but cited a statement
made by a government legal adviser named Harold Hongju Koh. Mr. Hongju Koh stated in a speech
to the Annual Meeting of the American

The Government Is A System Of The Dual Federalism
Federalism has numerous levels of government in which each of them have their own self–
governing authority over some of the policy areas. It helps in balancing the power between the
national and subunit governments. Various forms of the government are being observed
internationally, including the confederation and unitary government. The Confederal government
was the very first form of government the United States had that is held under the Articles of
Confederation; in which the states hold the authority over a limited national government. The most
common form of government throughout the world is the unitary government in which the national
and centralized government holds the ultimate authority. If there was no form of federal
government, each individual state would face problems that may affect multiple states. This would
lead a central government to come up with a mutual solution that would be beneficial to all the
states across the nation or to the ones that need it most. Some scholars believe that the American
government is a system of the dual federalism. This simply means that the national and state
governments have control over unique spheres of policy. Others believe it to be a shared or
cooperative federalism in which means that both the governments work together in all areas of the
policy, or supply their services to the citizens. The balance of power between the states and the
federal government of the United States constantly shifts back and forth causing

Essays for the American Pageant, 14th Ed.
Essays for The American Pageant, 14th ed. Part One 1. From the perspective of Native Americans,
the Spanish and English empires in America had more similarities than differences. Assess the
validity of this generalization. Response Strategy It is important to develop a clear thesis on the
validity of the statement at the outset of the essay. A good essay could be developed on either side of
the issue or in support of a middle–of –the–road position. Supporting paragraphs should be
developed to build the position chosen. Both the Spanish and the English treated the Native
Americans as inferiors, thought it important to bring them Christianity, sought to profit
economically from relations with the Native Americans, and ... Show more content on
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Mercantilist ideas emphasized that nations should strive toward economic self–sufficiency and that
the power of a nation should be measured by the amount of its gold and silver reserves. Ultimately, a
nation should arrange to produce everything it needed for its own citizens and sell surpluses to for
hard currency. This metal reserve, in turn, could be used in emergency situations to pay for wars or
solve shortages. Colonies, like those England had in North America, played an important part in this
economic equation. They could help England become self–sufficient by producing things that could
not be made or grown there such as tobacco, sugar, and tall masts for ships. Colonists could also
provide a market for British goods, particularly manufactured products, such as woolen cloth or
beaver hats. This meant that the home economy in England could become more fully developed,
while the colonial economies were relegated to a role of supplying raw materials. To insure that the
American colonies would contribute to this overall sense of British wealth, various Navigation Acts
were passed beginning in 1650 to regulate trade between the colonies, England, and the rest of the
world. In many cases, ships carrying American products to other European countries had to stop in
England first to pay duties before continuing onward. Also, goods traveling to and from America
had to be

Indi The Civilization Of India
It is impossible not to be astonished by India. Nowhere on Earth does humanity present itself in such
a dizzying, creative burst of cultures and religions, races and tongues. Every aspect of the country
presents itself on a massive scale, worthy in comparison only to the towering mountains that
overshadow it. Perhaps the only thing more difficult than to be indifferent to India would be to
describe or understand India completely. I chose to do this country because I have always been
intrigued by its beauty and people. The Indus valley civilization saw it as a holy land now known as
India around 2500 BC. The people inhabiting the Indus River valley were thought to be Dravidians,
whose descendants later migrated to the south of India. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By 600 BC, approximately sixteen dynasties ruled the north Indian plains spanning the modern day
Afghanistan to Bangladesh. Some of the most powerful of them were the dynasties ruling the
kingdoms of Magadha, Kosla, Kuru and Gandhara. Known to be the land of epics and legends, two
of the world's greatest epics find their birth in Indian settings – the Ramayana, depicting the exploits
of lord Ram, and the Mahabharta detailing the war between Kauravas and Pandavas, both
descendants of King Bharat. Ramayana traces lord Ram's journey from exile to the rescue of his
wife Sita from the evil clutches of Ravana with the help of his simian companions. Singing the
virtues of Dharma
(duty), the Gita, one of the most priced scriptures in Indian Mythology, is the advice given by Shri
Krishna to the grief laden Arjun, who is terrified at the thought of killing his children, on the battle
ground. India is in south Asia, a large country, it is the 7th largest country in the world. It borders
with 7 other countries. They are: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, China, Nepal, Pakistan
and Sri Lanka. India covers an astounding area of 3,287,263 sq km sq km. It is around one third the
size of America or China. Twice as big as Iran or Mongolia and ten times as big as Malaysia or
Norway. Beautiful India, The countryside throughout India is known all over the world for having
beautiful vistas and stunning scenic backdrops. India is basically a peninsula,

Humanitarian Intervention : Legality And Effect On...
Humanitarian Intervention:Legality and Effect on Sovereignty
Annel Veloz
POLI110A
David Foley
25 Nov 2014
Humanitarian Intervention: Legality and Effect on Sovereignty
Humanitarian Intervention has been a topic of controversy especially in the last 100 years where the
need for intervention has grown. The debate primarily being about whether or not humanitarian
intervention is legal and what effect it has on a country's sovereignty.After much research on this
topic a conclusion was drawn that Humanitarian Intervention is legal, not meaning whether it was
ethical or the right thing to do, but legally correct IF and only when it follows the guidelines set by
the UN security council.
To begin it might be best to define what humanitarian intervention is, the definition most recognized
being "the threat or use of force across state borders by a state (or group of states) aimed at
preventing or ending widespread and grave violations of the fundamental human rights of
individuals other than its own citizens, without the permission of the state within whose territory
force is applied". As more and more research was done most of the definitions were close to exact
with this one even if they weren't for it or against it since it is neutral and is the most exact definition
of it.
Most might say that Humanitarian Intervention was a something that emerged in the last 20 or so
years, one book points out that it emerged in the 1800's where not only wars of "conquest and

Rp-Us Visiting Forces Agreement
INTRODUCTION The United States and the Republic of the Philippines maintain close ties based
upon the U.S.– Philippines Mutual Defense Treaty, the period of U.S. colonization, common
strategic and economic interests, and shared democratic values. The United States long maintained
sizable naval and air forces bases in the country. Although the Philippine Senate voted against U.S.
wishes to close American military installations in 1992, bilateral security cooperation resumed
following territorial disputes between the Philippines and China in 1994 and the launching of the
Global War on Terrorism in 2002. After 2001, the Philippines received one of the most dramatic
increases in U.S. foreign aid in Southeast Asia, largely for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This was done as a means to obscure the fact that the US intended to deploy troops in the
Philippines with the purpose of launching the second front of the war on terrorism in order to
weaken the Al Qaeda network (Simon, 2002). On January 15, 2002, the United States was able to
send the first post September 11 set of troops outside of Afghanistan to the Philippines. However, in
order for actual warfare to take place, the US had to increase its realm of jurisdiction over the
exercises. It was speculated that this had been done through the signing of a treaty between the
United States and the Philippines, conducted in secret during President Arroyo's visit to the United
States in November of 2001 (Sarmiento,2001). This agreement, now identified as the Military
Logistical Supports Agreement (MLSA), was rumored to be a document that would allow the
United States to return as a permanent military presence in the country (The Philippine Star, 2003).
Filipino Congresswoman Imee Marcos has called the MLSA a "Trojan horse," which when
combined with the controversial Visiting Forces Agreement of February 1998 would lead to the
reintroduction of US troops in the Philippines (Philippine Daily Inquirer,

International Trade and Role of Bank
International Trade
International trade is exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or
territories. In most countries, it represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP).
While international trade has been present throughout much of history, its economic, social, and
political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries.
Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and
outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. Increasing international
trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization. Without international trade, nations would be
limited to the goods and services produced within their own borders.
Difference ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For centuries under the belief in mercantilism most nations had high tariffs and many restrictions on
international trade.
In the 19th century, especially in the United Kingdom, a belief in free trade became paramount. This
belief became the dominant thinking among western nations since then. In the years since the
Second World War, controversial multilateral treaties have attempted to promote free trade while
creating a globally regulated trade structure. These trade agreements have often resulted in
discontent and protest with claims of unfair trade that is not beneficial to developing countries
A. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and
B. World Trade Organization
The regulation of international trade is done through the World Trade Organization at the global
level, and through several other regional arrangements such as MERCOSUR in South America, the
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between the United States, Canada and Mexico,
and the European Union between 27 independent states.
Risk in International Trade
Companies doing business across international borders face many of the same risks as would
normally be evident in strictly domestic transactions.

Institutes and Strategies, Formal Structures Essay
Institutes and Strategies, Formal Structures
Institutes and Strategies in relation to the intergovernmental landscape, is an immense topic worthy
that exceeds the confines of this paper. However some of the aspects of institutes and strategies will
be discussed in this essay as a means to paint a basic landscape. First Nations assert that residential
Health Canada responsibilities exist for First Nations which for the most part are addressed through
Self Government Agreements, (SGA). SGA's are considered modern day treaties and provided
clauses for First Nations access to federal health programming for a non self–governing. Further
funding can be acquired through Contribution Agreements (CA). CA refers to federal government
financing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
NAHO seeks to bridge the gap of traditional and western contemporary health issues, reflecting the
traditions and values of the Aboriginal people (NAHO, 2011).
Cultural Conflicts
In the cold month of February of 2006 a small city of little more than 7,200 people 50 homeless
people and supporters marched through Iqualuit protesting Nunavut's dire housing (Northern News
Service Online, 2006). Nearly a year and a half later, November 14, 2007, Parliament was presented
with a study that had suggested more than one thousand women are homeless in the northern region
along with more than another thousand children (Webber, 2007).
There may be a vast amount of cultural variable that create conflicts that need to be addressed
within the health care landscape. It may be that Homelessness is the most significant indicator of
inequity among Canadian people. It may be that Culture and equity or inequities are only two
determinants of intergovernmental relations. However these two variables provide an excellent
means to explore the Northern Regions intergovernmental landscape as well as the issues that face
government. The issue of homelessness is so shocking that it risks overshadowing the values that
need to be questioned here. If we assume the message is the medium, what does this suggest about
homelessness and intergovernmental relations in the Northern

The Unanimous Declaration Of The Thirteen United States Of...
Text Commentary of the Declaration of Independence 'THE DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE OF THE THIRTEEN COLONIES' (July4, 1776) This is a text commentary
about 'The Unanimous Declaration of the thirteen United States of America'. The Declaration of
Independence is a juridical and legal document written sometime between June 11 and June 28,
1776. The reason for that lapse of time is because a draft of the declaration was asked to a group of
five delegates of the Continental Congress on June 11, called 'The Committee of Five', consisting of
John Adams of Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia,
Robert R. Livingston of New York, and Roger Sherman of Connecticut, but it remains unknown
when exactly was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Americans living in the British colonies didn't feel like living in liberty being under the tyranny of
King George III. Their happiness (the one they once thought they'd find leaving the Old World) was
far from being achieved under so many taxes. Jefferson defended the idea that these rights must be
secured by governments instituted by men, and that when these governments become destructive of
these rights, the people have the right to abolish those institutions and to create new ones in order to
secure their principles. Further in this same long second paragraph, Jefferson accuses King George
III (he doesn't name him directly, but it is obvious that he makes him responsible because King
George III was the person holding the highest position in the British Government at that moment) of
despotism, and of having established a tyranny over the States. Thomas Jefferson enumerates a
series of facts to prove the right to dissolve the political bands with the mother country. Summing up
some of the next paragraphs Jefferson refers to the lack of Colonial representation in the governing
British Parliament, and many colonists considered some of the laws of the British Government to be
illegitimate and a violation of their rights as Englishmen, due to the fact that the British Crown
adopted the policy that the colonies should pay an increased proportion of the

Assignments: Human Rights Law
ASSIGNMENTS SUBJECT– STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Select an appropriate generic
strategy to position your printing business unit in its competitive environment (map the environment
primarily as a pattern of competitive pressures from rivals, suppliers, buyers, entrants and
substitutes). The steps need to be followed to strategise printing business unit in its competitive
environment:– a) Planning for a brighter future starts with analyzing inner strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats. Internal evaluation coupled with an environmental scan of the competitive
landscape. b) Differentiate your firm – It's all about creating a unique value proposition. Start with
your SWOT analysis. Everything is fair game (e.g. technology, experience, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Presses usually print in one, two, four, or six colors; some presses can print eight. Digital presses are
still used primarily in specialty applications. Paper is the biggest individual manufacturing cost,
often amounting to 25 percent of revenues. Printing papers are often coated, and are bought in sheets
or rolls from distributors. Some customers provide their own paper, but most is bought for
customers, with a modest price markup. Paper prices can vary significantly from year to year.
Digital technology is changing the competitive landscape of the commercial printing market. Prices
for digital color pages are falling below offset printing prices and companies who fall behind in the
shift to digital printing are at risk. Sales & Marketing The largest single market for printing services
is advertising, for newspaper inserts, magazines, and direct mail materials. Although some work
may be done regularly for large customers under long–term contracts (magazines, product catalogs,
and phone books), most is on a project basis, often after a bidding process. Work may be episodic
and many printers keep extra presses to meet anticipated peak demands. Marketing is usually done
by a traditional sales force calling on potential customers. Commercial printing is a local business.
Small printers can compete effectively with large ones

Transition from Socialism to Capitalism in Bosnia
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Capitalism and socialism, as two major economic systems, have
shaped the past century to a great extent. After many wars and political games, it seems that the
battle between the two systems has come to an end. Capitalism proved to be the stronger system
and, as a result, globalization became the most descriptive attribute of the world economy in the
current century. Most of the socialist countries decided, or were forced, to start a painful process of
transition, which would enable them to become capitalist countries in the future. The countries in
transition have had to deal with numerous problems such as political and economic pressure from
other countries, corruption at all levels of political and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The last part investigates the problem of corruption and other political factors that are a current
impediment to transition. At the end, subjective conclusions will be made about whether transition
itself is worthwhile. Each reader is welcome to draw his or her own conclusions. Whether transition
is worthwhile is a question that will be approached from the people's point of view and it will rely
on comparison between Bosnia's economic performance and the living standard in the country
before and during transition. It will also consider future estimates. Political events that affected the
process of transition will be taken into consideration because of their enormous relevance.
Hopefully, the conclusions will be unbiased and provide important considerations relevant to
Bosnia's future. CHAPTER 2 POLITICAL BACKGROUND Bosnia before World War I –
Islamization The focus of this thesis is the transition of Bosnia from socialist to capitalist economy,
but in order to fully understand it, one must be familiar with some of the historical events particular
to Bosnia. The single most important historical trend is certainly the Islamization of Bosnia.
Although the Serbian people consider the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 to be the beginning of this
process, only decades and centuries to come marked a significant increase in the number of Muslims
in Bosnia. The primary source of information on population and especially changes in

The Fall Of The 19th Century
Just like a lottery winner, Spain had won the jackpot in the late 15th century. The discovery of the
New World had resulted in a sudden flood of precious bullion from the silver–laden Aztec and Incan
empires. This surge of wealth brought on the Golden Age for Spain, a flourishing period with a
focus on more extravagant aspects of culture, such advances in literature and the arts. The end of
this period concurred with the fall of the empire in the 17th century. A time where the lack of silver
did not necessarily cause the demise, but certainly highlighted the resulting problems from the
reliance upon a steady income of finite silver shippings. In hindsight, the subsequent decline of
Spain was predictable. Popular economic theorists and writers displayed awareness of Spain's
economic and political doom. (decline of spain 53) Looking at the varied theories only highlights
the insignificance of silver in the role of Spain's demise. It was in this time Spain began to
experience a series of military losses. The impact on loss of morale, population, and power is where
the true decline of Spain can be pinpointed. Although the losses can also be considered a result of
economic downfall, they are an important key to understanding the demise of Spain. As a result,
contrary to popular belief, the decline of spain had less to do with the lack of silver, and more to do
with the impact of unsustainable economic and military policy.
The problem with the silver imports did not

Agricultural Resource Governance And Land Tenure
Literature pertaining to agricultural resource governance and land tenure is vast and diverse. This
paper is concerned with property systems; its review will therefore expound upon three broad
frameworks which can be used to understand property systems. Each of these frameworks, or
approaches to the management of agricultural lands, offers a distinctive perspective on the
appropriation of land, the use of land, and the maximization of wealth. Key goals vary from
framework to framework, but two particularly noteworthy goals are economic efficiency, which
concerns the maximization of wealth, and equity, which concerns the distribution of wealth and
resources. The three frameworks consist of the following: the state framework, the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The state framework has its roots in Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan (1994), in which Hobbes asserts
that, without the preeminence of a sovereign, society will assume its "state of nature": a "war of all
against all" in which life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." Hobbes' supposition of anarchy
as chaos, as well as his support for a strong system of central governance, lied at the foundation of
the mercantilist system for over a century.
Given the geospatial focus of this paper, it is prudent to consider the influence of Marx and Lenin on
property systems in historical perspective. Marx (1967) intended that communist revolutions would
constitute a complete paradigm shift in property systems. His argument, alongside Engel's, was that
working classes should forcefully establish themselves as the ruling class and immediately seize all
capital and centralize it. Among his first tenets in The Communist Manifesto is the "abolition of
property in land and [the] application of all rents of land to public purposes." State ownership of
credit, communications, and transportation infrastructure, in addition to the formation of industrial
and agricultural labor armies and the diffusion of industrial zones to equalize population
distributions, were major axioms of Marxist socialism. Marx decried the inequity that resulted from
classical capitalism. His work against

Internal And External Environment Of Atlas Copco AB Company
The purpose of this report is to evaluate the internal and external environment of Atlas Copco AB
Company and understand how the internal strategic plan works for the organization, following the
analysis of external and internal business environments. I will study what is currently working or
what could be done different; I will discuss the various strategies in details including management
level. The Internal environmental scan helps identifying various opportunities and threats that exist
in the environment. It is important to take a step back regularly to reflect on how your organization
behaves internally and in the relationships with external stakeholders.
The ambition is to have close relationships with customers and to help them increase ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In additional to complying with all laws, Atlas Copco has enhanced its efforts to safeguard its
commitment to the Business Code of Practice and the United Nation Guiding Principles on Business
& Human Rights. In 2013, stakeholders raised valid issues surrounding sales to projects in occupied
Non–Self– Governing territories that did not comply with Atlas Copco's commitments. International
Law states that an occupier may not use the occupied resources solely for the benefit of its own
citizens. (Atlas

Native American & Alaska Native Cultural Project
Cultural Project: Native Americans and Alaska Natives
Introduction
The outline and presentation for this assignment generally follows the presentations from Giger's
(2009) Application of Assessment and Intervention Techniques to Specific Cultural Groups.
There are over 500 Federally Recognized tribes in the U.S., plus some additional tribes recognized
by states, plus unknown number of smaller unrecognized tribes. Many are also divided into clans
and loosely categorized into major groups. While it is impossible to totally generalize across such a
broad spectrum, the scope of this project and the focus of the information compiled are of the
generalized Native American/Alaskan Native. Where appropriate the Alaskan Native is separated ...
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|
|1500 CE |Early Woodland Period. Use of pottery and building of earth tombs emerges especially in
the Mississippi |
| |valley. Arrival of Columbus and Spanish Explorers. Beginning of the end of a way of life that had
lasted |
| |over 12,000 years and the beginning of the european intrusian which almost destroyed the Native
American |
| |culture. |
Post–Contact
The history of the Native Americans after the arrival of the Europeans is a history of wars, treaties
and agreements, and broken treaties and broken agreements. As late as 1994 the governing bodies of
tribal communities have signed treaties and agreements with the U.S. (Niles, 1996). As recently as
1999 the U.S. Supreme Court almost overturned treaty rights of the Chippewa Indians of Minnesota.
By the 1800s, the lands belonging to the Native Americans were sold and purchased by nations
which rightfully did not own them. One example is the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, which
transferred 828,800 acres, encompassing 14 current states, from France to the U.S. Another example
is the purchase of the Alaska Territory by the U.S. from Russia in

Indian Polity and Social Issue
Polity, Constitution and Social Issues
Polity & Constitution
Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It lays down the framework defining fundamental
political principles, establishing the structure, procedures, powers and duties, of the government and
spells out the fundamental rights, directive principles and duties of citizens. Passed by the
Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949, it came into effect on 26 January 1950.
The date 26 January was chosen to commemorate the declaration of independence of 1930. It
declares the Union of India to be a sovereign, democratic republic, assuring its citizens of justice,
equality, and liberty and to promote among them all fraternity. The words "socialist", "secular" and
"integrity" ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Mission discussed the framework of the constitution and laid down in some detail the procedure
to be followed by the constitution drafting body. Elections for the 296 seats assigned to the British
Indian provinces were completed by August 1946. The Constituent Assembly first met and began
work on 9 December 1946.
(Indian Independence Act 1947): The Indian Independence Act, which came into force on 18 July
1947, divided the British Indian territory into two new states of India and Pakistan, which were to be
dominions under the Commonwealth of Nations until their constitutions were in effect. The
Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate states.
The Act relieved the British Parliament of any further rights or obligations towards India or
Pakistan, and granted sovereignty over the lands to the respective Constituent Assemblies. When the
Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, it overturned the Indian Independence
Act. India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic
republic.
Constituent Assembly
The Constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected by the elected
members of the provincial assemblies. Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra

Netball Is A Ball Sport Played By Two Teams Of Seven Players
Netball is a ball sport played by two teams of seven players. Its development, derived from early
versions of basketball, began in England in the 1890s. By 1960, international playing rules had been
standardised for the game, and the International Federation of Netball and Women 's Basketball
(later renamed the International Netball Federation (INF)) was formed. As of 2011, the INF
comprises more than 60 national teams organized into five global regions.
Games are played on a rectangular court with raised goal rings at each end. Each team attempts to
score goals by passing a ball down the court and shooting it through its goal ring. Players are
assigned specific positions, which define their roles within the team and restrict their movement to
certain areas of the court. During general play, a player with the ball can hold on to it for only three
seconds before shooting for a goal or passing to another player. The winning team is the one that
scores the most goals. Netball games are 60 minutes long. Variations have been developed to
increase the game 's pace and appeal to a wider audience.
Netball is most popular in Commonwealth nations, specifically in schools, and is predominantly
played by women. According to the INF, netball is played by more than 20 million people in more
than 80 countries.[12][13] Major transnational competitions take place, including the Netball
Superleague in Great Britain and the ANZ Championship in Australia and New Zealand. Three
major

Kfc Marketing Strategies
Click on one of the questions below to learn more.
How much will I pay in royalties and advertising? What fees will I pay when I become a KFC
franchisee?
Initial Franchise Fee =
Monthly Service Fee (Royalties) =
Advertising =
$45,000 (if you open a KT multi–brand restaurant, the fees will be $75,000)
5 percent (5%) of Gross Sales
5 percent (5%) of Gross Sales (Includes national and local contributions)
The above amounts do not include the initial investment required to construct the restaurant
building, training expenses, grand opening expenses or opening inventory. Please refer to the KFC
Franchise Disclosure Document (FDD), Item 7, for more in–depth information on the total
investment.
How long will it take to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Key holders of the restaurant could include the franchisee, an Above Store Leader, Restaurant
General Manager or Assistant Manager. Training ranges from eight to ten weeks (depending on the
unit to be opened) and is conducted both centrally in Louisville, KY and in certified training stores.
There is a fee for the training and the Franchisee is responsible for all costs incurred including travel
and lodging of the management team.
Do you have a quality assurance program? Who enforces quality?
KFC monitors quality using a variety of programs. One is a customer based shopper program where
restaurants receive customer feedback on their store experience. Secondly, food safety audits are
conducted by a third party service to ensure that food safety standards are met at the store level.
Finally, the company conducts CFF Standards Audits in store and feedback is given to the operators
regarding execution excellence. Franchisees are required to meet certain operating standards as part
of their franchise agreement.

Will I be required to use specific accounting service software at my restaurant?
KFC's FDD describes the type of electronic cash register system and software requirements to be
used in the restaurant. It is strongly recommended that you use the KFC supported MERIT back–of–
house operating platform. You must prepare and keep detailed records regarding all

Private Security Forces in Iraq
Private Security Forces In Iraq The on–going war in Iraq has been a war that has changed the tactics
in which war is fought. The war in Iraq has been fought mainly through the use of aerial missiles
and by surprise, a large number of women. This current war has demonstrated the change of times
and the rise of the information age. But the most surprising aspect of the war in Iraq is the large sum
of private security forces patrolling Iraq. These private security forces have amassed to around
20,000 soldiers so far in the Iraqi region and growing. Their role according to a New York Times
article, is in addition to guarding innumerable reconstruction projects, private companies are being
asked to provide security for the chief of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prince started the company hoping luck was at his side; he bet his money on the fact that the
government was getting more and more eager to use the aid of businesses to put people on the front
line. Luckily for Prince, this game of chance paid off. After September 11th the private security
companies saw a major advancement in the industry, the government rapidly privatizing jobs
previously reserved for only uniformed troops. Although the presence of these contractors are good
and useful protection for the military presence already in Iraq, there are many problems as the rules
and regulations that the contractors must follow still aren't set in stone. In addition, because there is
no real front in the war, the private contractors are scattered in non–combat as well as combative
zones, dissolving the distinction between an actual soldier and a privately contracted protector of the
troops. This blurring of lines makes it easier for one to begin to see these individuals as mercenaries
(individuals fighting strictly for personal benefit) and not contractors employed for extra protection,
which is banned by the Geneva Convention. These contractors have obligation to their employers,
not to the US, and because of that do not have to follow any military code of conduct, but only
follow the business rules of the company that hired them. The payment of these contractors also can
insinuate that these individuals are in this

Cultural and Media
Art and culture is a unique element that is present in every society and nation. It expresses the ideas,
feelings and values of a society. It can justifiably be said that the richness of a society is determined
by its art and culture. According to Theodor Adorno, culture is described as "that which goes beyond
the system of self–preservation of the species," which seems to contradict its essentiality to society.
Even with rapid changes in the world through wars and civilization, arts and culture has remained a
substantial facet of society throughout time. Despite its apparent appreciation in most societies,
survival of the arts has without a doubt been challenging.
An artist is defined as "a person whose creative work shows sensitivity ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This also ensures that any artistic activity do not have a hidden agenda to party politics. However,
even with the application of this principle, there are inequalities of opportunities throughout the
region, as seen the difference in focus of funding. This creates an enormous pressure to the local
government and thus the Australian Council was set up. The Australian Council is the Federal
Government's arts funding and advisory board. With the Australian Council, it is increasingly
difficult for federal politicians to directly intervene in grant making decisions.
The individuals making up the board are members of the governing council, which also includes
members of a broader community, to a maximum of 14 members. The Chair of the Council is
appointed by Governor–General while the other members by the Minister of Arts. The board of
members includes practicing artists and individuals who work within or in relation to arts
organization. This process is called peer review and it is based on the concept that a diverse board
will be more efficient in finding weaknesses and errors in artistic work. The Australian Council has
defined peer as "Anyone who, by virtue of their knowledge and experience, is equipped to make a
fair and informed assessment of artistic work and grant applications". To avoid a conflict of interest,
members of the board are not selected from among those with a close relationship or contact with
the artist in

Anti Asian Immigration Laws Essay
Canada's Anti–Asian immigration laws as reviewed by 2015 standards
CLN4U
Wilson
Chiu
Canada has a bias towards eurocentric residents when it comes to immigrants. People hailing from
America, or European have the best chance at immigration, while those from South America, Africa
and Asia were given more hurdles to overcome( Makarenko).Canadian Immigrant laws deny Asian
refugees safety due to a racist perspective on their status of need, which leads to a second class life
should they make it to Canada. The Government has a history of racism towards Asians in Canada.
As shown through the Chinese Head taxing, the Japanese internment camps, and currently through
the rejection of North Korean refugees.
During World War two, threat ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This forces North Korean refugees to live in an unsafe environment; often times women are forced
into sex work to support their families. In China, a member of the United Nations refugee
convention, if reported to the authorities refugees are returned to North Korea where they will be
punished severely, as will their post mortem relatives for 7 generations (Nuttal). Otherwise, refugees
in China are faced with physical, mental and sexual abuse from the society for 'putting up' the
refugees. In South Korea refugees are considered leeches to the community, spies or otherwise
untreated, and if found out by the North Korean authorities, they are watched closely and can be put
on an unsafe list(

Title IX: Crucial in the Fight for Women's Rights
Human rights and fundamental freedoms are the birthright of all human beings. It is the
government's responsibility to protect these rights. The United Nations Human Rights Center helps
regulate and provides information on human rights. However despite the UN's effort somewhere
there is a man or woman being denied of what should be their unquestionable rights. For many years
certain rights did not exist in America for slightly under half of the American population. This group
of people was made up of every woman living in the United States. In 1972 a law called Title IX
was introduced and was crucial in the fight for woman's rights. In the Universal Declaration of
Human rights states in article two "Everyone is entitled to all the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A male on a college wrestling team posted the following "Title IX, as adumbrated by ideology–
besotted Education Department regulation writers, has produced this lunacy: Colleges have killed
more than 400 athletic teams in order to produce precise proportionality between men's and
women's enrollments and men's and women's rates of participation in athletics. If participation in
sports must mirror the sexual composition of the student body, why not participation in the
engineering department? And why not in extracurricular activities other than sports?" This quotation
is a perfect example of the ignorance most have when talking towards Title IX. Title IX applies to
all aspects of federally funded education programs or activities, in addition to traditional educational
institutions such as colleges, universities, and elementary and secondary schools. Title IX is
encouraging equality around schools other than just in sports but In ALL funded programs including
like debating, orchestra, and choir, cheerleading and including the engineering department. Men's
sports teams are dropping however the problem is not the law itself, but how it is enforced. A school
can comply with the law in any of three ways: have its number of male and female athletes in
proportion to the overall student body; demonstrate it has increased opportunities for women
athletes, and continues to; show that its existing athletic program meets the interests of women on
campus. Because

Puerto Ricans Immigrating to America Essay
Puerto Ricans Immigrating to America
The migration of Puerto Ricans to the United States occurred in two major waves. The first wave
was in the 1910s–1940s and the second wave was from the 1960s to the 1990s. Each wave of
migrants brought new generations of Puerto Ricans to the United States. Both waves of migrants
believed that they were going to live a better life in America and migrated to major cities such as
New York City, Chicago, Hartford, etc. The early migrants looked for industrial jobs such as in cigar
factories while the later migrants found agricultural work such as in tobacco fields. The
communities in which they lived grew larger and larger due to chain migration and because of this,
the need for politics evolved. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first Socialist Party composed of Puerto Ricans was established in 1918. At around this time,
the Asociacion Nationalista was established, composed of Puerto Rican Nationalists. Los Corsarios,
which was an anarchist circle, that published newspaper entitled El Corsario and was composed
mainly of dock workers and tabaqueros was also in existence. These groups, and the others that
existed, tell a lot about the political history of this time. First and foremost, they are examples that
help explain the term Class Politics for the people that made up each group were from the same
working class and race did not matter. Secondly, they demonstrate the fact that Puerto Ricans were
in a way more separated form each other and therefore that is why they were not so influential at the
time. To read a little more on the lack of unity among Puerto Ricans, you can read Shakira Ramos'
paper The organizations may have provided a form of support for the migrants but they did not
really work towards bettering the community as a whole. Puerto Ricans held a strong nostalgia for
their home country which prevented them from advancing in the United States.
The second wave of immigrants brought change in the way Puerto Ricans handled politics. This
change came about around the time of the

Gender Inequality in Europe
FOUNDATION STUDIES DEPARTMENTROOM 207 – BUILDING C TEL: 35535728 | HANOI
UNIVERSITYKm 9 Nguyen Trai Road, Thanh Xuan Bac, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi –
VietnamTelephone:(84 4) 8544338, Facsimile:(84 4) 8544550, E–mail:hufs@netnam.vn, Website:
www.hufs.edu.vn–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––EAP – WRITING A
RESEARCH PAPER |
Statement of authorship
Student's name: ___________________________________________ Class: _____________
Student Number______________________________ Subject: EAP Writing Lecturer:
________________________________________ Name of research paper:
____________________________________________________ |
Declaration I declare that the work ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948)
Despite what has been said, nothing much has been done. From home to office, European women
are still suffering from gender discrimination. The problem is not just some recent issue, but it has a
long history, dated back to the 19 century. For example, in UK, a European country, there is the
political oratory about Britain 's conventions of 'liberty ' and 'tolerance ', but the UK actually has a
long history of inequality and discrimination on grounds of age, race, religion, disability, and
specially gender, sexual orientation (Thane, 2010). 4.2. Natural Differences:
The natural differences between the sexes based on biological and structural factors, remarkably in
reproductive roles. Biological differences include chromosomes, brain structure and hormonal
differences (Wood, 2005). There is also a basic difference in physical strengths on average of the
sexes. According to a study done by professor Linda Babcock, shows that men are eight times more
likely to demand higher wages, claiming that wage inequality is at least partially a result of innate
behavioral differences between the sexes.
4.3. The problem in different places:
In work place, wage discrimination exists when

The Palestinian And Israel Conflict
Peace negotiating can be an extremely daunting task. The demands of opposing factions can create a
list of the perfect ingredients to an impossible comprise which leads to a recipe of everlasting
quarrels. Throughout history, there has been many nations with internal conflict that has been a
victim of the recipe of quarrels time and time again. In my paper I will focus on two different
conflicts, one in which who has been able to create a recipe for successful peace in the land, and
another in which is still a victim of the recipe that leads to everlasting fights. The conflict I am
focusing on that has been able to successfully bring its disagreements into a compromise is the
Protestant and Catholic conflict in Northern Ireland during the 20th century. For the dispute that has
not been able to create a successful policy agreement, I am focusing on the Palestinian and Israel
conflict in the Middle East. The problem in which I analyze is whether or not Palestine and Israel
can put together some ingredients that can lead to a recipe of compromise and peace. In the paper I
argue that the International Criminal Court is a key ingredient the conflict has been missing and
could serve as a peace tool like the Good Friday Agreement has in Northern Ireland.
Background of Protestant and Catholic Conflict in Northern Ireland
In the last three decades of the 19th century, Northern Ireland's political violence claimed the lives
of 3,500 people. At the time of this political violence,

The, The Most Brilliant Civilization
Mexico first known society were The Olmec's, who settled on the Gulf Coast near what is now
Veracruz. The Olmec's had two main population centers: San Lorenzo, which flourished from about
1200 to 900 B.C., and La Venta in Tabasco, which lasted until about 600 B.C. Villages were based
on agriculture and hunting had sprung up throughout the southern half of Mexico by 300 B.C.
Monte Albán also become the home to the Zapotec people. Between 100 B.C. and 700 A.D.,
Teotihuacán, the largest pre–Columbian city in the Americas, was constructed near present–day
Mexico City. The Mayans were considered the most brilliant civilization. They migrated to Mexico
between approximately 250 and 900 A.D. They were a benefit not only to Mexico, but eventually ...
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They rose to prominence in the central valley of Mexico and ruled 5 million people via a tightly–
structured system of self–supporting units called calpulli. Each unit had its own governing council,
schools, army, temple and land but paid tribute to the supreme leader of the empire. By 1519
Spaniard Hernán Cortés arrived at Veracruz and by May 1521, Cortez and his followers attacked and
conquered the Aztecs renaming it to Nueva España (New Spain). The Catholic Church had a major
influence over Mexico, and missionaries began arriving in 1523 which built many monasteries and
converted millions of people to Catholicism. King Carlos III of Spain expelled the Jesuits from
Nueva España in the late 1700s. The Mexican people initiated the Mexican Revolution in 1910. The
10–year civil war resulted in at least 2 million casualties. Finally, in 1934, Lázaro Cárdenas became
president and reestablished the ancient ejido system, which established communally shared tracts of
farmland.
Mexico has had many issues in the past, but one that still haunts them is inequity. The rich people
stay rich, while the poor people also stay poor. Mexico gives people and opportunity to build a good
life and while some people are successful, other aren't so lucky. Which leads to another current issue
in Mexico which is education. Education is very poor in Mexico, and students tend to be behind
compared to other students from different countries.

The Unhcr
I.Hypothesis and Rationale A). Hypotheis
* UNHCR responds to the challenges in the protection of the refugees by increasing the cooperation
resulting in the uplift conditions of Refugees today.
B). Rationale
* The world politics is now full of tensions, complexities, and chaotic. As we can see from the
recent crisis for example, Libya (March 2011). Immediately, the number of more than 200,000
people had fled from Libya, mostly migrant workers from Egypt and Tunisia but including many
more nationalities. This is the largest international evacuation since the 1st Gulf War (1990)
(www.unhcr.org). The raising of crisis is alarmed as one of the global trends and causes a lot of
displaced persons, asylum seekers and refugees. Not only ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The budget has grown from US$300,000 in its first year to more than US$3.32 billion in 2011.
There are more than 43 million uprooted people worldwide. UNHCR now deals with 36.4 million
people of concern to UNHCR: 15.6 million internally displaced people, 10.4 million refugees, 2.5
million returnees, 6.5 million stateless people, more than 980,000 asylum seekers and more than
400,000 other persons of concern. An organization with a three–year mandate to solve the problem
of refugees celebrated its 60th anniversary on 14 December 2010, aware that the humanitarian needs
are unlikely to disappear.
III. Structure of UNHCR
The UN refugee agency is governed by the UN General Assembly and the Economic and Social
Council (ECOSOC). The UNHCR Executive Committee, composed of 79 members, approves the
agency's biennial programmes and the corresponding budget. These are presented by the High
Commissioner (currently António Guterres), who is appointed by the UN General Assembly.
The UN refugee agency's mandate is defined by the 1950 UNHCR Statute. In 2003, the General
Assembly extended the organization's mandate "until the refugee problem is solved." The High
Commissioner reports annually to ECOSOC and the General Assembly on the work of UNHCR.
As head of the organization, the High Commissioner is responsible for the direction and control of
UNHCR. He/she directs the work of UNHCR with the

What Is Meant by State Recognition in International Law
What is meant by state recognition in international law INTRODUCTION Some definitions of
"international law" can be found on the Web as follows: "The body of laws governing relations
between nations", "International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of
implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation–states in adherence to recognized values
and standards, differing from other legal systems in that it concerns nations rather than private
citizens. ...", "A complex network of principles, treaties, judicial decisions, customs, practices, and
writings of experts that are binding on States in their mutual relations." The common point of the
definitions is that, international law deals with the states and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
What are the rights and duties, the powers and immunities that attach to an entity because it is a
State? Crawford gives a list of five "exclusive and general legal characteristics" of States: "(1) States
have plenary competence to perform acts in the international sphere make treaties and so on. (2)
States are exclusively competent with respect to their internal affairs–"exclusive" means plenary and
not subject to control by other States. (3) States are not subject to international process without their
consent. (4) States are regarded in international law as "equal", it is a formal, not a moral or political
principle. (5) States entitled to benefit from the Lotus presumption, especially that any derogation
from the previous principles must be clearly established." These are the criteria and the
consequences of being a State, the next chapter will focus on to be accepted as a State. II.
RECOGNITION At the beginning of XX century, there were nearly fifty states in the world arena,
just before the World War II the number reached approximately seventy–five and in 2005, there
were almost 200. Each State creation, again and with some problems, put the recognition concept on
the agenda of international community. Recognition has become much important especially by
reason of its results. What is meant by recognition of States? Grant defines

Tajikistan
Republic of Tajikistan
Tajikistan (officially the Republic of Tajikistan) is a mountainous landlocked country in Central
Asia. Afghanistan borders it to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and
People's Republic of China to the east. Tajikistan also lies adjacent to Pakistan's Chitral and the
Gilgit–Baltistan region, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor.
Most of Tajikistan's population belongs to the Persian–speaking Tajik ethnic group, who share
language, culture and history with Afghanistan and Iran. Once part of the Samanid Empire,
Tajikistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, in the pre–Buddhist times (7th–6th century BCE), the parts of modern Tajikistan including
territories as far as Zeravshan valley in Sogdiana formed parts of ancient Kamboja and the Parama
Kamboja kingdoms when it was ruled by the Kambojas till it became part of Persian Achaemenid
Empire. After the Persian
Empire was defeated by Alexander the Great, the region became the northern part of Hellenistic
Greco–Bactrian Kingdom. From the last quarter of 4th century BCE until the first quarter of the 2nd
century BCE, it was part of the Bactrian Empire, from whom it was passed on to Scythian Tukharas
and hence became part of Tukharistan. Contact with the Chinese Han Dynasty was made in the 2nd
century BCE, when envoys were sent to the area of Bactria to explore regions west of China.
Arabs brought Islam in the 7th century CE[citation needed], more or less forcing the people to
convert. The Samanid Empire supplanted the Arabs and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and
Bukhara, which became the cultural centers of Tajiks (both of which are now in Uzbekistan). The
Mongols would later take partial control of Central Asia, and later the land that today comprises
Tajikistan became a part of the Emirate of Bukhara. A small community of Jews, displaced from the
Middle East after the Babylonian captivity, migrated to the region and settled there after 600 BCE,
though the

World Peace
WORLD PEACE & SECURITY
WORLD PEACE
World peace is an ideal of freedom, peace, and happiness among and within all nations and/or
people. World peace is an idea of planetary non–violence by which nations willingly cooperate,
either voluntarily or by virtue of a system of governance that prevents warfare. The term is
sometimes used to refer to a cessation of all hostility among all individuals. For example, World
Peace could be crossing boundaries via human rights, technology, education, engineering, medicine,
diplomats and/or an end to all forms of fighting.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Possibility
While world peace is theoretically possible, some believe that human nature inherently prevents it.
[1][2] This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
United Nations Charter and International law
After the World War II, United Nations has been established by United Nations Charter to "save
successing generations from the two scourge of war which twice in our lifetime has brought untold
sorrow to mankind".[17] The Preamble to the United Nations Charter also aims to regain faith in
fundamental human rights, to respect obligation of sources of international law as well as to unite
our strength to maintain international peace and security. And all treaties on international human
rights law recall or consider "the principles proclaimed in the Chater of the United Nations,
recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the
human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world".
Globalization
Gordon B. Hinkley saw a trend in national politics by which city–states and nation–states have
unified, and suggest that the international arena will eventually follow suit. Many countries such as
China, Italy, the United States, Germany, India and Britain have unified into

Quaid E Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Jinnah (disambiguation).
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
‫جناح‬ ‫علی‬ ‫محمد‬
1st Governor–General of Pakistan
In office
August 15, 1947 – September 11, 1948
Monarch George VI
Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan
Preceded by The Earl Mountbatten of Burma (as Viceroy of India)
Succeeded by Khwaja Nazimuddin
1st Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan
In office
August 11, 1947 – September 11, 1948
Preceded by None
Succeeded by Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan
Born December 25, 1876
Karachi, Bombay Presidency, British India
Died September 11, 1948 (aged 71)
Karachi, Dominion of Pakistan
Ethnicity Gujarati[1]
Political party All India Muslim League (1913–1947)
Other political
affiliations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He moved to Karachi some times before Jinnah's birth.[1][14][17] His grandfather, Poonja Gokuldas
Meghji,[18] was a Hindu Bhatia Rajput from Paneli village in Gondal state in Kathiawar. Jinnah's
ancestors were Hindu Rajputs; his grandfather had converted to Islam.[17] Jinnah's family belonged
to the Ismaili Khoja branch of Shi'a Islam,[2] though Jinnah later converted to Twelver Khoja Shi'a
Islam.[3][6][7]
The first–born Jinnah was soon joined by six siblings; three brothers – Ahmad Ali, Bunde Ali, and
Rahmat Ali – and three sisters – Maryam, Fatima and Shireen. Their mother language was Gujarati;
in time they also came to speak Kutchi, Sindhi and English.[19] The proper Muslim names of Mr.
Jinnah and his siblings, unlike those of his father and grandfather, are the consequence of the

family's immigration to the predominantly Muslim state of Sindh.
Jinnah was a restless student and studied at several schools: first at the Sindh–Madrasa–tul–Islam in
Karachi; then briefly at the Gokal Das Tej Primary School in Bombay; and finally at the Christian
Missionary Society High School in Karachi,[13] where, at age sixteen, he passed the matriculation
examination of the University of Bombay.[20]
[edit]Years in England
In 1892, Jinnah was offered an apprenticeship at the London office of Graham's Shipping and
Trading Company, a business that had extensive

Comparing The Army Profession Of Arms, Its Culture, And Ethic
An Army White Paper: The Army Profession of Arms, Its Culture, and Ethic The overall objective
of the Army Profession of Arms campaign is for Soldiers and leaders to refine their understanding of
what it means to be professionals––expert members of the Profession of Arms––after nine years of
war and to recommit to a culture of service and the responsibilities and behaviors of our profession
as articulated in the Army Ethic. GEN Martin E. Dempsey, CG, TRADOC The preeminent military
task, and what separates [the military profession] from all other occupations, is that soldiers are
routinely prepared to kill...in addition to killing and preparing to kill, the soldier has two other
principal duties...some soldiers die and, when they are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the Army's professionalization, there have been ebbs and flows in the degree to which the
Army has manifested the nature and motivations of a profession rather than its other organizational
character of government occupation – highly professional in periods of expansion and later phases
of war and less so in periods of contraction after wars, e.g. post–WWII into Korea and post–
Vietnam. Even after the establishment of an all–volunteer force in 1971 and the rebuilding of the
Army NCO Corps post–Vietnam, these ebbs and flow have continued. The Army in Desert Shield–
Desert Storm was highly professional; the Army after the next decade of build–down and the exodus
of captains and other leaders and talent in the late 1990s was arguably much less so. A recent report
suggests that the operating forces of the Army, after nine years of war in the Middle East, exhibit
more clearly the traits and character of a profession, comparatively, to force–generating side of the
Army. So, as described above as a producing organization, the Army really has a dual nature–that of
a government occupation structured as a hierarchical bureaucracy and that of a vocational,
specifically military, profession. Section 1.1 – Where will the balance be? The issue that faces the
Army now, and will more so in the transition period we are entering as we transition from Iraq to
Afghanistan,

Factual Basis : Global Inequality
Kiara Marmolejos
Factual Basis
Global inequality is one of today's most prevalent issues with 40% of the world's population living
in poverty. Poverty is qualitatively defined as being extremely poor. It is quantitatively defined as
living under $2.00 each day by the United Nations. One–sixth of the world population or 877
million people live in extreme poverty defined as living under $1.00 a day. This definition leaves out
a large bracket of the world because living under 5$ or even 10$ a day can be considered extreme
poverty. The Gini Index developed by the world bank provides a global picture of inequality by
comparing per capita gross income of the world's economies and classifies countries as high income,
upper middle income, lower middle income, or low income. According to the Gini index, the gap
between rich and poor countries has grown in recent years and continues to widen. Although the
index provides a comparison of country averages it does not take into account inequality within
countries. Therefore, we can assume most of the world is actually living in poverty and many
definitions or statistics on global poverty should be taken lightly because certain countries do no
have means to quantify each household income. The growing global inequality affects the life
chances of the world's population in many ways including hunger and malnutrition, health,
education, vulnerability to climate change and access to

National Security Analysis Paper
US Historical Relationships with Political Regimes in Africa and the National Security Strategy:
Rwanda and South Africa
by
Natasha Hinds
PPA 730
During my one–year tour in Africa from June 2010– June 2011, I was told that Africans would never
forget the past because if they were to forget the past, the past might repeat itself. This saying
probably holds true for the average person, but in Africa, among other things, Slavery, Colonialism,
and Exploitation rank high on the list of inhumane acts in Africa from outside actors. In order to
conduct a defense analysis, we must analyze the National Security Strategy because military
engagement can and should only support directives from the President of the United States. I will
analyze ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Paul H. Nitze and U.S. Cold War Strategy from Truman to Reagan. October 27, 2004. National
Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book N.. 139. Accessed March 14, 2012.
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB139/index.htm
Clinton's Administration, n.d. Accessed April 13, 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/clinton–
administration–1993–2001–united–states–national–security–policy#ixzz1s7mvFIu5
Goodman, Amy. Allied with Apartheid: Reagan Supported Racist South African Government. June
11, 2004. Interview with Father Michael Lapsley. Accessed on April 10, 2012.
http://www.democracynow.org/2004/6/11/allied_with_apartheid_reagan_supported_racist
Mugabo,Ignatius, Kaliisa, Sheena. Rwanda: Genocide Victims Were Not Mere Numbers – Envoy.
April 13, 2012. Accessed April 13, 2102. http://allafrica.com/stories/201204130092.html
Porter, Keith. The Relationship of the United States with South Africa. n.d.
http://usforeignpolicy.about.com/od/countryprofiles/p/ussouthafrica.htm
Reddy, E.S. Apartheid and the International Community. 1974. Accessed
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1166689?seq=3

Seidman, Ann Willcox. Apartheid, Militarism and the U.S. Southeast. April 1990. Africa World Pr
Sharpeville Massacre. n.d. Accessed on April 17, 2012

Military Rules of Engagement and the Laws of War
Military Rules of Engagement (ROE) and the Laws of War A civilized society cannot function
without rules, laws, and codes of proper conduct. This statement may seem out of place in the
context of warfighting; however, this is one place where it is most necessary. The fighters, who
often act at the behest of their home nation, must have a code of conduct which allows them to make
the correct decision in a given situation in a combat zone. Rules of Engagement fill this gap for the
national militaries of the civilized world and serve as a soldier's code of conduct in the field. Similar
to Rules of Engagement (ROE) are the Laws of War . The Laws of War were established as an
international agreement. This agreement attempted to curtail the destruction caused by global
conflicts such as the two world wars fought during the twentieth century. The laws of war fall under
the Geneva conventions as well. Each of set of rules can be used as a foundation to create rules of
engagement for a particular mission. It is also important to align rules of engagement with the
uniform code of military justice. This code, referred to as the UCMJ, is used as legal framework for
the United States Military.
Definition
Rules of Engagement for the military, as defined by Encyclopedia Britannica, are:
Military directives meant to describe the circumstances under which ground, naval, and air forces
will enter into and continue combat with opposing forces. Formally, rules of engagement refer to the

Tibetan Government in Exile Essay
Tibetan Government in Exile
The Tibetan government–in–exile functions both adequately and admirably in the role of supporting
Tibetans both in exile and in Tibet. While Chinese explanations for considering Tibet a part of China
are most often reasonable, they tend not to reflect the nature of the relationship between the two
countries accurately. In fact, the same can be said of the Tibetan government–in–exile regarding
reasons Tibet is not a part of China. The government–in–exile has acted reasonably well in its
attempts to regain Tibet, proceeding in negotiations with China and advocating its cause throughout
the world while maintaining a non–violent approach. However, if the government–in–exile wishes
to accurately portray the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Tibetan Nation, Warren Smith says "whatever their original connections –and these will probably
remain unknown– the Chinese and Tibetans have differentiated to an extent that they formed two
distinctly different ethnic groups from a relatively early time."[2]
Complete detailed history of Tibet really begins in the seventh century with the rise of the king
Songsten Gampo. Before him, Tibetan was a spoken but not written language, Tibet was not a
unified state with a code of law, and the Bon religion was predominant over Buddhism[3]. The time
around his reign is also when Tibet and China started an antagonistic and often warlike relationship
with each other. This relationship lasted until the Mongols subdued Tibet under Ghengis Khan and
then conquered China under Kublai Khan in the thirteenth century and was resumed in earnest after
the fall of the Mongol empire.[4]
The Chinese argue that Tibet became a part of China under Mongol rule. However, the Mongols
included Tibet as well as China in its rule of conquered territories but did not seem to consider it a
Chinese province. The Mongols respected religious practices in their territories in general and were
particularly taken with religion in Tibet. In fact, Smith says, "Tibet was allowed...a great degree of
autonomy due to the influence of Tibetan lamas...at the Mongol court."[5] I see no reason to indicate
that the Mongolian rule administered over both

The International Convention Of Civil And Political Rights
Robert Hutchings
PS 387 Sp 16 Final Paper An Analysis On The International Convention Of Civil and Political
Rights
Introduction:
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights was encouraged from the level of conflict
and lack of human rights internationally occurring during the World War II. World War II brought
about a great amount of concern for encouraging and promoting human rights. The covenant
explicitly focuses on the human rights that are expressed in order for the States, signed and ratified
under this, to be required to abide by. This covenant was signed by the President, but why wasn't it
ratified until years later? What obligations made did the covenant require its States to commit and
promote? This analysis on this covenant will explain what it addresses and more that concern its
history and utter importance amongst its U.S. affiliation.
Convention Background:
The International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights was thought of during the mid 1900's, after
World War II. The lack of human rights during this international war brought about a great deal of
consideration for human rights and how it is applied amongst the States. It was proposed and
introduced during the time the United Nations Charter was ratified. The United Nations Charter
urges the commitment to promote international human rights. With that ratified and in place,
additional other covenants based on human rights were added to be signed and ratified.
"In the middle of the

The Gay Rights Movement Essay

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